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Exploring Peace Education for Consensual Peace Building in Nigeria Agada John Elachi Walden University

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Exploring Peace Education for Consensual Peace Building in Nigeria Agada John Elachi Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2018 Exploring Peace Education for Consensual Peace Building in Nigeria Agada John Elachi Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Public Policy Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Agada Elachi has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Michael Knight, Committee Chairperson, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Tamara Mouras, Committee Member, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Daniel Jones, University Reviewer, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2018 Abstract Exploring Peace Education for Consensual Peace Building in Nigeria by Agada Elachi LLM, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2015 MA, Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Ibadan, 2007 BL, Nigerian Law School, Bwari, 1999 LLB, University of Jos, 1997 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University March 2018 Abstract Violence, insurgency, and terrorism have been a recurring problem in Nigeria. Efforts to address these challenges through the use of force have proved ineffective. The purpose of this study was to explore the application of peace education in the educational curriculum with a view to promoting consensual peace building in Kafanchan Town, Jema’a Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Although peace education has been applied in some countries, this approach has not been applied to these challenges plaguing Nigeria. This study adopts the survey research method and utilizes the tripodal theoretical framework of ethnic conflict theory, enemy system theory, and the integrative theory of peace. Ethnic conflict theory stipulates that the internecine conflict between ethnic groups results from denial of their biological and psychological needs. Enemy system theory postulates that humans have a predisposition to discriminate. Integrative theory of peace projects peace as the interface between all aspects of human life, psychological, spiritual, ethical, or sociopolitical. A purposeful sampling technique was used to select 25 participants who were interviewed, and their responses analyzed first by synthesizing and isolating main themes and then by using the Nvivo statistical software. The emergent themes resulting from the data include: changing the mindset of individuals; lack of peace education; mainstreaming of peace education; holistic curriculum content; and a dynamic, participatory as well as integrated approach to peace education. Positive social change results from rejection and abhorrence of violence on a permanent basis and embracing a more peaceful approach to resolving contentious issues that may arise in the course of daily human interaction. This change will lead to peaceful coexistence at the individual, family, organizational, and societal level. Exploring Peace Education for Consensual Peace Building in Nigeria by Agada Elachi LLM, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2015 MA, Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Ibadan, 2007 BL, Nigerian Law School, Bwari, 1999 LLB, University of Jos, 1997 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University March 2018 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to all persons who have suffered on account of violence, terrorism, and insurgency in Nigeria. I also dedicate it to the following persons who have been with me through this journey, making great sacrifices to ensure that this journey is complete, and productive: My lovely wife Rosemary and our wonderful children Oyine, Oche, Agada, and Ene, who supported me at all times, showing understanding for the many hours, days, months, and years that this journey has taken. My parents, Edward and Victoria Elachi who continue to teach me the value of education and always encouraged me to pursue my dreams. Musa Abdulhameed Ujah (deceased). He was a man of peace and mentor to many. He was a great inspiration throughout this journey. May his gentle soul rest in peace, Amen. Above all I dedicate this work to Almighty God, who against all odds, notwithstanding the many challenges, saw me through this journey to a doctoral degree. You are an awesome God. Acknowledgments I am grateful to Dr. Michael Knight, my committee chair, who agreed to work with me and has remained committed to this journey. Dr. Knight, I thank you for the guidance, direction, and the knowledge and experience that you have shared with me. I thank Dr. Tamara Moura, who without even speaking with me or looking at my work initially, agreed to serve as my committee member when Dr. Ron Hirschbein had to leave Walden. Dr. Mouras I cannot thank you enough for the knowledge, guidance, and support through this journey. I also thank Dr. Ron Hirschbein for accepting to be my committee member. I am grateful to Dr. Daniel Jones, URR committee member, and Steve Lehman, the dissertation editor with form and style. I am grateful to all the participants particularly those resident in Kafanchan town and environs, who notwithstanding the tense atmosphere, agreed to participate in the study and gave responses that have informed the final outcome of the study. I am particularly grateful to the Rector and staff of the College of Education Gidan Waya, you were very warm and receptive and assisted in no small measure. The journey of researching and writing this dissertation has been a hard and arduous one, I will not have succeeded without the support of classmates like Dr. Babatunde Sobanjo, and Dr. Samuel Ekong with whom we bounced off a lot of ideas and propositions. I am also grateful to Anthony Nweke, Racheal Osibu, and Yohanna Latong who on many occasions provided one form of support or the other to assist my work. I thank Otunba Dele Oye, my boss, my partner, Emeka Obegolu and my colleagues at Greenfield Chambers, who in many ways supported this work. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ...............................................................................................................vii Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................... 5 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................. 6 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 6 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework for the Study .......................................... 7 Theoretical Foundation ........................................................................................ 7 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................ 8 Nature of the Study .................................................................................................. 11 Method of Data Collection ....................................................................................... 12 Method of Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 13 Definitions ............................................................................................................... 13 Assumptions ............................................................................................................ 14 Scope and Delimitations .......................................................................................... 15 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 17 Significance of the Study ......................................................................................... 18 Summary ................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 2: Literature Review ......................................................................................... 20 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20 Literature Search Strategy ........................................................................................ 22 Theoretical Foundation ............................................................................................ 23 Ethnic Conflict Theory ............................................................................................ 23 i Enemy System Theory ............................................................................................
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