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Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative Force Strengths

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Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative Force Strengths Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 February 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0395.v1 Asymptotic freedom, quark confinement, proton spin crisis, neutron structure, dark matters, and relative force strengths Jae-Kwang Hwang JJJ Physics Laboratory, Brentwood, TN 37027 USA Abstract: The relative force strengths of the Coulomb forces, gravitational forces, dark matter forces, weak forces and strong forces are compared for the dark matters, leptons, quarks, and normal matters (p and n baryons) in terms of the 3-D quantized space model. The quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained by the CC merging to the A(CC=-5)3 state. The proton with the (EC,LC,CC) charge configuration of p(1,0,-5) is p(1,0) + A(CC=-5)3. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 99.6% of the proton mass. The three quarks in p(1,0,-5) are asymptotically free in the EC and LC space of p(1,0) and are strongly confined in the CC space of A(CC=-5)3. This means that the lepton beams in the deep inelastic scattering interact with three quarks in p(1,0) by the EC interaction and weak interaction. Then, the observed spin is the partial spin of p(1,0) which is 32.6 % of the total spin (1/2) of the proton. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 67.4 % of the proton spin. This explains the proton spin crisis. The EC charge distribution of the proton is the same to the EC charge distribution of p(1,0) which indicates that three quarks in p(1,0) are mostly near the proton surface. From the EC charge distribution of neutron, the 2 lepton system (called as the koron) of the 휋 (푒휈) koron is, for the first time, reported in the present work. Key words: Quark confinement, Asymptotic freedom, Relative force strength, Dark matters, Proton crisis, Deep inelastic scattering, Neutron structure, Two lepton system. 1. Introduction In modern particle physics, the three-quark system shows the asymptotic freedom and quark confinement within the baryon. The asymptotic freedom and quark confinement have been explained by introducing the gluon field at the short distance. This strong force through the gluons has the characteristics different from other forces like the Coulomb forces and gravitational forces. The strong force is nearly free at the very short distance and is getting constant or even stronger with increasing of the distance between the quarks. This is called as the asymptotic freedom. Experimentally it has been observed that quarks are acting like being nearly free inside the baryon [1]. In the energy point of view, the interactions between quarks is weaker at the high energy and stronger at the low energy. This asymptotic freedom was discovered by Gross, Wilczek and Politzer [2,3]. The quark confinement is closely related to the asymptotic freedom through the gluons. The quark confinement takes place when the total color charge is neutral. The origins of the quark confinement are not clearly understood in terms of QCD. In the present work, the properties of quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained without introducing the gluons of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Instead of the gluons, the strong force bosons [4] are introduced. The present analysis in Figs. 1-5 is based on the 3-D quantized space model. The fermions are drawn as the half circles [4] in the Euclidean space as shown in Fig. 4. The bosons are drawn as the full circles [4] in the Euclidean space as shown in Fig. 4. The brief review [4,5] is given in section 2 before the asymptotic freedom and quark confinement inside baryons like proton and neutron are explained in sections 3 and 4. The quark © 2021 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 February 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0395.v1 confinement and asymptotic freedom are closely related to the strong boson force including the color charge (CC) force within the force range of x < 10-18 m. Normal Normal Normal Dark matter/ G G (m ) G G (m ) matter N Naa CC matter matter N Nll EC leptons m1m2 m1m2 FG = GN 2 F = G r G N r2 p, n p, n B1 p, n, e k kll(EC) FC EC1EC2 m 2= m2CC m = m m1 = m1CC F = k m = m 2 2EC C r2 1 1EC Dark Normal matter Dark matter G G (m ) /leptons G G (m ) N Ndd EC matter N Nll EC Leptons m1m2 m1m2 FG = GN 2 F = G r G N r2 B1 B1 p, n, e e k k (EC) dd k kll(EC) FC m 2= m2EC EC EC m = m m1 = m1EC m = m F = k 1 2 2 2EC 1 1EC C r2 For normal matter (p,n), G = G (m ) G (m ) > G (m ) m = m1CC + m1EC m1CC, m1CC > m1EC N Ndd EC Naa CC Nll EC Fig. 1. The gravitational and Coulomb forces are compared for the normal matters, dark matters, and leptons. See Figs. 2-5 for details. Bastons (EC) , DM Leptons(EC,LC) Quarks(EC,LC,CC) EC EC EC x1x2x3 Fc(q) = EC = -1/3 X1 -2/3 0 2/3 mEC FCdd(EC) FCll(EC) FCqq(EC) Fg = Fg (m) = X2-5/3 -1 -1/3 kdd(EC) kll(EC) kqq(EC) X3-8/3 -2 -4/3 FB = FB(m) = Total -5 -3 -1 LC = 0 x4x5x6 Fc = Fc(EC)+Fc(LC)+Fc(CC) = mac DM: Dark matter LC LC X4 -2/3 0 Fg = Fg(mEC)+Fg(mLC)+Fg(mCC) = mag Coulomb force FCll(LC) FCqq(LC) X5 -5/3 -1 FB = FB(mEC)+FB(mLC)+FB(mCC) = maB q q kll(LC) kqq(LC) CC = -2/3 x7x8x9 F = k 1 2 X6c r2 -8/3 -2 Total -5 -3 m m = mEC +mLC +mCC Fcll Fcll(EC), CC at r < 10-18 m CC kll kll(EC) for leptons + X7FB > FC (EC) -2/3(r) d quark m(d) = mEC mCC 2 2 FCqq(CC) m , E = mc , Ek = mv /2 X8kll(EC) > kll(LC) k (EC) k (LC) -5/3(g) ll qq kqq(CC) X9k (CC) k (LC)= k (EC) -8/3(b) qq ll dd kaa(CC) mEC and mCC are strongly coupled and stacked at the same Total -5 kqq(EC) kqq(LC)> kqq(CC) position. mEC and mCC move together. The strong resistance is Fc Fcll(EC), k kll(EC) for baryons, mesons, confined quarks increased with increasing of the distance between mEC and mCC. Fig. 2. Coulomb forces and Coulomb constants for the elementary fermions. Three partial masses of mEC, mLC and mCC are strongly coupled and move together for the elementary fermions. The d quark is shown as one example. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 February 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0395.v1 Bastons (EC) , DM Leptons(EC,LC) Quarks(EC,LC,CC) Asymptotic freedom (AF): EC EC EC F (EC) > F =0 (Free quarks) X1 -2/3 F (m ) 0 F (m ) 2/3 F (m ) C B Bdd EC Bll EC Bqq EC -18 -15 X2-5/3 -1 -1/3 at 10 m < xEC 10 m G (m ) GNBll(mEC) GNBqq(mEC) X3-8/3NBdd EC -2 -4/3 Total-5 -3 -1 Mesons(EC,LC) with A(CC=0): LC LC Color charge (CC) merging X4 -2/3 F (m ) 0 F (m ) Boson force Bll LC Bqq LC energy (mA) of a quark X5 -5/3 -1 mB GNBll(mLC) GNBqq(mLC) and anti-quark is 132.8 X6GNB = GN -8/3 -2 0 mg MeV for a p meson. Totalm m -5 -3 F = G 1 2 B NB r2 at r < 10-18 m CC Baryons(EC,LC) X7 -2/3(r) with A(CC=-5) : GNBll(mLC) > GNBll(mEC) FB > FC (EC) FBqq(mCC) 3 X8 -5/3(g) Color charge (CC) merging GNBqq(mCC)>GNBqq(mLC)>GNBqq(mEC) GNBqq(mCC) X9 -8/3(b) energy (m ) of three quarks GNBaa(mCC) A GNBqq(mCC)=GNBll(mLC)=GNBdd(mEC) Total -5 is 935.3 MeV for a neutron. GNBqq(mLC)=GNBll(mEC)>GNBqq(mEC) FB FBaa(mCC),GNB GNBaa(mCC) GNBqq(mCC) for baryons Fig. 3. Boson forces and boson force constants for the elementary fermions. Boson forces include the dark matter forces, weak forces, and strong forces. Bastons (EC) , DM Leptons(EC,LC) Quarks(EC,LC,CC) 2 Magnetic charges (|qm| = c Dt) and electric charges (|q| = cDt) along EC EC EC the time axis are independent of the space directions. X1 -2/3 0 2/3 S=1/2 FGdd(mEC) FGll(mEC) FGqq(mEC) S=1 S=2 S=1 X2-5/3 -1 -1/3 Fermions Bosons graviton Photon(2EM wave) GNdd(mEC) GNll(mEC) GNqq(mEC) X3-8/3 -2 -4/3 ct ct 2 q = c2Dt Total -5 -3 -1 qm = c Dt q=q1+q2 m1 -qm1 LC LC q >0 q q = -cDt 1 1 cDt q=0 X4 -2/3 0 q<0 DM: Dark matter FGll(mLC) FGqq(mLC) X5 -5/3G (m ) -1 G (m ) cDt cDt x1x2x3 -q x1x2x3 Gravitation force Nll LC Nqq LC 1 q X6 -8/3 -2 -qm1 qm q2<0 m1 m m 2 Total1 2 -5 -3 q = c Dt q=q1-q1=0 FG = GN 2 m1 r q = q -q =0 qm qm=qm1–qm1=0 qm=0 mB CC m m1 m1 GNll(mEC) = GNqq(mLC) GNB = GN q <0 X7mg -2/3(r) -qm1 m 2 Inside E time loop is the FGqq(mCC) -c Dt -qm1<0 X8GNdd(mEC) = GNll(mLC) = GNqq(mCC) -5/3(g) GNqq(mCC) magnetic monopole of qm.
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