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Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative Force Strengths

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Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 February 2021

doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0395.v1

Asymptotic freedom, quark confinement, proton spin crisis, neutron structure, dark matters, and relative force strengths

Jae-Kwang Hwang
JJJ Physics Laboratory, Brentwood, TN 37027 USA

Abstract: The relative force strengths of the Coulomb forces, gravitational forces, dark matter forces, weak forces and strong forces are compared for the dark matters, leptons, quarks, and normal matters (p and n baryons) in terms of the 3-D quantized space model. The quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained by the CC merging to the A(CC=-5)3 state. The proton with the (EC,LC,CC) charge configuration of p(1,0,-5) is p(1,0) + A(CC=-5)3. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 99.6% of the proton mass. The three quarks in p(1,0,-5) are asymptotically free in the EC and LC space of p(1,0) and are strongly confined in the CC space of A(CC=-5)3. This means that the lepton beams in the deep inelastic scattering interact with three quarks in p(1,0) by the EC interaction and weak interaction. Then, the observed spin is the partial spin of p(1,0) which is 32.6 % of the total spin (1/2) of the proton. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 67.4 % of the proton spin. This explains the proton spin crisis. The EC charge distribution of the proton is the same to the EC charge distribution of p(1,0) which indicates that three quarks in p(1,0) are mostly near the proton surface. From the EC charge distribution of neutron, the 2 lepton system (called as the koron) of the 휋ꢁ(푒휈ꢃ ) koron is, for the first time, reported in the present work.

  • ꢂ
  • ꢀ

Key words: Quark confinement, Asymptotic freedom, Relative force strength, Dark matters, Proton crisis, Deep inelastic scattering, Neutron structure, Two lepton system.

1. Introduction
In modern particle physics, the three-quark system shows the asymptotic freedom and quark confinement within the baryon. The asymptotic freedom and quark confinement have been explained by introducing the gluon field at the short distance. This strong force through the gluons has the characteristics different from other forces like the Coulomb forces and gravitational forces. The strong force is nearly free at the very short distance and is getting constant or even stronger with increasing of the distance between the quarks. This is called as the asymptotic freedom. Experimentally it has been observed that quarks are acting like being nearly free inside the baryon [1]. In the energy point of view, the interactions between quarks is weaker at the high energy and stronger at the low energy. This asymptotic freedom was discovered by Gross, Wilczek and Politzer [2,3]. The quark confinement is closely related to the asymptotic freedom through the gluons. The quark confinement takes place when the total color charge is neutral. The origins of the quark confinement are not clearly understood in terms of QCD.

In the present work, the properties of quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained without introducing the gluons of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Instead of the gluons, the strong force bosons [4] are introduced. The present analysis in Figs. 1-5 is based on the 3-D quantized space model. The fermions are drawn as the half circles [4] in the Euclidean space as shown in Fig. 4. The bosons are drawn as the full circles [4] in the Euclidean space as shown in Fig. 4. The brief review [4,5] is given in section 2 before the asymptotic freedom and quark confinement inside baryons like proton and neutron are explained in sections 3 and 4. The quark

© 2021 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license.

Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 February 2021

doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0395.v1

confinement and asymptotic freedom are closely related to the strong boson force including the color charge (CC) force within the force range of x < 10-18 m.

Normal matter/ leptons
Normal matter
Dark matter
Normal matter

GN GNaa(mCC)
GN GNll(mEC) m1m2 m1m2

FG = GN

r2

FG = GN

r2

p, n

  • p, n
  • B1

p, n, e

  • k
  • kll(EC)

FC

EC1EC2

r2

m 2= m2CC

m2= m2EC m1 = m1CC

FC = k

m1 = m1EC

Normal matter /leptons
Dark matter
Dark matter

GN GNll(mEC)
GN GNdd(mEC)

Leptons

m1m2 m1m2

FG = GN

r2

FG = GN k

r2

B1 p, n, e

  • B1
  • e

  • k
  • kdd(EC)

FC

kll(EC) m 2= m2EC
EC1EC2

r2

m 2= m2EC

m1 = m1EC m1 = m1EC

FC = k
For normal matter (p,n),

m = m1CC + m1EC m1CC, m1CC > m1EC

GN = GNdd(mEC) GNaa(mCC) > GNll(mEC)

Fig. 1. The gravitational and Coulomb forces are compared for the normal matters, dark matters, and leptons. See Figs. 2-5 for details.

Bastons (EC) , DM EC

  • Leptons(EC,LC)
  • Quarks(EC,LC,CC)

EC

Fc(q) =

EC 0

x1x2x3

EC = -1/3

mEC

X1 -2/3 X2 -5/3 X3 -8/3 Total -5
2/3 -1/3 -4/3
-1

FCdd(EC) kdd(EC)
FCll(EC) kll(EC)
FCqq(EC) kqq(EC)

Fg = Fg (m) = FB = FB(m) =

-1 -2 -3

x4x5x6

LC = 0
Fc = Fc(EC)+Fc(LC)+Fc(CC) = mac

Fg = Fg(mEC)+Fg(mLC)+Fg(mCC) = mag FB = FB(mEC)+FB(mLC)+FB(mCC) = maB

  • LC
  • LC

0

DM: Dark matter

X4 X5
-2/3 -5/3 -8/3
-5

FCll(LC) kll(LC)
FCqq(LC) kqq(LC)
Coulomb force

q1q2

-1

x7x8x9

CC = -2/3

Fc = k

r2

  • X6
  • -2

m = mEC + mLC +mCC

  • Total
  • -3

mCC

d quark m(d) = mEC mCC

Fcll Fcll(EC), at r < 10-18 FB > FC (EC) m

CC

  • kll k (EC)
  • for leptons

ll

+

FCqq(CC) kqq(CC) kaa(CC)

m , E = mc2, Ek = mv2/2

X7 X8
-2/3(r) -5/3(g) -8/3(b)
-5

kll(EC) > kll(LC)
X9 kqq(CC) kll(LC) = kdd(EC) kll(EC) kqq(LC)

mEC and mCC are strongly coupled and stacked at the same position. mEC and mCC move together. The strong resistance is increased with increasing of the distance between mEC and mCC

Total

kqq(EC) kqq(LC) > kqq(CC)

  • k
  • kll(EC) for baryons, mesons, confined quarks

Fc Fcll(EC),

.

Fig. 2. Coulomb forces and Coulomb constants for the elementary fermions. Three partial masses of mEC, mLC and mCC are strongly coupled and move together for the elementary fermions. The d quark is shown as one example.

Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 February 2021

doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0395.v1

Bastons (EC) , DM EC

  • Leptons(EC,LC)
  • Quarks(EC,LC,CC)

EC

Asymptotic freedom (AF):
(Free quarks)

EC 0

FC (EC) > FB=0

X1 -2/3 X2 -5/3 X3 -8/3 Total -5
2/3 -1/3 -4/3
-1

FBdd(mEC

)

FBll(mEC

)

FBqq(mEC GNBqq(mEC

)

  • at 10-18 m < xEC 10-15
  • m

-1 -2 -3

GNBll(mEC

))
))

GNBdd(mEC

)
Mesons(EC,LC) with A(CC=0): Color charge (CC) merging energy (mA) of a quark and anti-quark is 132.8 MeV for a p0 meson.

  • LC
  • LC

  • 0
  • X4
  • -2/3

-5/3 -8/3
-5

FBll(mLC GNBll(mLC

)

FBqq(mLC GNBqq(mLC

)
Boson force

mB

X5 X6
-1

GNB

=

GN

-2

mg

  • Total
  • -3

m1m2 r2
FB = GNB

CC

at r < 10-18 FB > FC (EC) m
Baryons(EC,LC) with A(CC=-5)3 : Color charge (CC) merging energy (mA) of three quarks is 935.3 MeV for a neutron.

X7 X8
-2/3(r) -5/3(g) -8/3(b)
-5

  • GNBll(mLC) > GNBll(mEC
  • )

FBqq(mCC GNBqq(mCC GNBaa(mCC

)

  • GNBqq(mCC)>GNBqq(mLC)>GNBqq(mEC
  • )
  • )

)

X9

GNBqq(mCC)=GNBll(mLC)=GNBdd(mEC GNBqq(mLC)=GNBll(mEC)>GNBqq(mEC

))

Total

FB FBaa(mCC),

GNB GNBaa(mCC

  • )
  • GNBqq(mCC) for baryons

Fig. 3. Boson forces and boson force constants for the elementary fermions. Boson forces include the dark matter forces, weak forces, and strong forces.

Magnetic charges (|qm| = c2Dt) and electric charges (|q| = cDt) along the time axis are independent of the space directions.

Bastons (EC) , DM EC

  • Leptons(EC,LC)
  • Quarks(EC,LC,CC)

  • EC
  • EC

  • 0
  • X1 -2/3

X2 -5/3 X3 -8/3 Total -5
2/3 -1/3 -4/3
-1

S=1/2 Fermions

ct

FGdd(mEC GNdd(mEC

))

FGll(mEC

)

FGqq(mEC GNqq(mEC

))

S=2

  • S=1
  • S=1

graviton
Photon(2EM wave)

-1 -2 -3

Bosons

GNll(mEC

)

ct

qm1 = c2Dt

  • qm = c2Dt
  • q=q1+q2

-qm1

cDt

LC -2/3 -5/3 -8/3
-5
LC 0

q1>0

q1

  • q = -cDt
  • q=0

q<0

X4

FGll(mLC) GNll(mLC)
FGqq(mLC) GNqq(mLC)
DM: Dark matter Gravitation force

x1x2x3 x1x2x3

X5 X6
-1

cDt

-qm1

cDt

qm

-q1

qm1

q2<0

-2

m1m2

qm1 = c2Dt q=q1-q1=0

  • Total
  • -3

FG = GN

r2

  • qm=qm1–qm1=0
  • qm=0

qm

qm<0 qm= qm1-qm1 =0

-qm1

mB mg

CC

GNB

=

GN

GNll(mEC) = GNqq(mLC)

X7 X8
-2/3(r) -5/3(g)

Inside E time loop is the magnetic monopole of qm Particles are shown as the 1-D lines in x1x2x3 space.
-c2Dt

FGqq(mCC GNqq(mCC

)

-qm1<0

  • GNdd(mEC) = GNll(mLC) = GNqq(mCC
  • )

.

)

qm1<0
+

or

X9
-8/3(b) GNaa(mCC
-5

)
GNqq(mCC) > GNqq(mLC) > GNqq(mEC

GNll(mLC) > GNll(mEC) FG FGaa(mCC),
)

  • c2Dt
  • qm1>0

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    7/18/16 EIC Lecture 2 at NNPSS 2016 at MIT 1 The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) Abhay Deshpande Lecture 2: What do we need polarized beams? Nucleon Spin Structure: What’s the problem? 2. Quantum Chromodynamics: The Fundamental Description of the Heart of Visible Matter Sidebar 2.6: Nucleon Spin: So Simple and Yet So Complex The simple fact that the proton carries spin 1/2, quark spins to account for most of the proton’s spin measured in units of Planck’s famous constant, is but were quite surprised when experiments at CERN exploited daily in thousands of magnetic resonance and other laboratories showed that the spins of all imaging images worldwide. Because the proton is a quarks and antiquarks combine to account for no more composite system, its spin is generated from its quark than about 30% of the total. This result has led nuclear 7/18/16 EIC Lecture 2 at NNPSS 2016 at MIT and gluon constituents. Physicists’ evolving appreciation scientists2. Quantum to address Chromodynamics: the more daunting The Fundamental challenges2 Description of the Heart of Visible Matter of how the spin might be generated, and of how much involved in measuring the other possible contributions to we have yet to understand about it, is an illustrative the spin illustrated in Figure 1. The gluons also have an Thecase study nucleon of how seemingly simple spin properties of visible intrinsic spin (1 unit) and might be “polarized” (i.e., might matter emerge from complex QCD interactions. have a preferential orientation of their spins along or puzzle….
  • Twenty Five Years of Asymptotic Freedom

    Twenty Five Years of Asymptotic Freedom

    TWENTY FIVE YEARS OF ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM1 David J. Gross Institute For Theoretical Physics, UCSB Santa Barbara, California, USA e-mail: [email protected] Abstract On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of Asymptotic Freedom, celebrated at the QCD Euorconference 98 on Quantum Chrodynamics, Montpellier, July 1998, I described the discovery of Asymptotic Freedom and the emergence of QCD. 1 INTRODUCTION Science progresses in a much more muddled fashion than is often pictured in history books. This is especially true of theoretical physics, partly because history is written by the victorious. Con- sequently, historians of science often ignore the many alternate paths that people wandered down, the many false clues they followed, the many misconceptions they had. These alternate points of view are less clearly developed than the final theories, harder to understand and easier to forget, especially as these are viewed years later, when it all really does make sense. Thus reading history one rarely gets the feeling of the true nature of scientific development, in which the element of farce is as great as the element of triumph. arXiv:hep-th/9809060v1 10 Sep 1998 The emergence of QCD is a wonderful example of the evolution from farce to triumph. During a very short period, a transition occurred from experimental discovery and theoretical confusion to theoretical triumph and experimental confirmation. In trying to relate this story, one must be wary of the danger of the personal bias that occurs as one looks back in time. It is not totally possible to avoid this. Inevitably, one is fairer to oneself than to others, but one can try.