A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action INTERNATIONAL ALERT 346 Clapham Road London, SW9 9AP United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 207 627 6800 Web
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INCLUSIVE SECURITY, SUSTAINABLE PEACE: A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action INTERNATIONAL ALERT 346 Clapham Road London, SW9 9AP United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 207 627 6800 Web: www.international-alert.org WOMEN WAGING PEACE 2040 S Street NW, Suite 2 Washington, D.C. 20009 United States of America Tel: +1 (202) 403 2000 Web: www.womenwagingpeace.net ISBN: 1-898702-59-4 Conflict escalates long before the first guns are fired and does not end with the signing of peace agreements. To avoid the outbreak or resurgence of violence, it is necessary to strengthen the governance, security, justice and socioeconomic capacities of a state so that social and political conflicts can be resolved non-violently. This is a complex task in any society and particularly daunting in situations where violence and oppression have been the norm. While the international community can provide assistance and valuable resources, the local population, which has no “exit strategy,” has the greatest commitment to building a sustainable peace. It is therefore essential to draw on the assets, experiences and dedication at the local level and among all sectors of society. An inclusive approach to security means that peace processes must include women who, although they are key actors, are often overlooked and underestimated. In most conflict situations, women constitute more than 50 percent of the adult population and are actively engaged in peacebuilding while addressing the basic survival needs of their families and communities. Their contributions at local, national and international levels are critical to sustainable peace. Yet historically women have been portrayed as passive victims with little regard given to their actual and potential roles in promoting peace and fostering security. In October 2000, for the first time in its history, the United Nations Security Council acknowledged that women have a key role in promoting sustainable peace by unanimously adopting Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. It calls on all actors to ensure women’s participation in peace processes from the prevention of conflict to negotiations to post war reconstruction. Similar resolutions have been passed by other multilateral organisations, including the G-8, the European Union, the Organization of American States and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. International Alert’s Gender and Peacebuilding Programme and Hunt Alternatives Fund’s Women Waging Peace have been at the forefront of this advocacy agenda. It is with great pleasure that we collaborated to produce this resource, which draws on years of programmatic work and research by both organisations. The development of this Toolkit would not have been possible without our partnerships and associations with women activists, scholars and officials in conflict areas around the world. Quite simply, we know what we know because they have taught us. We hope that this will become an additional tool with which they can pursue their goals. To our friends and partners around the world—this resource is dedicated to you. We hope that it honours your work effectively. In pursuit of inclusive and sustainable peace, Dan Smith, Secretary General Swanee Hunt, Chair International Alert Women Waging Peace November 2004 Who We Are INTERNATIONAL ALERT International Alert (IA) works to build a just and lasting peace in areas of violent conflict. This international non-governmental organisation (NGO) based in London was established in 1985 by a group of human rights advocates that included Martin Ennals, former Secretary General of Amnesty International, in response to the rise in conflict within countries and the subsequent abuse of individual and collective human rights in conflict situations. There remains today a pressing need for the inclusion of both men and women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts. IA’s Gender and Peacebuilding Programme works to ensure that gender perspectives and practical realities inform the implementation of gender-aware international, regional and national peace, security and development policies in order to protect human rights and promote sustainable peace through gender equality for men and women. Visit www.womenbuildingpeace.org or www.international-alert.org for more information. WOMEN WAGING PEACE Women Waging Peace (Waging), an operating programme of Hunt Alternatives Fund, advocates for the full participation of women in formal and informal peace processes around the world. More than 250 women peacebuilders in the Waging network—all demonstrated leaders with varied backgrounds, perspectives and skills—bring a vast array of expertise to the peacemaking process. They have met with over 3,000 policy shapers to collaborate on fresh, workable solutions to long-standing conflicts. Waging’s Policy Commission is researching and documenting women’s activities in conflict prevention, negotiation and post-conflict reconstruction; these studies provide models to encourage policymakers to include women and gender perspectives in their program designs and budgets. Visit www.womenwagingpeace.net for more information. © Hunt Alternatives Fund and International Alert 2004. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without full attribution. The agencies above welcome and encourage the utilisation and dissemination of the material included in this Toolkit. Picture credits from left to right: Nyaradzai Gumbonzvanda, Regional Program Director, United Nations Development Fund for Women, East and Horn of Africa, Urgent Action Consultation on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, Uganda, 2002, PHOTO: IA. Women discussing priorities for peace and security in South Asia, PHOTO: IA. Natella Akaba from Abkhazia (South Caucasus) in Bucaramanga, Colombia, 2004, PHOTO: GUILLERMO SUAREZ SEBASTIAN. Nicola Johnston at an IA consultation on the Toolkit, Colombo, Sri Lanka, PHOTO: IA. Design: D.R. ink, [email protected] Printed at Jason Print and Design, U.K. Title FOREWORD TO THE TOOLKIT UPDATED EDITION The Initiative for Inclusive Security (formerly Women Waging Peace) is pleased to present an update to Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace: A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action. Since the Toolkit was published with International Alert in 2004 there have been many developments in the world of women, peace and security. Some of these developments reinforce concepts outlined in the Toolkit. In other instances, new ideas have been tested that deserve further documentation. Similarly, some world events have a direct connection to the principles advocated in the Toolkit. Some, such as the election of Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (the first democratically-elected female national leader in Africa) are simply so exciting that they deserve special attention. In this annex we provide: updates on changes in international, national and regional policies and organisations; very recent examples of women’s leadership worldwide and new programs and initiatives developed through women’s efforts. These additions augment ideas that have made Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace a vital resource for academics, policymakers, NGOs and women leaders around the world. December 2007 Title CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Title KEY INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND employment. As of 2005 three countries in LEGAL MECHANISMS: WOMEN’S SADC had attained 30 percent participation RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF PEACE of women in decision-making structures as outlined in the 1997 SADC Declaration of AND SECURITY (P. 15) Gender and Development.2 International policies and legal mechanisms continue to progress in favor of women’s inclusion. National governments, multilateral HUMAN RIGHTS (P. 28) organisations, financial institutions, and regional bodies recognize the importance of women’s Women’s inclusion in peace and security is participation at all levels of peace processes. increasingly promoted under the larger umbrella These policies hold governments accountable for of human rights. International policies and legal including women in peace processes. mechanisms that advance human rights often contain specific language and provisions that address women’s empowerment. Multilateral institutions G-8 (p. 19) which protect and govern human rights place a special emphasis on the rights of women. x Gender equality was highlighted as a pathway to development and good governance at the 2007 G8 Summit in Germany. Several measures were put forward that focus on the vital Addressing Human Rights During role of women, including the empowerment Conflict: What Laws Exist? (p. 32) of women through education and economic programs, fighting the rise of HIV/AIDS in x Over 15 African countries have now ratified women and girls, protecting women’s human the 2003 Protocol to the African Charter on rights, and working toward the prevention of Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of sexual violence.1 Women in Africa. The first countries to ratify the protocol were Cape Verde, The Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Benin and Togo. Countries ratifying Southern African Development the protocol commit to combat all forms of Community (p. 23) discrimination and violence against women.3 x The Southern African Development x UNIFEM reported in November 2006 that Community (SADC), comprised of 14 the number of countries with