A SURVEY of BOUQUETS ROAD, 1764: SAMUEL FINLEY's FIELD NOTES Part Five Edward G

A SURVEY OF BOUQUETS ROAD, 1764: SAMUEL FINLEY'S FIELD NOTES Part Five Edward G. Williams

laconic introductory remark to his day's survey field Finley'snotes on the morning of October 25 — "this morning before we Left this Camp itSnowed" —portended much respecting the future of the expedition. The brief premonitory appearance of wintry weather might have been expected to instill urgency into Bouquet's plans and objectives. Delays in the negotiations with the Indians were antici- pated, and there was every indication that the Shawnees would chance an all-out resistance. Also, the troops, traveling light, were not pre- pared with winter clothing for protection against severe weather. The orders issued at Camp No. 15 on "Wednesday 24th Ocbr 8 oClock A M," while the army rested a day following the strenuous march of the previous day, directed: "Lieu* Co11 McNeils Corps of Virginia Voluntiers, Four Companies of Penn a UInfantry and Cap1 McLelands Comp^ of Maryland Voluntiers to be inreadiness to March as soon as they have received their Provisions They are to carry their Tents &Baggage wt them ;their Batt Horses to be therefore Immedi- ately Collected and sent to their respective Encamp ts by the Super Intendants of Pack Horses These Troops are to proceed this day w*the Chief Engineer to the Forks of the Muskingum River under the Command of the Field Offr on duty who willreceive Orders at Head Quarters." The same orders appointed Lieutenant Colonel Turbutt Francis field officer of the day ;he would be responsible for choosing the site of Camp No. 16. The detachment would have con- sisted of about two hundred men (see Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquet's Expedition, 36-37) . The location of Camp No. 16 has always been in doubt, even controversial, since Dr. Smith published his account within a year after the episode. Inprinting the journal of the expedition, which we now are sure is an abridgment of the Hutchins journal (see Waddell, "New Light onBouquet's Ohio Expedition/' WPHM 66 [July 1983] :

Mr. Williams completes his series of articles on Bouquet's 1764 campaign. —Editor 134 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL

271), Smith wrote: "Thursday 25 [October 1764] They marched six miles, one half and sixteen perches to Camp No. 16, situated within a mile of the Forks of Muskingham." As frontispiece in this very book (Smith, An Historical Account, both 1765 and 1766 editions) is Hutchins's fold-in map, which clearly depicts Camp No. 16 at least three miles from the Forks. Ihave always questioned that discrepancy (see Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquet's Expedition, 69, note 58), but, although firsthand knowledge of the ground showed the one-mile calculation was impossible, Icould find no documentary evidence to refute Smith. Such a historical authority as Charles A. Hanna (Wilderness Trail, 2: 386) repeated the erroneous location of the camp without question. Not until Finley's survey notes turned up has there been concrete documentary evidence of the camp's true site and of the location of the Forks of the Muskingum at that particular time. Inperfect agreement with Smith's unannotated statement of the distance from Camp No. 15 to Camp No. 16, Finley (courses 574-600) noted 2,096 perches between the two points which equals six and one-half miles and 16 perches. Hutchins and Ratzer agree, as nearly as their small-scale maps can be measured for sixteen perches ;therefore, all four concur that the Forks could have been no nearer than three miles from Camp No. 16. Certainly there was to be found no militarily defensible land on the floodplain between the high hills and the Tuscarawas River closer than three miles to the Forks of the rivers. There was not a single spring-fed stream entering the river within that distance, a stream such as that so essential to a camp. One was to be found, however, just three and a quarter miles and seven perches distant from the Forks, by the trail they had just marched down from Camp No. 15, and is now retraced, with an exception or two, by County Highway 10. There the guides and engineers agreed, with the approval of Colonel Francis, was an appropriate place to encamp and to treat with the Indians. Directly to the right (north side) of the road is a small plateau of about forty acres, between two small runs. In1764, there were four small streams crossing the road, issuing out of the hills,and the site chosen lay between the third and fourth. The fourth run, apparently the one that watered the pack animals and cattle as well as the troop- ers, no longer exists upon the U.S. Geological Survey topographical map (7.5 minute), Coshocton, Ohio, quadrangle, but it did appear on the 1904 (15 minute) survey, 1915 edition topographical map as an intermittent stream. After the cutting away of the forest that covered 1984 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 135 the hills and retained the water, many of these spring-fed streams have disappeared. It was on the bank of this run that Finley started at the end of course 600, on November 5, to survey the path to the Forks of the rivers (see his course 602, page 48 of his fieldnotes). The details of the itinerary of the road from Camp No. 16 to the junction of the rivers are left for the footnote commentaries on Finley's courses and remarks upon them, excepting for two or three landmarks requiring, and deserving, special notice. The first of these is Finley's definitive fix upon the actual site of the Old Wyandot Town Muskingum, the place of which has been bandied about in lo- cales as numerous as there have been writers to mention its name. Both Hutchins and Ratzer have depicted the Old Wyandot Town in large characters but did not identify it with the name of Muskingum, nor was the townsite definite. Finley has identified the old town with its name and recorded its extent. Hanna once gave the indefinite location of "two or three miles above the Forks," but added, "where Coshocton now stands." Several times he made reference to Conchake, or Muskingum, at the Forks of the rivers, and he fixed the definite date of the town's beginning as the spring of 1748 (Wilderness Trail, 2: 181). From "Moshkingo," inMarch 1759, the captives Marie LeRoy and Barbara Leininger made their escape (Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 1:272; PMHB 29 (1905) :413-16). Christopher Gist visited Mus- kingum in December 1750 and estimated that a hundred families lived there (Darlington, Gist's Journals, 37). The town extended for a mile along the river ;Finley has placed its western end 1.6 miles from the point of the Forks of the rivers. The second interesting site, unknown and unmarked, has been that of the location of the conference house, or "Bower" in Smith's account. By scaling the photo enlargement of the section of Ratzer 's map, it appears that this interesting site was really a mile and a half from the camp, a half mile from the river, back of the Old Wyandot Town, on a terrace of level land quite near the large gravel pit operations and .4 mile from the radio tower WTNS. At this conference house, Bouquet met with the Indian chiefs and sachems to impose his terms for peace and surrender of the captives held in their towns. Itdid not sit upon the path and was at least a mile and a half from the Forks by the shortest route.

For many years Ihave maintained that the point of confluence of the rivers forming the Muskingum two hundred years ago was not identical with the junction site seen today. Nor am Ialone in the 136 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL theory that the angle formed by the Walhonding (then called the White Woman's Creek) with the Tuscarawas (then known as the Muskingum Tuscarawas Branch) was at one time an obtuse angle. By the evidence of all the contemporary maps and eyewitness ac- counts, the gooseneck-shaped peninsula of land, separating the two rivers for a half mile before their merging nearly under the Ohio Route 541 bridge and opposite to the Roscoe interchange of Ohio Route 83, did not then exist. As long ago as 1957, when the preparation of the publication of The Orderly Book of Colonel Henry Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, 1764 was inprogress, Imade frequent visits to the end of the road to explore the havoc wrought by modern improvements and the ravages of time. On several of my trips, the late Mr.Daniel C. Meek, of Coshocton, pointed out many landmarks of historical and human interest. Among them he pointed particularly to a half-mile-long swale, obviously a deeply cut old river channel, curving toward the Tuscarawas River at its eastern end. Iviewed it from a little way north of the intersection of Ohio Route S3 with Route 621 (now the intersection of Route 83 with U.S. 36). Ifelt then that the former confluence must have been somewhere in the vicinity of that spot, and Mr.Meek had a like opinion. There was, however, no documentary proof of that premise. There was then a government bench mark a few rods from the intersection, and there is one today, except that the former one was marked 746 and the present one 750 feet above sea level. The present bench mark is located inthe northeast quadrant of the intersection, removed possibly 150 feet from itsprevious position. The significance of this intersection and the nearby bench mark isinherent inFinley's stress upon his total of 1,047 perches (3*4 miles and 7 perches) chained from the run at Camp No. 16 to the "Large Fork," his last sighted course of 52 perches carrying 26 perches beyond his turning point from southwest to northwest courses (6 perches less than one tenth of a mile). This scales that distance beyond the bench mark on the left side of Route 83 precisely .1 mile north of the Route S3 and U.S. 36 intersection, and midway between the two bends of Route 83. There is a final test to prove the theoretical position of the Forks of the Muskingum found by Bouquet's expedition :that is, a measurement backward from an established landmark ahead in the direction in which Finley was then moving. Such a fixed point existed in Finley's ending a sighted course at the mouth ofMillCreek, upon the Walhonding. From the turning point of his bearings to the mouth of 1984 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 137

MillCreek (there is no other run entering the Walhonding for nearly three miles upstream) Finley recorded 238 perches (only 2 perches short of 24 mile). This distance was then measured backward on the topographical map, and it scaled within the fine point of the dividers to the supposed point of the confluence of the rivers. There- fore, the hypothesis that the Forks were in a different spot in Finley's day proved correct to the breadth of a sharp divider's mathematical needlepoint. When the extensive shifting and displacement of the rivers' chan- nels took place is now impossible to determine. Itis possible that the changes were several, at times of great floods in the valley. One fact is conclusive :Dr. Smith was in error concerning the location of the camp and conference house within a mile of the point. In the 1960 publication of Bouquet's orderly book, Iventured the opinion that "There is strong probability that Dr. Smith misinterpreted the evidence submitted to him" (Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquet's Ex- pedition, 69). This was in response to Smith's statement: "...which Idrew up from some papers he favored me with" (Smith, An His- torical Account, Francis Parkman's 1868 edition, citing Smith's letter to Sir William Johnson, January 13, 1766). Irepeat, as Ihave in every chapter of the present writing, that Dr. William Smith was not with the expedition and never saw the Ohio country. He did, however, execute a fine narration of events leading up to and during the march. His information— was probably ambiguous or obscure at the two points noticed the crossing of the Tuscarawas and near the Forks of the Muskingum — particularly in the matter of distances. Finley's courses and measurements have corrected these mis- understandings.

One more thesis remains to be proved, on which the accuracy of the entire project depends : the degree of perfection attained by Hutchins in his daily plats, his "marching journal." Corollary to this would follow proof that Hutchins did carry on his plats (one example of which has been preserved) to the end of the march, and evidence of Ratzer's skill in faithfully reproducing them in half-scale. That Ratzer must have used Hutchins's plats and/or field notes is self- evident, for he was not withthe expedition. In those times, there were no charts of compass declination, or of convergency of meridians, or of offsets of tangents and secants to true meridians. There were not yet available tables of logarithms of numbers for all of the trigonometric functions of angles (see U.S., 138 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL Manual of Instructions for the Survey of Public Lands). Certainly there were no computers to expedite the mathematical labor and drudgery of attempting to arrive on paper at the exact spot where Bouquet's hardy campaigners viewed the confluence of these storied rivers of the northwest wilderness. The to-scale photo-print of the original manuscript map by Ratzer, from which Ihave worked, is of unwieldy dimensions (fifty- five by nineteen inches) and not oriented to square with the drafting paper; consequently my own thirty-six-inch drawing board was not suited to handle the work of performing as scientifically correct and as mathematically exact check as possible upon the old map. A facility was found having a five-foot tilt-top drafting table equipped with a five-foot swinging arm and straight edge, able to measure acute angles to a few seconds, capable of projecting lines and angles to near zero tolerances, and equipped to perform pantograph work with ex- treme accuracy. First, the map had to be rotated 11 degrees to the left in order to bring the north point of the 3y^-inch compass rose to conform with true north. It was necessary to construct meridians and parallels, for none exists upon Ratzer's manuscript map. Next were drawn meridians through the point of beginning of the survey, on the bank of the Allegheny River opposite Fort Pitt, also the meridian through the Forks of the Muskingum. The east-west line, at 90 degrees with the true north line of the compass rose, was prolonged as a true parallel to intersect both meridians, and the true parallel of the point of beginning was prolonged to intersect the meridian of the Forks. The distance from the latter parallel to the Forks of the rivers was then l measured by the scale upon the map (/2 inch=l mile, the first half inch divided into quarters). This measurement can now be compared with the scientifically constructed modern U.S. Geological Survey topographical maps. Only the Pittsburgh-West, Coshocton, and New Bedford quadrangles need to be brought into the final summation, since latitude is imprinted for every thirty minutes upon every quadrangle sheet, and the exact latitude of the beginning point was trans- ferred directly to the intersection point of the meridian through the confluence point of the rivers. The parallel of latitude thus met the meridian just beyond the limit of the Coshocton quadrangle, in the New Bedford quadrangle, and the distance to the point of the Forks could be directly scaled in miles. The graphic artist-"drafting- machine" wizard reported an extremely favorable result: "within three quarters of a mile of complete agreement of the Ratzer map 1984 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 139 when compared withthe topographical map. Such a degree of accuracy and near agreement with the modern topographical map, produced by photogrammetric methods .. . and field checked," he considered incredible. At that moment Iremembered that the point of confluence to which he had measured was the present point of the rivers, and I immediately scaled with dividers the span between that point and that earlier place, as narrated above, where the rivers may have joined two centuries ago. The distance scaled exactly three-quarters of a mile. This mathematical coincidence was truly phenomenal considering the handicaps of primitive methods, crude instruments, and severe oper- ational conditions. Certain itis that Hutchins used astronomical means to establish the true meridians at many points on the road. The results demonstrated conclusively the efficacy of Hutchins's methods. The most nearly exact method would have been the ob- servance of Polaris (the North Star at its eastern and western elonga- tion, or at its upper culmination), involving the use of lantern lights and setting stakes at several hundred feet from the instrument to establish the true meridian. This operation must be conducted at night. There are less accurate methods of observations near sunrise or sunset, involving mathematical calculations from formulas, that were probably more adaptable to the surveyor's compass. At any rate, Hutchins was able to establish the true north meridian at every stage of the march and was thus to evaluate the declination of the compass needle through an extent of country having several declination changes and many minor local disturbances. In this case these were styled natural, in contradistinction with artificial (or man-made), disturbances, which were not yet a problem. As mentioned before, the Muskingum Valley was an area replete with local disturbances of magnetic nature. Had Hutchins not frequently corrected his bearings, his platted road would have deviated far to the southward, probably by two or three miles, in the distance traversed (see U.S., Manual of Instructions for the Survey of Public Lands, 1947 edition, 150; Hasard, Distribution of Magnetic Declination, 4). IfHutchins com- mitted errors en route, unless he made compensating errors along the way there is not one chance inhundreds that he would have made the right correction at the right place. Ratzer must have copied the plat maps faithfully and precisely. Combined with Samuel Finley's— careful measurements and recording, the results are incredible even an error of a tenth or even a half mile would have constituted a permissible error and have established the fact of astronomical methods. 140 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL

(46) N:° Cours 8 Per: 8 Remarks Thursday the 25:th of Oct:r 1764 Left Camp N:°—15: the Distance from Fort Pitt 121 miles & 36 p:8 this morning before we Left this Camp it Snowed 74 S 5° E 45 Thro: a thicketty Bottom: a Creek to the Left 5 p:8 &a Hill80 p:s a Low ridge to the right 20 p:s D:° 75 S 32 W 36 at end 20 p:s Cross: d a Large run runing to Left;1 up rising Ground on a Low ridge 76 S 30 W 32 up a Low ridge & one on Each Side 77 S 57 W 61 all a Long side of a low ridge on the right & a Desent to the Left 78 S 51 W 108 a Cross a Hollow to side of a ridge on the Left; on right a hollow 79 S 70 W 60 to the Top of a Lowridge & a Lowridge to the right & same to the Left 80 S 40 W 48 alla Cross Low ridges of good Land 81 S 59 W 90 all a Cross several ILow ridges; a Low ridge on the right a Hollow on the Left 82 S 33 W 60 all a Long Top of a high ridge Timbered with Chesnut & Black Oak; & a Hollow on each Side of good Land 83 S 50 W 86 all Down end of a Steep Hill to a very Low hollow a hollow to the right & an other to the Left 84 S 55 W 80 all up a rich Bottom a bout 10 p:s wide Par- relleel with a run on the Left: & a Low ridge on Each hand: Cross: d a run at end of 12 p:s at an Indian Camp 2

1 The marching column got under way from Camp No. 15 on the snowy morning of October 25, advancing forty-five perches and twenty perches of the second course, making sixty-five perches from the center of the camp to the crossing of the stream coming down from the hills to the west through Bender Hollow (its source is in the grounds of the U.S. Hydrologic and Soil Con- servation Experimental Station and its mouth, as an affluent of the larger West Fork of White Eyes Creek, marks the boundary line between Crawford and White Eyes townships). The ford was to the left of the present bridge, with the large creek close on the left. The run is nameless (information by Mr. Howard Ames and Dr. William Edwards). 2 Passing up a medium grade to reach the level top of a high ridge, nearly as does the present Coshocton County Route 10, and descending steeply 1984 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 141

85 S 40 W 80 at end of 40 p:s Crossed Deep Hollow & Brooken ridges on Each hand the remainder up a HillBroken also

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(47) N:° Courses Per: 8 Remarks 86 S 20 W 56 all Thro: very good Level Land and same on Each side 87 S 71 W 54 all a Long a Level Broad ridge & same on Each side 88 S 46 W 104 all a Long a LowLevel ridge of good Land & Timber, and a Hollow to the Left 89 S 7 W 170 all a Long a Low Level ridge &a Hollow on Each Side Crossed a Deep Hollow at end of 16p:s 90 S 55 W 34 all a Long a ridge a spur to the right & a Hollow to Left 91 S 27 W 128 all a Long the ridge &Severall Spurs runing off to the right and Left to the end of the ridge 92 S 25 W 116 all a Long Foot of a ridge on the Left, on the right a holbw at end of this Course Came to Top of a High ridge 93 S 44 W 58 all a Long a ridge on the right on the Left a Largfe] Hollow 94 S 32 W 116 all a Long side of a ridge on the right & a Hollow on the Left, &a ridge about 100 p:* Distance on the Left 95 S 30 W 88 a Long a ridge and a Hollow on Each side & several Spurs on Each side into a narrow valley, the road met a run flowing to the left (Frock's Run, \y$ miles and 13 perches from the former run), which it crossed twelve perches farther upstream from the present crossing "at an Indian Camp" (Finley's course 584). This fact, positively stated by Finley, seems not to have been known locally, but itunderscores reports of a great number of Indian artifacts having been found along the run in this hollow. (Iam indebted to both Dr. WilliamEdwards of the U.S. Hydrologic Station and to Mr. Ames for information regarding large collections of Indian artifacts in this area.) Paralleling the run, now on the left, for .2 mile, the path climbed the south confining ridge of the valley (see Finley's courses 584-85). Finley does not go into great detail about this course. He seems to have turned left to climb this hill, but then cut across the hollow to the right and traveled up the righthand side of it. 142 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL

96 S 45 W 70 at the end of 36 p:s Cross: d a run runing to the Left in a Deep hollow: & a ridge on the right &a hollow on the Left3 97 S 37 W 112 at 40 p:' the Hill on the right Declines: & Low Level Land on Both sides & Bushey at the end of 80 p:s the Needle would not Travers[e], but one end or the other Stock to the Bottom of the Compass 4 98 S 36 W 48 at the end of 28 p:s Cross: d a run runing to Left all Low rich Brushey Land on Both sides & scarse of Timber 99 S 46 W 58 all Thro: rich Bottom Land scarse of Timber 600 S 38 W 64 at the end of this Course Crossed a run runing to the Left all Thro: rich Level Land but Thickity5

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3 From the quarter-mile parallel to the run at the Indian town, the road climbed a sidehillridge on its left, witha ravine to the right. After a half mile, it emerged upon a succession of connected flat-topped ridges, nearly level for two miles. The present Route 10 follows the trail until the road makes a 60-degree bend to the left; the trailran straight ahead and down a steep two- hundred-foot descent into a narrow valley. It then ascended the ridge on the opposite side, around which the present road circles to avoid the prohibitive grade. The modern road circled back to meet the trail after traversing one and three-quarter miles. The old trail covered just one mile. Ratzer's map shows the trail continuing on a nearly straight line, only slightly curving left to avoid two high summits on the last-mentioned ridge. Ratzer also depicts the topographical feature of the end of this ridge, around which the modern road curves in the bottomland far left of the path, then curves right to meet the trailafter itcame off the ridge. (See Finley's courses 587-97.) Itmust be noted that packhorse trains frequently negotiated incredibly steep grades, up to 20 percent, inmountainous country, if the scramble up or down was not too long sustained. 4 At the end of eighty perches of course 597, Finley announced that his compass had gone wrong:"the Needle wouldnot Travers[e]. ..." This was one of the most unfortunate situations for a surveyor in the field,especially in the wilderness. Itwould indicate that Finley's compass box was covered with glass, for he otherwise could easily have been able to free the needle. For some time Ihave remarked that something untoward was happening with his magnetic bearings, that topographic features of surrounding terrain didnot exactly match his direction, especially the course pointed out by Ratzer a few miles after Camp No. 14. Again, in the Tuscarawas Valley, after leaving Camp No. 13, erratic bearing variations were noted innote 25 of chapter four above. These variations Iwas disposed to attribute to local conditions. Finley seems to have remedied the trouble, for we hear no more of this inconvenience. His bearings have of- fered valuable suggestions regarding directions of the path in the vicinity of the Forks of the rivers. 5 Both Dr. Smith and Finley agree exactly on the distance of Camp No. l 16 as b/2 miles and 16 perches from Camp No. 15 (Finley's courses 574-600; Smith, An Historical Account, 18). This distance is only possible when it is 1984 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 143

(48) N:° Cour:8 Per:s Remarks 1 N 65 W 34 all Thro: Level rich Land Into Camp N:° 16. The Distance from Fort Pitt <-» 12716 miles and 53 p:s to the Camp Near Moskingum old Town Lay By at Camp N:° 16: from the Munday the 25:th of Oct:r 1764: Till the 5:* of Nov:< 1764 6 measured via the shortcut through the deep hollowand over the high eminence described above. The distance around, covered by modern Route 10, would add nearly another mile. Here also is evidence, as has been mentioned (chapter four, Finley's notes page 27, footnote 3), that Finley, the true engineer, obliged his chainmen to stretch the chain level and to plumb the downhillend to place the measuring pin into the ground. Thus the plat map is always a plain, and Finley's courses are in agreement withthe topographical map, which is a series of plains. The site of Camp No. 16 has been described in the introduction above as located between two small runs emanating from springs in the hills above, two of four depicted by Ratzer are no longer upon the most recent topographical map but do appear upon the Coshocton quadrangle (7.5 minute) map, 1904 survey, revised 1915. These were the two runs that flanked Bouquet's Camp No. 16, and that must have been able to supply the volume of spring water needed by the army. 6 The statement by Finley that the army marched out of Camp No. 16, which originally had been selected and improved with so much care, is dis- concerting. Already, on October 26, the morning orders were, "Nomore Trees to be cut within the Square." That evening orders for the next day (October 27) directed, "Compleating the Redoubts at the Angles of the Square and those advanced before the different Faces, that were begun Yesterday, and where the Guards are to be posted." Storehouses and a conference house were to be finished (Williams, Orderly Book of Bouquet's Expedition, 38). Yet, after only a week there, Finley records that they "Lay By at Camp N:°16:from the Munday the 25:* of Oct:' 1764: Till the 5:*of Nov.' 1764" (course 601). Finley did not state whether only a detachment marched, which he accompanied, or whether the whole body of troops marched. The Orderly Book, although conveying unique and invaluable knowledge respecting operations, movements, and work details, is not helpful, but rather is confusing with regard to operations within the vicinity of the Forks, viz.: October 25 :"at the 16* Encamp* ... 130 Miles from Fort Pitt...." October 26 :"at the 16th Encamp[m]ent ...Situate between Wackatamacky & Custalogo 130 Miles distant fromFort Pitt. .. " October 27 :"Near the Forks October 28 :"near the Forks of the Muskingum. ..." October 30 :"Camp near Wackatamacky at the Forks of the Muskingum. ..." November 4:"Camp near Wackatamacky. ... November 5 :"Camp near Wackatamacky. ... November 6 :"Camp near Wackatamacky at the forks of the Muskingkum River...." November 7:"Camp near Wackatomiky at the forks of Muskingum River...." November 8 :"Camp near Wackatomiky. ..." November 9:"Camp near Wackatomiky. ..." There the Orderly Book ends :"The Succeeding Orders Inserted ina book Marked :N°:3— Commencg 9**11*." Itis indeed much regretted that the thirdorderly book has not been found; it could add greatly to our understanding of this episode and the difficulties 144 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL

5:th of Nov:r then started at the end of Course 600 on the 1764 Bank of a Small run below the Camp from thence Down thro: the old Town of Mus- kingum to the Great Forks 2 S 28 W 64 all a Long Level Ground below the Camp on the Right [on, written over] the Left a small Low ridge where the Light Horse Camp 7 2 S 43 W 105 a Low Bottom to the Left & to the right a Low ridge neigh [sic] and at a bout 160 p:s on S:d hand a High Hill 3 S 27 WHO at the end of 60 p:s moskingum Creek on the Left about 60 p:s 8 a Hill on the right a bout % mile Dist:( at the end of this Course the Creek about 4:s Dist:' all this Course on Clear Sevanna to the Old Town 4 S 40 W 238 all thro; rich Low rich Bottom all thro: the

and problems of conducting the captives back to Fort Pitt. Finley has made it certain that they did not move toward Wakatamacky, which was more than fourteen miles downriver (south) from the Forks, at present Dresden, Tuscarawas County, Ohio (see Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 2: 194). The present small town called Wakatomica is located five miles north of Dresden and is not related to the Indian town, except to perpetuate the name. Finley makes it certain that the detachment he accompanied to the Forks traveled up the Walhonding toward the White Woman's Town (see Finley's fieldnotes, page 49, courses 613-20). 7 The course number 2 (602) leaving Camp No. 16 was only sixty-four perches; thus the "Light Horse" (cavalry) camp, to the left, would have been less than two hundred yards away, upon rising ground lying within the forks of the run that supplied the camp and the run flowing down from, and outlet of, the present Forest HillLake in the valley about three miles above. There were only two companies of light horse troops of fifty-three each, including officers, making horses, plus a more course,

Old moskingum Town9 Hill on the right bout one mile Distant. & a Creek about 50 p:s Dist:1 at the end of 60 p:8 Came into the Low Bottom & the Creek about 100 p:* Dist:' to the Left 5 S 43 W 68 all a Long a Low rich Bottom the Creek to the Left 90 p:9 the Hillto the right one mile 6 S 45 W 65 all Thro, a Low very rich Bottom, the Creek to the Left about 80 p:s to the right a very Low rich Bottom &very wide 7 S 70 W 22 all Thro. D:° the Creek to the Left about 40 p:s

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(49) N:° Courses Per:s Remarks 8 S 47 W 106 at the end of 20 p:8 Came on the Creek Bank on the Left the remainder Down D.°&a Large rich Bottom on the right 9 N 85 W 32 all Thro. D:° the Creek about 20 p:8 to the Left 10 S 48 W 28 all Thro. D:° the Creek to the Left 5 p:8 thence Down D:° on the opposite side of the Creek very good up Land 11 S 72 W 157 at the end of 80 p:s Cross: d a gutt on the side of the Creek &a small Island in the Creek all Down D.° at the end 6 p:8 the Creek to the Left 12 S 39 W 52 To the Large Fork 10 of muskgum Creek where

9 Aline of Indian houses stretched from a half mile beyond Canal Lewis- ville and a mile farther down the riverfront (see introductory commentary above). 10 See introductory commentary regarding the Forks of the White Woman's Creek (the Walhonding River) and the Tuscarawas, forming the Muskingum River. The connotation of the white woman relates to Mary Harris, who as a child of less than ten years of age was captured by the French and Indians at the time of the noted burning of Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1704. She was reared among the Indians, married an Indian, and had a family. Her town was located on the south side of the Walhonding nearly opposite to the mouth of Killbuck Creek (Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 2: 149). Right here at the point of confluence of the rivers occurs a frustrating disagreement among the authorities who have served so wellin bringing us this far. Ratzer's map, also Hutchins's oversimplified map, both depict a path strangely uncomplicated by any turns, ending with finality at the point where Finley executed a 106-degree turn to continue his survey. From a direction of S39W (course 612) to N35 W (course 613), he continued the path up the Walhonding. Course 612, it must be noticed, runs to the end of fifty-two perches, interrupted midway by the turnoff of the path at twenty-six perches, 146 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL

the white womans Creek Emp:s the right hand Branch about 8 p:8 wide; at the end of 26 p:8 Came to a Low Bottom on the side of the right hand Branch from thence up said 375 Branch allovers flows.

13 N 35 W 62 the Creek on the Left & a Large Bottom on the right a Hillon the opposite side of the Creek in this Course the Creek Circular 11 in the middle about 5 p:s off 14 N 30 E 86 up the Creek side: Bottom Land on Both sides of the Ck. & on the opposite side of the Creek a Hillabout 100 p:s Dist:( 15 N 20 W 90 Just Cross: d the mouth of a run12 runing at the end of this Course into the Creek on the Left. a Large Bottom on Each side of sd. Creek & a Hill on the opposite side about % of a mile Distant at [sic] 16 N 47 W 140 up D:° a Large Bottom on Each side in the midle of this Course the Creek to the Left about 6 p:s at end of this Cour s Light Horse Camp 13

thus fixing the turning point twenty-six perches from the point of the confluence. Since the said course curved more southwardly than the preceding one, it is possible that the point could have been very nearly at the intersection of Highway S3 and U.S. 36. At any rate, Finley's courses now lead northwesterly, and he gave no explanation of where he was headed and why this march was necessary. 11 Itis interesting that Finley gave attention to the high hillacross the Walhonding, just above Roscoe Village, but he did not notice the high and precipitous hill, close to his right, at the very base of which his course ran (Johnson's Hill, formerly). Of course, the canal basin, now the feature of Lake Park amusement and boating, was not there in Finley's time. The mean- ing is that the Walhonding here curved in a circular arc thrusting toward Finley's course. 12 This is the mouth of MillCreek, which seems not to have changed position over the years. As mentioned, the canal middle basin did not then exist, so that Finley's course 615 (just 2 perches short of }imile) could run a straight line to the far bank at the mouth of MillCreek. No run or creek enters the Walhonding for at least two or three miles above this point. 13 At the end of course 616 (140 perches, .4375 mile from MillCreek), Finley recorded the location of the light horse camp. The grass at the former light horse camp, close to Camp No. 16 (see footnote 7), evidently was con- sumed by the livestock. The spot is absolutely level for more than a half mile, covered with luxuriant grass to this day. At the far end of the plain, at the base of a steep 140-foot hill, a copious spring gushes forth from the face of the hill.Here, near a large stone watering trough, has been erected a granite 1984 A SURVEY OF BOUQUETS ROAD, 1764 147 monument. The trough and the monument are both inscribed "Bouquet's Camp," but the monument has added the appropriate engraved text com- memorating his 1764 expedition. The granite marker stands separately in the grass plot in the angle of two roads. They were in place long before my visits to the site, in the early 1950s, and were erected by historically minded groups of citizens, motivated by men like Mr. Daniel C. Meek, Mr. J. C. Preston, and Mr. CliffordMiller,allnow deceased. In the summer of 1912, the above group brought Dr. W. C. Mills,director, and Dr. H. C. Shetrone, his successor as director of the Ohio State Arch- aeological and Historical Society, to view the nearly level twelve-acre (estimated) area atop the above-mentioned hill.Part of the Millerfarm and a Revo- lutionary military grant, the area has never been covered withwoods since the grant in 1799. Its perimeter is lined by 25^-foot-high earthen mounds, with four open corners. Here log bastions were built. Upon three long sides there are several semicircular pocketlike enclosures, built of flat rocks laid horizontally, l S /2 feet deep, 12 to 14 feet long, builtoutside the earthen parapets on the very edge of the sheer drop of the hillside. These have the appearance of sentry boxes, exactly as Bouquet planned his camps in detail. Mr. Meek pointed to where many fire-stained flat rocks had been found, evidently fireplace hearths or oven bases. A few handmade iron spikes were found, which are seen in the Coshocton public museum today. The fire-stained rocks were in a line near the eastern earthen wall, where a line of log houses would have been built. Digging in and around the mounds failed to reveal log stains or post molds. Because the army expected to occupy the site only a week or two, however, they probably decided against erecting a full stockade, and instead built only a five-foot earth and log parapet surmounted by fraising, a line of sharpened stakes driven into the rampart (see Finley's field notes, page 34, course 438, footnote 16). Bouquet had repeatedly used this method of protect- ing depots of supplies when cutting the road and conducting General John Forbes's army advancing against Fort Duquesne in 1758. The still surviving example is the remains of Fort Dewart, atop Allegheny Mountain (see Williams, Bouquet's March to the Ohio, 89, illustration fol. p. 70; also this series, part 4, WPHM 67 (Jan. 1984) :48, footnote 16). When composing footnote 58 in the Orderly Book, 68-70, elucidating the same subject and while halfway convinced by the visible evidence, Iventured the suggestion that Bouquet may have established a second camp on this hill capable of very strong defense. Now Finley has given proof that the army did march out of Camp No. 16 on the morning of November 5 and, at least, did march up the Walhonding past the site of the supposed second camp. Certainly, the monuments wrongly testify the date of the camp there as beginning on October 25. Finley offers no information beyond the fact that the (second?) light horse camp was located there in the river bottom. As mentioned in footnote 6 above, the Orderly Book is not clear on the location of Camp No. 16 in relation to the Forks of the Muskingum or the Indian towns of Wakatamacky and Custaloga. There was withinmy memory, about 1958, a large bronze plaque mounted upon a huge boulder marking the site of Custaloga's Town. Wakatamacky Indian town was upon the site of part of Dresden, Tuscarawas County, fourteen or fifteen miles down the Mus- kingum River from the Forks. The thought occurs that, providing that Bouquet didbuild a second camp and conference place upon the hilldescribed, the army may have named itWackatamacky, even though it was a considerable distance from the well-known Indian town where so many prisoners were held. Smith's statement {AnHistorical Account, 18) :"Camp No. 16, situated withina mile of the Forks of Muskingum; and this place was fixed upon instead of Wakautamike, as the most central place to receive the prisoners," disagrees with present documentation. Thus it is certain that all of the authorities upon the subject, having here- tofore agreed on most of the important points of information, have here fur- nished interested people of an era two centuries later with widely diverse and misleading basic facts. Some writers have averred that Bouquet went all APRIL 148 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS

17 N 2 W 58 up D:° the same on Each side of this Creek. 18 N 28 W 100 up D:°a Large Low rich Bottom on Each side of this Creek. But overflows by the— Creek. 19 N 75 W 158 at end of 20 p:s the Indian Path up D:° the Same on Each Side; at the end of this Course on the opposite of the Creek a Hill about 50 p:s off 20 N 41 W 400 up D:° & a Large Bottom on Each side at the end of this Course a Low ridge on the right all these Bottoms subject to overflow 14 1094

Finley's field notes end here. Pages 50 to 73 in the manuscript are blank.

the way to Wackatamacky to retrieve prisoners, probably accepting such state- ments as those in the Orderly Book (although the orders had never been published, the manuscript books having only arrived in America in 1956, and the only publication of them has been in the Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine and two books by the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania). 14 These field notes by surveyor Captain Samuel Finley furnish the most definite and specific primary facts yet found relating to the physical features and landmarks locating the definite track of Bouquet's historic road. Yet Finley without any explanation has inexplicably abandoned his project on a course that had no expressed purpose. The Hutchins and Ratzer maps end abruptly at the Forks; Smith ended at Camp No. 16, which, however, he identified at the Forks, although his distance measured to the site above Canal Lewisville. The only plausible rationale would be that all that followed was thought to have been anticlimactic — the apprehension of the fierce en- counter being minimized by the wisdom of Bouquet in taking Indian chiefs as hostages, who now accompanied the army, and by the delivery of many captives at Camp No. 13 with promises of more at the Forks of the rivers. In other "words, the pressure was off,and everyone had other duties. The urgency now was to be done withthis affair and to hurry home before winter weather overtook the army. 1984 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 149

(74) the Bearing of Newcombers town15 on the North Side of muskingum Creek supposed to be N 73 E about 10 miles Taken from the end of Course N:°601 :this Course N65 W:34 p:8 toCamp N:° 16: then the Bearing Taken at same Camp to Bullets Town16 below the fork of the white Womans Creek on the south side of moskingum Creek: Bears S 35 W supposed 5 miles the Bearing of Cusoa Logus Town 17 on the North East side of the White womans Creek on the West Branch. N86 W =supposed to be about = 8 miles the Bearing of a Hill on the west side of the Camp N:° 16 equal S78W =160p:»Dist:<

(75) at Camp N:° 12: from the end of the 430 Course a hillto the Right on the East Side of the main Branch of Muskingum— bore N 33 E from the East Corner of the Camp One Mile • the Hillnext this on same side Miles, d to of Creek bears N 16 E 2 to 3/ HillN 10-W VhMiles the highest Hill, to the 4.th HillN 30 W 1% Miles then a Hill on the West side of the Creek S 81 W 1 Mile

Oct:r 6:th 1764 [The page of the field book is unnumbered] Memorandum that John Palmer Came to us on our road about a 15 New Comer (Chief Nettawatwees of the Delawares) built his town on the site of present Newcomerstown, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, before 1762 and removed to the site of present Coshocton, Coshocton County, Ohio, in 1775, where he established the Delaware town of Goschachgunk, on the south side of the Tuscarawas River nearly opposite to the old Conchake (Muskingum) on the north bank. The white people shortened the name to the present form. See Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 2 :188-89. 16 Ratzer shows Bullets Town about three miles below the Forks on both sides of the Muskingum. Hanna says that on the east side, about a half mile below the other on the west side, is the location of their cornfields. The Delaware name for the town was Mowheysinck. See ibid., 194. 17 Custaloga (Custalogo, Kustalogo) was a chief of the Wolf clan, or tribe, of the Delaware Indian nation. His first town was on French Creek, which flows into the Allegheny River at Venango (present Franklin, Pennsyl- vania). He accompanied Washington and Gist on their famous trip in1753-1754 to confer with the French commander at Fort LeBoeuf, at which time the French won Custaloga over to their side. After the British took Fort Duquesne and built Fort Pitt, Custaloga removed in 1759 to Ohio and established his town on the Walhonding above Killbuck Creek, where he was living in 1764 and took a prominent part in the negotiations with Colonel Bouquet. In 1775, he again moved westward, to the Wabash. E. B. O'Callaghan, ed., Docur- ments Relative to the Colonial History of New York, 15 vols. (Albany, 1857), 8:395-96. 150 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL

mite below Bigg Beaver Creek and Gave us the Account that he made his Escape from the Indians Last night &that they Discovered us the same Night at Camp there was 5 men & a Boy that Tooke him a few Days ago from Yellow Creek off Lieu:' John Pipers Place 18 Youndfg] Jacobs 19 was Supposed to be the Indian that Tooke him

The bottom half of the memorandum page (unnumbered) is given to a rough sketch mapping a road or path between two creeks. The opposite page (right-hand), having been left blank, was used by some unknown person for notation, in 1848, of payments for services of farmhands, from which we learn that persons were paid at that time for husking corn the sum of $.50 per day. The bottom halves of pages 74 and 75, having been unused by Finley, were also used by unknown persons for notes of payments for services, and we observe that labor rates were still$.50 per day in 1850.

Acknowledgments It is with great pleasure and a sense of obligation that Iac- knowledge my indebtedness to many individuals and institutions, particularly the libraries that are the repositories of priceless source ma- terials of written history. In first place among the libraries is the William L.Clements Library of Ann Arbor, Michigan, and its direc-

18 John Piper's place was on Yellow Creek after it flowed through the gap in Tussey Mountain, in the large and beautiful creek bottom between Yellow Creek and Piper's Run, both of which flow into the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River. Itlies in Hopewell Township, Bedford County, Pennsyl- vania, eight and one-half miles by Pennsylvania Route 26, north of Everett, formerly called Bloody Run (refer to chapter three, p. 350). John Piper was a brother of Captain William and Captain James Piper, both of whom accompanied the 1764 expedition. John fortifiedhis house during the Revolution, and it was there that Captain WilliamPiper fled for refuge from the terrible Indian raids in 1778. Colonel John Piper was the county lieutenant of Bedford County, charged with raising, training, and supplying the military forces of the county, which was then many times larger than it is today. See Williams, Bouquets March to the Ohio, 48, 50. This John Palmer, the prisoner escaped from the Indians, is the same man mentioned by Waddell, "New Light on Bouquet's Expedition," 275-76. 19 Young Jacobs was the son of the Delaware chief Captain Jacobs who fought against General Braddock and who, with the French, burned Fort Granville on the Juniata River. His headquarters was at Kittanning on the Allegheny River, which was attacked and burned by Colonel John Armstrong's expedition. Captain Jacobs died defending the town. See WilliamA. Hunter, Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier (Harrisburg, 1960), 125, 131, 177, 267, 367, 370,408. 1984 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 151

tor, Dr. John C. Dann, who made itpossible to bring out from more than two centuries of obscurity the provocatively meaty manuscript field notes of Captain Samuel Finley. Of course, the initial credit accrues to Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Crouse, of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and their forebears who have guarded this unique heir- loom, now to be preserved at Clements along with Bouquet's orderly books of the same campaign, the Gage Papers, and other great collections of British army headquarters papers of the mid-eighteenth century and American Revolutionary periods. The field notes supply the necessary link between the officers and men of the orderly books and the landmarks of movement and action of the army, which have not previously been available. In this connection, thanks are due to Miss Barbara Mitchell,formerly of Clements, now of the Houghton Library of Harvard University, for painstaking collation of the long transcription withthe original manuscript ;also to Mr. Gailen Wilson of Clements, who rendered that essential aid for the fifth installment of this ongoing project. Grateful obligation is hereby expressed to the Henry E. Hunting- ton Library of San Marino, California, for furnishing and permitting the reproduction of the Thomas Hutchins map of Michigan, including the northern shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay, for research in the papers of Lord Loudoun, and for the many courtesies and kind attention of the staff gratefully remembered. Iam indebted to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania inPhiladelphia for furnishing, with permission to print, the Hutchins manuscript plat map so often mentioned above, as well as for photocopies of manuscript descriptions of routes to Indian towns and water routes. The Technical Division of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh has been helpful in respect to old surveying methods, but my own library has supplied much of the information regarding the collation of primitive magnetic surveys with more modern methods, also with the various Ohio land subdivisions. The U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia, has been very co- operative in regard to such matters as isogonic charts of magnetic declination, and Mr. John Kyle of the Pen-Oh-Wes Map Company of Pittsburgh has been helpful with consultation regarding relating old magnetic surveys with modern maps corrected to geographical north and topography by aerial surveys. Certainly, the person most involved in the preparation of this whole project for publication has been Mr.William F. Trimble,editor of the Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, himself an author of note and editor of several published books. Itis indeed a pleasure 152 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS APRIL and a distinct privilege to be able to work with a professional in the field that he represents. Iam grateful to Dr.Louis M.Waddell of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission for his editing of "New Light on Bouquet's Ohio Expedition :Nine Days of Thomas Hutchins's Journal, October 3-October 11, 1764," WPHM 66 (July 1983) : 271-80. This serves as a useful comparison with Finley's field notes. Encouragement in this project came from the late William H. Vodrey, Jr., and R.Max Gard, of Ohio, and coauthors of The Sandy and Beaver Canal, also to Paul F. Dailey and Jack Lanam, also of Ohio, for encouragement and interest in this project. The following individuals have evinced great interest and have traveled much of the route of the road with me :Mr.Romain Fry of Minerva, Ohio, presi- dent of the Great Trail Golf and Country Club, banker and business- man; Mr. Edward W. Richard, author of an archeological study; Dr. William Edwards, of the U.S. Hydrologic Experiment Station in the Muskingum Valley; also Thomas I. Pieper, coauthor of Fort Laurens, 1778-79 :The Revolutionary War in Ohio,an old associate in the study relative to publication of The Orderly Book of Colonel Henry Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, 1764. Iowe special thanks to Arthur Weisflog for the photographs of the rare antique surveyor's compass, or circumferentor, that he owns. His wife,Lois,is wellknown in art and photographic fields in Pitts- burgh ;the two now live in Sun City, Arizona. Ialso value the technical aid of the man with the "drafting machine," Wallace E. Covert, proprietor of a graphics and commercial art studio, for the critical demonstration that the surveys of Thomas Hutchins must have been performed with the aid of astronomical observations. Hutchins did this three years before the report of the survey by Mason and Dixon, who employed the same methods in running the first boundary using such techniques. Appreciation is also due for the fine photography of maps and of most of the illustrations by C. F. M.Hughes Photographic Studios. Special thanks are presented to Mrs. Helen M.Wilson, librarian, and toMrs. Ruth Salisbury Reid, archivist, of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, for their cheerful help with the many requests Imade for special information.