NEW FACES OF ANTIGYPSYISM IN MODERN EUROPE Edited by: Hristo Kyuchukov St. Elizabeth University, Bratislava, Slovakia Free University of Berlin, Germany Supported by: Decade Trust Fund, the Embassy of the United States of America to the Czech Republic, the City of Prague and the Czech-German Fund for the Future Prague, 2012 Reviewers: Professor Ian Hancock, Ph. D. Professor William New, Ph. D. © Hristo Kyuchukov, editor, 2012 © Authors of the papers, 2012 © Jaroslav Balvín, photographer, 2012 © NGO Slovo 21, Francouzská 2, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic ISBN 978-80-904327-5-8 1 CONTENTS Preface 4 Introduction 4 PART I: ANTIGYPSYISM PAST AND PRESENT Markus End 7 History of Antigypsyism in Europe: The Social Causes Eva Davidová 16 Antigypsyism in Czechoslovakia during the Communist Era (1950 – 1989) Thomas Acton 31 Social and Economic Bases of Antigypsyism Jaroslav Balvín 38 On the Options of Teachers and Schools for Countering Antigypsyism in Society Hristo Kyuchukov and Jaroslav Balvín 41 Antigypsyism and University Education PART II: FORMS OF ANTIGYPSYISM IN EUROPE Angel Ivanov 49 Antigypsyism in Bulgaria Gruia Bumbu 54 Antigypsyism in Romania Andrea Bučková 67 Antigypsyism in Slovakia Jarmila Balažová 74 Antigypsyism in the Czech Republic Anna Daróczi 77 Antigypsyism in Hungary 2 PART III: INSTITUTIONAL VIEWS ON ANTIGYPSYISM Briggite Luggin 80 EU Anti-discrimination and Social Inclusion Politics Adem Ademi 82 Decade of Roma Inclusion Secretariat on Antigypsyism Robert Rustem 86 The European Roma and Travellers Forum on Antigypsyism Marek Szilvasi 91 The European Roma Rights Centre on Antigypsyism Stanislaw Stankiewicz 96 The International Romani Union on Antigypsyism François Sant’Angelo 100 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance on Combating Discrimination against Roma Joint Statement of the Participants in the International Expert Seminar 107 Faces of Khamoro 2012 109 3 Preface The present volume includes papers from the International Seminar “New Faces of Antigypsyism in Modern Europe” held in Prague during the World Roma Festival Khamoro 2012. The overall objectives of the seminar were to warn of the escalation of antigypsyism and anti-Roma violence and to call on the Council of Europe member states to start taking responsibility and guaranteeing protection for the largest ethnic minority in Europe. The seminar brought together scientists, representatives of European institutions and Roma activists who discussed issues of antigypsyism from historical, political, sociological and economic points of view as well as the causes and possible consequences of the escalation of antigypsyism in the modern world. INTRODUCTION Hristo Kyuchukov “ANTI-GYPSYISM” OR “ANTIGYPSYISM” In my discussions with my colleague and friend Markus End (e-mail exchange of July 9, 2012) on defining the term “antigypsyism”, we looked at the details of how this term would be written. It was Markus End who turned my attention to the fact that writing the word “antigypsyism” with a hyphen (anti-Gypsyism) means that the word “Gypsy” is accepted and recognized. However, written without a hyphen, this word has almost exactly the same meaning as “antisemitism”. I agree with this argument. The argument against the hyphenated form is best shown by another text1 arguing against the hyphenated form of “anti-Semitism” as follows: “If you use the hyphenated form, you consider the words ‘Semitism’, ‘Semite’, ‘Semitic’ as meaningful. They supposedly convey an image of a real substance, of a real group of people - the Semites, who are said to be a race.” “Antigypsyism is a historically emerging and self-stabilizing social phenomena combined of 1) a homogenizising [sic] and essentializising [sic] perception and description of certain social groups under the stigma of ’Gypsy’ or other related 1) http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/hyphen.htm 4 terms 2) an attribution of specific deviant characteristics to the stigmatized 3) and discriminating social structures and violent practices that emerge against that background.” (Markus End, e-mail of July 9, 2012). As an editor, I have taken the liberty of correcting the term “antigypsyism” in all of these articles to this form. I think this should be an example of how, in future publications, this term should be used. Defining “antigypsyism” According to the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, antigypsyism is “[…] expressed, among others by violence, hate speech, exploitation, stigmatization and the most blatant kind of discrimination”.2 The forms of antigypsyism can be found in all aspects of life: School, university, the workplace, the media, political parties and their leaders, and the Internet. In most cases, antigypsyism is trained and taught at home from an early age, when majority-society children are told fairytales that an “old Gypsy woman or man will come and take the child away if the child does not behave”. At the playground, non-Roma mothers do not allow their non-Roma children to play with Roma children, because “they are dirty”. When a non-Roma child does something wrong, the parents will punish the child with the words: “Don’t behave like a Gypsy!” In contemporary Europe, antigypsyism starts being taught at kindergarten and continues to be taught in school and at university. Particularly in East European countries, these forms of racism and discrimination are so predominant that non- Roma people are not aware of them. It is considered “natural” that in school textbooks there is no information about Roma and their contribution to world history and culture. It is considered “natural” that the Romani language is not taught in the schools, although the European Charter of Minority Languages and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights say minority children have the right to study in their mother tongue from the level of kindergarten. Most Education Ministries will not implement such recommendations, explaining that “The Roma do not speak one language”, “Romani is not a real language”, or “there are no teachers in Romani”. At the same time, Education Ministries will not open university programs to prepare kindergarten or primary/secondary school teachers to teach in Romani. Another factor strengthening antigypsyism in these societies is the media, which plays an important role in forming antigypsyism in contemporary Europe. Journalists who are products of the majority society have the same negative attitudes towards Roma as any member of that society. The media presents only negative examples of Roma life. Never, or only very rarely, will the media show the positive 2) This definition is taken from an unpublished paper of the “Preparatory Meeting of Civil Society Representatives” on 21 March, 2012 held in Brussels. 5 sides of the Roma, although there are thousands and thousands of good examples of Roma life. Positive examples of Roma cannot be sensationalized, which is what makes newspapers marketable. At the same time, the negative opinion in society is being formed towards Roma and misrepresented information is often used in hate speech against Roma, who are called humiliating names in the news. A third important factor playing a role in forming antigypsyism is politicians and their political parties. Political leaders’ public statements form public opinion towards Roma, and often the Roma are blamed by politicians for all the problems of these societies. Some political leaders in Europe gain political prestige with their negative comments about Roma and use the Roma issue in their electoral campaigns to win votes. All of these factors in forming contemporary antigypsyism are presented in this volume. Organization of the volume The volume has three parts. The first part includes papers by university professors and researchers. Specialists in the field of Roma Studies such as ProfessorThomas Acton, Professor Eva Davidová, Associate Professor Hristo Kyuchukov and Associate Professor Jaroslav Balvín, together with a specialist on the issues of antigypsyism, Markus End, present the historical, socioeconomic, and educational bases of antigypsyism in different European contexts. The second part of the volume presents the insiders’ view of young Roma on antigypsyism. Different authors such as Angel Ivanov, Guria Bumbu, Andrea Bučková, Jarmila Balažová, and Anna Darószi, present recent anti-Roma events in East and Central European countries such as Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. The last part of the volume presents the views of institutions on these anti- Roma events. Different institutions and organizations, such as the European Commission, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the European Roma and Travellers Forum, the Decade of Roma Inclusion Secretariat, the European Roma Rights Centre, and the International Romani Union express their positions on current antigypsyism in Europe. At the end of the volume we include the “Joint Statement of the Participants in the International Expert Seminar” which was also separately distributed by the organizers of the seminar, the NGO Slovo 21, to different governmental and international institutions and organizations. References: Commissioner for Human Rights (2012). Human Rights of Roma and Travellers in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 6 PART I ANTIGYPSYISM PAST AND PRESENT HISTORY OF ANTIGYPSYISM IN EUROPE: THE SOCIAL CAUSES Markus End Technical University, Berlin Germany Introduction The phenomenon of hatred against the so-called “Gypsies” has existed in different forms for more than 500 years. From