4.2 Delta Hydrology and Water Quality (PDF)
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4.2 Delta Hydrology and Water Quality 4.2 Delta Hydrology and Water Quality This section describes the existing surface water hydrology, supply, management, and water quality conditions of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (the Delta), as well as the existing conditions within the Sacramento River downstream of Lake Shasta. The section also discusses the regulatory setting, including water rights and water service contracts, and provides an analysis of potential water supply, water quality, and water level impacts resulting from implementation of the project alternatives. 4.2.1 Affected Environment Regulatory Setting Federal Clean Water Act The Clean Water Act establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into “waters of the United States.” The act specifies a variety of regulatory and non-regulatory tools to sharply reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance municipal wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. Section 303(d) requires states, territories, and authorized tribes to develop a list of water-quality limited segments of rivers and other water bodies under their jurisdiction. These waters on the list do not meet water quality standards, even after point sources of pollution have installed the minimum required levels of pollution control technology. The law requires that these jurisdictions establish priority rankings for waters on the list and develop action plans, called Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL), to improve water quality. Delta waterways are included in the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board’s (CVRWQCB) list of 303(d) impaired waterways for the following constituents: chlorpyrifos, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), diazinon, exotic species, group A pesticides, mercury, unknown toxicity, organic enrichment/low dissolved oxygen (Stockton Ship Canal), and electrical conductivity(water export area). Of these constituents, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved TMDLs for the following: organic enrichment/low dissolved oxygen. TMDLs for other constituents remain under planning or development. Section 401 requires every applicant for a federal permit or license for any activity that may result in a discharge to a water body to obtain a water quality certification that the proposed activity will comply with applicable water quality standards. Section 402 regulates point- and nonpoint-source discharges to surface waters through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program. In California, the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) oversees the NPDES program, which is administered by the Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs). The NPDES program provides for both general permits (those that cover a number of similar or related activities) and individual permits. Los Vaqueros Reservoir Expansion Project 4.2-1 February 2009 Draft EIS/EIR Los Vaqueros Reservoir Expansion Project Section 404 of the Clean Water Act establishes a program to regulate the discharge of dredged and fill material into waters of the U.S., including some wetlands. Activities in waters of the U.S. that are regulated under this program include fills for development, water resource projects (e.g., dams and levees), infrastructure development (e.g., highways and airports), and conversion of wetlands to uplands for farming and forestry. Under Section 404(b)(1) of the Act, the Least Environmentally Damaging Practicable Alternative (LEDPA) must be identified from among those alternatives considered in detail in the EIS/EIR. If a federal agency is a partner in the implementation of a project, then the Proposed Action/Project must be recognized as the LEDPA. A 404(b)(1) evaluation will be included with the Final EIS/EIR pursuant to the Act to provide required information on the potential effects of the proposed action/project regarding water quality and rationale in support of identifying the LEDPA. This Draft EIS/EIR will be reviewed by concerned public and stakeholders with the opportunity to provide comments on the alternatives and documentation before making determinations of the Proposed Action/Project, LEDPA, environmentally preferred alternative, and environmentally superior alternative in the Final EIS/EIR. Construction of the proposed project, including construction of the proposed intake facilities, pipelines, expanded reservoir, appurtenant facilities, and other associated facilities, would be subject to regulation under Sections 401, 402, and/or 404 of the Clean Water Act. Rivers and Harbors Act The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) regulates the construction of any structure or work within navigable waters under Sections 9 and 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act. The USACE regulates the construction of wharves, breakwaters, and jetties; bank protection and stabilization projects; permanent mooring structures, vessels, and marinas; intake and outfall pipes; canals; boat ramps; aids to navigation; and other modifications affecting the course, location, condition, and capacity of navigable waters. The USACE jurisdiction under the Rivers and Harbors Act is limited to “navigable waters,” or waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tide shoreward to the mean high water mark that may be used for interstate or foreign commerce. The USACE must consider the following criteria when evaluating projects within navigable waters: (1) the public and private need for the project; (2) reasonable alternative locations and methods; and (3) the beneficial and detrimental effects on the public and private uses to which the area is suited. The Rivers and Harbors Act would be applicable to the new Delta Intake and Pump Station. Central Valley Project Improvement Act The Central Valley Project Improvement Act (1992) amended the previous authorizations of the Central Valley Project (CVP) to include fish and wildlife protection, restoration, and mitigation as project purposes having equal priority with irrigation and domestic uses, and fish and wildlife enhancement as a project purpose equal in priority to power generation. It is described in Section 2.3.1. The CVP Improvement Act is relevant to all aspects of the project alternatives that would result in diversion of CVP water from the Delta, or use of CVP water to enhance fish and wildlife. Los Vaqueros Reservoir Expansion Project 4.2-2 February 2009 Draft EIS/EIR 4.2 Delta Hydrology and Water Quality Safe Drinking Water Act The Safe Drinking Water Act was established to protect the quality of waters actually or potentially designated for drinking use, whether from aboveground or underground sources. Contaminants of concern in a domestic water supply are those that either pose a health threat or in some way alter the aesthetic acceptability of the water. Primary and secondary maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) are established for numerous constituents of concern including turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl), fluoride, nitrate, priority pollutant metals and organic compounds, selenium, bromate, trihalomethane and haloacetic acid precursors, radioactive compounds, and gross radioactivity. All domestic water suppliers must follow the requirements established by this Act and its associated amendments. Surface Water Treatment Rule The Federal Surface Water Treatment Rule is implemented by the California Surface Water Treatment Rule, which satisfies three specific requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act by: (1) establishing criteria for determining when filtration is required for surface waters; (2) defining minimum levels of disinfection for surface waters; and (3) addressing Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Legionella spp., E. Coli, viruses, turbidity, and heterotrophic plate count by setting a treatment technique. A treatment technique is set in lieu of an MCL for a contaminant when it is not technologically or economically feasible to measure that contaminant. The Surface Water Treatment Rule applies to all drinking water supply activities in California; its implementation is overseen by the California Department of Health Services (DHS). Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule and Long-Term 1 and Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule The Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule established maximum residual disinfectant level goals and maximum residual disinfectant levels for chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide. It also establishes MCL goals and MCLs for trihalomethanes, five haloacetic acids, chlorite, and bromate. The primary purpose of the Long-Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule is to improve microbial control, especially for Cryptosporidium. Water systems that use surface water and conventional filtration treatment are required to remove specified percentages of organic materials, measured as total organic carbon (TOC), which may react with disinfectants to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Removal is to be achieved through a treatment technique (e.g., enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening), unless the system meets alternative criteria. The U.S. EPA adopted the Stage 2 Microbial and Disinfection Byproducts Rules in January 2006. The Rules include both the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule and Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. These rules include revised and new requirements, such as water systems having to meet DBP MCLs at each monitoring site in the distribution system, rather than averaging multiple sites. The rules also contain