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The Chronicler's Genealogies: Towards an Understanding of 1 Chronicles 1-9 James Thomas Sparks MTh (Hons); BTh (Hons); GradDipMin 23 Ewing Street Bentley, Western Australia Australia This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University 2007 I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. .................................... Abstract The genealogies of 1 Chronicles 1-9 have typically been viewed as the work of a redactor or redactors with no internal consistency, purpose or plan, and little, if any, relation to the narrative portions of Chronicles. In contrast to these opinions, this study shows that the genealogical section of the Chronicler's work is an ordered, well structured, unified whole. The Chronicler presents his genealogies chiastically, with the central focus of the chiasm upon the proper cultic officials, performing the proper cultic duties, in the proper cultic place. Each of the supporting levels of the chiasm build to this climax by declaring the inability of kings and armies to maintain the people within their land. The genealogies indicate that, in spite of the best efforts of leaders or people, society is sent into exile because of the unfaithfulness of the people and their leaders. The genealogies also declare the way out of exile. Humility and prayer are shown to bring blessing, prosperity and land, while periods of mourning over unfaithful behaviour results in the blessings of children and the building of cities. In the centre of it all is the cult. The cult is the means by which atonement is made for past acts of unfaithfulness, and without the cult, atonement for unfaithfulness is impossible. The genealogies indicate that the cult must be at the centre of the lives of the people. It cannot be neglected, but must be fully maintained and supported. Each of the cultic guilds must be present for the cult to function properly. Each guild must perform its function, and must do so in the place authorised by - i - Yahweh. Only then can atonement for the people be made, and only then can the people possess their land. - ii - Acknowledgements Any work of this length, which has occupied a person’s life for the period in which it has been worked upon, owes its completion to the efforts and encouragement of many people. As the bibliography attests, I owe much to those individuals who have grappled with the meaning and understanding of the Hebrew Bible in general, and the work of the Chronicler in particular. Although I have only personally met a handful of these individuals, their works have informed, stimulated, and challenged my thinking. I have not always agreed with their conclusions, but I have always appreciated their scholarship, and their commitment to understanding and explaining the Biblical text. To my supervisor, Dr. Jim Trotter, I owe an unpayable debt of thanks for his encouragement, patience, understanding, and guidance through the ups and the many downs of the past years. Without his ongoing support, this work would not have been accomplished. To Sabine Wiertz, my German teacher at Central TAFE in Perth, who patiently tried to teach me the German language so that I might understand the works of Oeming, Rudolph, Rothstein & Hänel, Kartveit, and others, I say “danke für alle deine Hilfe”. She, of course, is not to be blamed for any mistranslations or misunderstandings of the German text encountered. - iii - I am grateful to my good friend Philip Friend who proofread the entire text with an English teacher’s eye for spelling and grammar. He also is not to be blamed if I ignored or overlooked his advice. My friend of many years, Stan Sheldon, bought me a new computer so that I might be able to produce this thesis. I am grateful for his kindness. To Len and Maxine Kenny, who supported me financially and with ongoing prayer and encouragement throughout my undergraduate and post-graduate studies, I say “thank you”. Most of all, I am grateful to them for allowing me to marry their only daughter. Finally, to my wonderful wife Stephanie, who has done so much, and put up with so much, to help me achieve this goal, I can only say, “I love you immensely for all that you have done, and for all that you are”. - iv - Table of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v Table of Figures xiv Chapter 1 Introduction: The Content of the Genealogies 1 The Trouble with Genealogies 1 Approaches to the Genealogies 8 Wilson's Study of Tribal Genealogies 14 Genealogical Terms and Terminology 22 Genealogy 23 Segmented Genealogy 25 Linear Genealogy 26 Depth & Breadth 28 Fluidity 29 Determining the Purpose of the Chronicler's Genealogies 34 The Structure of the Genealogical Section 36 Balance 38 Inversion 38 Intensification 39 Chiasm as an Aid to Understanding 40 - v - The Chiastic Structure of 1 Chronicles 1-9 46 Balance 47 Inversion 48 Intensification 49 The Central Theme of 1 Chronicles 1-9 50 Procedure 52 Chapter 2 F: 1 Chronicles 6:48-49: The Cultic Personnel In Their Duties 54 Introduction 54 The Limits of the Section 55 The Contrasting Functions of Levites and Sons of Aaron 62 The Centrality of Cultic Functions 65 Atonement: The Purpose of the Cult 71 The Place of Moses 80 Presentation of Moses and David 89 The Future of Moses and David 95 Conclusion 96 Chapter 3 F1: 1 Chronicles 6:35-38 [6:50-53]: The Cultic Leaders 97 The Place of the Passage in the Genealogies 97 The List of the Sons of Aaron 99 Interpretations of the List of the Sons of Aaron 102 A High Priest List 102 The Legitimisation of Zadok 104 The Need for Legitimisation 104 - vi - The Background in Ezekiel 106 The Genealogical Evidence 109 Ezra's Genealogy 115 Why Legitimise Zadok? 121 Conclusion 127 Chapter 4 E: 1 Chronicles 6:1-47: The Descendants of Levi 129 Introduction 129 Structure 130 The Order of Listing 134 Clarifying Notes for Figure 4.2 134 Observations on the Data 137 Form of the Lists 144 Samuel as Levite 150 The Relationship Between the Lists of Levites and Singers 152 The Gershomite Lists 152 The Kohathite Lists 157 Amminadab: The Son of Kohath? 161 1 Chronicles 5:27-41 [6:1-15]: A High Priest List? 165 The Structure of the List of the Sons of Aaron 176 The Purpose of the Lists of the Sons of Levi 180 Conclusion 186 Chapter 5 E1: 1 Chronicles 6:54-81: The Descendants of Levi in Their Land 188 Introduction 188 - vii - The Relation of 1 Chronicles 6:39-66 [6:54-81] to Joshua 21 194 1 Chronicles 6 is Shorter Than the List in Joshua 21 199 1 Chronicles 6 is More Disordered and "Natural" than Joshua 203 21 MT 1 Chronicles 6 is Closer to the LXX Joshua 21 than to MT 211 Joshua 21 Scenario 1 211 Scenario 2 212 Scenario 3 213 Scenario 4 213 Textual Evidence for the Priority of Joshua 21 229 The Function of the List in 1 Chronicles 6 233 Conclusion 241 Chapter 6 Level D: 1 Chronicles 4:24 – 5:26: Tribes of Israel in Victory and 243 Defeat The Structure of the Lists 245 Sources 252 The Battle Accounts 259 “To This Day” and the Chronicler’s Plan 265 Conclusion 275 Chapter 7 D1: 1 Chronicles 7:1-40: Tribes of Israel in Defeat and Restoration 276 Introduction 276 Structure and Content of 1 Chronicles 7 277 - viii - The Armies of Yahweh 282 The People of Yahweh in Their Generations and in their Land 290 Naphtali 291 Manasseh 292 Ephraim 295 The Land 300 Retribution Upon the Wicked and the Provision of a Godly 301 Warrior The Deaths of Ezer and Elead 301 The Genealogy of Joshua 304 Restoration and Rebuilding 306 Concluding Observations 309 Excursus 1 The Place of Dan 314 Chapter 8 C: 1 Chronicles 2:3 – 4:23: Judah – the Tribe of King David 320 Introduction 320 Content of the Judahite Genealogy 323 Familial Terminology in the Judahite Genealogy 326 Leaders of Judahite Communities 328 Domestic Terminology in the Judahite Genealogy 331 Retribution in the Judahite Genealogy 332 Foreign Elements in the Judahite Genealogy 334 Understanding the Structure of the Judahite Genealogy 340 Random Textual Growth 340 - ix - A Chiastic Structure 343 The Judahite Genealogy as Presenting Alternative Paths 353 The Focus on Jerahmeel 365 Judah: First Among His Brothers 369 Concluding Observations 373 Chapter 9 C1: 1 Chronicles 8:1-40: Benjamin – the Tribe of King Saul 374 Introduction 374 Content of the Benjaminite Genealogy 376 Familial Terminology 378 Leaders 378 Domestic Terminology 378 Retribution 379 Foreign Elements 381 Observations on the Content of the Benjaminite Genealogy 382 The Structure of the Benjaminite Genealogy 384 The Significance of the Benjaminite Structure 386 Concluding Observations on Benjamin 390 Excursus 2 The Conflicting Genealogies of the Sons of Benjamin 392 Chapter 10 Levels B and B1: 1 Chronicles 2:1-2; 9:1a: "All Israel" 401 Introduction 401 The Text of 1 Chronicles 9:1a 403 The Book of the Kings of Israel and Judah 408 - x - All Israel 417 The Order of the Sons of Israel 426 Conclusion 431 Excursus 3 The Chronicler's Use of His Sources 433 Introduction 433 The Chronicler as Copier of His Source Material 440 The Chronicler as Editor of His Source Material 447 The Chronicler as Summariser of His Source Material 449 The Chronicler as Interpreter of His Source Material 453 The Chronicler: Changing the Emphasis of His Source Material 458 Conclusions and Implications 466 Appendix E3.A: Types of Differences Between 1 Chronicles 1 & 468 Genesis Chapter 11 A: 1 Chronicles 1:1-54: The World Before Israel 473 Introduction 473 What 1 Chronicles 1 is Not 475 1 Chronicles
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