A History of Chinese Medicine

DOMINIQUE HOIZEY and MARIE-JOSEPH HOIZEY

Translated by PAUL BAILEY

EDINBURGH UNIVEPSITY PRESS Contents

Introduction 1 1 From Mythology to History 5 In the Beginning was the Myth 5 A Perusal of the Classic of Mountains and Seas 9 The Long Birthpangs of Chinese Medicine: From Early Man in China to the 'Cultural Revolution' of the New Stone Age 11 The Shang Period 15 2 From the Western Zhou to the End of the Warring States Period, 1100-221BC 19 Specialists at the Zhou Court 19 The Hundred Schools of Thought 22 Yellow Emperor's Classic of () 27 Qin Yueren, a Popular Hero in Early Chinese Medicine 29 3 From the First Emperor to the Fall of the , 22lBCto AD 220 34 From the First Emperor to the Yellow Turbans 34 How to Acquire Immortality 36 How did the Marchioness of Dai Die? 37 Liu Sheng, Brother of the Emperor 39 The 'nong Bencaojing (Classic of ) 40 The Medical Dossiers of Chunyu Yi 42 Zhongjing, the 'Sage of Medicine' 42 , the Pioneer of Chinese 44 An Honorarium of Apricots 47 4 From the to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, 220-589 49 The Chinese 'Middle Ages' 49 vi Contents Wang Shuhe, the Promoter of Pulsing 51 and his ABC of 52 , Alchemist and Physician 53 Tao Hongjing, Commentator of the Shen 'nong Bencaojing 56 The Surgeon Gong Qingxuan 57 5 The Sui and Tang Empires, 581-907 59 A Restored Unity 59 The Medical Centre of Asia 61 , Aetiologist and Semiologist 65 , the 'King of Prescriptions' 66 Su and the Nexvly-revised Materia Medica 68 Wang Tao and Other Medical Figures during the Sui and the Tang 70 6 From the Northern to Southern Song, 960-1279 73 Barbarism and Civilisation 73 A Publishing Boom . 75 The Reform of Medical Studies, Autopsies Carried Out on Executed Prisoners, and the Creation of Forensic Medicine 76 A New Approach to Aetiology: The Theory of the 'Three Causes' 78 The First Measures against Smallpox 79 Paediatricians and Gynaecologists 80 The Great Leap Forward in Acupuncture 82 Adepts of the Shanghanlun, Experts on Pulsing, and Remedies for All Afflictions from a Chill to Breast Cancer 83 The Pharmaceutical Renaissance 86 7 The Jin, 1115-1234, and Yuan, 1279-1368 90 From the Jin Empire to the Mongol Occupation 90 Symptoms and Drugs 92 Liu Wansu, Founder of the Hejian School 93 Zhang Yuansu, Master of the Yishui School 94 Li Gao and the Treatise on the Spleen and Stomach 94 The Followers of the Yishui School 95 Zhang Congzheng and the Theory of the 'Six Doors' and 'Three Methods' 96 Zhu Zhenheng and his Minister of Fire 97 Acupuncture, Treatment of Furunculosis and Abscesses, and the Setting of Fractures 98 Contents vii Wise Ways of Eating and Drinking 102 How to Cure Tuberculosis, Treat Sick Children and Nourish the Vital Principle 105 8 The Ming, 1368-1644 107 National Restoration 107 A Western View of Chinese Medicine 108 A Medical Encyclopaedia 109 The Treasure of the 'River of Cinnabar' 110 The School of Warnting and Invigoration 112 One Pox can Conceal Another 115 Acupuncture on the Way to Success 116 Surgery Without a Scalpel 117 Victims of the Plague 118 The Return of Spring, or Regained Health 119 and the Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medico) 120 9 The Qing, from the Manchu Invasion of 1644 to the First War, 1839-42 130 1644 130 The Chinese and their Physicians in the Eighteenth Century 131 Chinese and European Medicine 132 Books on Medicine 134 Commentators on the Huangdi Neijing 136 The Shanghanlun, a 'Best Seller' 137 Heat, the Origin of All Diseases 138 The New Anatomy 141 Gynaecologists, Paediatricians, Massage Therapists, Dermatologists and Other Specialists 141 The Use of the Smallpox Virus to Combat Smallpox 145 Supplement to the Bencao Gangmu 146 .0 The Qing, 1842-1911 149 From Empire to Republic 149 The Challenge of Western Medicine 150 The 'Birth' of Traditional Chinese Medicine 152 Techniques for Prolonging Life and Superstition 154 . 1 From the 1911 Revolution to the Establishment of the People's Republic, 1911-49 156 From One Republic to Another 156 Furore over China's Medical Heritage 157 New Developments in Traditional Chinese Medicine 158 viii Contents

Herbal Medicine at a Time of Scientific Research 161 Under the Protection of the Red Army 163 A Dismal Balance-sheet on Health 165 12 Mao Zedong's China 169 The Communist Party in Power 169 Demography and Family Planning 170 Public Health 173 The Same Struggle to Combine Chinese and Western Medicine 177 Appendices 185 Chronology of Chinese Medicine 187 Medical Journals Published in the People's Republic of China 193 History of Chinese Medicine in Comic Strip 194 Medicine and Politics in the People's Republic of China 198 Index of Persons 200 Index of Plants 204