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Bioresource Now ! Vol.9 No.2 Bioresource Now ! Issue Number 9 February2013 BioResource Now ! Vol.9 No.2 BioResource Now ! Issue Number 9 February2013 Masanobu Kawachi (National Institute for Environmental Studies） Reprinting and reduplication of any content of Introduction to this newsletter is prohibited. Resource Center Collection, Preservation, and Future Tasks of All the contents are protected by the Japanese No.43 copyright law and international regulations. Various Algal Resources P1 - 2 Database Resources Database of Escherichia coli Download the PDF version of this newsletter at of This Month http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/shigen/news/ “NBRP E.coli Strain” P2 Introduction to Resource Center〈NO. 43〉 Collection, Preservation, and Future Tasks of Masanobu Kawachi , Head Various Algal Resources Biodiversity Resource Conservation Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies Various Algae for algal cultures could not be controlled. The differences among algae appear as Algae are living organisms that are While being anxious about the restoration variations in their cytoarchitecture and characterized by “oxygenic photosynthesis.” of infrastructures, we must adopt urgent physiological, biochemical, and biological All living organisms that perform “oxygenic measures, e.g., moving stock cultures to characteristics. The diversity of algae, photosynthesis,” except terrestrial plants sunny places during daytime. The which extends over different classes of such as mosses, ferns, and seed plants, temperature in a liquid nitrogen refrigerator, eukaryotes, is the reason why algae are belong to the category of algae. Even in which frozen cultures were kept, could attractive as research resources. terrestrial plants that differentiated from be maintained within a safety zone even algae have evolved from algae belonging during a long-term power outage, and Resources for Elucidating the to the class Charophyceae (National frozen cultures were not affected by the Mechanism underlying Evolution BioResource Project [NBRP]-Algae earthquake. A lesson learnt from the Great and Formation of Chloroplasts conserves 81 species and 256 strains). Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake is that frozen Algae do live in normal waterscape cultures have been mutually stored in Kobe environments, e.g., lakes, mashes, coasts, University and the NIES since 2008. This and oceans, as well as in extreme mutual storage system was a great relief to environments, e.g., hot springs, snow, ice, us. These 2 earthquake disasters taught us high-salinity waters, and arid zones. Many that risk diversification is important to algae are known to coexist with other prevent the loss of precious resources. living organisms such as corals and lichens. Various living organisms, Characteristics of Algae from the including prokaryotes, eukaryotes, Viewpoint of Phylogenetic Diversity unicellular organisms, and multicellular Recent molecular phylogenetic studies marine plants, that possess complicated revealed that algae are composed of systems and life histories, belong to the groups, which greatly differ from each class algae. The NBRP- Algae collects, other in their phylogenetic profiles. At conserves, and distributes various algae present, eukaryotes are composed of at Fig. 2: Cryptophytes (A, provided by Ms. Mayumi Sato), Chlorarachniophytes (B, NIES-624), Paulinella resources. least 9 groups (Fig. 1). chromatophora (C), Hatena arenicola (D, provided by Ms. Haruyo Yamaguchi), and Nephroselmis (E, Structure of NBRP-Algae N211 N1035 N624 N674 NIES-483). The National Institute for Environmental N547 In algae, the presence of chloroplasts that Studies (NIES), a central resource center, Rhizaria N330 Chlorarachniophytes Alveolata are peculiar to each group has been collects, conserves, and distributes confirmed. Cryptophytes (NBRP-Algae Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Stramenopiles Dinoflagellate resources of micro algae, endangered Plants (narrow sense) Chromerida conserves 21 species and 46 strains) (Fig. algae, and protists that are phylogenet- ２A) greatly differ from Chlorarachniophytes ically close to algae. Kobe University, an (Terrestrial plants) Heterokontophyta Glaucophytes (NBRP-Algae conserves 5 species and 6 N345 allocation resource center, is in charge of Cryptophytes strains) (Fig. 2B) in their phylogenetic collecting, conserving, and distributing Haptophytes profiles. Remnants of eukaryotic nuclei Euglenoids macro algae. The University of Tsukuba, Amoebozoa (nucleomorphs) have been found in another allocation resource center, is newly chloroplasts of Cryptophytes and (Metazoa) (Fungi) in charge of collecting algae resources with Chlorarachniophytes. It is known that Opisthokonta Excavates N837 high utility values and preparing additional N1442 N286 chloroplasts in Cryptophytes and information such as classification Chlorarachniophytes are derived from information. Hokkaido University, a third Fig.1: Phyletic relationship among eukaryotes; those in Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta, modifications based on Baldauf (2003). Colored branches allocation resource center, is in charge of indicate algae and terrestrial plants. The numbers respectively. It is also known that in a backing up important strains. attached to the photographs are NIES strain numbers. nucleomorph in Cryptophytes, whose genome size is 0.55 Mb, approximately Many eukaryotes are microorganisms. The 600 genes code for proteins. The What We Learned from Disastrous presence of algae has been confirmed in all Earthquakes existence of nucleomorphs directly of these groups, except Amoebozoa and indicates the origin of chloroplasts and the The Great East Japan Earthquake that Opisthokonta. In this typical dendrogram, evolution process of organelles. occurred on March 11, 2011, greatly colored branches of algae are interspersed. affected algae conservation facilities of the The reason for this interspersion is The alga Paulinella chromatophora (NIES- NIES. Infrastructures such as power, water, considered to be that chloroplasts have 2635) (Fig. 2C) has a chloroplast (it is and gas supply systems could not be used been independently acquired in each group. called cyanelle for differentiation from other for a long time, and operations, including Algae that are able to perform photo- chloroplasts). Its origin differs from that of subcultures, were difficult to perform. synthesis greatly differ from each other in chloroplasts in other algae. It is interesting Lighting and temperature that are required their evolution and phylogenetic profiles. that the photosynthesis-related genes To the next page BioResource Now ! Vol.9 No.2 remained in the cyanelle, while they have Chlorella vulgaris (NIES-2170) (Fig. 3A) and rates are low. In the future, we will make already shifted to the nuclear genome in Euglena gracilis (NIES-48) (Fig. 3B) are every effort to examine conditions to other chloroplasts. Therefore, the cyanelle typical algae that have been used in various improve the survival rates of these strains is considered to represent a stage during research fields, including photosynthesis and to establish an inspection method, by which the chloroplast shifted to become an studies, physiological and biochemical which these strains can be stably organelle. studies, and research and development cryopreserved, even though their survival In various other algae and protists, inter- studies aiming at their practical use. Recently, rates are low. By exchanging information esting phenomena such as intracellular Euglena gracilis has been frequently used and technologies with researchers who symbiosis and kleptoplasty have been in research and development projects belong to various conservation facilities in observed. For example, Hatena arenicola aiming at its practical use for biofuels and the NBRP, we attempt to develop a new (Fig. 2D), a protist, seems to be a flagellate foods. Dunaliella tertiolecta (NIES-2258) cryopreservation technology. alga possessing green chloroplasts. (Fig. 3C) is a species of Chlorophyta and However, this protist “incorporates” a free- has adapted to high-salinity environments. Future Task of NBRP-Algae, No. 2 living prasinophyte alga into its cell, By maintaining a high-salinity environment, Enhancement of Model Organisms changes the size and shape of the alga, mass cultivation of this species can be and uses the alga as if it was a chloroplast. achieved in open ponds, similar to pure In algae, many interesting phenomena This prasinophyte alga was found to be a cultures. Although the proliferation potency have been observed, e.g., mineralization※1, species that belongs to the genus is not very high, Botryococcus braunii sex pheromone production, toxin produc- Nephroselmis (NBRP-Algae conserves 5 (NIES-836) (Fig. 3E) that accumulates oil tion, and various cell movements. Model species and 15 strains) (Fig. 2E). How can (which is similar to fuel oil) in its algal organisms used to investigate these Hatena arenicola change and control biomass and Haematococcus lacustris biological phenomena and mechanisms Nephroselmis in its cell? Has a part of the (NIES-144) (Fig. 3F) that produces must be further enhanced. The NBRP-Algae genome of Nephroselmis already been astaxanthin (which is a substance useful for has also been developing its own model shifted to that of Hatena arenicola? Hatena human health) have often been used in the organism using cyanobacteria, which live arenicola is an interesting object to field of practical research in recent years. in many different environments and elucidate the initial process of chloroplast possess various
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