Collection “Parlons” Dirigée Par Michel Malherbe

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Collection “Parlons” Dirigée Par Michel Malherbe Collection “Parlons” dirigée par Michel Malherbe Déjà parus : Parlons coréen, 1986, M . M alherbe, O. T ellier, C iioe Jung W ha. Parlons hongrois, 1988, C avalieros, M. M alherbe. Parlons wolof 1989, M . M alherbe, C heikh S all. Parlons roumain, 1991, G. F abre. Parlons swahili, 1992, A. C rozon, A . P olomack. Parlons kinyarwanda-kirundi, 1992, E. G asarabw e. Parlons ourdou, 1993, M . A slam Y ousuf, M . M alherbe. Parlons estonien, 1993, F. de S ivers. Parlons birman, 1993, M . H. C ardinaud, Y in X in M yint. Parlons lao, 1994, C . N orindr. Parlons bengali, 1994, J. C lément Parlons pachto, 1994, L. D essart Parlons tsigane, 1994, V. de K ochanowski À paraître : Parlons mongol, bengali, lapon, turc, malgache, tsigane, soninke, burusliaski, hébreu, letton, kabyle, indonésien, té­ lougou, ukrainien, guarani, polonais, etc. Deena et Olivier BOSSÉ PARLONS TÉLOUGOU © L'HARMATTAN, 1994 ISBN : 2-7384-2770-7 A Jean, Remerciements : Nos remerciements vont plus particulièrement à Guy Sinelle, Dominique Giroux ainsi qu'à tous les membres du Cerpem de T1NALCO. Nos remerciements vont également à Alain Désoulières, maître de conférences d'ourdou à l’INALCO, pour sa transcription diacritique des termes ourdous. Pourquoi et comment apprendre le télougou. L'Inde nous apparaît à nous autres Occidentaux comme à la fois ce géant monolithique respirant au rythme lent de l’hindouisme et par ailleurs cette multitude insaisissable dans sa diversité et ses contradictions. Il est vrai qu'on ne parle pas "indien" en Inde et dès lors, nous sommes confrontés à ce vaste problème qu'est pour nous une situation de multilinguisme généralisé qui caractérise si bien la diversité du OBhârata de sam (l'tJnion indienne) aujourd'hui, parallèlement à sa cohésion sociale issue de la religion hindoue. Le télougou, occupe géographiquement une place centrale en Inde, et par le nombre de ses locuteurs, cette langue dravidienne se situe en deuxième position après le hindi. Le télougou est aujourd’hui une des 14 langues nationales de l’Union indienne et langue officielle de l'état d'Andhra Pradesh dont la capitale Hyderabad se situe à la rencontre de l'Inde du Nord et du Sud. L'Andhra Pradesh après l’indépendance de L'Inde (1947) et la création de l’Union Indienne fut le premier état fondé sur une base linguistique (1956) dans le cadre de la réorganisation générale des Etats. Le télougou loin de chercher h "purifier" sa langue et de vanter "l'exclusion” a de tout temps donné la mesure de son génie en établissant un forme de synthèse entre le nord et le sud et en assimilant, de la manière la plus rapide, le meilleur des différents apports sanskrit, prakrit, ourdou et aujourd’hui anglais. Le télougou connaît une production littéraire continue depuis le IIe s. L'apprentissage du télougou est vivement recommandé à tous ceux qui s'intéressent à la civilisation dravidienne, à la linguistique comparative des langues du sud de l'Inde ou à la musique camatique, enfin à tous ceux qui ont admis que, cette année, ils "n’allaient pas faire l'Inde” mais vivre une expérience humaine au contact d'hommes et de femmes dont la pensée, les sentiments, les émotions s’expriment principalement en télougou. Bien sur on n'apprend pas le télougou en tant qu'Occidental et Français pour les mêmes raisons que l’on apprend aujourd’hui l'anglais, ou même l'espagnol ou l'allemand. Est-ce à dire que le télougou ou les langues régionales de moyenne importance soient irrémédiablement condamnées à représenter une réalité passée qui n’a plus cours aujourd’hui ? Nous pensons tout au contraire qu’il ne peut y avoir de réelle intégration 7 de nouvelles valeurs ou de nouveaux concepts qu'au moyen de la langue locale. Pouvons-nous parler ainsi à une population de plus de 60 millions de locuteurs de "Droits de l'Homme" et des bienfaits de la démocratie si nous continuons à entretenir envers eux un complexe de supériorité de type ethnocentrique qui commence par le mépris de la langue de ce peuple? D'autre part il nous semble aujourd'hui, dans un monde où les moyens de communication se développent à la fois de manière de plus en plus spécifique, individualisée, et rapide, en particulier grâce à l'informatique, qu'il ne faille pas créer un monde à deux vitesses où la seule connaissance de la langue maternelle serait considérée comme une tare sinon comme un stigmate de la pauvreté et une forme d'exclusion du concert des nations. Apprendre sa langue maternelle semble un comportement tout à fait naturel, vital, et indispensable, de même qu'adopter une attitude multilinguiste en Inde car elle correspond aux besoins du pays et à son développement. Et pour nous Occidentaux, l'apprentissage d'une langue régionale indienne, c'est certainement la possiblité de se créer des contacts "sur le terrain" d'une toute autre nature que ceux que permet une langue comme l'anglais. Bien sûr, les langues dravidiennes, et le télougou en particulier, peuvent nous apparaître comme des langues dun abord difficile, mais l’effort que nous accomplissons pour apprendre une langue témoigne, mieux que de toute autre manière, de l'intérêt que l'on porte aux hommes. 8 L’Andhra Pradesh, patrie du télougou Avec une population d’environ 60 millions d’habitants (53.549.673 scion le census de 1981), L'Andhra Pradesh est l'état le plus fortement peuplé du sud de l’Inde, de l’Inde dravidienne. Sa langue officielle, le télougou est la deuxième langue de l’Union Indienne (Bharat1), par le nombre de ses locuteurs. Malgré son importance économique et politique dans l'Inde actuelle, l’état d’Andhra Pradesh (A.P.) reste très mal connu des étrangers, situé en dehors des circuits des 'tour operators”. Rien n'est plus injuste car ce terroir de vieille civilisation offre un tissu de contrastes passionnants. L'Andhra Pradesh possède de nombreux vestiges archéologiques, qui sont autant de témoignages de l’expression de l’hindouisme et du bouddhisme. L'A.P. est aussi une mosaïque de peuples à la personnalité culturelle très marquée qui donne la mesure de son degré de cohésion sociale à travers le système hindou des castes. Ce système, qui impose une hiérarchie des castes, s'observe à travers toute l'Inde mais aussi de manière particulière selon les régions. Aujourd’hui après la réorganisation de l’Etat d'A.P., on trouve encore de nombreuses communautés télougoues dispersées dans tout le Dekkan2 mais les Télougous sont quasiment absent du nord de L'Inde. Les ourdouphones constituent de loin la plus forte minorité de l'Andhra Pradesh avec 1% de la population. Les locuteurs de l'ourdou correspondent assez exactement à la minorité musulmane plus urbaine que rurale, centrée sur la capitale Hyderabad, largement diffusée dans la région du Télengana, qui représente une partie de l’ancien royaume d’IIyderabad, et même à travers le littoral andhra. IJn autre parler hindoustani est lui aussi séculairement implanté en Andhra : c’est le dialecte rajastani dit "lambadi" amené avec les castes de 1 Bharat : nom officiel de l'Inde. Ce nom tire son origine de Bharata, ancêtre des héros du ïïahabhàrata et roi de la tribu védique des Kuru. Il aurait conquis le pays des Dâayü et donna son nom à l'Inde, alors confinée à la vallée indo-gangetique occupée par des peuples d'origine indo-européenne. Louis Frédéric, ’Bharatha "Dictionnaire de la civilisation indienne, R. Laffont 1987 : Dekkan : a pour origine dak âin "main droite". Ce nom sanskrit fut appliqué (en passant par le prakrit Dakkhin) à toute la partie de l'Inde se trouvant à la droite des premiers indo-européens arrivant dans la vallée du Gange et se dirigeant vers le point où se levait le soleil Louis Frédéric, Dak 5 in ", opus cité. 9 transporteurs lambada, groupes nomades d'origine indo-européenne de l'Andhra Pradesh, du Kamataka, de l'Orissa et du Madhya Pradesh peut-être originaire du Rajasthan, ayant accompagné les armées musulmanes. On les trouve surtout dans le Télengana et surtout du côté de Warangal. Ils sont principalement composés de colporteurs et d’éleveurs de bovins. Certains d’entre leurs membres se sont fixés comme fermiers alors que d’autres se sont spécialisés dans le commerce avec les tribus Gond 3 et Bhils. Si l'hindi est peu diffusé en Andhra, on compte près de 9% de la population parlant hindoustani (Ourdou + hindi + lambadi). On trouve respectivement aux frontières respectivement des Marathi et des Orya. Le kannada est en Andhra Pradesh simplement la langue des communautés paysannes séparées par une frontière dont le tracé suit mal les limites linguistiques. Les Kannadigas et les Télougous sont deux ethnies associées longtemps par l’histoire (empire kannada-télougou de Vijayanagar). Les Tamouls sont implantés dans tout l'Andhra et sont venus de toutes les couches de la société. On les trouve massivement implantés autour du centre religieux traditionnel de Tirupati. Les langues tri baies en A. P. sont concentrées dans les zones forestières des confins septentrionaux. Il s’agit principalement de parlers dravidiens avec le koya, le gondi, le kolami, et le khondi (dialecte apparenté au kui pour qui l'Andhra n'est qu’un domaine marginal). Les minorités linguistiques tribales savara et gadaba appartiennent à la branche méridionale du groupe des langues "Munda” parlées principalement dans le centre et l'est de l'Inde. L’eflectif des tribus "adivasi”4 ou "girijan" (litt. peuples des montagnes) de l’Andhra septentrional dépasse celui des groupes linguistiques car beaucoup de leur membres ont adopté le télougou, en particulier, les Chenchus qui habitent les hauteurs du Raya la si ma (région du sud de l’Andhra Pradesh).
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