PAPERS of the NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION

NUMBER FORTY-SIX

Investigations at Edztla, ,

VOLUME 2: CERAMICS

by DONALD W. FORSYTH

NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY PROVO, UTAH 1983 GARETH W. LOWE DIRECTOR RAYT. MATHENY EoNZA PROJECT DIRECTOR KERRIL SUE ROLLINS EDITOR

Printed by BRIGHAM YouNG UNIVERSITY PRINTING SERVICE PROVO, UTAH PREFACE

This study was carried out as part of the Kantunil, Cancun, the _MARI coastal survey of Brigham Young University New World Archae­ Campeche and Yucatan, Jaina, and Huaymil); in ological Foundation (BYU-NWAF) archae­ the INAH laboratories in Mexico City Gaina, ological project at , Campeche, Mexico. Edzna); in the Peabody Museum (, Al­ The Edzna Project was concerned with the tar de Sacrificios, , San Jose, Nohoch Ek); evaluation of hydraulic features at the Edzna at Temple University (Barton Ramie); at Brig­ site and their relationship to its prehispanic in­ ham Young University (Chiapa de Corzo, Dzi­ habitants. Prior to the beginning of the 1972 bilnocac, Xcalumkin [Holactun], Aguacatal); field season, I was assigned to undertake a ce­ and at the University of Arizona (). ramic project ancillary to the hydraulic studies. Although I am clearly aware of many of the I carried out the analysis and description of the shortcomings of this report, and perhaps una­ prehispanic ceramics recovered during our ware of still others, I hope that it will be useful fieldwork at Edzna. I often worked in concert to in their study of Maya culture in with the excavators; however, I alone am re­ general and Maya ceramics in particular. sponsible for the conclusions in this report. Lat­ This volume (2) is essentially limited to the er I incorporated the analysis of the Edzna pot­ description and interpretation of the ceramic re­ tery into my Ph.D. dissertation at the University mains from Edzna. Volume 1, Matheny et al., of Pennsylvania. This paper is a revised version published in two parts, provides, in Part 1, de­ of that work. scriptions of the excavations and contexts from I undertook the Edzna project inter­ which the pottery was recovered, including mittently from 1972 to 1976 in Campeche. In sherd counts, as well as other pertinent data. order to write the comparative section of the re­ Part 2 of Volume 1 consists of 19 maps identi­ port I studied available ceramic collections from fied by numbers to match descriptive sections the Maya area firsthand to provide a basis for found in the text and one large map to be used adequate and complete comparison of Edzna for comparative purposes. References to excava­ ceramics with other ceramic complexes. This in­ tions in my report, Volume 2, are the same as cluded collections now available for study in those in Volume 1. These references also include both Mexico and the United States. Among a cross-reference (in parentheses) to the maps on these were collections now stored in Merida, which the excavations appear: i.e., Excavation Yucatan, Mexico (, , , 507-TP2 (Map 12, Jl3). George Andrews' maps Holactun, Mani, , , Yaxuna, Acan­ (1969) should also be consulted when dealing ceh, Santa Rosa , Dzibilnocac, Tancah, with Complex 7 structures.

V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to a number of people who I am also grateful to those who have allowed have aided me in the preparation of this report. me to examine ceramic collections from the I am particularly indebted to Ray T. Matheny Maya area that were under their supervision. for giving me the opportunity to work under his These include Enrique Manero Peon and Nor­ direction at Edzna and for his patient encour­ berto Gonzalez Crespo (Centro Regional del agement of this study of the Edzna ceramics. I Sureste, INAH), Maricruz Pailles (Museo Na­ am grateful to Gareth W. Lowe and other mem­ cional, INAH, Mexico City), Stephen Williams bers of the BYU-NWAF for their logistical and (Peabody Museum), Muriel Kirkpatrick (Temple financial aid in carrying out this project. Thanks University), T. Patrick Culbert (University of are also due Robert Sharer, William Coe, Ruben Arizona), and Merlin Myers (Brigham Young Reina, and Jacques Bordaz for their aid and di­ University). rection in the preparation of the dissertation Especial thanks are due Charles Hafen, Bob version of the study. Others who have provided King, and Donna Hanson for their assistance in me with advice or information include Joseph the preparation of the illustrations-an area in W. Ball, E. Wyllys Andrews V, Deanne Gurr, which both my knowledge and ability were and F. Richard Hauck. I thank Rai'tl Pavon woefully lacking. Abreu, formerly the director of the Campeche Finally, I am grateful to the Maya of Edzna Museum, who helped in the resolution of many and Nohyaxche who worked with me at the site practical problems in the city of Campeche. In­ in a pleasant and memorable way. vestigations at Edzna were authorized under ar­ Donald W. Forsyth chaeological concession 17171 of the Instituto Brigham Young University (INAH). Nacional de Antropologia e Historia Provo, Utah

vi CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... vi 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 The BYU-NWAF Edzna Project...... 1 The Ceramic Project: Aims and Purposes ...... 2 2. THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO CERAMIC CLASSIFICATION...... 5 The Role of Classification in Archaeological Interpretation ...... 5 Development of the Type:Variety-Mode Approach ...... 6 Characteristics of the Type:Variety-Mode Conceptual Approach ...... 8 3. TYPE DESCRIPTIONS ...... 11 Method of Analysis ...... 11 Type Description Format ...... 11 The Malecon Ceramic Complex ...... 16 Paso Caballo Waxy Ware ...... 16 Chatel Ceramic Group ...... 17 Chatel Orange-red: Chatel Variety ...... 17 Noax Incised: NoaxVariety ...... 20 Noax Incised: Fine-incisedVariety ...... 21 El Hular Fluted: El HularVariety ...... 21 El Hular Fluted: Shallow-flutedVariety ...... 21 Multun Punctated: MultunVariety ...... 23 Solguna Ceramic Group ...... 23 Solguna Black: SolgunaVariety ...... 23 Pechal Incised: PechalVariety ...... 25 Chumpa Incised-punctated: ChumpaVariety ...... 26 El Llanto Ceramic Group ...... 26 El Llanto Cream: El LlantoVariety ...... 26 Jerusalem Incised: JerusalemVariety ...... 27 Las Ruinas Red-on-cream: Las RuinasVariety ...... 27 Uaxactun Unslipped Ware ...... 29 Sapote Ceramic Group ...... 29 Sapote Striated: AiiejoVariety ...... 29 Malecon Specials...... 31 The Baluartes Ceramic Complex ...... 33 Paso Caballo Waxy Ware ...... 33 Sierra Ceramic Group ...... 33 Sierra Red: ChonVariety ...... 33 Sierra Red: Unslipped-exteriorVariety ...... 37 LagunaVerde Incised: Variety Unspecified...... 37 LagunaVerde Incised: Gouge-incisedVariety ...... 39 Alta Mira Fluted: Alta MiraVariety ...... 39 Alta Mira Fluted: Horizontally-flutedVariety ...... 41 Repasto Black-on-red: RepastoVariety ...... 41

vii Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety ...... 43 Hongo Composite: Hongo Variety ...... 45 Polvero Ceramic Group ...... 45 Polvero Black: Polvero Variety ...... 45 Lechuga! Incised: Gouge-incised Variety ...... 48 Kohen Composite: Kohen Variety ...... 48 Flor Ceramic Group ...... 49 Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified ...... 49 Flor Cream: Unslipped-exterior Variety...... 51 Accordian Incised: Variety Unspecified ...... 51 Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties Unspecified...... 51 Xcampeu Composite: Xcampeu Variety ...... 52 Escobal Ceramic Group ...... 53 EscobalRed-on-buff: Xtoc Variety...... 53 Unspecified Ceramic Group ...... 53 Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 53 Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety ...... 55 San Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety ...... 56 Yucatan Opaque Ware ...... 57 Nolo Ceramic Group ...... 59 Tipikal Preslip-striated Red: Variety Unspecified ...... 59 Unto Ceramic Group ...... 59 Unto Preslip-striated Black: Variety Unspecified ...... 59 Uaxactun Unslipped Ware ...... 59 Sapote Ceramic Group ...... 60 Sapote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety ...... 60 Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety ...... 60 Baluartes Specials ...... 61 The Poderes Ceramic Complex (Cepos Subcomplex) ...... 62 Peten Gloss Ware ...... 63 Aguila Ceramic Group ...... 63 Aguila Orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 63 Unspecified Ceramic Group(s) ...... 65 Guacamallo Red-on-orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 65 Ixcanrio Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified...... 65 The Poderes Ceramic Complex (Full Poderes Complex) ...... 66 Peten Gloss Ware ...... 66 Aguila Ceramic Group ...... 66 Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety ...... 67 San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal Variety ...... 68 Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 69 Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified ...... 71 Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety ...... 73 Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety ...... 75 Unspecified Ceramic Group(s) ...... 75 Caldero Buff-polychrome: Variety Unspecified...... 75 Yaloche Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified ...... 76 Balanza Ceramic Group ...... 76 Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified ...... 76

viii Yucatan Gloss Ware ...... 77 Batres Ceramic Group ...... 77 Batres Red: VarietyUnspecified ...... 77 Uaxactun Unslipped Ware ...... 77 Triunfo Ceramic Group ...... 77 Triunfo Striated: Dzicilia Variety ...... 77 Quintal Unslipped: Variety Unspecified ...... 78 Poderes Specials ...... 79 The Agua Potable Ceramic Complex...... 79 Campeche Gloss Ware ...... 80 Chimbote Ceramic Group ...... 80 Chimbote Cream-polychrome: Samula Variety...... 80 Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety ...... 81 Moro Orange-polychrome: Resist Variety ...... 81 XbanilLight Brown Polychrome: Variety Unspecified ...... 83 Chocubul Gouged-incised: Chocubul Variety...... 83 Sayan Ceramic Group ...... 83 Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety ...... 83 Tonanche Ceramic Group ...... 85 Tonanche Black: Tonanche Variety ...... 85 PajaralGouged-incised: Variety ...... 86 Mastun Red-on-black: Mastun Variety ...... 86 Cui Ceramic Group ...... 86 Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety...... 86 Estela Red-on-orange: Estela Variety ...... 87 Haltunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen Variety ...... 87 Cui Orange-polychrome: Cui Variety...... 89 Sagu Ceramic Group ...... 90 Sagu Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety ...... 90 Charote CeramicGroup ...... 91 Charote Red: Charote Variety ...... 91 Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Variety ...... 93 Pixoyal Incised: Groove-incised Variety ...... 93 Ulumal Fluted: Ulumal Variety ...... 93 Bobola Black-on-red: BobolaVariety ...... 94 Sihochac Dark-red-on-red: Sihochac Variety...... 94 Unspecified Ceramic Group...... 95 Carpizo Red: Carpizo Variety ...... 95 Santa Rosita Unslipped Ware ...... 95 Dzib Ceramic Group...... 95 Dzib Striated: Dzib Variety ...... 95 Agua Potable Specials ...... 97 The Muralla Ceramic Complex ...... 98 Slate Ware ...... 99 Muna Ceramic Group ...... 99 Muna Slate: Muna Variety ...... 99 MunaSlate: NotchedVariety ...... 101 TekitIncised: Tekit Variety ...... 101 Tekit Incised: Heavy-incised Variety ...... 102

ix Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety ...... 103 Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Variety ...... 103 Akil Impressed: Akil Variety ...... 105 Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Variety ...... 105 Thin Slate Ware ...... 107 Ticul Ceramic Group ...... 107 Ticul Thin-slate: Ticul Variety ...... 107 Xul Incised: Xul Variety ...... 109 Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety ...... 109 Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety ...... 110 Puuc Red Ware ...... 110 Teabo Ceramic Group ...... 110 Teabo Red: Teabo Variety ...... 110 Becal Incised: Becal Variety ...... 111 Tekax Black-on-red: Tekax Variety ...... 113 Moxa Gray Ware ...... 113 Hontun Ceramic Group ...... 113 Hontun Gray: Hontun Variety ...... 113 Chumpic Incised: Chumpic Variety ...... 115 Homobo Fluted: Homobo Variety ...... 115 Niop lncised-punctated: Niop Variety ...... 116 Pocyaxum Gouged-incised: Pocyaxum Variety ...... 116 Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware ...... 116 Holactun Ceramic Group ...... 117 Holactun Black-on-cream: Holactun Variety ...... 117 Fine Gray Ware ...... 117 Chablekal Ceramic Group ...... 117 Chablekal Gray: Chablekal Variety ...... 117 Chicxulub Incised: Variety Unspecified ...... 119 Cholul Fluted: C'holulVariety ...... 119 Telchac Composite: Telchac Variety ...... 120 Fine Orange Ware ...... 120 Balancan Ceramic Group ...... 120 Provincia Plano-relief: Variety Unspecified ...... 120 Altar Ceramic Group ...... 121 Altar Orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 121 Hoxa Unslipped Ware ...... 121 Chencan Ceramic Group ...... 121 Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan Variety ...... 121 Chencan Brown-on-orange: Compacted-surface Variety ...... 123 Puuc Unslipped Ware ...... 125 Acapulquito Ceramic Group ...... 125 Acapulquito Unslipped: Acapulquito Variety ...... 125 Yakatzib Striated: Yakatzib Variety ...... 125 Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Variety ...... 126 Nohacal Unslipped Ware ...... 128 Nilum Ceramic Group ...... 128 Nilum Unslipped: Nilum Variety ...... 128 Muralla Specials ...... 128

X Alphabetical Directory of Edzna Ceramic Wares, Groups, Types, and Varieties ...... 132 Type-Class Directory to Edzna Types and Varieties ...... 135 4. MODE DESCRIPTIONS ...... 139 Organization of Mode Descriptions ...... 139 Form Modes ...... 139 Overall Vessel Form Modes ...... 140 Vessel Parts and Appendages ...... 150 Flanges and Ridges ...... 150 Rims ...... 154 Supports ...... 160 Handles ...... 163 Spouts ...... 164 Decorative and Surface Finish Modes ...... 164 Penetration ...... 164 Plastic Additions to the Vessel Surface ...... 169 Additions of Color to the Vessel Surface ...... 170 Design Modes ...... 172 Color Modes ...... 178 Paste Modes ...... 179 5. THE CERAMIC COMPLEXES ...... 181 The Malecon Ceramic Complex ...... 181 The Baluartes Ceramic Complex ...... 183 Early Facet ...... 184 Late Facet ...... 185 The Poderes Ceramic Complex ...... 186 The Agua Potable Ceramic Complex ...... 188 The Muralla Ceramic Complex ...... 190 6. COMPARATIVE DISCUSSION ...... 193 Procedure ...... 193 The Malecon Ceramic Complex ...... 195 The Baluartes Ceramic Complex ...... 200 The Poderes Ceramic Complex ...... 205 The Agua Potable Ceramic Complex ...... 209 The Muralla Ceramic Complex ...... 212 Ceramic Sphere Associations of Edzna Ceramics ...... 215 Malecon Ceramic Complex: No Ceramic Sphere Association ...... 216 Baluartes Ceramic Complex: Chicane! Ceramic Sphere ...... 216 Poderes Ceramic Complex: Attenuated Tzakol Ceramic Sphere ...... 216 Agua Potable Ceramic Complex: No Ceramic Sphere Affiliation ...... 217 Muralla Ceramic Complex: Cehpech Ceramic Sphere ...... 217 7. DATING THE EDZNA CERAMIC SEQUENCE ...... 219 8. CULTURE-HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDZNA ····································································································································· 221 9. THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH AND THE ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY ...... 229 REFERENCES ...... 243

xi FIGURES

1. Map of the Maya Lowlands Showing the Location of Edzna ...... xii 2. Units of the Type:Variety-Mode Approach and TheirRelationships ...... 10 3. Chatel Orange-red: ChatelVariety ...... 18 4. Chatel Orange-red, Noax Incised, and El Hular Fluted ...... 22 5. Chatel Orange-red, Noax Incised, Multun Punctated, Solguna Black, and Pechal Incised ..... 24 6. Chumpa Incised-punctated, El Llanto Cream, and Jerusalem Incised...... 28 7. Jerusalem Incised, LasRuinas Red-on-cream, Sapote Striated, Chatel Orange-red, Malecon Specials, and Pechal Incised...... 30 8. SierraRed: ChonVariety ...... 36 9. SierraRed: ChonVariety ...... 38 10. SierraRed: ChonVariety ...... 40 11. SierraRed, LagunaVerde Incised, and Alta Mira Fluted...... 42 12. Alta Mira Fluted, Repasto Black-on-red, and Ciego Composite...... 44 13. Ciego Composite, Hongo Composite, Polvero Black, and Lechuga! Incised ...... 46 14. Lechuga! Incised, Kohen Composite, Flor Cream, Accordian Incised, and MateoRed-on-cream ...... 50 15. Xcampeu Composite, Escobal Red-on-buff, Caramba Red-on-red-orange, and Xuch Black-and-red...... 54 16. San Dimas Gray, Sapote Striated, and Baluartes Specials ...... 58 17. Aguila Orange, Ixcanrio Orange-polychrome, Guacamallo Red-on-orange, and Aguila Orange ...... 64 18. Aguila Orange and San BlasRed-on-orange ...... 70 19. San BlasRed-on-orange, Boleto Black-on-orange, and Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome ...... 72 20. Nitan Composite, Chivic Composite, Caldero Buff-polychrome, Yaloche Cream-polychrome, Balanza Black, Batres Red, and Triunfo Striated ...... �...... 74 21. Triunfo Striated, Quintal Unslipped, Poderes Specials, and Chimbote Cream-polychrome ... 82 22. Moro Orange-polychrome, Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome, Chocubul Gouged-incised, SayanRed-on-cream, Tonanche Black, Pajaral Gouged-incised, and MastunRed-on-black ...... 84 23. Plaza Black-on-orange, EstelaRed-on-orange, Haltunchen Brown-on-orange, and Cui Orange-polychrome ...... 88 24. Cui Orange-polychrome, Sagu Cream-polychrome, Charote Red, Pixoyal Incised, Ulumal Fluted, Bobola Black-on-red, and Sihochac Dark-red-on-red...... 92 25. CarpizoRed, Dzib Striated, and Agua Potable Specials...... 96 26. Muna Slate: MunaVariety ...... 102 27. Muna Slate, Tekit Incised, and Sacalum Black-on-slate ...... 104 28. Sacalum Black-on-slate, ChumayelRed-on-slate, Aki! Impressed, Nohcacab Composite, and Tieu) Thin-slate ...... 106 29. Ticul Thin-slate and Xul Incised ...... 108 30. Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate, Solbul Composite, Teabo Red, and Becal Incised ...... 112 31. Tekax Black-on-red, Hontun Gray, Chumpic Incised, Homobo Fluted, Niop Incised-punctated, and Pocyaxum Gouged-incised...... 114 32. Pocyaxum Gouged-incised, Holactun Black-on-cream, Chablekal Gray, Chicxulub Incised, Cholul Fluted, Telchac Composite, and Provincia Plano-relief ...... 118

xii 33. Altar Orange and Chencan Brown-on-orange ...... 122 34. Chencan Brown-on-orange and Acapulquito Unslipped ...... 124 35. Yakatzib Striated and Paxyan Black-on-gray...... 127 36. Paxyan Black-on-gray, Nilum Unslipped, and Muralla Specials ...... 129 37. Sierra Red and Specials...... 131 38. A Proposed Correlation of Edzna Ceramic Complexes with Those of Other Sites of the Maya Lowlands ...... 194

TABLE

1. The Ceramic Complexes...... 15

xiii I I .L Dzibilchaltun I I

.L /I .L Chichen ltza /.,LCoba .LMayapan / .L Yaxuna I .L Oxkintok / I / --, / -~" .L -.L Mani / '\.1.. / Xca,umkin .L \ / \ / / • .L Santa \ Rosa Xtampak / Hopelchen \ / .L EDZNA .L lizibilnocac / \ / \ / Champoton J. Hochob y I I > �Guarixes I .l.Becan l Aguacatal Rio Bee .L

El Mirador • .L • Uaxactun .l.

� ..L Tayasal t 100 M

Figure l. MAP OF THE MAYA LoWLANDS SHOWING THE LoCATION OF EDZNA 1. INTRODUCTION

The site of Edzna is located in the Mexican of the Yucatan Peninsula is primarily subsurface, state of Campeche approximately forty-five kil­ with surface water quickly draining into the ometers southeast of the capital city Campeche subsurface system. Therefore, water control by (see Fig. 1). A paved road connects the site with means of surface canals would seem to have the town of Cayal on the Campeche-Merida been out of the question as an adaptive strategy highway. Lying near the northern end of a long, for controlling the sparse water resources of the lenticular-shaped, north-south oriented valley, area. Nevertheless, due to the particular envi­ Edzna is situated on the valley floor, at approx­ ronmental conditions prevailing in the valley, it imately 19° 35' north latitude and 90° 10' west was possible for the precolumbian inhabitants of longitude. It is the principal site in the basin. the valley to construct a large number of hy­ Other, smaller sites tend to be located along the draulic features there. eastern and western fringes of the valley. Because the construction of canal systems as a means of hydraulic control seemed to be un­ THE BYU-NWAF EDZNA PROJECT precedented in the Maya Lowlands, Gareth Lowe, Field Director of the BYU-NWAF, de­ The interest of the BYU-NWAF in Edzna cided to undertake a three-year archae­ was sparked when George F. Andrews reported ological/hydraulic study of its peripheries in or­ the existence of a peculiar linear feature run­ der to determine, if possible, the overall form ning south from the site (Andrews 1969: 6). The and function(s) of the hydraulic features. This northern end of this linear segfnent terminated project, under the direction of Ray T. Matheny, just south of the ceremonial center proper in a involved the mapping of all hydraulic and asso­ quadrangular-shaped feature with a short north­ ciated structural features, to be accompanied by ern extension (Andrews 1969: Fig. 2). Aerial surface collection of artifacts from the numerous photographs studied by Andrews suggested that structures located near the canals. This was to the feature continued in a southernly direction be followed by the excavation of selected struc­ for a distance of twelve kilometers. Subsequent tures and by sectioning of the hydraulic and investigation indicated that the feature was a structural features; test excavations were to be depression that contained water during the carried out across the site as a means of sam­ rainy season. Consultation with Ray T. Matheny pling various areas not within the zone encom­ led Andrews to the conclusion that it was some passed by the hydraulic studies. sort of a canal. As a result, Matheny and I vis­ The fieldwork connected with this research ited Edzna in 1971 and determined that the lin­ was carried out between 1972 and 1974. Fortu­ ear feature was a man-made construction, that it nately, our project coincided with the clearing terminated in a moatlike structure, and that the of the northern peripheries of the site by the area encircled by water contained architectural Mexican government in connection with an ag­ remains. We also discovered a number of ricultural project. The clearing of this area of its smaller-scale canal-like features on the per­ jungle cover exposed the remains of numerous ipheries of the site. small canals and reservoirs, as well as more than Although the inhabitants of the Northern 200 small to medium-sized mounds. This al­ .Lowlands developed a number of mechanisms lowed us to accurately map a portion of the site for controlling water in an environment almost not included in Andrews' survey, and also to entirely lacking in surface drainage (chultuns, trace much more clearly the pattern of water aguadas, wells), the construction of canals for control practiced by Edzna inhabitants in a hab­ this purpose seemed to be unique. The drainage itational zone of the site.

1 2 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZNA, CAM PECHE, MEXICO

THE CERAMIC PROJECT: posits that can be divided into three major cate­ AIMS AND PURPOSES gories. 1. Apparently primary stratified deposits Previous to the beginning of the 1972 field that were the result of (a) long-term accumula­ season, I was assigned to carry out a ceramic tion as evidenced by ceramic change throughout project ancillary to our hydraulic studies. The the stratigraphic columns or (b) short-term accu­ purpose of my project was threefold: (1) to pro­ mulation as evidenced by a lack of such change. vide a chronological framework for the site; (2) 2. Deposits in plaza areas that were. occu­ to provide a means of comparing ceramic devel­ pied over relatively long periods of time. These opment in the Edzna area with other known ce­ deposits, although for the most part the result of ramic complexes from the Yucatan Peninsula secondary deposition, have the advantage of and other regions of the Maya area; and (3) to having been sealed in their present context by provide data on the process of ceramic change sequent plaster floors. through time in the Central Campeche Region. 3. Secondary deposits ( e.g., fill material) This study is an attempt to meet these goals, at that were incorporated into architectural or least in part. other constructional contexts. Such materials The first goal was relatively straightforward. may represent a short chronological span, but Changes in ceramic materials recovered from usually consist of mixed materials representing stratified deposits were used to mark out chron­ various periods. ological periods, which the various investigators Categories la and 2 above formed the pri­ participating in the project then utilized as a mary basis for the establishment of the Edzna means of chronological control, since this is a sequence. Category lb served as a check on the fundamental requirement for archaeological in­ interpretation derived from categories la and 2. terpretation. A chronological framework for the In addition, some category 3 deposits were also site also permitted the assessment of the tem­ useful as a further check on the sequence. Final­ poral development of the Central Campeche ly, the sequence was checked against well-con­ Region with other regions of the Maya area. trolled ceramic data from other sites on the pen­ Previous to the work of the NW AF in this area, insula and from the Maya Lowlands in general. no adequate chronological framework for the Changes in ceramic modes and types through­ area had been available. Ruz's (1969) study of out the stratified deposits were used to define the chronology of the coast is the only work the chronological units that make up the pot­ that treats the chronology of Campeche in any tery sequence. detail. However, it is not only peripheral to the The second goal was designed to meet a crit­ main area of central Campeche, but also dated ical need. Despite the fact that for more than (the study was carried out in the 1940s). More­ seventy-five years the central and northern por­ over, on the basis of both internal and external tions of Campeche have been known to contain evidence, it is clear that Ruz's periodization has extensive remains of Maya culture (Maler 1895, gaps. Consequently the establishment of a firm 1902), surprisingly little controlled excavation chronological sequence from a single, relatively or investigation has taken place there. And large site seemed appropriate. much of that which has been done either has not The establishment of this pottery sequence been carried through to publication or else is was based on the interpretation of the more !>mall scale in nature. Moreover, the majority of than thirty stratigraphic columns derived from the excavation has been carried out by looters test-pitting operations carried out across the rather than by trained professionals. As a result, site. A stratigraphic column consists "of two or very little, aside from preliminary calendrical more stratigraphic units in such a relationship to and architectural data, is actually known about one another (usually superposed) as to indicate this area, especially its ceramic remains. the temporal relationships of the different pot­ To the north, in what is now the state of tery complexes they contain" (Adams 1971: 8). Yucatan, two. major studies of Maya ceramics The test pits at Edzna penetrated aboriginal de- are available (Brainerd 1958; Smith 1971), and INTRODUCTION 3

another is in progress (Dzibilchaltun). To the States (see Preface, p. v). south, in the Peten and peripheral areas, a num­ Finally, the third goal has been realized in ber of important reports on Maya ceramics have my attempt to analyze the changes that took also been published (Smith 1955a; Adams 1971; place in Edzna ceramics throughout the period Willey et al. 1965; Sabloff 1975; Ball 1977a), of its occupation. My interest was directed to­ and others are in progress (Tikal, ). The ward what changes took place, when they did intervening area, however, has hardly been so, and how such changes related to ceramic touched. Since Edzna is situated at a point in­ changes at other Maya sites. My procedure was terjacent to both the northern and southern first of all to specify the ceramic shifts or areas, it would seem to be a critical area for un­ changes that took place in the Edzna sequence. derstanding north-south cultural relationships. It I accomplished this by examining changes from was with this intermediate location in mind that one ceramic complex to another. The need to the BYU-NWAF began work in the northern achieve a more inclusive picture of such change and central Campeche area at Dzibilnocac (Nel­ from complex to complex required analysis of son 1973), Santa Rosa Xtampak (DeBloois 1970), ceramic shifts on both the typological level (i.e., and Xcalumkin (Matheny and Berge 1971), as in terms of suites of whole vessels) and the mod­ well as at Edzna. Close examination of the nu­ al level (i.e., in terms of significant attributes of merous pottery pieces that have found their vessels). Obviously, since types are defined in way into museum and art dealer collections, and terms of polythetic sets of modes, typological that are known to come from the northern and change implies modal change. However, a high coastal zones of Campeche, clearly indicates degree of modal continuity may accompany ty­ that Edzna had a vigorous ceramic development pological changes. For example, two distinct different from that of both the Peten to the Lowland Maya pottery types, San Blas Red-on­ south and Yucatan to the north. orange and Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome, This second goal was achieved by means of a share a majority of ceramic modes, but differ comprehensive comparison of the analytical typologically due to significant differences in units defined at Edzna (i.e., types, modes, ce­ surface finish (i.e., dichromy vs. polychromy). ramic spheres) and the ceramic remains recov­ Modal changes may also occur without typolo­ ered from other sites in the Maya area. A first­ gical change (e.g., changes in lip form). The hand study of available ceramic collections from study of ceramic change must of course encom­ the Maya area was undertaken in order to pro­ pass both levels of analysis. vide a basis for an adequate and complete com­ The ceramic shifts or changes occurring in parison of Edzna ceramics with other ceramic the Edzna sequence are described in Chapter 5; complexes. This included collections now avail­ their culture-historical significance is treated in able for study in both Mexico an the United Chapter 8. 2. THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO CERAMIC CLASSIFICATION

THE ROLE OF useful in creating classes or groupings with CLASSIFICATION IN chronological and spatial significance. Since es­ ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION tablishing the temporal and areal dimensions of archaeological remains, and, derivatively, the Every classificatory system has both advan­ tages and disadvantages, and the analyst must people who made and used them, has been a evaluate these in terms of the goals he wishes to prime concern of prehistoric research, it is little wonder that typological classification has been achieve. His major goal of course is to order so important in archaeological analysis. reality in such a way as to adequately describe relationships among the things being classified, Another widely used taxonomic approach is simplifying these relationships so that general known as modal classification. In modal analy­ statements can be made about them (Sokal sis, artifacts are classified on the basis of signifi­ 1974: 1116). cant attributes. That is, rather than emphasis on The use of classification as a means of order­ a specified set of attributes diagnostic of the ing prehistoric data is an integral part of archae­ type, the emphasis is on single features or attri­ ological methodology, and has been for nearly butes themselves. In a typological classification, three-quarters of a century. Although archae­ whole vessels are classified as belonging to a ologists do not always agree on the nature and type. In a modal analysis, the attributes or fea­ significance of archaeological classification, they tures that can be observed on the vessel, not the do agree that classification is both necessary and vessel itself, are classified. Modal classifications can be very useful in establishing the temporal useful. It is a means of ordering reality, or at and spatial dimensions of individual attributes. least our experience of reality, which otherwise would be "unmanageably complex" (Paddock In addition to these two basic approaches to 1973: 4). With respect to the classification of ar­ ceramic classification, two particular kinds of tifacts, and of ceramics in particular, archae­ modal analysis have also been utilized to a con­ ologists have traditionally taken a number of siderable degree in the past-classifications different taxonomic approaches. Perhaps the based on vessel form and on technological classi­ most prominent of these has been the typowgic­ fications. In the former, classificatory groups are al approach (Krieger 1944). A typological classi­ defined on the basis of similarities in attributes fication groups artifacts on the basis of certain of vessel shape. Such classifications have been specified shared attributes. Individual specimens important in ceramic studies because vessel are thus assigned to a particular grouping or shape is closely related to vessel function. Tech­ type because they possess those particular attri­ nological classifications are those that utilize butes which characterize the type. A typologic­ characteristics of materials, physical properties, al classification, therefore, does not group arti­ and method of manufacture as the basis for de­ facts on the basis of the whole range of fining classificatory groupings. This kind of attributes they possess, but rather on a selected analysis has the advantage of defining the be­ range of these attributes depending on the judg­ havior of the potter in the actual manufacture ment of the analyst and the nature of the prob­ of artifacts. It can also be used to clarify trade lem at hand. relationships and the distributive patterns of In the study of archaeological ceramics, ty­ particular kinds of artifacts. pological classifications have tended to empha­ These approaches to ceramic classification size attributes of surface finish or treatment, be­ are of course not the only possible approaches. cause these characteristics seem to be the most They are merely the most commonly used. The

5 6 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

decision of which kind of classificatory ap­ the system a more efficient tool, a relatively proach will be used in a given situation is not large number of people have contributed ideas, always determined solely by the nature of the concepts, and criticisms that have ultimately problem at hand. Often it is dictated by circum­ been incorporated into the approach. stance. If the pottery recovered from a given The initial impetus that ultimately gave rise site is badly eroded, a typological analysis em­ to the Type:Variety-Mode Approach came as a phasizing surface finish would be of little use, result of problems involved in the study of pre­ since little of the original surfaces would remain historic pottery in the American Southwest. intact. If most of the sherds were small or if rim Here the typological concept, which had been sherds were rare, an analysis based on vessel introduced in the nineteenth century, became a · form would be impractical. In fact, in some prominent tool in the early part of the cases a technological classification may be the twentieth century; in fact it was made an in­ only viable alternative. tegral part of the Pecos system of classification The multiplicity of approaches that has (Kidder 1927). In time, however, the problem characterized pottery classification in the past arose of how to specify the relationships among has had a number of advantages. Notably, it has the closely related ceramics of various regions allowed the researcher to choose the approach within the Southwest without having to create a or approaches best suited to his goals or prob­ new and sep:;irate type for every minor variation lems or to the condition of the particular collec­ that occurred. There was also the problem of tion at hand. However, there have been dis­ trying to integrate types into larger groups re­ advantages as well. It has often been impossible flecting cultural relationships. In their germina­ to make meaningful comparisons between the tive article on the type-variety method, Wheat, ceramics from different sites or areas because Gifford, and Wasley (1958) proposed to solve the analysts have used completely different clas­ these problems by presenting a taxonomic sys­ sificatory approaches. What has been needed, in tem that would standardize pottery classifica­ many areas at least, is a systematic approach to tion and yet allow sufficient flexibility to ex­ classification that would allow sufficient flex­ press intrinsic cultural values. They adopted the ibility in pursuing particular research problems, concepts of type and ware from Colton (1953) in while also permitting efficient comparison of essentially the same form as they had been used different pottery complexes. The Type:Variety­ in the Southwest for a number of years. To these Mode Conceptual Approach to ceramic classifi­ they added several new concepts. Together cation (Gifford 1963a; Smith, Willey, and Gif­ these formed the basis for their taxonomic sys­ ford 1960) was developed, at least in part, to tem, which they hoped would be useful in cul­ help meet this need. I have carried out the anal­ ture areas outside the Southwest as well. ysis of the Edzna ceramics in accordance with It is not particularly surprising that the be­ this approach. ginnings of the type-variety approach came out of Southwestern pottery research. Here there DEVELOPMENT OF THE had been an early and continuing interest in ar­ 1YPE:VARIE1Y-MODE APPROACH chaeological investigation in general, and in pottery studies in particular. As a result, archae­ The Type:Variety-Mode Approach is a sys­ ologists working in the Southwest were often in­ tematic classificatory framework designed for novators in archaeological methodology and the analysis of ceramic materials. It is not the analysis. This was particularly true of pottery product of any one investigator's work but classification. Several factors were at least in rather the result of the efforts of many anthro­ part responsible for the precociousness of the pologists who have been faced with the problem Southwest in this respect. One of these was the of dealing adequately and significantly with the high degree of cultural continuity between the ceramic remains of prehistoric peoples. Al­ contemporary Pueblo Indians of the Southwest though a core of anthropologists over the last and their prehistoric predecessors. Indeed, the twenty years have worked consistently to make Pueblos of the Southwest were one of the most DEVELOPMENT OF THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH 7 successful American Indian groups in maintain­ state of Yucatan, Mexico. Like Vaillant before ing their distinctive cultural patterns in the face him, Brainerd was mainly interested in matters of Western influence. Moreover, the same an­ of chronology. Unlike Vaillant, however, Brai­ thropologists who were studying the modern nerd directed his efforts toward a regional chro­ Pueblos were often also working directly on nology restricted to a particular area of the problems of Southwestern prehistory. As a re­ Maya Lowlands. sult, there was a conscious ethnographic orienta­ During this same period, ceramic studies tion among Southwestern archaeologists. This were being carried out in other regions of the was clearly the case with respect to pottery. lowlands as well. Many of these were restricted That is, archaeologists were keenly aware of the to single sites or localities. The most important fact that the Pueblo Indians had continued their of these were Thompson's (1939) San Jose analy­ ceramic craft into modern times. In addition, sis and R. E. Smith's (1955a) Uaxactun study. the use of the "direct historical approach" (the The primary concern in these analyses was also study of sites with both an historic and pre­ chronological (and descriptive) in nature, but historic component, with continuity between they differed from the above studies in ap­ the two) tended to link modern and prehistoric proach. While Vaillant and Brainerd used a clas­ ceramics in a developmental sequence. This his­ sification based on "wares" (i.e., essentially a ty­ torical and ethnographic orientation gave pological approach), both Thompson's and Southwestern archaeologists a perspective on Smith's analytic approaches were modal (Sabloff pottery development lacking in many other 1975: 3-4). areas. While all of these studies included com­ A second factor, and perhaps the most im­ parative statements about similarities to ceram­ portant, was the early attempt to systematize ics from other sites and regions, these were gen­ Southwestern prehistoric research so that differ­ erally not made in any systematic manner but, ent researchers would be working within a sim­ rather, were random and atomistic. Where the ilar conceptual framework, thus making com­ analyst perceived some sort of similarity, of parison possible. The Pecos Classification whatever nature, between his pottery and that (Kidder 1927) mentioned earlier was an impor­ of other sites or regions, he noted these. Thus, in tant part of this systematization. Significantly, one instance, comparison might be made on a the Pecos conference resulted in a systemized modal level, while in another, typological or method for the naming of pottery types. This ware units might be stressed, the comparative system was adopted by Colton and Hargrave statements shifting back and forth from one lev­ (1937) who, in their Handbook of Northern Ari­ el to another. Moreover, comparison was gener­ zona Pottery Wares, provided an orderly and ally carried out in terms of individual units, consistent system of deaing with ceramics by whether modal or typological. Little attempt carefully defining their terms and the criteria was made to assess similarities and differences upon which they based their analysis. between sites or regions in terms of the overall By way of contrast, in the Maya area, until ceramic content of site units or phases. The usu­ very recently, all of these factors were lacking. al procedure was to list (and reference) all of the Consequently, pottery analysis was chaotic. This sites or areas where a similar attribute or is not to say that Mayanists did not undertake type/ware was known to be present. As a result, ceramic studies. On the contrary, pottery studies it was often difficult to assess the degree of ce­ began relatively early in this area. The first ma­ ramic similarity or dissimilarity among various jor study of Maya ceramics was carried out by Maya sites. This problem was only exacerbated George C. Vaillant (1927) whose principal goal by the fact that different analytical approaches was to establish a series of chronological se­ were utilized. A systematic taxonomic frame­ quences for as many regions of the Maya area as work by which comparison on both a modal and possible. In the 1940s George W. Brainerd typological level could be made was clearly (1958), working for the Carnegie Institution, needed. Also needed was some mechanism by carried out a ceramic survey in what is now the which the commensurability of the overall ce- 8 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZN/\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

ramie content of site, region, or areal units Attributes are the fundamental observational could be efficiently gauged. working data of ceramic analysis (Gifford In the 1960s archaeologists interested in the 1976: 9). They are the basic features and details analysis of Maya pottery, building on the semi­ that can be observed and isolated. They are the nal ideas of Wheat, Gifford, and Wasley, even­ properties observable in an artifact-the ele­ tually developed a classificatory scheme that ments of construction, form, decoration, style, they felt would help to meet the above needs etc., that can be consistently observed by the (Smith, Willey, and Gifford 1960; Gifford 1960, analyst. It is by reference to attributes, and 1963a; Phillips and Gifford 1959; Haberland combinations thereof, that types, varieties, and 1963; Willey, Culbert, and Adams 1967; Sabloff modes are defined. and Smith 1969). James C. Gifford labeled this The type is a ceramic unit recognizably dis- scheme the Type:Variety-Mode Conceptual Ap­ . tinct on the basis of certain visual/tactile char­ proach (T:V-M). The core of the system con­ acteristics. It is an aggregate of distinctive attri­ sisted of a set of classificatory concepts that butes within a specific time interval and with a were given formal definition in Gifford's (1963a) specific areal distribution. The type is an ab­ dissertation. In addition to these, the concept straction; in other words, generally no one ves­ Ceramic Sphere was defined and incorporated sel contains all of the attributes which define into the T:V-M approach at the 1965 Guate, the type. The type consists of the sum total of mala City conference on Maya ceramics (Will­ the varieties (see below) in its sphere. No one ey, Culbert, and Adams 1967: 306-307). The variety has all of the characteristics of the type Ceramic Sphere concept, along with that of the unless the type contains only one variety. The Ceramic Horizon (Willey, Culbert, and Adams name of the type is binomial, consisting of an 1967: 305-306), was designed to enable archae­ arbitrary geographical designation followed by ologists to formally define the degree of sim­ a descriptive (type-class) term. ilarity or dissimilarity among various ceramic The variety is always a component of the complexes at different sites. Indeed, the Guate­ type. Varieties within the type are distinguished mala City conference was a preliminary at­ from one another by a relatively small number tempt to define the basic similarities and differ­ of attributes and/or minor temporal and/or spa­ ences among the ceramic complexes of a tial variations. One variety differs from another number of different sites within or bordering the within the type on the basis of lesser tech­ Lowland Maya area. nological, aesthetic, or stylistic attributes. Varie­ Since its formulation, the T:V-M approach ties are the basic ingredients of ceramic classifi­ has been utilized in a number of major studies cation. The established variety is the first (Adams 1971; Smith 1971; Sabloff 1975; Math­ variety of the type recognized and named. Pre­ eny 1970; Parsons 1967; Gifford 1976; and vious investigators using the T:V-M system have Sharer 1978) and in some preliminary or minor used either a geographical or descriptive name, ones (Willey et al. 1965; Smith and Gifford plus the word variety, to designate the variety, 1966; Sharer and Gifford 1970; Ball 1971, 1973; and have appended it to the type name. This, of Culbert 1963). Moreover, the approach is still course, was in accord with the system as it was used in ongoing analyses. originally outlined (Gifford 1963a). Some in­ vestigators, however, have insisted that descrip­ CHARACTERISTICS OF THE tive terms should be used exclusively as variety TYPE:VARIETY-MODE names (Willey et al. 1967: 304). In order to CONCEPTUAL APPROACH avoid the proliferation of arbitrary place names, I have used such names for the established vari­ The T:V-M Approach, as it has developed ety, in which case the variety name is the same over the years, is outlined below. Each of the as the type name (e.g., Macal Orange-red: Mac­ component concepts utilized in the approach is al Variety), and for other varieties when a de­ defined. These definitions are for the most part scriptive name would be cumbersome or other­ adapted from Gifford (1963a). wise inconvenient. Whenever possible, however, CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE CONCEPTUAL APPROACH 9

I have used descriptive terms to designate pre­ members of the ceramic system belong to the viously undefined varieties. same type-class, they usually cross-cut several A mode is a ceramic attribute or cluster of wares. attributes that demonstrates significance in its A ceramic series is a grouping of pottery own right. Modes may cross-cut types and varie­ types belonging to the same type-class, which ties, but remain unaltered in each case. Modes can be shown to have developed from one an­ are, of themselves, important objects of analysis other through time. It is therefore a category of and study. temporally sequent pottery types. This concept The ceramic group is an aggregate of types was originally called a "ceramic sequence," but related to one another by certain shared attri­ since the traditional meaning of the term "ce­ butes other than those· that make them a com­ ramic sequence" is not limited to a succession of mon ware. The types "demonstrate a distinctive pottery types belonging to a single type-class, it homogeneity in range of variation concerning was felt that some confusion might arise if that form, base color, technological, and other allied term were retained. I have therefore substituted attributes" (Gifford 1963b: 23). The types be­ the term ceramic series for ceramic sequence in longing to any ceramic group must also, of ne­ the T:V-M system. cessity, belong to the same ware. The ceramic horizon (horizon style) consists A ware is a group of pottery types that share of ceramic complexes that contain a common a cluster of technological characteristics. It con­ set of horizon markers. A horizon marker con­ sists of types demonstrably similar with regard sists of "distinctive and chronologically signifi­ to technological attributes or method of manu­ cant modes shared by two or more ceramic facture. The ware has no time, space, phase, pe­ complexes" (Willey et al. 1967: 305). A ceramic riod, or stage restrictions. It may include any horizon implies a wide geographical distribution number of types, varieties, or ceramic groups. of certain distinctive modes in a relatively short The types within a ware may vary with respect period of time. Thus the ceramic horizon em­ to stylistic properties and indeed may belong to phasizes the spread of modes through space. different type-classes. There has been some dis­ The ceramic tradition (pottery tradition) cussion about the relationship of the ware con­ consists of modes that can be shown to persist cept to the type-variety system. Some in­ through time. The "stress is upon a mode as the vestigators have argued that the ware be constant element in a pottery tradition as op­ considered one of the hierarchical levels in the posed to the pottery type" (Gifford 1963a: 29). determination of types and varieties. In this The ceramic tradition thus represents modes view the ware would be regarded as an hier­ that have a relatively long temporal span and archical concept above the level of the ceramic that can and often do crosscut types. group. Others have felt, however, that wares are A design style is "a mode grouping that em­ best considered on an integrative and functional phasizes aspects of any ceramic picture that level and not as an hierarchical concept per se concerns design element distribution through (Willey et al. 1967: 304). For the purpose of this time and space" (Phillips and Gifford 1959: 22). study I have subscribed to the former viewpoint. A ceramic sphere is a group of ceramic com­ The ceramic complex is the sum total of the plexes that share a majority of their most com­ ceramic content of an archaeological unit or mon types. The ceramic sphere implies a high phase. The ceramic complex has a definite set­ degree of content similarity between ceramic ting in time and space. The name of the com­ complexes on the typological level (Willey et al. plex is the same as that of the unit or phase. 1967: 306-307). The ceramic system is a "horizontal arrange­ ment of roughly contemporaneous pottery types The content of a ceramic sphere is the that are related in particular from the stand­ sum total of all the types and modes of point of design style and surface manipulation its member complexes. The diagnostic and which range over a wide area" (Phillips and content of the sphere consists of those Gifford 1959: 17). Although the constituent elements shared by all or some of the 10 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

complexes upon which decisions about The concepts defined above form the basis membership in a sphere are based of the T:V-M Approach to ceramic analysis. As (Willey et al. 1967: 307). important as the concepts themselves, however, are the relationships among them. These rela­ A type-class "includes all pottery upon tionships have been clearly formulated by Gif­ which a particular kind of surface treatment ap­ ford (1963a) into four levels or degrees of inter­ pears" (Gifford 1963a: 35). It is actually an pretation-data, analysis, integration, and overall categorization of pottery on the basis of �thesis. surface treatment. Unlike a type, a type-class has no connection with time or space or cultural Pottery classification begins with an ex­ affiliation. Examples include "polychrome," amination of the data (attributes) and is "red-on-black," "incised." As can be seen, a moved forward through laboratory type-class is a ceramic unit that is very broad in analysis, utilizing varieties, types and concept. The assignment "of a ceramic unit to a modes as basic working units, to a stage type-class is a different and separate analytical where unit concepts of integration are operation from the type-variety analysis prop­ developed (ceramic complex, ceramic er" (Phillips and Gifford 1959: 24). In fact, the system, ceramic sequence [i.e., series], assignment to a type-class precedes the division ware, horizon style, pottery tradition, into types and varieties. While the type-class is and design style. These in tum are the obviously not limited to any one type, each type necessarylinks in the chains of synthesis is limited to a type-class or a combination of that lead to theory. (Gifford 1963a: 30.) such. For this reason the second term of the bi­ nomial designation for each type is a type-class The relationships among the various concepts of designation. the approach are shown graphically in Figure 2.

CERAMIC SPHERE

DESIGN POTTERY HORIZON CERAMIC CERAMIC COMPLEX WARE STYLE TRADITION STYLE SYSTEM SEQUENCE

Figure 2. UNITS OF THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS (AFTER GIFFORD 1976) 3. TYPE DESCRIPTIONS

The ceramics recovered from Edzna by the variations from established types and varieties. BYU-NW AF (and by Arque6logo Pavon) were Once the types and varieties were defined, I originally stored in the project laboratory in the again inspected the sherds in order to analyze Baluarte San Pedro in Campeche, Campeche, modes. In the ceramic counts, those sherds that Mexico. My analysis of these ceramics, which could not be identified for type or variety, but constitutes the bulk of the present study, was which could be identified for ceramic group, I carried out there. When this analysis was com­ counted as part of the ceramic group total only. pleted, a type collection was compiled and transferred in 1975 to the Southeastern Regional TYPE DESCRIPTION FORMAT Center of the lnstituto Nacional de Antropo­ logia e Historia in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. A much smaller type collection was exported to The type descriptions that follow are in the United States for further analysis, and is now chronological order by ceramic complex, the stored in facilities of the Department of Anthro­ method of presentation used by most T:V-M pology at Brigham Young University in Provo, analysts (Matheny 1970; Sabloff 1975; Gifford Utah. 1976), although some have preferred present­ ation by type-class (Adams 1971; Ball 1973). Within each ceramic complex I have recorded METHOD OF ANALYSIS the individual type and variety descriptions by As indicated previously, the Edzna ceramics ceramic group within wares, following the pres­ were classified in accordance with the entation previously used by Matheny (1970) and Type:Variety-Mode Conceptual Approach (Gif­ Gifford (1976). Frequency and percentage data ford 1963a). The actual analytic procedure con­ for each ware and ceramic group unit are given formed in general to that outlined by Matheny to the side of each of these units. The frequency (1970: 144-147). After making an initial in­ figure represents the number of classified sherds spection of the ceramics from each provenience pertaining to that particular ware or ceramic unit in order to familiarize myself with the group unit. range of variation in the collections, I sorted the The presentation of the type-variety descrip­ sherds into ceramic classes (i.e., type-classes), tions essentially follows the format outlined by and then into tentative types and varieties using Sabloff (1975: 19-21) with some slight modifica­ the inspectional configuration method. In other tion. For example, I do not include in each type words, I apprehended differences and sim­ description "all of the hierarchical information ilarities in pottery on the basis of sensory per­ ... required within the type-variety system" ception, knowledge, and experience (Matheny (Sabloff 1975: 19). Such a procedure would be 1970: 145). Subsequent sortings were necessary redundant, since the type-variety descriptions in order to refine the tentative units into the fi­ are ordered according to their complex, ware, nal types and varieties on the basis of increas­ and ceramic group affiliations. Ceramic Sphere ingly detailed distinctions. However, as the association, following Gifford (1976: 45), is giv­ .analysis proceeded, and familiarity with the ce­ en only for each ceramic complex, not for each ramic inventory increased, I often found it un­ type. In addition to these changes, I have added necessary to repeat each successive step of the to the type descriptive format a frequency cate­ procedure, since it became easier to identify gory reflecting the number and percentage of

11 12 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO sherds of that particular type or variety recov­ In considering frequency, one must also con­ ered from the site. Sabloff (1975: 19) did not in­ sult ceramic group totals, since the identified clude this in his presentation, although most frequency of a given type or variety is often analysts have traditionally done so. With the misleading. This is due to the fact that above explanations as background, each of the type-variety descriptions is presented in the fol­ quantitative representations under un­ lowing manner. slipped or undecorated type or variety Type: Variety Name. In accordance with the headings can be disproportionately T:V-M system (Phillips and Gifford 1959: large by comparison to other type or 22-24), the type name is binomial, consisting of variety units because type and variety a geographical term followed by a type-class designations are always recognized and term (e.g., Sierra Red). In the case of Edzna based upon a consideration of whole types, the geographical terms used to designate vessels (Willey et al. 1965: 320). types I selected from the central Campeche area except where types found at Edzna were In actual classification, however, we deal pri­ the same as those previously defined elsewhere, marily with vessel fragments. Thus a sherd from in which case I use the type name given by pre­ an unincised portion of an incised vessel would vious analysts. With respect to the variety be counted as belonging to an unincised or un­ name, previous type-variety analysts have used decorated type. If one were classifying only a geographical or descriptive term followed by whole vessels, this problem would not arise. But the word Variety, and appended this to the type with sherds, the distribution of recognizable name by means of a colon in order to give the types tends to be skewed in the direction of un­ complete type-variety designation (e.g., Sierra decorated types. This problem can be avoided, Red: Sierra Variety). As indicated previously, I however, with the use of the ceramic group as use a geographical term for the established vari­ the principal comparative unit. ety and a descriptive term for subsequent varie­ Established. This category provides the ref­ ties, unless such varieties have been previously erence(s) in which the type or variety was first given a geographical name by others. defined and named. As indicated by Sabloff Frequency. Under frequency I list the total (1975: 19) any name discrepancies or synonyms number of analyzed sherds from controlled con­ that occur are discussed here. texts for each ceramic variety, as well as the Description. This part, which provides the number of whole or partial vessels, if any. Next descriptive basis for each type or variety, con­ I list percentage data (in parentheses). The num­ sists of the following four sections. ber to the left gives the percentage of the ce­ Principal identifying attributes. Listed under ramic group total; the number to the right gives this heading are the ceramic attributes most di­ the percentage of the total number of sherds agnostic or characteristic of that type or variety. classified for the complex. Paste, firing, and temper. The principal ex­ These data include only counts from con­ amination of the paste and temper character­ trolled excavated contexts. The reader should istics of each type or variety was carried out in keep in mind that several tens of thousands of the BYU-NWAF field laboratory in Campeche, sherds from excavations by Raul Pavon Abreu, Campeche, Mexico. I used a 6X comparator and perhaps others, were recovered from stor­ magnifier to make these examinations and deter­ age in a small hut near the Large Acropolis and mined paste and temper attributes by inspecting in a large dump near the site guardian's hut. freshly broken surfaces. A small sample of each These sherds were collected and analyzed, but type or variety was exported to the United specific provenience is indeterminate. There­ States and examined under a 20X binocular mi­ fore, they are not included in the counts. These croscope. We also treated these sherds with cold counts include sherds from Structure 20, Com­ hydrochloric acid in order to ascertain calcite plex VII, however, for which we have proveni­ particles. The paste descriptions include data on ence data. paste color, texture, and strength. Texture is pri- TYPE DESCRIPTION FORMAT 13 marily a function of the nature of the temper flection point (i.e., a change in vessel contour) (Shepard 1968: 117). The texture of types at higher up than the maximum diameter of the Edzna is therefore based on the average size of vessel (Shepard 1968: 230). aplastic inclusions in the paste and on their The following form classes have been utiliz­ abundance and classified as fine (paste lacks ed to describe vessel form in the text. A plate is temper), thin (average size of inclusions < .5 an unrestricted vessel whose height is less than mm), medium (.5-.75 mm), and coarse (> .75 one-fifth its diameter (Smith 1971: 7). A dish is mm). I used the Munsell Soil Color Charts an unrestricted or only slightly restricted vessel (1954) to determine color. Temper composition, whose height is between one-third and one-fifth when known, and particle size and abundance its diameter (Smith 1971: 7). A bowl is an un­ are also given in this section. Firing information restricted or only slightly restricted vessel whose includes data on firing atmosphere, as well as height is no more than equal to, but not less presence or absence of dark cores and fire­ than, one-third its diameter (Sabloff 1975: 23). A clouding. basin is a special kind of bowl with a wide, un­ Surface finish and decoration. My definition restricted or only slightly restricted orifice, no of surface finish follows that of Shepard (1968: neck, and a large globular to hemispherical 186), which consists of body (Brainerd 1958: 47). A ;ar is a necked, in­ dependent restricted vessel with a globular to all surface characteristics that result hemispherical body. A vase is an unrestricted or from the manner in which the vessel only slightly restricted vessel whose height ex­ was evened and smoothed during the ceeds its maximum diameter (Sabloff 1975: 23). shaping process and subsequently. The A tecomate is a globular to spherical vessel technique of slipping is included, but whose orifice is so restricted that the vessel wall the various forms of surface patterning near the lip approaches a horizontal tangent .. . I have considered under decorative (see Sabloff 1975: Fig. 11.f). Other vessel forms, techniques. when they occur, are described in the text. With The term decoration refers to all alterations or many sherds, I did not find it possible to ascer­ additions to vessel surfaces (except slipping) af­ tain the vessel-height-to-vessel-diameter ratio ter vessel shaping and smoothing (including po­ with enough exactitude to place them in their lishing) have been completed. exact form class. For example, I often could not Surface colors, whether slipped or unslipped determine if a particular unrestricted rim sherd surfaces, as well as the color of decorative ele­ should be classified as a dish or a bowl. Con­ ments, I give in terms of the Munsell system sequently, the form descriptions sometimes re­ mentioned previously. The principal surface fin­ flect this fact with the designation of a particu­ ish characteristics noted in the descriptions are lar form as a "dish or bowl." slipping, smoothing, and polishing. Decorative According to Matheny (1970: 35), the rim techniques include painting, trickle painting, in­ consists of the upper one-third of the vessel cising, punctating, gouging, impressing, fluting, wall, while the lip consists of the distal end of gadrooning, striating or raking, carving, mod­ the rim. The base refers to the lower one-third eling, and notching. of the vessel, not including supports (when pres­ Form. In designating vessel form, I have used ent). Appendages include handles, spouts, lugs, the following definitions to describe form attri­ flanges, and lids. I have made no attempt to butes and classes. A restricted vessel is one in form a classification of vessel appendage attri­ which the diameter of the orifice is less than butes such as the one utilized by Sabloff (1975: that of the maximum diameter of the vessel 24-27). Instead these are described as fully as (Shepard 1968: 228). An unrestricted vessel is possible for each form category listed in the one in which the diameter of the orifice is equal text. When I have not known the form category to or greater than the maximum diameter of the of particular examples of appendages, I have de­ vessel (Shepard 1968: 228). An independent re­ scribed these appendages separately at the end stricted vessel is one that has a corner or in- of the Form section. 14 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Rim diameters, which represent the max­ JWBB Ball 1977a imum and minimum dimensions for the form, I K&E Kidder and Ekholm 1951 measured from lip to lip unless specified other­ LJM Joesink-Mandeville 1970 wise. These measurements represent between LVJ Joesink-Mandeville 1968 one and fifty determinations, depending on the MPS Andrews IV et al. 1975: 168-183 frequency of the form. I made no attempt to M&V Merwin and Vaillant 1932 measure wall thicknesses by measurement on a POM Smith 1971 ratio scale. Instead I used the following ordinal RES Smith 1955a scale: thin (:s;5 mm), medium (6-12 mm), thick REWA Adams 1971 (13-18 mm), very thick(> 18 mm). RPC Piiia Chan 1968 Intrasite l,ocations and contexts. This cate­ RTM Matheny 1970 gory identifies the areas within the site from SG Smith and Gifford 1966 which the type or variety was recovered, as well SMI Smith 1955b as any relevant contextual data. S&P Shook and Proskouriakoff 1951 Intersite lncations and contexts. This section WBGG Willey et al. 1965 provides comparative information concerning WCA Willey, Culbert, and Adams 1967 each type or variety, first on the typological WTS Sanders 1960 level (when applicable) and then on the modal level(when applicable) (Sabloff 1975: 20). Full citations for these can be found in Cultural significance. This category provides References. a concise statement concerning the significance The following abbreviations are used to des­ of each type or variety, when applicable. This ignate the locations of sherd collections men­ may include information on distributions, trade, tioned in the text: function, etc. Illustration. The figure numbers illustrating BYU Department of Anthropology and each type are referred to in this section. Archaeology, Brigham Young University INAH Ceramoteca, Museo Nacional de ABBREVIATIONS Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico The following abbreviations are used IYAH Instituto Yucateco de Antropologia e throughout the remainder of this report to refer Historia, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico to often-cited ceramic reports: PM Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, ARL Ruz 1969 Cambridge, Massachusetts B&A Ball and Andrews V 1975 TU Laboratory of Anthropology, Temple DCP Pring 1976a University, Philadelphia EWA Andrews IV 1965b UM University Museum, University of FWN Nelson 1973 Pennsylvania, Philadelphia GWB Brainerd 1958 JAS Sabloff 1975 The following abbreviations are used to des­ JB Ball 1977b ignate the source of unpublished information: JCG Gifford 1976 JES Thompson 1939 p.com. personal communication JWB Ball 1973 p. ob. personal observation Table 1. THE CERAMIC COMPLEXES

PROVIDED BELOW IS A LIST OF THE CERAMIC COMPLEXES WITH THEIR WARES, TYPES, AND VARIETIES, IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THIS LIST IS A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EACH COMPLEX.

Malecon Ceramic Complex UAXACTUN UNSLIPPED w ARE PASO CABALLO W,uy WARE SapoteCeramic Group Sapote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety ChatelCerumic Group Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety Cha tel Orange-red: Chatel Variety Noax Incised: Noax Variety Poderes Ceramic Complex (Cepos Subcomplex) Noax Incised: Fine-incised Variety El Hular F1uted: El Hular Variety PETEN GLOSS w ARE El Hular F1uted: Shallow-fluted Variety Urupecified Group(•) Multun Punctuated: Multun Variety Cerumic Aguila Orange: Variety Unspecified Solguna Ceromic Group Guacamallo Red-on-orange: Variety Unspecified Solguna Black: Solguna Variety lxcanrio Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified Pechal Incised: Pechal Variety Chumpa lncised-punctated: Chumpa Variety Poderes Ceramic Complex (Full Poderes Complex) 1'£TEN GLOSS WARE El Llanto Ceramic Group El Llanto Cream: El Lian to Variety Aguila Ceramic Group Jerusalem Incised: Jerusalem Variety Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety Las Ruinas Red-on-cream: Las Ruinas Variety San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal Variety Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety Unspecified UAXACTUN UNSLIPPED w ARE Dos ArroyosOrange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety SapoteCerumic Group Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety Sapote Striated: Atiejo Variety UrupecifiedCerumic Group(•) Baluartes Ceramic Complex Caldero Buff-polychrome: Variety Unspecified PASO CABALLO WAXY WARE Yaloche Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified Balanza Group Sierra Ceramic Group Ceramic Sierra Red: Chon Variety Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified Sierra Red: Unslipped-exterior Variety Laguna Verde Incised: Variety Unspecified YUCATAN GLOSS WARE Laguna Verde Incised: Gouge-incised Variety Batre, Group Alta Mira F1uted: Alta Mira Variety Ceramic Alta Mira F1uted: Horizontally-fluted Variety Batres Red: Variety Unspecified Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Variety Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety UAXACTUN UNSLIPPED w ARE Hongo Composite: Hongo Variety Triunfo Ceramic Group Triunfo Striated: Dzicilia Variety Polvero Ceramic Group Quintal Unslipped: Variety Unspecified Polvero Black: Polvero Variety Lechuga! Incised: Gouge-incised Variety Agua Potable Ceramic Complex Koben Composite: Koben Variety CAMPECHE GLOSS WARE FlorCeramic Group F1or Cream: Variety Unspecified Chimbote Cerumic Group F1orCream: Unslipped-exterior Variety Chimbote Cream-polychrome: Samula Variety Accordian Incised: Variety Unspecified Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties Unspecified Moro Orange-polychrome: Resist Variety Xcampeu Composite: Xcampeu Variety Xbenil Light Brown Polychrome: Variety Unspecified Chocubul Gouged-incised: Chocubul Variety Eacobal Ceramic Group Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety Sa!f"nCeramic Group Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety UrupecifiedCeramic Group Cararnba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspecified TononcheCeromlc Group Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety Tonanche �ck: Tonanche Variety San Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety PajaralGouged-incised: Pajaral Variety Mastun Red-on-black: Mastun Variety YUCATAN 0..AQUE WARE Cui Group Nolo Ceramic Group Ceramic Tipikal Preslip-striated Red: Variety Unspecified Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety Estela Red-on-orange: Estela Variety UntoCeramic Group Haltunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen Variety Unto Preslip-striated Black: Veriety Unspecified Cui Orange-polychrome: Cui Variety

15 16 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA.. CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Sagu Ceramic Group Hontun Ceramic Group Sagu Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety Hontun Cray: Hontun Variety Chumpic Incised: Chumpic Variety Charote Ceramic Group Homobo Fluted: Homobo Variety Charote Red: Charote Variety Niop Incised-punctated: Niop Variety Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Variety PocyaxumGouged-incised: Pocyaxum Variety Pixoyal Incised: Groove-incised Variety Ulumal Fluted: Ulumal Variety CAHUICH CoARSE-CREAM WARE &bola Black-on-red: &bola Variety Sihochac Dark-red-on-red: Sihochac Variety HolactunCeramic Group UnspecifwdCeramic Group Holactun Black-on-cream: Holactun Variety Carpizo Red: Carpizo Variety SANTA ROSITA UNSLIPPEO w ARE Chablekal CeramicGroup _ Dzib Ceramic Group Chablekal Cray: Chablekal Variety Dzib Striated: Dzib Variety Chicxulub Incised: Variety Unspecified Cholul Fluted: Cholul Variety Muralla Ceramic Complex Telchac Composite: Telchac Variety Puuc SLATE WARE F1NE OitANCE WARE Muna Ceramic Group Muna Slate: Muna Variety Balancan Ceramic Group Muna Slate: Notched Variety Provincia Plano-relief: Variety Unspecified Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety Tekit Incised: Heavy-incised Variety AltarCeramic Group Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety Altar Orange: Variety Unspecified Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Variety Akil Impressed: Akil Variety HoXA UNsLIPPEo WARE Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Variety THIN SLATE WARE Chencan Ceramic Group Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan Variety Tieu/ Ceramic Group Chencan Brown-on-orange: Compacted-surface Variety Ticul Thin-slate: Tieu! Variety Xul Incised: Xu! Variety Puuc UNSLIPPED WARE Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety Acapulquito Ceramic Group Acapulquito Unslipped: Acapulquito Variety Puuc REo WARE Yakatzib Striated: Yakatzib Variety Teabo Ceramic Group Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Variety Teabo Red: Teabo Variety Becal Incised: Becal Variety NoHAcAL UNSLlPPEo WARE Tekax Black-on-red: Tekax Variety Nilum Ceramic Group MoXA CRAY WARE Nilum Unslipped: Nilum Variety

THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX

The Malecon Ceramic Complex represents El Llanto Ceramic Group the earliest ceramic complex yet identified at El Llanto Cream: El Llanto Variety Edzna. It includes the following wares, types, Jerusalem Incised: Jerusalem Variety Las Ruinas Red-on-cream: Las Ruinas Variety and varieties: Uaxactun Unslipped Ware Sapote Ceramic Group Paso Caballo Waxy Ware Sapote Striated: Ane;o Variety Chatel Ceramic Group Chatel Orange-red: Chatel Variety Noax Incised: Noax Variety PASO CABALLO WAXY WARE (1812) Noax Incised: Fine-incised Variety El Hular Fluted: El Hular Variety Paso Caballo Waxy Ware was originally de­ El Hular Fluted: Shallow-fluted Variety fined at Uaxactun as pertaining to the Chicane! Multun Punctated: Multun Variety Solguna Ceramic Group horizon at that site (SC: 167), and is well Solguna Black: Solguna Variety known. The Malecon ceramics at Edzna are in Pechal Incised: Pechal Variety many respects identical to much of LJM's Late Chumpa lncised-punctated: Chumpa Variety Nabanche and Early slipped wares THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 17

from Dzibilchaltun (Joseph W. Ball, p. com.; p. the sherd temper and in the paste. Unidentified ob., IYAH). Ball (JB: ll5) considers this material particles, a deep glassy black in color, also oc­ to be closely related to Paso Caballo Waxy cur, but are not abundant. Iron oxide inclusions Ware, though distinct. My own view, however, are rare and apparently not intentional. is that Malecon and Late Nabanche-Early Kom­ Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ chen pottery merely represent an earlier mani­ faces were smoothed prior to the application of festation of a ware that becomes very wide­ the slip. A thin, soft, adherent, orange-red to red spread on the Chicanel horizon. In fact, I slip was applied to vessel surfaces. The most personally doubt the utility, on the ware level, common colors are lOR 4/6, 4/8, 5/6, 5/8; of the Flores-Paso Caballo Waxy Ware split (see 7.5 R 3/8, 4/6, 4/8, 5/8. On unrestricted or SC: 166-167, 170; JAS: 30, Fig. 20; Rice 1976: only slightly restricted vessels the slip was gen­ 541). Consequently, I have chosen to classify the erally applied to both interior and exterior sur­ Malecon slipped pottery as part of Paso Caballo faces, including the exterior of the base. On re­ Waxy Ware, since there is insufficient tech­ stricted forms, only exteriors were normally nological difference between the Malecon and slipped, although a small area near the rim late Chicanel horizon ceramics. There are, how­ might be slipped on the interior. The slipped ever, considerable and distinctive differences surfaces were then polished to a lustrous finish. with respect to form and decorative attributes, Crazing of the slip is characteristic. which I have expressed on the typological and Forms: group levels. 1. Everted-rim dish or bowl with wide hori­ zontal or down-turned rims and flaring sidewalls CHATEL CERAMIC GROUP (1459) (Figs. 3a-l, z; 4z; 5a-b). Bases are usually slightly indented (i.e., dimpled from the exte­ Chatel Orange-red: Chatel Variety rior). Indentation is not greatly pronounced, but Frequency: 1386 sherds (95%; 47%). is sufficient to make the weight of the vessel rest Established: Present study. on that portion of the base nearest the basal Description: break. For this reason, most basal sherds have an Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange­ unslipped ring around the base where the slip red slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) dishes or has worn away due to use; the rest of the base, bowls with flaring walls and wide, horizontal or which did not come into contact with the rest­ downturned rims. ing surface, remains slipped. Rim diameter Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is gener­ ranges from 19-47 cm. Wall thickness is ally medium textured, although thin-walled medium. specimens have a thin texture. The paste is also 2. Thickened-rim cuspidorlike bowl. The strong and does not yield readily to hand pres­ rim is generally everted (Fig. 3m-p). Base form sure. Paste color is generally red (2.5YR 4/6, is like that of Form 1. Rim diameter is 19-28 516, 5/8; lOR 4/8, 5/8) although some examples cm; wall thickness is medium, but occasional ex­ are pale brown (lOYR 6/3) and a few are gray amples have thin vessel walls. (lOYR 5/1). Firing was carried out in an oxidiz­ 3. Dish or bowl with double-bolstered rim. ing atmosphere, resulting in the red color of the Sidewalls are rounded to flaring (Fig. 3q-u, aa). paste. Dark cores, a result of insufficient oxida­ The rim diameter of one example is 27 cm. Base tion, do occur, although they are not common. form is unknown. Wall thickness is medium, Pale brown cores, probably due to incomplete rarely thin. _oxidation, also occur. By and large, however, fir­ 4. Exterior-bolstered-rim bowl. Vessel walls ing appears to have been well controlled. Fire­ may be either flaring or rounded (Fig. 3v-y). clouding, in the form of black to gray blotches Base form is unknown. Rim diameter is between on the surface, does occur, but it is not charac­ 15-33 cm. Wall thickness is preponderantly me­ teristic. The temper is primarily crushed sherd, dium, but one example has thin vessel walls. although numerous particles of angular milky­ 5. Flaring-walled plate or dish with direct white to translucent calcite also occur, both in - rim (Fig. 3bb-dd). Bases are flat or indented. 18 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

The only rim diameter obtainable is 14 cm. to medium-high neck (Fig. 3ff-nn, rr). Rim di­ Wall thickness is medium. ameter ranges from 8-19 cm. Neck height aver­ 6. Interior-thickened-rim plate or dish (Fig. ages between 2-3 cm, but some examples attain 3ee-ii). Rim diameter varies from 16-23 cm. 4-5 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium, occa­ 7. Jar with narrow to wide mouth and low sionally thick, rarely thin.

g -,. � ,h I , q

(

-,V ,w z --,. {=- X ,y \ aa '

�-!t'!(t!�(Ikk jj

-,ss

Figure 3. CttATEL ORANGE-RED: CHATEL VARIETY a-1, z, Form l; m-p, Form 2; q-u, aa, Form 3; v-y, Form 4; bb-dd, Form 5; ee-ii, Form 6; ;;-nn, rr, Form 7; oo-qq, ss, Form 8. (Scale ½ actual size.) THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 19

8. Thin-walled tecomate (Fig. 3oo-qq, ss). that the types are different, but also the same-it Rim diameter is 4-10 cm. Vessel walls are thin. is due to the difficulties in aligning the ceramic 9. Flaring-walled dish or bowl with slightly complexes and the typological units from the everted rim. Rim diameter ranges from 21-34 two sites. The Formative sequence at Dzibil­ cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are chaltun is divided into three sequent complexes: presumably flat or slightly indented. Nabanche, Komchen, and Xculul (LJM: 13). The 10. Medial-angle dish or bowl (rare) (Fig. Edzna Formative sequence consists of the Male­ 4c-d). Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel wall con and Baluartes ceramic complexes. The thickness is medium. problem is that the Malecon complex at Edzna Bases and supports: Two examples of solid, seems to have its closest similarities to ceramics nubbin supports were noted, presumably part of of the later facet of the Nabanche complex and a dish or bowl form. the earlier part of the Komchen complex. Thus Appendages: A considerable number of bas­ what I have called a single type, Chatel Orange­ ket handles (see RES, 31), presumably for flar­ red, is similar to part of what Joesink-Mande­ ing-walled dishes or bowls, pertain to this type. ville has divided into two types-Nabanche Red­ The handles are characteristically large in width orange-brown and Komchen Orange-red-at relative to their thickness. This gives them a Dzibilchaltun. Moreover, there are many modal flattened, almost rectangular, cross section, al­ characteristics of Komchen Orange-red, espe­ though the edges of the handles are rounded. cially those associated with the later facet of the Several examples of tubular spouts, apparently Komchen complex, which do not occur on unbridged, also occur. Chatel Orange-red vessels. On the contrary, lntrasite locations and contexts: All but a few these attributes are Baluartes complex markers of the sherds of this type were recovered from (e.g., flanges, ridges, protuberances, and in­ the bottommost levels of excavations carried out curved and wavy rims). As a result, it is difficult in the area immediately surrounding the ball to make a definitive statement at this time. Suf­ court: excavations 434, TPl and TP2 (Map 7, fice it to say that the relationships between Kl3; TP2 is mislocated on map as 448-TP2 near Chatel Orange-red and the two types mentioned Complex 3); 505-TPl (Map 12, Jl3); and 507, above are close. When the ceramics recently ex­ TPl and TP2 (Map 12, Jl3). Some material per­ cavated by MARI from the Formative site of taining to this type was also recovered from ex­ Komchen ( considered by Andrews IV as part of cavations 646 (Map 12, Gl5), 695 (Map 12, Dzibilchaltun) are analyzed, the problems raised Fl5), 696 (Map 12, Fl5), 699 (Map 12, Fl5), here may be cleared up. Preliminary informa­ and 704 (Map 12, Fl5) on the northwestern per­ tion suggests that the Dzibilchaltun Formative iphery of the ceremonial center (see Gurr 1976). sequence will have to be revised on the basis of lntersite locations and contexts: This type is the Komcht:n data (Andrews Vet al. 1981). clearly related to Komchen Orange-red and Examples of Chatel Orange-red occur to the some Nabanche Red-orange-brown at Dzibil­ east of Edzna in the Chenes area. I have noted chaltun (LJM). Indeed, both groups of pottery several examples of this type in Brainerd's belong to the same ware. However, Joseph W. (1951) Santa Rosa Xtampak (SRX) collections (p. Ball, who has examined both the Dzibilchaltun ob., IYAH). A few pieces of this type, or a type and Edzna collections, believes that there is very similar to it, also are in Brainerd's Dzi­ enough diversity in the red monochrome to set bilnocac Formative red monochromes as well them apart as different types (p. com.). I am in­ (p. ob., IYAH). Monte Ceramic Group pottery clined to accept this conclusion, although I have from Dzibilnocac (FWN: 81) is closely related seen examples in the Dzibilchaltun collections to Chatel Orange-red and may represent the (IYAH) that would be indistinguishable if mixed same type. However, this material is somewhat in the Edzna collections, since there is a good darker than the Chatel examples and tends to deal of overlap with respect to both surface fin­ have a very high, almost metallic, luster (p. ob., ish and form modes. BYU). The Monte Ceramic Group material is If the above statement seem a bit vague- very likely somewhat earlier in time than the 20 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Chatel Ceramic Group pottery. Perhaps it rep­ ferential lines located near vessel lips (on teco­ resents a temporal type or variety. Some sherds mates) or on top of everted rims ( dishes or classified as Iturbide Waxy Ware and Mankish bowls). The incisions are evenly spaced around Opaque Ware (Chon and Kayal Ceramic the circumference of the vessel. Line width is Groups) by Nelson (FWN: 87, 89-91) may also generally from 1-2 mm, while line spacing be Chatel Orange-red or close equivalents. The varies from .3-1.0 cm. The second form of in­ bulk of this material, however, is Sierra Red. cising consists of geometric designs placed on One sherd from a Chatel Orange-red tecomate the exterior walls of bowls (or jars?). Decorative appears in a surface collection made by Shook motifs are simple. Groups of diagonal lines, and Proskouriakoff (1951) at the site of La Joya, hatched triangles, and opposed nested parallel about eight kilometers north of Champoton, diagonal lines occur. These are sometimes limit­ Campeche. ed or "zoned" by single circumferential lines. Further afield are clear similarities to types Line width varies from 2-3 mm; line spacing in other parts of the Maya area, but these are varies from .6-1.3 cm. The spacing of the latter not on a typological level. Joventud Red (and form of incision is less precise than that found some Sierra Red) pottery from the southern area near the orifice or on everted rims. is a case in point (p. ob., PM). So also are the Forms: types Mundet Red and Nandayapa Orange from 1. Thin-walled tecomate (Fig. 4p-s, cc; 5k-l, Chiapa de Corzo (p. ob., BYU). p). Rim diameter ranges from 9-16 cm. Vessel On the modal level there are widespread wall thickness is characteristically thin. Base correlations with pottery from much of the form is unknown. Maya area (see chapter 6). 2. Dish or bowl with flaring sides and Illustration: Figures 3, 4a-o, z, aa-bb, mm-qq; double-bolstered rim (Fig. 4t, dd-ee). Rim diam­ Sa-;; 7aa-bb. eter ranges from 18-27 cm. Wall thickness is medium. 3. Everted rim dish or bowl with down­ Noax Incised: Noax Variety turned rim. Rim dimensions are unknown. Wall Frequency: 35 sherds (2.4 percent; 1.19 thickness is medium. percent). 4. Composite vessel of unknown shape. Rim Established: The present study. form and dimensions are unknown. Wall thick­ Description: ness is medium. Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange­ 5. Medial angle bowl (Fig. 4u). Rim diame­ red slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) medium­ ter is unknown; vessel wall thickness is medium. line, round-section incisions; (4) frequent place­ Intrasite locations and contexts: Malecon refuse ment of parallel incised-line decoration on deposits, similar to those for Chatel Orange-red. everted rims or surrounding the orifice of teco­ Intersite locations and contexts: There is a close mates; (5) thin-walled tecomates. similarity between this type and incised exam­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Chat­ ples of the Monte Ceramic Group from Dzi­ el Orange-red. Occasionally chalky white, non­ bilnocac (FWN: 81, Fig. 57a, f). As noted under crystalline inclusions are present in the paste. Chatel Orange-red, the Dzibilnocac material These were not noted in the Chatel Orange-red probably represents equivalent, or closely re­ specimens. lated, types. This variety also occurs at Santa Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ Rosa Xtampak, Campeche. I have noted exam­ faces were smoothed and slipped in a manner ples of it in Brainerd's collections from that site identical to that used for Chatel Orange-red ves­ (IYAH). sels. Decoration, in the form of medium-line The Komchen and some of the Nabanche (1-3 mm), shallow incisions, was added to the materials from Dzibilchaltun are also similar to surface prior to the application of the slip. Dec­ this type. However, the form of incision found oration occurs in two basic forms. The first of on the Dzibilchaltun examples seems to be very these consists of from one to two circum- broad groove-incising, rather than the much THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 21 narrower medium-line incision found on Noax from (REWA: 42). Incised vessels. Overall, this material probably Illustration: Figures 4v-y; So. represents types that are different from those of Noax Incised. El Hular Fluted: El Hular Variety On the modal level, the incised decoration 14 sherds (.96%: .48%). on Noax Incised is very similar to the decoration Frequency: Established: The present study. on Guitara Incised vessels from the Peten. In­ Description: deed, except for the lack of curvilinear designs Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange­ on Noax Incised, Sabloff's (JAS: 65) description red slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) fluting on of Guitara incising is almost identical to that of vessel exteriors in the form of broad horizontal Noax Incised. or vertical preslip grooved pleats. Illustration: Figures 4p-u, cc-ee; Sk-n, p. · Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Chat­ el Orange-red. Noax Incised: Fine-incised Variety Surface finish and decoration: The surface finish of this variety is similar to that of Chatel Frequency: 7 sherds (.48%; .24%). Orange-red. Vessel surfaces were also fluted, ei­ Established: The present study. ther horizontally (i.e., encircling the vessel) or vertically. The grooved flutes are generally nar­ Description: row (2-5 mm), and spaced widely enough (1-2.5 Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange­ cm) that the area between the flutes is broad red slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) fine-line, resulting in a gently undulating surface. Som; post-slip incision; (4) dish or bowl with everted examples, however, have wide flutes (1-2 cm) down-turned rim. and narrow, almost sharp, ridges separating Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Chat­ them. The flutes are shallow (1.5-2.0 mm), but el Orange-red. considerably deeper than those of the Shallow­ Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish fluted Variety. is the same as that on Chatel Orange-red. Deco­ Forms: ration occurs in the form of fine-line (.5-1.5 1. Thin-walled tecomate (Fig. 4ff-gg). Rim mm) post-slip incising consisting of one or two diameter on two examples is 8 and 9 cm respec­ circumferential lines located on everted rims. tively. Vessel walls are characteristically thin. When two lines occur they are generally evenly 2. Thickened-rim, flaring-walled bowl (Fig. spaced around the vessel circumference. One ex­ 4ii). Rim dimensions are unknown. Wall thick­ ample bears two incised lines that encircle the ness is medium. Flutes on this form are vertical vessel body just below the rim on the vessel ex­ in orientation. This may be a cuspidor form. terior (see Form 2 below). 3. Unknown jar form (Fig. 4hh). Wall thick­ Forms: ness is medium; rim dimensions are unknown. 1. Everted rim dish or bowl with wide hori­ lntrasite locations and contexts: Limited to the zontal or down-turned rim (Figs. 4v-x; So). Rim ball-court area of the site. dimensions are unknown. Wall thickness is gen­ lntersite locations and contexts: A similar form erally medium, but one example is thin. of fluting was apparently practiced on vessels of 2. Exterior-bolstered-rim bowl (Fig. 4). Base the Mamom Complex at Uaxactun (RES: 46, form and rim dimensions are unknown. Wall Fig. 14c 6; Ricketson and Ricketson 1937: Figs. thickness of a single specimen is medium. Only 155, 157e). Sabloff also describes this form of .one example of this vessel form was recovered. fluting at Seibal (JAS: 70-71). lntrasite locations and contexts: Malecon Com­ Illustration: Figure 4ff-ii. plex refuse deposits. lntersite locations and contexts: Post-slip in­ El Hular Fluted: Shallow-fluted Variety cising occurs on Reforma lncisec. vessels of the Jenny Creek Complex (JCG: 75-77). This deco­ Frequency: 6 sherds (.41%; .2%). rative mode also occurs on Xe Complex pottery Established: The present study. 22 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO 1 a ,,b C h oo m k 0 � n

p q r s (

� z ) V -,t U r cc aa �✓.., bb ff gg -\.. .,,-, 11 r hh dd

ee Op� �:qqo

�) kk 1 11 mm nn oo

Figure 4. CHATEL ORANGE-REO, 0AX 1Nc1SED, AND EL HuLAR FLUTED CHATEL ORANGE-RED: CHATEL VARIETY. a-b, Form 9; c-d, Form 10; z, Form l; e-i, o, aa-bb, miscellaneous forms; ;, pod; k, qq, spindle whorls; 1-m, pp, basket handles; n, mm, spout fragments; nn-oo, body fragments. OAX I CISED: NOAX VARIETY. p-s, cc, Form l; t, dd, Form 2; u, Form 5; ee, body fragment. NOAX INCISED: FINE-INCISED VARIETY. v-x, Form l; y, Form 2. EL HULAR FLUTED: EL HULAR VARIETY. ff-r,g, Form l; ii, Form 2; hh, Form 3. EL HULAR FLUTED: SHALLOW-FLUTED VARIETY. ii, Form l; II, Form 2; kk, body fragment. (Scale 11.i actual size.) THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 23

Description: Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange­ red slip; (2) highly polished, lustrous surfaces; (3) red slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) deep, extremely shallow, very narrow fluting on vessel postslip punctations that are sometimes enclosed surfaces. or limited by preslip incision. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as El Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Chat­ Hular Variety. el Orange-red. Surface finish and decoration: This variety Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish differs from the El Hular Variety in that the is similar to that on Chatel Orange-red vessels. flutes are extremely shallow (.7-1.0 mm) and Decoration was achieved by the addition of very narrow (1-3 mm) with only a slight inter­ postfiring punctations in simple designs such as vening ridge (i.e., the flutes are juxtaposed, circles or straight or circumferential lines. The whereas El Hular Variety flutes are usually sep­ latter often occurs just below the body-neck arated by a broad, gently arched ridge). The juncture on jar forms. In one case the punc­ flutes are so shallow that they are barely visible, tations occur within prelip incised framing or but are seen very distinctly when the sherd is zoning lines. In another, a single circumferential rotated in the light. That they were in­ incision separates a single row of punctates en­ tentionally produced is evidenced by their regu­ circling the vessel shoulder from the jar neck larity and by the patterning of the flutes seen on above it. larger examples. On tecomates (see below under Forms: Forms) the multiple flutes encircle the vessel 1. Thickened-rim, flaring-walled bowl (Fig. horizontally and are often limited to a band 5q-s). The rim is also slightly everted. Rim di­ around the orifice, which is 2 or 3 cm in width. ameter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness is On other forms the flutes are vertical or diago­ medium. nal, relative to the axis of the vessel. One ex­ 2. Low-necked jar with boot-shaped everted ample has opposed nested parallel flutes in a rim (Fig. 5t). The rim diameter of a single ex­ pattern similar to that found on incised vessels ample is 16 cm. Vessel wall thickness is thin on (see Fig. 4ee). The ridges between flutes, wheth­ the body portion of the vessel, but medium on er vertical or horizontal, are rounded, forming a the neck portion. smooth, undulating surface. The surface finish Intrasite locations and contexts: Malecon com­ on this variety is highly lustrous, even more so plex deposits. than that on Chatel Ceramic Group sherds in Intersite locations and contexts: Punctation, ac­ general. Whether this is merely a matter of ac­ companied by incision and more or less similar cidental preservation on a small sample is not to that found on Multun Punctated, occurs in known. San Felix (REWA: Figs. 9g; 12d-e) and Plancha Forms: (REWA: Fig. 16g, f) complex deposits at Altar 1. Thin-walled tecomate (Fig. 4ii), Vessel de Sacrificios. It also occurs very rarely at Seib­ wall thickness is thin. Rim dimensions are un­ al in Cantutse Complex materials OAS: 84, Fig. known. 151). It apparently was also found on vessels 2. Thin-walled vase with thickened rim from the Nabanche Complex at Dzibilchaltun (Fig. 4ll). A single rim diameter is 13 cm; vessel (LJM: 31). walls are thin. Illustration: Figure 5q-t. Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as El (244) Hular Variety. SoLGUNA CERAMIC GROUP Intersite locations and contexts: None noted. Solguna Black: Solguna Variety Illustration: Figure 4;;-ll. Frequency: 219 sherds (90%; 7%). Multun Punctated: Multun Variety Established: The present study. Frequency: 7 sherds (.48%; .24%). Description: Established: The present study. Principal identifying attributes: (1) black 24 .W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTICATIO SAT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO ' g r. C .,-- --k - I .,,m

U V

t

W X 7 z 7aa /1 y bb cc /7' dd ee -1 l hh I>

Figure 5. CHATEL ORANGE-RED, NOA,'( INCISED, MuLTUN PuNCTATED, SoLGU A BLACK, AND PECHAL INCISED CHATEL ORANGE-RED: CHATEL VARIETY. a-b, Form l; c, Form 3; d-i, Form 8; i, Form 7. NOAX INCISED: NOAX VARlETY. k-l, p, Form l; 111-11, body fragments. NOAX INCISED: FINE-INCISED VARIETY. o, Form l. MULTUN PUNCTATED: MULTU VARIETY. q-s, Form l; t, Form 2. SOLCUNA BLACK: SOLCUNA VARIETY: 11-y, Form l; z-ckl, Form 2; ee-ff, Form 4; gg, Form 5; nn-oo, Form 3; hh-ii, xx-yy, miscellaneous forms; ii-kk, body fragments; II, base; mm, spout fragment. PECHAL I CISED: PECHAL VARIETY. pp-1111, Form l; oo, Form 2; ww, Form 3. (Scale 'l.i actual size.) THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 25 slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) thin-walled 15 cm. Wall thickness is generally medium, oc­ tecomates. casionally thin. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ 5. Thickened-rim, flaring-walled dish or dium textured and strong; it does not fracture bowl with slightly everted rim (Fig. 5gg). Rim easily under hand pressure. The color of the diameter is unknown. Wall thickness is medium. paste varies from red (2.5YR 4/6) to reddish Bases: The only base form known for this brown (5YR 4/ 4) to dark reddish brown (2.5YR type is for a flat-bottomed dish or bowl. It is in­ 3/4). A few examples are very dark gray (2.5YR dented or dimpled (Fig. 5ll) and slipped on the 3/0). The color of the paste is an indication that exterior. firing was apparently carried out in an oxidizing Appendages: One fragment of a Solguna atmosphere, although many examples may not Black tubular spout was noted. It presumably have attained complete oxidation, thus creating occurs on a jar form, perhaps Form 4 above. the brownish-red colors. Vessel surfaces were Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as apparently smudged, resulting in the deep black Chatel Ceramic Group. color characteristic of this type. Some examples Intersite locations and contexts: There is a sim­ have reddish-brown areas on the surface in­ ilarity to Chunhinta Black at Uaxactun (p. ob., dicating that smudging was not complete in PM), and presumably other Peten sites. How­ those areas. Dark cores occur, but are not com­ ever, the deep, consistent black of Edzna exam­ mon. All examples examined have sherd temper. ples is less common at Uaxactun. Chunhinta This is readily visible with a 6X comparator, Black at the latter site exhibits a strong tenden­ since much of the sherd temper is from fully cy toward gray surface colors. Modal similarities oxidized pottery and therefore stands out in the are numerous and strong, however. Solguna reddish-brown to gray paste. Black is also similar to undecorated examples of Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were the Cosalche and Mook ceramic groups at Dzi­ smoothed and a thin soft slip was added, which, bilnocac (FWN: 83, 85). Indeed, I suspect that upon firing, became a deep, strong black (2.5YR the Dzibilnocac material is also Solguna Black. 2/0) or occasionally a very dark gray (2.5YR Illustration: Figure 5u-oo, xx-yy. 3/0). The slip was polished to a lustrous finish that reflects light readily. On unrestricted or Pechal Incised: Pechal Variet only slightly restricted vessels the slip was ap­ y plied to both interior and exterior surfaces, in­ Frequency: 14 sherds (6%; .48%). cluding the exterior vessel bottom. On restricted Established:. Present study. vessels, it was generally applied only to the ex­ Descri tion: terior and, in some cases, a short distance down p Principal identifying attributes: (1) black from the lip on the interior. The slipped surface slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) preslip, me­ appears crazed when viewed· under a 20X bi­ dium-line incision; (4) thin-walled tecomates. nocular microscope. Forms: Paste, firing, and temper: Similar to Solguna 1. Thin-walled tecomate (Fig. 5u-y). Rim Black. diameter ranges from 10-17 cm. Vessel walls Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were are characteristically thin. smoothed and slipped in a manner identical to 2. Flaring-walled plate or dish with direct that used for Solguna Black. Decoration occurs rim (Fig. 5z-dd). Rim diameters range from in the form of preslip, medium-line (1.5-2.0 18-31 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. mm) incision. On tecomates this consists of from 3. Thickened-rim, cuspidor-like bowl (Fig. one to three circumferential lines at the rim 5nn-oo). Rim dimensions are unknown; wall (i.e., around the orifice). On other examples the thickness is medium. This is probably a incisions are located on the body of the vessel. cuspidor. Besides simple circumferential lines, the only 4. Low-necked, narrow-mouthed jar (Fig. design known consists of three curved parallel 5ee-ff). The rim diameter of a single example is lines, opposed to one another in sets of three. 26 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Forms: lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as 1. Thin-walled tecomates (Fig. 5pp-uu). Chatel Orange-red. Rim diameters range from 11-22 cm. Vessel Intersite locations and contexts: Zoned punc­ wall thickness is thin. tation occurs at Altar de Sacrificios (REWA: 2. Thickened-rim dish or bowl. Rim is ever­ Fig. 12a, d, e) in the type San Diego Zoned ted (Fig. 5vv). Rim diameter is unknown. Vessel Punctated. Chepa Grayish-brown from Chiapa wall thickness is medium. de Corzo (p. ob., BYU) is also similar in decora­ 3. Direct rim, flaring-walled dish or bowl tive effect. (Fig. 5ww). Rim diameter is unknown; wall Illustration: Figure 6a-f. thickness is medium. lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as Chatel Orange-red. EL LLANTO CERAMIC GROUP (109) lntersite locations and contexts: I have noted El Llanto Cream: El Llanto Variety black ware tecomates in the Uaxactun collec­ tions (PM) that, except for some differences in Frequency: 81 sherds (74%; 3%). surface finish, are identical to Pechal Incised. As Established: The present study. noted under Solguna Black, the Uaxactun exam­ Description: ples (presumably Deprecio Incised) have a slip Principal identifying attributes: ( 1) white to that tends to gray more consistently than that cream colored slip; (2) slightly lustrous surfaces; on the Edzna blacks. At Dzibilnocac (FWN: 83, (3) basket handles. Fig. 59a) incised examples of the Cosalche Ce­ Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ ramic Group are like Pechal Incised. dium textured, like that of Chatel Orange-red, Illustration: Figures 5pp-ww; 7kk. and is dense and strong. The color of El Llanto Cream paste is generally grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2), dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2), very dark Chumpa lncised-punctated: Chumpa Variety grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2; l0YR 3/2), brown Frequency: 10 sherds (4%; .34%). (7.5YR 5/4), or light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2). Established: The present study. Crushed sherd was utilized as tempering mate­ rial. As in other types of Paso Caballo Waxy Description: Ware at the site, calcite particles occur in the Principal identifying attributes: (1) black sherd temper as well as freely in the paste. slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) zoned punc­ These calcite particles are milky white to clear tation. and translucent in appearance. Glossy black Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sol­ particles, as yet unidentified, also occur. Firing guna Black. apparently took place in a neutral, or at least Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were only partially oxidizing, atmosphere. This neu­ polished to a lustrous black color like that on tralization of the firing atmosphere was appar­ Solguna Black vessels. Decoration was effected ently what produced the milky cream color of by preslip, fine-line ( < 1 mm) to medium-line the slip. Some examples show red blotches (1-2 mm) incision that acted as a boundary where oxygen came into contact with the vessel within which post-slip pointlike punctation was and oxidized the surface-and sometimes the un­ added. The incision, which "zoned" the punc­ derlying paste as well. On other examples are tation, occurred in the form of straight, parallel blackened areas where carbonaceous matter lines, diagonal lines, and rectangular or "bounc­ from a smokey fire was deposited on the sur­ ing line" patterns (see Fig. 6a-f). face. In most cases, however, firing was remark­ Forms: ably well controlled. 1. Thin-walled tecomate (Fig. 6a). Rim di­ Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were ameters range from 14-18 cm. Walls are thin. well smoothed, after which a thin soft slip, This is the only form known for this type. How­ which, upon firing, turned a milky white (2.5Y ever, it is possible that other forms did occur. 7 /0, 8/0) to yellowish cream (lOYR 7 /1, 7 /2, THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 27

8/1, 8/2, 6/1, 6/2) color, was applied to one or JerusalemIncised: Jerusalem Variety both vessel surfaces. The milky white color 5 sherds (5%; .17%). seems to have been the most common. Some of Frequency: Pres.ent study. the sherds exhibit a resistlike, random pattern Established: that was probably caused by liquid marking Description: (RES: 26). The color of these liquid marked Principal identifying attributes: (1) white to areas is also cream, but slightly different from cream slip; (2) slightly lustrous surfaces; (3) pre­ the rest of the slip. Vessel crazing is character­ slip, medium-line incision on everted rims and istic. Vessel surfaces were polished, but do not body exteriors. generally attain as high a luster as the Chatel or Paste, firing, and temper: The same as El Solguna Ceramic Group sherds. The slip is Llanto Cream. closely adherent to the vessel surface. Surface finish and decoration: The surface finish is the same at that for El Llanto Cream. Forms: Decoration is in the form of preslip, medium­ 1. Flaring-walled dish or bowl with wide line (1-2.5 mm) shallow incision, which seems to everted or down-turned rim (Fig. 6k-n). Rim di­ occur in two forms. The first of these consists of ameters range from 29-41 cm. Wall thickness is parallel lines-two such lines on all examples medium. The base form was presumably either noted so far-encircling the vessel on top of flat or dimpled. everted rims. At intervals both lines break to the 2. Interior-thickened-rim plate or dish (Fig. edge of the rim (Fig. 6y, aa) in one variant of 6o, q). Rim diameter of a single example was 34 the "double-line break." The other form of in­ cm; wall thickness is medium. cising is found on vessel exteriors. The only pat­ 3. Exterior thickened-rim dish or bowl (Fig. terns known consist of simple circumferential 6p). Rim diameters are unknown; vessel wall lines and curved or "bouncing line" motifs. thickness is medium. Forms: 4. Incurved-rim bowl or tecomate (Fig. 6v). 1. Flaring-walled dish or bowl with everted Rim dimensions are unknown. Wall thickness is or down-turned rim (Figs. 6y, aa; 7a). Rim di­ medium. ameters range from 28-32 cm. Wall thickness is Appendages: Several examples of basket medium. Bases are slightly dimpled from the ex­ handles, similar in shape to those described for terior. The exterior of the base is generally Chatel Orange-red, also occur in this type. slipped. lntrasite "locations and contexts: The same as 2. lncurved-rim bowl (Fig. 6z). Rim dimen­ Chatel Orange-red. sions are unknown. Wall thickness is medium. Intersite "locations and contexts: According to lntrasite "locations and contexts: The same as Joseph W. Ball (p. com.), this type, but perhaps Chatel Orange-red. a different variety, occurs in the Komchen Com­ lntersite "locations and contexts: There are close plex at Dzibilchaltun. I did not note any of ties, especially with respect to the form of in­ these in the small Komchen type collection at cision, with some of the Fonda and Chunmul IYAH, however. An example of this type defi­ ceramic group materials from Dzibilnocac nitely occurs in the small collection made by (FWN: 81-82). Shook and Proskouriakoff (S&P: 239) at La Illustration: Figures 6y-bb; 7a. Joya, Campeche. Fondo and Chunmul ceramic group sherds (FWN: 81-82) are similar to those Las Ruinas Red-on-cream: Las Ruinas Variety of El Llanto Cream. However, the Dzibilnocac cream tends to be yellower than the milky Frequency: 23 sherds (21%; .78%). white of Malecon Complex creams. An example Established: The present study. of Form 1, misclassified as Chencoy Ceramic Description: Group (FWN: Fig. 64c), occurs in the BYU­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) yellowish NWAF Dzibilnocac collections (p. ob., IYAH). cream slip; (2) red slip or paint; (3) lustrous ves­ Illustration: Figure 6k-x. sel surfaces; ( 4) small flaring-walled dishes. 28 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZ A., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

a b ... - •,C i I e f g h k

r s X

�

z y .,; bb

aa

Figure 6. CHUMPA 1Nc1SED-PUNCTATED, EL LLANTO CREAM, AND JERUSALEM INCISED CHUMPA INCISED-PUNCTATED: CHUMPA VARIETY. a, Form I; b-i, body fragments. EL LLA TO CREAM: EL LLANTO VARIETY. k-n, Form I; o, q, Form 2; p, Form 3; o, Form 4; r-s, basket handles; t-u, bases; w-x, miscellaneous forms. JERUSALEM INCISED: JERUSALEM VARIETY. y, aa, Form l; z, Form 2; bb, base. (Scale Y.i actual size; except I is 1/6 actual size.) THE MALECO CERAMIC COMPLEX 29

Paste, Firing, and Temper: The paste is like lieves that this type is also similar to Dzibilchal­ that of El Llanto Cream. Paste color ranges tun examples. from dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) to very Illustration: Figure 1b-k, n. pale brown (lOYR 8/3). On several examples the paste area immediately below the slip is oxi­ dized red (2.5YR 5/8). The temper is crushed UAXACTUN UNSLIPPED WARE (1131) sherd. Surface finish and decoration: The surfaces The Uaxactun Unslipped Ware is coarse and were smoothed and then slipped a yellowish unslipped, and comprised primarily of jar forms. cream color (l0YR 5/1-3, 7 /2-3; 7.5YR 8/4). A Presumably it was a utilitarian ware. red slip, or in some cases red paint (lOR 4/8; 7.5R 3/8, 4/8), was added to vessel surfaces. SAPOTE CERAMIC GROUP (1131) This was accomplished in two principal ways. Sapote Striated: Aiiejo Variety First, a red band (5-8 mm wide) was painted on the top of the lip, leaving the rest of the vessel Frequency: 1131 sherds (100%; 38%). cream colored. Second, the entire interior area Established: JWBB (10, 13) from Becan. was slipped red, while the cream color re­ Description: mained on the exterior, or vice versa. The red Principal identifying attributes: (1) unslipped slip, whether on the interior or exterior, usually vessel surfaces; (2) very fine brushing or striation extended up over the lip and down onto the op­ on vessel exteriors; (3) jar form; (4) coarse paste. posite surface for a distance of 2-3 mm. A single Paste, firing, and temper: The texture of the example of what was apparently a jar form paste is coarse to medium coarse with inclusions bears the red slip on the neck and shoulder of considerably larger than those evident in Paso the vessel and the cream slip on the rest of the Caballo Waxy Ware. The paste is consequently body. The two zones were separated by a single weaker, but nevertheless not easily fractured by circumferential preslip incised line. The red slip hand pressure. The paste and aplastics are well continued over the lip onto the interior of the mixed, resulting in a homogeneous texture. neck, but not onto the interior body portion. Temper particles are white crystalline calcite in Forms: moderate to abundant amounts. One example, 1. Flaring-walled dish with direct rim (Fig. however, had black temper. Paste col­ 1b-f, n). Rim diameters are 15-32 cm. Wall or is generally red (lOR 5/6; 2.5YR 4/6, 5/8) or thickness is medium, occasionally thin. light red (2.5YR 6/6), and sometimes pale 2. Flaring-walled dish with wide everted brown (lOYR 6/3) or grayish brown (lOYR 5/2). rim (Fig. 7g-h). Rim diameter is unknown. Wall Firing was carried out in an oxidizing atmo­ thickness is medium or thin. sphere resulting in the generally reddish color of 3. Flaring-walled dish with thickened rim the paste. Some examples were apparently only (Fig. 7i). Orifice dimensions are unknown. Wall partially oxidized, resulting in brownish paste thickness is medium or thin. hues. Exteriors often show evidence of smudging 4. Unknown jar form (rare) (Fig. 77). Rim di­ or perhaps reducing where smoke from the fire mensions and neck form are unknown. Vessel affected vessel surfaces. Whether this is the re­ wall thickness is thin. sult of the firing process, or of subsequent use in a fire for culinary or other purposes, is not Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as known. Chatel Orange-red. Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ Intersite locations and contexts: Equivalent faces were smoothed. Generally the surfaces with the Lubna Ceramic Group at Dzibilnocac have a medium to coarse texture. Some sherds (FWN: 83; p. ob., BYU). The decorative effect have surfaces with protruding temper particles, also relates this type to Muxanal Red-on-cream apparently caused by drying shrinkage. This (Smith and Gifford 1965: 510; p. ob., Uaxactun leaves a thin layer of clay covering the particles, collection, PM). Joseph W. Ball (p. com.) be- but results in a grainy texture (Shepard 1968: 30 .W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTICATIONS AT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO l 7 b C d a

e g z h I llm

n 7 (0 1p

ffl/(ll X y r s t u V w tn ( l� bb dd ee ff gg cc z aa

hh kk

11 JJ Figure 7. JERUSALEM i.NCISED, LAS RUINAS RED-ON-CREAM, SAPOTE STRIATED, CHATEL ORANGE-RED, MALECON SPECIALS, AND PECHAL INCISED JERUSALEM INCISED: JERUSALEM VARIETY. a, Form 1. LAS RUINAS RED-ON-CREAM: LAS RUI AS VARIETY. b-f, n, Form l; g-h, Form 2; i, Form 3; i, Form 4; k, miscellaneous form. SAPOTE STRIATED: A - EJO VARIETY. 1-m, o-w, Form l; :r, Form 2; y, basal fragment; z, double-strand handle. CHATEL ORANGE-RED: CHA TEL VARIETY. aa-bb, vertical spouts. MALECON SPECIALS. cc, Red Gadrooned; dd, Homun Unslipped Ware (?); ee-gg, Unnamed Mottled Brown; hh, Orange Resist; ii, Fluted Orange;;;. unslipped effigy head. PECHAL I Cl ED: PECHAL VARIETY. kk, body fragment. (Scale Y.i actual size.) THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 31

188). Most examples are well smoothed, how­ striations, identical to those on Anejo Variety ever, and interiors and unstriated portions of ex­ vessels, occur on the bodies of some Achiotes teriors do not generally have the grainy texture. Unslipped vessels at Uaxactun (p. ob., PM). Low spots or channels are often on the surfaces IllustTation: Figure 7l-m, o-z. because these were not evened out during the smoothing process. Surface colors range from red (2.5YR 6/6; lOR 5/6, 6/6), to pink, (7.5R MALECON SPECIAL: HoMUN UNSLIPPED WARE (?) 7/4) to brown (7.5YR 6/4; 2.5YR 6/4; lOYR One sherd. This sherd is the rim of a water 6/2, 7/3), to gray (7.5YR 3/0, 4/0; 2.5YR 3/0). bottle form (see GWB: 82, 170). The color is Some surfaces appear to have been smoked or reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/5), and the surface, al­ smudged on the exterior,. resulting in light to though unslipped, is polished to a low luster, dark gray surfaces. Vessel exteriors were which is visible when the sherd is rotated in the brushed or striated. This striation is very fine light. The rim diameter is slightly less than 2.5 and shallow, with a width of generally less than cm. The outer 2-3 cm of the paste is yellowish 1.0 mm, averaging about .5 mm. These striations red in color (5YR 4/8), while the bulk of the are packed close together, producing an overall core is very dark gray (5YR 3/1). The temper is effect of a very light brushing of the surface. sherd. It is not known whether this sherd per­ The striation may be aligned vertically, horizon­ tains to the type Yotolin Pattern-burnished tally, or diagonally, but seems to be unpat­ (POM: 22), since the pattern burnishing occurs terned. In most cases the brushing is confined to only on the bottle bodies and no known bodies the shoulder and body of the exterior. In some occurred at Edzna. However, examples of water cases, however, the striations continue up to the bottles found near Sacalum, Yucatan, by Folan lip. Forms: and Lowe (Folan 1972) are not pattern-burn­ ished (p. ob., BYU). These may represent the 1. Wide-mouthed, low- to medium-necked type Copetilla Unslipped (DCP: 2, Fig. Ila). jar (Fig. This is overwhelmingly the 1l-m, o-w). The Edzna water bottle was found in the lower dominant form for this type, constituting over levels of an excavation within the Fortress 95 percent of the sample. Rim diameters range which yielded pure Baluartes Complex material. from 14-27 cm. Neck height ranges from 2.5-6 Its placement on the Malecon Complex is there­ cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium to thick, fore based on comparative studies (GWB: 24, averaging right near the division between the DCP: 2; Ball: p. com.; Brainerd 1951: 74), two categories (10-15 mm). Bases were presum­ rather than on stratigraphic sequence. ably round, but at least one example was flat­ Figure 7dd. tened (Fig. 7y). IllustTation: 2. Flaring-walled dish or bowl with direct rim (rare) (Fig. 7x). Rim dimensions are un­ MALECON SPECIAL: UNNAMED MOTTLED BROWN known; vessel wall thickness is medium. A number of sherds with all-over mottled Appendages: One example of a double brown surfaces that were well polished occurred strand jar handle (Fig. 7z) pertains to this type. consistently in the lower levels of excavations lntTasite locations and contexts: The same as 434-TPl (Map 7, Kl3) and 434-TP2 (Map 7, Chatel Orange-red. K13, but mislocated on map as 448-TP2 near Intenite locations and contexts: This variety Complex 3). Unfortunately, these sherds were occurs at Becan Goseph W. Ball, p. com.; p. ob., counted in a catch-all category that I labeled Becan collection, IYAH). The striation of the "Variegated." The exact number of mottled Becan sherds is slightly heavier in execution brown sherds is not known since this category than that characteristic of the sherds at Edzna, included other sherds as well. The sherds did oc­ but it is clearly within the Edzna range. Some of cur fairly consistently in the excavation units of the examples of the Kich Ceramic Group these two pits, however. The only known forms (FWN: 85-86) in the Dzibilnocac collections at are wide-mouthed jars. One example of a pod, BYU also pertain to this type (p. ob.). Very light perhaps a monopod (Fig. 7gg), also occurred. It 32 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO is not known whether these sherds were slipped The color of the sherd is light red (lOR 5.5/6); or whether a fine layer of surface clay was however, it bears a resist pattern that is light merely brought to the surface of the vessel dur­ brown (7.5YR 6/4). This resist area forms a cir­ ing burnishing. Vessel walls are medium to thin cumferential band at the interior portion of the in thickness. lip, with vertical stripes, 1.5-2.0 cm apart, run­ Illustration: Figure 7 ee-gg. ning down the vessel interior (Fig. 7hh). The overall effect is very similar to that found on Ni­ MALECON SPECIAL: 0rHER CHATEL CERAMIC capa Orange-resist sherds at Chiapa de Corzo GROUP-RED GADROONED (p. ob., BYU), and to Tierra Mojada Resist (JAS: 71-72) at Seibal (p. ob., PM). Four sherds. This type is identical to Chatel Illustration: Figure 7hh. Orange-red except for decorative effect. The ex­ terior globular bodies of these vessels were dec­ orated with deep vertical incisions which curve MALECON SPECIAL: UNNAMED IMPRESSED TYPE away gradually from the incision trough, creat­ One sherd. This sherd, bearing fingernail ing a melon-like appearance. The incisions or punctations in the unslipped surface, definitely depressions are about 3-5 mm in depth (at the pertains to this horizon. It represents the deepest point) and .5-1.0 cm in width. Vessel rounded, unslipped surface of a mushroom stand form is unknown, but some sort of globular ves­ form (see REW A: Fig. 13d). It is not known sel, probably a jar form, is indicated. Gadroon­ whether the body portion of the vessel was ing appeared on Nabanche complex pottery at slipped. Dzibilchaltun (LJM: 31). One example of this Illustration: None. was also encountered in the Cantutse complex at Seibal GAS: 94), and another example on a MALECON SPECIAL: FLUTED ORANGE Joventud Ceramic Group vessel from Becan in Two sherds. One is a restricted bowl form the Acachen Ceramic Complex (p. ob., IYAH). and the other a flaring walled bowl, both bear­ Illustration: Figure 7cc. ing a reddish-yellow (orange) slip (5YR 7 /6, 7 /8). Exteriors bear horizontal circumferential MALECON SPECIAL: 0rHER SoLGUNA CERAMIC flutes. GROUP-STUCCOED TYPE Illustration: Figure 7ii. One sherd. This sherd, of Solguna Black, MALECON SPECIAL: UNSLIPPED EFFIGY HEAD with pink-tinted stucco adhering to it, occurred in a Malecon context. The slipped black surface An unslipped, hollow head was recovered (2.5YR 2.5/0) underlying the stucco was highly from Level 14 of Excavation 434-TPl (Map 7, polished. The stucco still adhering to the vessel Kl3). The head measures 5.5 cm in length and is wall is light red (lOR 6/6) and not particularly 5 cm high. The eyes of the head are formed by thick (ca. 1 mm). This sherd also bears a preslip appliqued strips of clay running parallel to the groove. A similar combination of a polished long axis of the head. These were horizontally black surface and pink-tinted stucco occurs on grooved, giving them more of an eye-like ap­ earplugs found in Burial E8 at Uaxactun (RES: pearance. From the back of the head rises a 54; Ricketson and Ricketson 1937: 221). Adams large protuberance, to the front of which a nar­ (REWA: 82, Fig. 6d) also notes this as a minor row, vertically placed fillet of clay was added. effect on Xe complex vessels. The protuberance, which projects downward Illustration: None. below the eye, may have been meant to repre­ sent ears; a scar on the opposite side of the head suggests that the same kind of protuberance was MALECON SPECIAL: ORANGE RESIST present there as well. The nose and mouth are One sherd. This sherd, belonging to a flar­ represented by holes, one in the snout and the ing-walled dish or bowl, with a resist pattern on other on the underside of the snout. the interior was found in a Malecon deposit. Illustration: Figure 7ff. THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 33

THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX

The Baluartes Ceramic Complex consists of sites throughout the Lowlands. This ware is the following wares, ceramic groups, types, and characterized by the presence of a thin, soft, ad­ varieties: herent slip with a waxy texture. The most com­ mon surface colors are red, black, and cream. Paso Caballo Waxy Ware Sierra Ceramic Group (6592) Sierra Red: Chon Variety SIERRA CERAMIC GROUP Sierra Red: Unslipped-exterior Variety Sierra Red: Chon Variety Laguna Verde Incised: Variety Unspecified Frequency: 6228 sherds (95%; 52%); 2 whole Laguna Verde Incised: Gouge-incised vessels; 2 restorable or partial vessels. Variety Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira Variety Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SG: Alta Mira Fluted: Horizontally-fluted 163, 170) from Uaxactun. Variety by the present Variety study (see Nelson [FWN: 87]). Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Variety Description: Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip; Hongo Composite: Hongo Variety Polvero Ceramic Group (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) labial, me­ Polvero Black: Polvero Variety dial, and lateral flanges or ridges; (4) wavy rims Lechuga[ Incised: Gouge-incised Variety or flanges; (5) everted rims; (6) grooving on Kohen Composite: Kohen Variety everted rims; (7) rim protuberances. Flor Ceramic Group Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified Flor Cream: Unslipped-exterior Variety dium textured, well mixed, and strong. Gas Accordian Incised: Variety Unspecified pockets are rare. Paste color ranges from red Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties (lOR 4/6, 4/8, 5/8; 2.5YR 4/8), which is the Unspecified most common, to reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), to Xcampeu Composite: Xcampeu Variety dark red (2.5YR 3/6). Both sherd and calcite was Escobal Ceramic Group EscobalRed-on-buff: Xtoc Variety used to temper the vessels. When sherd was uti­ Unspecified Ceramic Group lized, considerable amounts of free calcite were Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety always present in the paste. Calcite tempered Unspecified examples, however, rarely contained any sherd Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety at all. When calcite was used exclusively as tem­ San Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety Yucatan Opaque Ware per, it made up a larger portion of the total vol­ Nolo Ceramic Group ume of the vessel paste than did the sherd tem­ Tipikal Preslip-striated Red: Variety per. The calcite is a white to light gray Unspecified crystalline calcite, generally with angular sur­ Unto Ceramic Group faces. Occasional nodules of iron oxide (.8-.9 Unto Preslip-striated Black: Variety Unspecified mm) also occur as inclusions in the paste, as do Uaxactun Unslipped Ware reddish aplastics of unknown composition. Tem­ Sapote Ceramic Group per particles never protrude through vessel sur­ Sapote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety faces. Firing took place in an oxidizing atmo­ Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety sphere resulting in the red paste and surface colors. Oxidation was generally complete, with PASO CABALLO WAXY WARE (7699) unoxidized or dark cores being very rare. Occa­ sionally fire clouding, in the form of dark gray Paso Caballo Waxy Ware is one of the most to black smudging, occurred on vessel surfaces. widespread wares in the Lowland Maya area. It Sometimes areas of the paste immediately be­ was originally defined at Uaxactun (SG: 167) but low these clouds were also smudged. Over all, is known to occur in abundance at numerous firing seems to have been well controlled. 34 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ presumably flat. Several examples of small loop faces were smoothed prior to the application of handles were noted on this form (Fig. lOkk, oo). the slip. The slip is thin and soft and closely ad­ They were positioned vertically so that they herent. Only very rare examples show any ten­ could be attached to the medial ridge and to a dency whatsoever to flake off. In general, then, point on the vessel wall below the ridge. The the bond between the paste and slip is excellent. hole formed by the handle is very small and The slip, which has a characteristic soapy or would not have been sufficient for the insertion waxy feel, was polished to a high luster. The of a finger. It was probably used as a means of surface color is red (7.5R 4/6, 4/8; lOR 4/6, suspending the vessel with a line, which would 4/8, 5/8; 2.5 YR 4/6, 5/8), occasionally dark have required at least two of these handles on · red (7.5R 3/8). Black fire clouding is not uncom­ the vessel. mon. Gray to cream-colored clouding is rare but 2. Everted-rim bowl (Fig. 8f-l, n). This form does occur. The slip was generally applied to also occurs abundantly at the site and is one of both surfaces, except for highly restricted vessels the most common Sierra Red forms. It generally such as jars. Bases were generally left unslipped. bears two or three parallel circumferential The most common form of decoration, con­ grooves on the everted rim, although sometimes stituting a virtual diagnostic for the Baluartes only one groove is found. Rim diameters are be­ Ceramic Complex, consists of from one to three tween 24 and 36 cm. Vessel wall thickness is parallel grooves encircling the vessel on the tops medium, rarely thin. of everted rims. This grooving has a character­ 3. Labial-flange bowl (Fig. 8m, o-p). The lip istic -v,- -shape, readily distinguishable from and flange form a single unit. The flanges are the medium-line, rounded cross-section incising generally wide (1.5-3.5 cm) and may be scal­ of the Malecon complex. Moreover, such groov­ loped. Rim diameter ranges from 19-40 cm. ing is limited to rims; it is never found on other Wall thickness is medium. Bases are flat. portions of the vessel. Other forms of rim groov­ 4. Lateral-flange bowl (Fig. 8q-t, bb). The ing do occur, but they are rare. Notably, wide vessel rim is vertical, slightly incurved, or out­ LJ -shaped incision on everted rims seems to curved. The flange is situated near the junction be an early facet marker. A much rarer form of of the upper vessel wall or rim and the lower decoration consists of spaced vertical notching portion of the vessel, which is cone-shaped (i.e., on labial, medial, and lateral ridges or flanges. it has steeply flaring sides). Rim diameter is This is the only context in which notching is 17-32 cm; wall thickness is medium. Bases were known to occur. The width of these notches var­ presumably flat. 4-10 ies from mm, with the average between 5. Flaring-walled dish or bowl with flat base 5-7 mm. The number of notches per 5 cm sec­ (Figs. 8u-w, cc; 37a). Rims are direct, slightly tion varies from less than 1 to approximately 3. everted, or exteriorly thickened. Rim diameter Notched areas (i.e., in the deepest part of the ranges from 20-32 cm; vessel wall thickness is notch) are unslipped-they actually cut deep medium. into the paste-but sometimes the edge of the 6. Basal-break dish with bolstered rim (Fig. notches, as they start to slip inward, do bear 8x-aa). Rim diameter is between 16 and 29 cm. slip. They may be V-, U-, or C-shaped in sec­ Vessel wall thickness is medium. Base form is tion. However, they are always wider at the presumably flat. edges than at the deepest point of penetration into the flange or ridge. Vessel rims and flanges 7. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 8dd-ff). Vessel occasionally bear protuberances or scallops, and shape varies from wide-mouthed to hemispheri­ rarely both. cal. Rim diameter ranges from 14-19 cm; wall Forms: thickness is medium. Base form is unknown. 1. Deep medial-ridge bowl (Figs. 8a-e; 8. Lateral ridge plate or dish (Figs. 8gg; 9a, 1000). This is a very common form at Edzna. c). The raised ridge, which marks the lateral Rim diameter ranges from 20 to 43 cm. Vessel break, is sometimes prominent, other times wall thickness is medium, rarely thick. Bases are barely discernible. Rim diameter varies from THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 35

27-50 cm; wall thickness is medium. Bases are example is 27 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ flat. dium to thin. 9. Incurved-rim bowl (Fig. 9e-h). Rim diam­ 19. Restricted vessel or unknown form with eter ranges from 22-29 cm. Vessel wall thick­ exterior rim bolster (Fig. lOq-s, z). Rim diame­ ness is medium. ter of a single specimen is 16 cm. Vessel wall 10. Short to medium-necked jar with vari­ thickness is medium. ous rim forms (Figs. 9b, d, f-k, p; 37b). Rim di­ 20. Hooked-rim bowl (Fig. lOu-x). Rim di­ ameter is between 11-25 cm. Vessel wall thick­ mensions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is ness is medium, rarely thick. Strap handles are medium, although one example has thin walls. sometimes associated with this form. The handle 21. Miscellaneous forms (see Fig. lOaa-ff, is generally slipped on the exterior, but un­ hh). slipped on the underside. Bases and supports: Bases for most forms are 11. Deep bowl with slight outcurving sides primarily flat, although dimpled or slightly con­ (Fig. 9l-o). Rim diameter ranges from 14-19 cm. cave bases occur rarely, especially on jar forms. Wall thickness is medium, occasionally thin. Small, truncated, conical supports occur rarely 12. Labial ridge bowl (Fig. 9i, q-u). This on flat bottoms (see Fig. lOll-nn). form is an early facet marker at Edzna. The rim Appendages: Unbridged tubular spouts occur diameter of a single specimen is 37 cm. Vessel rarely, presumably on jar forms (Figs. lOpp; wall thickness is medium. Ila). Only one example of a bridged spout was 13. Tecomate (Fig. 9v-bb). This is a restrict­ noted, and this was not a true bridge. Instead ed orifice form which occasionally bears a the spout was positioned to meet the rim of the flange or ridge encircling the vessel orifice. vessel. Spouts are always slipped on the exterior, When such is the case, a small loop handle often but unslipped on the interior of the narrow is attached to the flange and to a point on the tube. They are generally tapered in diameter to­ vessel wall below the flange. In one case, the wards the distal end. Supports are rare, but do hole formed by the handle was much too small occasionally occur in the form of solid truncated for the insertion of a finger, and may therefore teat or nubbin pods on flat-bottomed vessels (see have been used for suspension. Other examples RES: Fig. 16f 1, 5). Although it is not known of tecomates have exteriorly bolstered rims. Ori­ whether such vessels were tripodal or tetrapod­ fice diameter ranges from 13-18 cm. Vessel wall al, they were probably the former. A single ex­ thickness is medium. ample of a single modeled frog, peering over 14. Medial-flange bowl (Figs. l0a-e; 37c). the rim of a medial-flange bowl, also occurs in The medial flange form is much less common this type (Fig. llc). The hind feet of the frog than the medial ridge vessel at Edzna. Rim di­ rest on the horizontal surface of the medial ameter of two examples is between 34 and 39 flange. His trunk is oriented vertically, while cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. The flange the front legs spread out horizontally from the width is 1.5-3.0 cm. trunk and then curve upward and over the lip 15. Flaring-walled plate (Fig. lOf, h-i). This onto the interior of the rim. The head, which is a rare form. Rim dimensions are unknown. rises about 1.5 cm above the vessel lip, peers Vessel wall thickness is medium. over the rim into the vessel interior. The mod­ 16. Deep bowl with exteriorly bolstered rim eled frog stands 4 cm high and was slipped in

(Fig. 10g, f-k). This is also a rare form. Rim di­ the same color as the vessel surface. No exam­ mensions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is ples of basket handles pertaining to this type medium to thick. Base form is presumably flat. were found in our pottery collections. However, 17. Grooved-rim dish or bowl with flaring in the collections excavated by Roman Pina sides (rare) (Fig. lOZ-n). Rim dimensions are un­ Chan from Edzna are several fragments from known. The wall thickness of one example is the same basket handle which are clearly Sierra medium. Red. This handle differs distinctly from those of 18. Medial-angle dish or bowl (rare) (Fig. the Chatel Orange-red specimens. The latter are lOo-p, t, y, gg). The orifice diameter of a single broad in width and thin in cross-section, and the 36 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Pina Chan example is narrow in width and thick Intersite wcations and contexts: Sierra Red oc­ in cross-section-the cross-section in fact ap­ curs as a dominant type throughout much of the proximates a diamond shape ( 0 ). Southern Maya Lowlands, including most of the Intrasite wcations and contexts: Baluartes com­ Peten, British , and much of southern plex deposits all over the site; deep deposits Campeche and Quintana Roo. It is one of the both within the site center and on the per­ most widespread types produced by the Low­ ipheries. land Maya. Sierra Red also occurs at Dzibilno- I f d e

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-,.-,,,I m ,,�h . J

g

n

t !Jy

V w aa z bb I,

ee ]7}}ff gg dd

cc Figure 8. SrnRRA RED: CttoN VARLETY a-e, Form l;f-l, n, Form 2; m, o-p, Form 3; q-t, bb, Form 4; u-w, cc, Form 5; x-aa., Form 6; dd-ff, Form 7; gg, Form 8. (Scale ¼ actual size.) THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 37

cac (in the Chon Variety), where it represents Description: the majority of the Chon and Kaya! Ceramic Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip; Groups (FWN: 87, 91; p. ob., BYU), and at San­ (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) vessel exte­ ta Rosa Xtampak (DeBloois 1970: 109; p. ob., riors left unslipped; (4) sub-labial ridge bowl. IYAH), where the Chon Variety is also repre­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sierra sented. This type at Edzna is related to Xculul Red: Chon Variety. Orange-red (LJM: 64) at Dzibilchaltun, princi­ Surface finish and decoration: The vessel in­ pally by sharing a number of form modes, as teriors and the lip and sub-labial flange were well as by the emphasis on monochrome red smoothed and slipped in a manner identical to vessels. However, Xculul Orange-red differs dis­ that found on Sierra Red: Chon Variety vessels. tinctly from Sierra Red in the quality of the slip However, the vessel exteriors were left un­ and its adherence to the underlying paste. Some slipped. The unslipped surfaces were smoothed, examples of Sierra Red do occur at Dzibilchal­ but apparently were not polished. The surface tun, however (Joseph W. Ball, p. com.). This colors of the unslipped exteriors are reddish type also occurs in small surface collections brown (2.5YR 5/4), light red (2.5YR 6/6), light from Nohakal (Hauck 1975: Map 25) and from reddish brown (5YR 6/4), and red (l0R 5/8). another site near Pich (Hauck's unnamed site Forms: G), both in the Edzna region. 1. Labial ridge bowl (Fig. llb, d-g). This is The Chon Variety differs from the Sierra the only form known for this variety. The rim Variety with respect to vessel form. The vessel diameter of a single specimen is 37 cm; vessel form variation is one of differing percentages of wall thickness is medium. particular vessel shapes rather than presence or lntrasite locations and contexts: Recovered absence. For example, Form 1 is an important only from within small mounds on the north­ form at Edzna, but much rarer in the Sierra Va­ western periphery of the central core. The ma­ riety. Similarly, the medial-flange bowl is more jority of these sherds come from beneath a floor common in the Sierra Variety, but rare at Edzna in Excavation 699-TPl (Map 12, Fl5). This is a and Dzibilnocac. Such differences in form char­ pure early Baluartes complex deposit. A single acterize a slightly differing selection of values example was recovered from structural fill in by makers and users of pottery within an overall Excavation 646 (Map 12, G 15) (see Gurr 1976). similar pattern of pottery manufacture. lntersite locations and contexts: The type Sus­ Cultural significance (see JAS: 78): Sierra Red piro Red: Suspiro Variety at Aguacatal (RTM: at Edzna, along with other members of the 47) is similar in its slipped interior and un­ Sierra Ceramic Group, reflects a period of tre­ slipped exterior. However, vessel form and paste mendous ceramic development at the site. Not characteristics are different. The sub-labial ridge only is the type found in great quantity, but also form occurs at Dzibilchaltun on Xculul in a wide variety of vessel shapes with seem­ Orange-red vessels (p. ob., IYAH), but whether ingly innumerable forms of rim variation. The an unslipped exterior variety occurs there is not overall configuration suggests a good deal of known. freedom and plasticity in pottery standards, at Illustration: Figure l lb, d-g. least as far as vessel form is concerned. This contrasts sharply with subsequent complexes, when standardization seems to become Laguna Verde Incised: Variety Unspecified prevalent. Frequency: 9 sherds (.14%; .07%). Illustration: Figures 8-10; Ila, c; 37a-c. Established: The type was originally designated by Smith and Gifford (SC: 159, 170) from Ua­ xactun. The variety may be Laguna Variety, Sierra Red: Unslipped-exterior Variety based on the description by Sabloff (JAS: Frequency: 11 sherds (.17%; .09%). 78-79), but this is not certain. Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SC: Description: 163, 170). Variety by the present study. Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip; 38 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

(2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) fine-line in­ Suiface finish and decoration: Surface finish cision in linear and curvilinear patterns; (4) flar­ is like that on Sierra Red. Decoration is in the ing-walled dish or bowl. form of fine-line to medium-line postslip (and Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sierra sometimes post-firing) incisions. Designs consist Red. of single or multiple circumferential lines on

a b '�======1

(� C I

e

Z - ,-,-�-w X ..

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Figure 9. S1ERRA REo: CHON VARIETY a, c, Form 8; b, d, j-k, p, Form 10; e-h, Form 9; l-o, Form 11; i, q-u, Form 12; v-bb, Form 13. (Scale ½ actual size.) THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 39 vessel exteriors, diagonal or vertical parallel the flange surface also occur. Sometimes the cir­ lines on exteriors or on the top of flanges, or cumferential lines break to the edge of the geometric and curvilinear patterns on exteriors. flange. Occasionally these are separated by sets Line width is between 1-2 mm. of diagonal or vertical, parallel gouges. Forms: Forms: 1. Flaring-sided dish or bowl with direct rim 1. Labial-flange bowl (Fig. llh-;, q-s). Rim (Fig. lll-n). Rim dimension is unknown. Vessel diameter ranges from 22-32 cm. Wall thickness wall thickness is medium. is medium. Bases are flat. 2. Labial-flange bowl (Fig. llp). The rim di­ 2. Jar form of unknown dimensions. ameter of a single specimen is 28 cm. Vessel Intrasite locations and contexts: General Ba­ walls are thin. luartes refuse deposits. 3. Lateral-flange bowl (Fig. llo). Rim form lntersite locations and contexts: See Laguna and rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel wall Verde Incised: Variety Unspecified for the dis­ thickness is medium. tribution of the type. One example of this varie­ 4. Incurved-rim vessel (Fig. Ilk). Rim diam­ ty occurs in the BYU-NWAF collections from eter is not known. The wall thickness of a single Dzibilnocac (p. ob., IYAH). example is medium. Illustration: Figure llh-;, q-s. lntrasite locations and contexts: General Ba­ luartes refuse deposits. Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira Variety Intersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ curs at Uaxactun (SC: 170), Seibal GAS: 78-80), Frequency: 41 sherds (.62%; .34%). Altar de Sacrificios (REW A: 43), Barton Ramie Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 154, 170) GCG: 91), the Corozal district of British Hon­ from Uaxactun. duras (DCP: 4), and Becan (JWB: 175). It evi­ Description: dently occurs at Dzibilchaltun as well (JCG: 91), Principal Identifying Attributes: (1) red slip; although I have not personally seen it in the col­ (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) vertical flut­ lections. The Laguna Verde Variety is apparent­ ing on vessel exteriors. ly closest (JAS: 78-80) to what I have called Va­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sierra riety Unspecified here. Red. Illustration: Figure l lk-p. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish is identical to that on Sierra Red. The decora­ tion consists of vertical fluting on vessel exte­ Laguna Verde Incised: Gouge-incised Variety riors. The depth of the fluting and flute width Frequency: 24 sherds (.36%; .20%). vary from vessel to vessel. Flute depth varies Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SC: from 1-6 mm, while flute width ranges from 159, 170). Variety by the present study. 1.5-3.5 cm. Some examples have approximately Description: a 1:1 crest-width/flute-width ratio. On other ex­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip; amples the crests are wide, projecting round (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) wide gouge­ sections, while the troughs or flutes are relative­ incision; (4) labial-flange bowl. ly narrow. One special fluting technique consists Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sierra of extremely shallow, wide fluting combined Red. with angular vessel contours to produce a poly­ Surface finish and decoration: The surface hedral effect-the crests form angular junctures finish is identical to that found on Sierra Red at which the vessel contour changes. This can be vessels. Decoration consists of wide gouge-in­ visualized by imagining that the vessel is placed cision on the tops of labial flanges. The gouges upside down on a table and then viewed from are wide (> 2 mm), are postslip, and are cut into above. The outline of the vessel would form a the paste to a depth of 2-4.5 mm. The most polyhedron (Fig. 11cc). The most common form common design consists of spaced, diagonal of fluting, however, consists of alternating gouges on flanges. Two circumferential lines on round-section troughs and crests. Another deco- 40 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

rative effect on some Alta Mira Fluted vessels Forms: consists of '-/-shaped preslip grooving on 1. Everted-rim, flaring-walled bowl (Fig. everted rims in a manner identical to that found llt-v). Rim diameter varies from 30-34 cm. on Sierra Red vessels. Vessel wall thickness is medium. A single base is j L a C

d e

��1,rr,;m J t I I

y

/.g kk hh JJ nn mm., c! I � qq > 001 pp rr Figure 10. S1ERRA fuo: CHON VARIETY a-e, Form 14; f, h-i, Form 15; g, j-k, Form 16; l-n, Form 17; o-p, t, y, gg, Form 18; q-s, z, Form 19; u-x, Form 20; aa-ff, hh, Form 21; ii-ii, flat bases; ll-nn, solid nubbin supports; kk, oo, small suspension handles; pp, spout fragment; qq-rr, Form 4. (Scale ½ actual size.) THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 41

slightly convex (i.e., dimpled out from the Forms: interior). 1. Flaring-sided dish (Fig. l2a-e). Rims are 2. Flaring-sided bowl (Fig. llw-x). Rim di­ direct or everted. The rim diameter of a single ameter is unknown; wall thickness is medium. example is 16 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ 3. Deep bowl or vase with slightly flaring dium to thin. sides (Fig. lly). The rim diameter of a single 2. Flaring-sided, basal-break bowl (Fig. 12!). specimen is 12 cm. Vessel wall thickness is A single rim diameter is 16 cm. Vessel wall medium. thickness is medium. 4. Florero vase(?) (Fig. llz). Rim form and Intrasite locations and contexts: Fill deposits of diameter are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is Baluartes age. medium. lntersite locations and contexts: This variety lntrasite locations and contexts: General Ba­ seemingly occurs at Seibal (JAS: 94; p. ob., PM). luartes refuse deposits. Sabloff did not classify these examples for type lntersite locations and contexts: This variety or variety, but as Other Sierra Group: Unnamed also occurs as a minor unit at Uaxactun (SC: Fluted. Examples also occur at Dzibilnocac (p. 170), Seibal (JAS: 84), Altar de Sacrificios ob., BYU), where they are classified as belonging (REWA: 48), Barton Ramie (JCG: 90-91), Tikal to the Kayal Ceramic Group (FWN: 91). (Coe 1965: Fig. 2c, i), and San Jose (p. ob., PM). Illustration: Figure 12a-f. A single example of this type occurs as well in the BYU-NWAF collections from Dzibilnocac Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Variety (p. ob., IYAH). Smith (POM: 24) also reports it as present at . Several whole vessels of Frequency: 61 sherds (1%; .5%). this type also occur at Chiapa de Corzo (Lowe Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 161, 170) at and Agrinier 1960: Fig. 53b, c, e, g; Plate 28a, Uaxactun. b). Description: Illustration: Figure llt-z, aa-cc. Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) black paint over red slip in blotchy resist and trickle or par­ Alta Mira Fluted: Horizontally-fluted Variety allel-line patterns. Frequency: ll sherds (.17%; .09%). Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sierra Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SC: Red. Calcite seems to be the only temper uti­ 154, 170). Variety by the present study. lized in this type, but this may be due to sam­ Description: pling error. Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip; Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) horizontal smoothed and then slipped in a manner identi­ fluting on vessel exteriors. cal to that used for Sierra Red. Decoration was Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sierra provided by the addition of a black paint over Red. the red slip. Two basic patterns of decoration Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish occur. In one of these the black paint was ap­ is like that on Sierra Red. Decoration consists of plied over a large portion of the surface area in preslip horizontal fluting encircling vessel exte­ a resistlike pattern that left irregular globular or riors. The flutes are always juxtaposed to one linear areas of the surface in reserved red (Fig. another. In some cases, the fluting is limited to a 12;-k, p-q). The other form consists of multiple zone just below the lip; in other cases, it contins linear or concentric lines placed on vessel sur­ ues all the way to the vessel base. Flute width faces, on the exterior and/ or on the interior varies from .8-2.0 cm (average about 1.0 cm), (Fig. 12l-o, r). The lines are generally spaced far while flute depth ranges from 1-2 mm. The ra­ enough apart to give a positive rather than a tio of the width of the trough to the width of negative or reserved effect. Generally these par­ the crest approximates 1: 1 on all but one allel or concentric lines are wide (.8-1.5 cm), specimen. but one example has narrow (2-5 mm), parallel 42 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTICATIO AT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

lines reminiscent of Usulutan patterns (Fig. 121, tween black and red areas of the vessel is often o). Although the two methods of decoration give fuzzy or blurry, with small faded black spicules a somewhat different visual effect, both are sometimes extending into the red areas. This is formed by the positive application of a black­ probably due to the diffusion of the paint solu­ firing pigment. The line of demarcation be- tion when it was applied (see Shepard 1968: ,

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k 1 I

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386). Other examples, however, exhibit a rela­ on vessel interiors; (2) lustrous, waxy finish on tively sharp demarcation between the black and vessel interiors; (3) vessel exteriors unslipped red zones. The color of the red slip is within the and striated; (4) deep bowl forms. range of that found on Sierra Red vessels (lOR Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sierra 4/8, 5/8; 2.5YR 4/6, 4/8). The black color is Red. On the exteriors of Ciego Composite ves­ black (2.5YR 2/0; 5YR 2/1), very dark gray sels, temper particles sometimes protrude (5YR 3/1; 7.5YR 3/0), or dark reddish brown through the surface. This never occurs on the (5YR 2/2). Preslip rim grooving, identical to slipped interior surface, however. that found on Sierra Red vessels, is often found Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ on the tops of everted rims. Forms: faces were smoothed. The characteristic red slip of the Sierra Ceramic Group was applied only 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 12g-i). Rim diam­ to vessel interiors, including the lip and everted eter is between 11 and 24 cm. Vessel wall thick­ rim, when present. The exterior body, howver, ness is medium. was left unslipped. It was then lightly striated in 2. Everted-rim dish or bowl (Fig. 127-l). a vertical or diagonal pattern. Striation some­ Rim diameter ranges from 24-31 cm; wall times begins immediately below the demarca­ thickness is medium. tion line between the slipped and unslipped 3. Labial-flange bowl (Fig. 12o). The rim di­ portions of the vessel, or there may be an un­ ameter of a single example is 25 cm. Vessel wall slipped, unstriated band, 5-10 mm wide, be­ thickness is medium. The base of one example is tween the slipped and striated zones. The stria­ flat and unslipped on the exterior. tions are characteristically shallow and close­ 4. Incurved-rim bowl (Fig. 12m). Rim di­ spaced-3-6/ cm with the average being mensions are unknown; vessel wall thickness is 4-5/cm. Although the striations can only be medium. characterized as light, they are heavier than 5. Lateral-flange dish (Fig. 12q-r). The rim those found on Sapote Striated: Aii.ejo Variety, diameter of a single example is 20 cm. Vessel but fall within the range found on Sapote wall thickness is medium. Striated: Rastro Variety (see p. 60). Interior Bases and supports: The only form known is surface colors are red (lOR 4/6, 4/8, 5/8; 2.5YR a flat base belonging to a flaring-walled vessel. 4/8) like that on Sierra Red vessels. The color of The exterior portion of the base is unslipped. the unslipped exterior is weak red (l0R 5/4), General Ba­ Intrasite locations and contexts: light red (lOR 6/6), or red (lOR 4/6; 2.5YR 5/8). luartes complex contexts. Decorative effects include one or two preslip Repasto Black­ Intemte locations and contexts: circumferential '-'-shaped grooves on everted on-red is found at Uaxactun (SC: 170), and Tikal rims· these are identical to those on Sierra Red 92) in the Peten. It also occurs at Barton ace: exa�ples. Rim protuberances also occur and Ramie 92) and the Corozal area (DCP: 4) ace: may be considered decoration. in British Honduras. In Campeche this type is known to occur at Becan awB: 99-100) and Forms: Dzibilnocac (p. ob., BYU). It apparently also is 1. Everted-rim dish or bowl (Fig. 12t-v, cc; found at Dzibilchaltun in Yucatan and Tancah 13a). Rim diameter ranges from 12-40 cm; ves­ in Quintana Roo awB: 100; also see Ball 1977b: sel wall thickness is generally medium, but 119). sometimes thick. Illustration: Figure 12g-s. 2. Flaring-walled dish or bowl. Rims are di­ rect, slightly everted, or thickened (Fig. 12w-y). Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety Rim diameter ranges from 21-31 cm. Vessel Frequency: 125 sherds (2%; 1%). wall thickness is medium to thick, rarely thin. Established: Ball awB: 176) at Becan. 3. Deep exterior-bolstered-rim bowl (Fig. Description: 12z-aa). The rim diameter of a single specimen Principal identifying attributes: (l) red slip is 33 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. 44 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTICATIO SAT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

4. Incurved-rim bowl (Fig. 12dd). The ori­ 5. Flaring-walled dish (Fig. 12bb). Rim di­ fice diameter of a single specimen is 16 cm; wall mensions are unknown; wall thickness is thickness is medium. medium.

\...------i \-...------1 11b 1 l'-____----< c 7d 1e I I \ , )

p cf

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s

,,bb - cc ' ff ee r

Figure 12. ALTA MLRA FLUTED, lu:PASTO BLACK-ON-RED, AND CtEGO COMPOSITE ALTA MIRA FLUTED: HORIZONTALLY-FLUTED VARIETY. a-e, Form l; f, Form 2. REPASTO BLACK-O -RED: REPASTO VARIETY. g-i, Form l; i-1, Form 2; m, Form 4; o, Form 3; q-r, Form 5; n, miscellaneous form; p, s, basal fragments. ClECO COMPOSITE: ClECO VARIETY. t-o, cc, Form l; w-y, Form 2; z-aa, Form 3; dd, Form 4; bb, Form 5; ee-ff, miscellaneous forms. (Scale Y.i actual size.) THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 45

Bases and supports: A single example of a only form known for this type. The overall form flat base with flaring side walls occurs in this of the mushroom stand resembles an hourglass­ type. No supports were noted. the upper and lower sections of the form are ex­ Appendages: One sherd bears an appliqued panded, while the middle section is restricted. button or lug on the vessel exterior just below Basal dimensions are unknown; vessel wall the rim. No other appendages were noted. thickness is medium. lntrasite locations and contexts: Baluartes com­ lntrasite locations and contexts: General Ba­ plex deposits. luartes Complex deposits. Intersite locations and contexts: Ciego Compos­ Intersite locations and contexts: Hongo Com­ ite occurs at Becan GWB: 176) and at Dzibil­ posite occurs at Becan GWB: 195-196) and at chaltun (LJM: 66; p. ob., IYAH), where it is Altar de Sacrificios (REWA: Fig. 19b; Chart 3, called Xculul Red-on-natural Incised. Ciego Fig. 4d), where it is classified as Sierra Red. One Composite is also found at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., example of Hongo Composite occurs in Brai­ BYU-NWAF collections, IYAH). nerd's collections from Dzibilnocac (p. ob., Illustration: Figure 12t-ff; 13a. IYAH). A similar form occurs at Mani (GWB: Fig. 17el, 18). According to Ball (JWB: 196) it Hongo Composite: Hongo Variety also occurs at Guanacaste, Chiapas. The mush­ room stand form is also found at Seibal GAS: Frequency: 21 sherds (.32%; .17%). Figs. 165, 166) and at Uaxactun (p. ob., PM). Established: Ball GWB: 195-196) at Becan. What is probably a mushroom stand fragment Description: also occurs at Barton Ramie GCB: Fig. 42h). Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip This is a widespread pottery form in southern over portions of the vessel; (2) lustrous, waxy (see Borhegyi 1963). surface finish on slipped portions of the vessel; Cultural significance: This type probably rep­ (3) mushroom stand form; (4) unslipped and fin­ resents a functional form of some sort. What the gernail impressed upper surfaces. exact function of these vessels was, however, is Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sierra not at all clear (see Borhegyi 1963 for some pos­ Red. sibilities). They may be related to the mushroom Surface finish and decoration: On slipped stones found in southern and portions of the vessels, surface and slip charac­ Chiapas (see Borhegyi 1957, 1961). teristics are like those of Sierra Red. However, Illustration: Figure 13b-d. the upper surface of the mushroom stand was left unslipped and generally smoothed. Some­ PoLVERO CERAMIC GROUP (791) times the slip stopped at the corner point, Polvero Black: Polvero Variety which marks the edge of the curved upper por­ tion of the stand. In other cases, the slip contin­ Frequency: 765 sherds; 1 whole vessel (96%; ued up onto this portion for a distance of .5-1.0 6%). cm. The portion of the upper surface that was Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 166, 170) at left unslipped was lightly impressed with the Uaxactun. fingernail, or perhaps a crescent-shaped in­ Description: strument, resulting in numerous small arcate im­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) black pressions (see REWA: Fig. 19b). The color of slip; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) labial, the unslipped surfaces ranges from light reddish medial, and lateral flanges or ridges; (4) wavy brown (5YR 6/4), to reddish brown (5YR 4/3), rims or flanges. to red (2.5YR 5/6, 5/8; lOR 5/8). Vessel interi­ Paste, firing, and temper: The paste of this ors were usually left unslipped. Occasionally the type is medium textured and is strong and basal section of the mushroom stand was slipped dense. It is well mixed, with gas pockets being on the interior, however. very rare. It does not break readily under hand Forms: pressure. Firing was apparently effected in an 1. Mushroom stand (Fig. 13b-d). This is the atmosphere that was oxidizing to one degree or 46 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATION AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

a I

e

.., �... ,.. -..., � ... - ... � , �_.._,1, .1-. ,-� , .., , ,-f-:r_

... �.,<1>-�....:..VJ(•. �..:;.,�..,..t:J, .--�n..,..- . - � �-•- ._... ._., '.,.;: J k I m :5;:,,,•• �.t-,,.;,,,. �,,,z 7 r

r

17-11'.,?}�-s ee ' y z aa cc dd X"' bb hh I(11 r J J kk

Figure 13. CJEGO COMPOSITE, Ho GO COMPOSITE, POLVERO BLACK, AND LECHUGAL 1Nc1 ED CIEGO COMPOSITE: CIEGO VARIETY. a, Form 1. HONGO COMPOSITE: HO GO VARIETY. b-d, Form 1. POLVERO BLACK: POLVERO VARIETY. f-i, Form l; j-� Form 2; m-o, Form 3; e, r, Form 4; p-q, s-t, Form 5; u-w, Form 6; r-y, Form 7; z-aa, Form 8; bb-cc, Form 9; dd-ee, Form 10; ff, Form 11; gg-hh, basal fragments; ii, handle fragment. LECHUGAL INCISED: GOUGE-INCISED VARIETY. jj-kk, Form l. l¾ (Scale 'l.i actual size; except a, b, e are 1/9 actual size, andf, ii are actual size.) THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 47 another. Some sherds have a strong red color ameter ranges from 14-33 cm. Vessel wall (2.5YR 4/6; lOR 5/8) throughout the cross sec­ thickness is medium, rarely thin. tion, indicating complete oxidation. Others oc­ 2. Flaring-walled bowl with direct or thick­ casionally have dark cores (5YR 2/ l; 5YR 2/2) ened rim (Fig. 13f-l). Rim diameter is between with reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) surfaces, in­ 19-28 cm; wall thickness is medium. dicating only partial oxidation. Still others have 3. Medium to short-necked jar with various a dull dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) or dark rim forms (fig. 13m-o). Rim diameter varies reddish gray (5YR 4/2) color, with the core of­ from 11-21 cm with the average from 14-16 ten slightly darker than the surfaces. This prob­ cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. ably indicates only light oxidation, but refiring 4. Medial-flange bowl (Fig. 13e, r). Rim di­ is necessary to substantiate it (Shepard 1968: mension varies from 19 to 33 cm; vessel wall 106). thickness is medium. The vessel surface and often a portion of the 5. Everted-rim dish (Fig. 13p-q, s-t). The underlying paste (usually to a depth of .5-1.0 rim diameter on three examples is 27, 28, and mm from the surface), were fired black to gray. 29 cm respectively. Vessel wall thickness is This was probably accomplished by smudging, a medium. process that achieves black surfaces by allowing 6. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 13u-w ). These carbonaceous products to be deposited on vessel vessels are wide-mouthed to near hemispherical. surfaces and into pores. Fire clouding is not un­ A single base fragment, probably from a round­ common, sometimes resulting in brown to red sided bowl, is flat. Rim diameters range from areas, probably the result of incomplete smudg­ 14-23 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. ing. Occasionally surface areas fired a dull gray 7. Medial-ridge bowl (Fig. 13x-y). Rim di­ to a cream color, probably due to firing error mensions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is and not intentional. Both calcite and crushed thin, occasionally medium. sherds were used as tempering material. Sherd 8. Deep bowl with thickened rim and exte­ tempered examples always contain calcite par­ riorly beveled rim (Fig. 13z-aa). Rim diameter ticles, both in the sherd fragments and in the is unknown; vessel wall thickness is medium. paste. Calcite tempered examples, on the other 9. Lateral-ridge plate or dish (Fig. 13bb-cc). hand, rarely contain sherd particles. The temper The rim dimension of a single example is 22 cm. particles do not protrude through the surface. Vessel wall thickness is medium, rarely thin. Surfacefinish and decoration: Surfaces were 10. Tecomate (rare) (Fig. 13dd-ee). Rim di­ smoothed prior to the application of the slip. mensions are unknown; vessel wall thickness is The slip fired black (2.5YR 2/0; 5YR 2/1), very medium. dark gray (2.5YR 3/0), reddish black (lOR 2/1), 11. Conical bowl with interiorly thickened or dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2). The best ex­ rim (rare) (Fig. 13ff). Rim diameter is unknown; amples are highly polished and have a clear, wall thickness is medium. shiny luster. Unweathered examples have a Bases and supports: The overwhelming ma­ waxy feel. Crazing is characteristic. Decoration jority of base fragments of Polvero Black per­ occurs in the form of single or multiple parallel tain to flat-bottomed vessels. They are generally preslip grooves on everted rims. Rims or flanges unslipped on the exterior. Two examples of an were sometimes scalloped, producing a wavy or annular base were noted, however. Supports are undulating effect. Flanges, especially medial rare, but small, solid, teat-shaped nubbin sup­ and lateral flanges, are common, although these ports on vessels with flat bases do occur. may have a functional as well as a decorative Appendages: A single example of a curved­ purpose. Rim protuberances also occur. Another section strap handle (see Fig. 13ii) also occurred decorative effect, which is virtually limited to in this type. In addition, a flat-sectioned handle, flanges and ridges, is notching. It is identical in which attached vertically to a globular vessel­ form to that found on Sierra Red vessels. probably a jar-was also noted. Forms:· Intrasite locations and contexts: General Ba­ 1. Lateral-flange bowl (Fig. 13f-i). Rim di- luartes deposits throughout the site. 48 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Intersite locations and contexts: Like Sierra 3. Restricted labial-flange vessel (Fig. 14d). Red, Polvero Black occurs at sites throughout The exact form of this vessel is not known. The the Peten region and in British Honduras. It also rim diameter of a single specimen is 15 cm. Ves­ occurs at Becan (JWB: 71) in Campeche, and sel wall thickness is medium. Dzibilnocac (Cach and Tohcok Ceramic Intrasite locations and contexts: Baluartes Groups) and Santa Rosa Xtampak (FWN: 88-89, Complex deposits. 92; DeBloois 1970: 109). According to Ball Intersite locations and contexts: The type Lech­ (JWB: 71) the type also occurs at Dzibilchaltun uga! Incised occurs at Uaxactun (SC: 159), Bar­ (also see Ball 1974a: 24). ton Ramie OCB: 99-100), The Corozal district Illustration: Figure 13e-ii. of British Honduras (DCP: 4), Altar de Sacri­ ficios (REWA: 43), probably Seibal OAS: 96), and Tikal OCB: 100). All of these, however, Lechuga! Incised: Gouge-incised Variety probably represent different varieties. One ex­ Frequency: 10 sherds (1 %; .08%). ample of a Lechuga! Incised sherd occurs in the Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SC: BYU-NWAF collections from Dzibilnocac (p. 159, 170). The gouge-incised variety by the ob., BYU). This example is preslip incised, present study. however. Description: Illustration: .Figures 13ff-kk; 14a-d. Principal identifying attributes: (1) black slip; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) postslip, Kohen Composite: Kohen Variety gouge-incised lines; (4) labial-flange dishes or bowls. Frequency: 16 sherds (2%; .13%). Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Pol­ Established: Present study. vero Black. Description: Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Principal identifying attributes: (1) black slip is like that found on Polvero Black vessels. The on vessel interiors; (2) lustrous, waxy surface fin­ principal decoration on this variety consists of ish on vessel interiors; (3) unslipped vessel exte­ deep, postslip, prefiring, gouge-incisions placed riors with fine-line striation. on the upper surfaces of labial flanges. The Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Pol­ width of these incisions is large (1.5-4.0 mm), al­ vero Black. though a single example is decorated with in­ Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish cisions that are only 1.0 mm wide. The depth of is like that found on Polvero Black on the interi­ the incisions varies from 1.0-2.5 mm. Designs ors of Kohen Composite vessels. However, the are basically simple in concept, consisting of exteriors of these vessels were left unslipped on parallel lines, diagonal hatches, curvilinear lines, the exterior and then lightly striated (5-6 stria­ and combinations of these. Two examples bear tions/ cm) in a manner analogous to that on appliqued buttons, one in the middle of the up­ Ciego Composite vessels. The black slip usually per surface of a flange (Fig. 14b), the other at covers the lip and occasionally goes over the lip the edge of the flange (Fig. 13ii). Notching of and down the exterior for a distance of 1 or 2 the flange also occurs on one example; another cm. One example of a jar form bore black slip example has a scalloped or wavy flange. on the exterior neck and shoulder; the body, Forms: however, was unslipped and striated. Forms: 1. Labial-flange dish or bowl (Figs. 13ff-kk; 14e-f). 14a-b). All but two of the rim sherds of Lechug­ 1. Flaring-walled bowl (Fig. The rim a! Incised pertain to this form. Rim diameters diameter of two examples is 25 and 32 cm re­ range from 19-34 cm. Vessel wall thickness is spectively. Vessel wall thickness is medium. medium. 2. Tall-necked jar (Fig. 14g). The rim diam­ 2. Hooked-rim dish or bowl (Fig. 14c). Rim eter of a single specimen is 12 cm. Vessel wall dimensions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness thickness is medium. is medium. 3. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 14i). Rim dimen- THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 49 sions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is me­ ily, although on weathered sherds some flaking dium. is evident. The most common colors are very Intrasite locations and contexts: Baluartes com­ pale brown (lOYR 7 /3, 8/3), light gray (lOYR plex deposits on the southern periphery of the 7/ l; 5YR 6/ 1), pink (7.5YR 714; 5YR 7/3), pink­ site (i.e., the Fortress) and in surface collections ish gray (7.5YR 7 /2), and white (lOYR 8/ l). from the northern periphery. Dark fire clouding occurs, but is not common. Intersite locations and contexts: None. Rootlet marking and crazing also occur. Deco­ Cultural significance: Kohen Composite ap­ ration is in the form of preslip grooving on ever­ pears to be a black-slipped analogue of the nu­ ted and thickened rims in a manner analogous merically more important Ciego Composite, to that of Sierra Red. Likewise, notching on which has a wide distribution in the Northern flanges and ridges also occurs, as does scalloping Maya Lowlands. of rims and flanges. Rim and flange pro­ Illustration: Figure 14e-i. tuberances occur rarely. Forms: FLOR CERAMIC GROUP (174) 1. Labial-flange bowl (Fig. 14j-l). Rim di­ ameter ranges from 24-34 cm. Vessel wall Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified thickness is meditHn. Frequency: 134 sherds (77%; 1%). 2. Everted-rim dish or bowl (Fig. 14m-n). Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 158, 170) at Rim diameter ranges from 28-41 cm. Vessel Uaxactun. wall thickness is medium. Description: 3. Lateral-flange bowl (Fig. 140-p). Rim di­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) Cream mensions are not known. Vessel wall thickness is slip; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) labial, medium. medial, and lateral flanges; (4) dishes or bowls 4. Flaring-walled dish or bowl with direct with everted rims . ..._ or thickened rim (Fig. 14q-r). Rim diameter Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ ranges from 10-27 cm. Vessel wall thickness is dium textured, dense, and uniform throughout. medium. Paste color is generally red (2.5YR 4/6, 4/8, 5. Lateral-ridge plate or dish (Fig. 14s-t). 5/8) or light red (2.5YR 6/6), but various hues Rim dimensions of one specimen is 36 cm; ves­ of dark brown (lOYR 3/ 1, 3/3; 2.5YR 5/ 4) oc­ sel wall thickness is medium. cur, as do pale brown colors (lOYR 6/3, 7/3; 6. Medial-flange bowl (Fig. 14u). The ori­ 7.5YR 7/2). Dark cores (2.5YR 3/0; 7.5YR 2/0) fice diameter of a single example is 27 cm. Ves­ are not uncommon. Firing apparently took sel wall thickness is medium. place in an oxidizing atmosphere. However, the 7. Medial-angle dish (Fig. 14z). Rim diame­ degree of oxidation seems to have varied great­ ter ranges from 23-28 cm; vessel wall thickness ly. Some sherds were oxidized throughout the is medium. vessel wall, as indicated by a uniform red color. 8. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 14v). Rim diame­ Others vary to a pale to olive brown color, as ter ranges from 16-30 cm. Vessel wall thickness indicated above. Black or dark gray cores in­ is medium. One example bears a notched medial dicate that in some cases oxidation did not take ridge. place in the interior of the vessel wall. Aplastics 9. Restricted vessel with exteriorly thick­ consist of both calcite by itself and sherd tem­ ened rim (rare) (Fig. 14w). Orifice diameter and per, which contains considerable free calcite as vessel wall thickness are unknown. well. Small, unidentified, glossy black particles 10. Deep vessel with exteriorly bolstered also occur. Occasional iron oxide inclusions are rim (Fig. 14x). Rim dimensions are unknown. evident as well. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ 11. Grooved-rim bowl with flaring sides faces were smoothed, slipped with a cream fir­ (Fig. 14y). Orifice dimensions are unknown; ves­ ing slip, and then polished to a lustrous finish. sel wall thickness is medium. The slip is adherent and does not flake off read- Bases and supports: Bases are generally flat 50 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZ A, CAM PECHE, MEXICO

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a r, J -... I

u

z }.

-,.-.-,..cc � ee

Figure 14. LEcHUGAL INCISED, KOBEN COMPOSITE, FLOR CREAM, AccOROIAN INCISED, AND MATEO RED-ON-CREAM LECHUGAL INCISED: GOUGE-INCISED VARIETY: a-b, Form l; c, Form 2; d, Form 3. KOBEN COMPOSITE: KOBEN VARIETY. e-f. Form l; g, Form 2; i, Form 3; h, jar fragment. FLOR CREAM: VARIETY UNSPECIFIED./-� Fonn l; m-n, Form 2; o-p, Form 3; q-r, Form 4; s-t, Form 5; u, Form 6; v, Form 8; w, Form 9; x, Form 10; y, Form 11; z. Form 7; aa-bb, miscellaneous forms. FLOR CREAM: UNSLIPPED-EXTERIOR VARIETY. cc, Form 1. ACCORDIA INCISED: VARIETY UNSPECIFIED. dd-ff. Form 1. MATEO RED-ON-CREAM: VARIETIES UNSPECIFIED. gg, Form 2; hh, Form 3; //-kk, Form l; ii, miscellaneous form. (Scale ½ actual size.) THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 51 and unslipped on the exterior. One base with a Accord.ian Incised: Variety Unspecified solid raised circular area at the bottom of the Frequency: 6 sherds (3%; .05%). vessel was noted. This raised flattened area Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 154, 170) at acted in much the same way as the flat bottom Uaxactun. characteristic of Baluartes complex vessels. A Description: single example of an annular base was also Principal identifying attributes: (1) cream noted. slip; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) postslip lntTasite locations and contexts: General Ba­ gouge-incised lines on flanges; (4) labial-flange luartes complex deposits. bowl. lnteTsite locations and contexts: This type Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Flor seems to follow the distribution of Sierra Red in Cream. the Peten and British Honduras, although it ap­ Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish parently does not occur in the Corozal district is identical to that on Flor Cream. Postslip (DCP, 4). Flor Cream definitely occurs at Becan gouge-incised lines were cut into the upper sur­ (JWB: 76-77). It also occurs at Dzibilnocac face of labial flanges. These generally consist of (FWN: 87-88, 93) and Santa Rosa Xtampak parallel, diagonal, or vertical lines spaced from (DeBloois 1970: 109), where it is classified in the 1-3 mm apart. The length of the gouges varies Chencoy and Rejon Ceramic Groups. The type from 1.0-1.5 mm. One example bears two con­ also occurs at Dzibilchaltun (JWB: 77). centric arcs breaking toward the flange edge and placed between two vertical incisions (Fig. lllustTation: l4f-bb. Figure 14ff). Flor Cream: Unslipped-Exterior Variety Forms: 1. Labial-flange bowl (Fig. 14dd-ff). Rim FTequency: Not counted apart from Variety Un­ dimensions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness specified. is medium; one example is thin. This is the only Established: The present study. known form for this very rare type. lntrasite locations and contexts: Baluartes com­ Description: plex deposits. Principal identifying attributes: (1) cream lntersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ slip; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) un­ curs at Uaxactun (SC: 124), Seibal (JAS: 94), slipped exteriors; (4) labial-flange bowl. Barton Ramie (JCG: 94-95), Tikal (JCG: 95), Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Flor Becan (JWB: 175-176), and Dzibilnocac (p. ob., Cream: Variety Unspecified. BYU). With perhaps the exception of Tikal, Surface finish and decoration: The same as where its volume has not yet been reported, Ac­ Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified except that the cordian Incised seems to be an extremely rare exterior vessel wall was left unslipped below the type at all of the above sites. At the above sites, labial flange. The cream slip was applied to the the incising is apparently preslip, rather than vessel interior and up over the lip out to the postslip. edge of the flange. The bottom of the flange and Illustration: Figure l4dd-ff. the rest of the vessel wall were left smooth, but unslipped Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties Unspecified Forms: 1. Labial-flange bowl (Fig. 14cc). See Flor Frequency: 22 sherds (13%; .18%). In addition, 8 Cream: Variety Unspecified for dimensions. sherds of this type also occur in Pina Chan's col­ lections from Edzna (p. ob., INAH). lntrasite locations and contexts: Early Baluartes Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 170) at Complex deposits on the northern periphery of Uaxactun. the central core of the site. Description: lntersite locations and contexts: None. Principal identifying attributes: (1) Red slip Illustration: Figure 14cc. on interiors, cream slip on exteriors or vice ver- 52 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

sa; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) labial­ type as well. It does not seem to be a common flange bowl. type at any of these sites. If more examples of Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is identi­ the type were available, it is likely that two or cal to that of Sierra Red vessels in terms of tex­ more varieties could be defined at Edzna. ture and color. The temper is primarily sherd. Illustration: Figure 14gg-kk. Firing took place in an oxidizing atmosphere. Surfacefinish and decoration: Surfaces were Xcampeu Composite: Xcampeu Variety smoothed prior to the application of the slip. Vessel interiors were slipped red (!OR 4/6, 4/8, Frequency: 10 sherds (6%; .08%). In addition, 8 5/8; 7.5R 4/6, 4/8), while exteriors were sherds of this type are found in Pina Chan's col­ slipped a yellowish cream (i.e., very pale lections from Edzna (p. ob., INAH). brown-lOYR 8/3, 7/3, 7/4) or pink (i.e., pink- Established: The present study. 7.5YR 7/4, 8/4-or pinkish white-7.5YR 8/2). Description: The red slip is thus like that of Sierra Red, while Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip the cream is like that of Flor Cream. Only one on vessel interiors, cream slip on vessel exte­ example varied from the pattern of red interiors riors; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) preslip and cream exteriors. This sherd bore the cream fluting on vessel exteriors. slip on the interior and on the exterior as far as Paste, firing,.and temper: The same as Mateo the edge of the labial flange. Below this point Red-on-cream. the vessel was slipped red. The juncture be­ Surfacefinish and decoration: Surface finish tween the red and cream portions of the vessel is like that found on Mateo Red-on-cream ves­ is normally on the top of the lip, but one ex­ sels. Decoration was added in the form of pre­ ample, on which the red slip continued over the slip vertical or horizontal flutes on vessel exte­ lip and down the exterior rim for a distance of riors. The width of the flutes varies from .8-1.5 about 1 cm, also occurred. Four examples of la­ cm. The overall pattern of the fluting is not al­ bial-flange bowls, one of them in Pina Chan's ways clear, because the sherds are generally collections, are slipped red on the interior and small. One example, however, bears two hori­ cream on the exterior from the lip to the edge zontal (i.e., circumferential) flutes, below of the flange, and are unslipped on the exterior which-or above which, since the orientation is below the flange. On another example, all sur­ unclear-are a series of parallel vertical flutes, faces are red except the area from the lip to the thus combining horizontal and vertical fluting edge of the flange, which is cream. on a single vessel. All examples of this type Forms: noted to date bear the cream slip on the exte­ 1. Labial-flange bowl (Fig. 14ff-kk). The rim riors. No specimens have the red-cream color diameter ranges from 17 -34 cm. Vessel wall scheme reversed as occurs occasionally on thickness is medium, sometimes thin. Mateo Red-on-cream vessels. It follows, there­ 2. Everted-rim, flaring-sided dish (Fig. fore, that the fluting always occurs on the cream 14gg). Rim dimensions are unknown; vessel wall slipped side. thickness is medium. Forms: 3. Thickened-rim tecomate (Fig. 14hh). Ori­ 1. Flaring-sided dish with direct rim (Fig. fice diameter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness 15a). Rim dimensions are unknown; vessel wall is medium. thickness is medium. lntrasite locations and contexts: Early Baluartes Other vessel forms undoubtedly occur, but complex contexts and mixed structural fill. are not determinable, since most of the sherds lntemte locations and contexts: This type ap­ pertaining to this type are body sherds. Vessel parently occurs at Uaxactun (SG: 170) although wall thickness is commonly both medium and it is not described or illustrated. It also occurs at thin. Altar de Sacrificios (REW A: 28) and Barton Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Ramie GCG: 95-96). The Euan Ceramic Group Mateo Red-on-cream. at Dzibilnocac (FWN: 89) may pertain to this Intersite locations and contexts: None. THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 53

Illustration: Figure 15a-c. designs-such as solid circles or blobs with pend­ ant parallel lines-painted over the cream slip. EscoeAL CERAMIC GROUP (40) Forms: 1. Basal-angle dish or bowl with triangular Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety rim bolster (Fig. 15d-f). This is a characteristic Frequency: 40 sherds (100%; .33%). form. Orifice diameter ranges from 27-31 cm. Established: The type was established by Smith Vessel wall thickness is medium. and Gifford (SG: 157-158, 170) at Uaxactun. 2. Lateral-flange bowl (Fig. 15g-h, k). Rim The Xtoc Variety is established in the present diameter ranges from 22-36 cm. Vessel wall study. thickness is medium. Description: 3. Flaring-walled plate or dish with direct Principal identifying attributes: (1) Buff to rim (Fig. 15i-f). Rim diameter is between 14-23 cream slip; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) cm; wall thickness is medium. red paint applied at rim and in vertical parallel 4. Hooked-rim bowl (Fig. 15Z). Rim dimen­ lines on vessel interiors or exteriors or both; (4) sions are unknown; vessel wall thickness is basal-angle bowl with triangular rim bolster. medium. Paste, firing, and temper: Paste is medium 5. Jar ? (Fig. 15m). Rim diameter is not textured, uniformly mixed and strong. Paste col­ known; vessel wall thickness is medium. or is in the same range as that for Sierra Red. 6. Deep bowl form? (Fig. 15n). Rim diame­ Both calcite and sherd temper occur. ter is not known; vessel wall thickness is Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were medium. smoothed prior to the application of the slip. lntrasite locations and contexts: Late Baluartes Vessel surfaces were slipped a cream or buff complex deposits on the Fortress and general color (pink-7.5YR 7/4, 8/4; pinkish white- Baluartes deposits. This is apparently a late Ba­ 7.5YR 8/2; very pale brown-lOYR 7 /3-4, 8/3; luartes complex marker at Edzna. light gray-l0YR 7 /2). A red slip or paint (7.5R lntersite locations and contexts: Escobal Red­ 4/6, 4/8; lOR 4/6, 4/8, 5/8) was applied to sur­ on-buff: Escobal Variety occurs at Uaxactun faces in varied patterns. The most common pat­ (SG: 157-158, 170), Barton Ramie GCG: 118), tern consists of a red band at the lip of the ves­ and Becan GWB: 103-104). Escobal Red-on­ sel. Multiple, parallel red lines often extend buff: Variety Unspecified occurs in the Corozal downward from this band on vessel interiors district of British Honduras (DCP: 4). The type and/or exteriors. These positive painted lines also occurs at San Jose GES: 85; p. ob., PM). are sometimes wavy and other times straight. A The Xtoc Variety differs from the Escobal Vari­ few examples have only the red band, with no ety by bearing a whiter or more cream colored parallel lines. Another pattern consists of a red slip and a greater variety of decorative pattern­ slipped exterior and a cream slipped interior or ing. The buff or cream color of the Xtoc Variety vice versa. In this case the red slip always cov­ is somewhat closer to the color of Flor Cream ers the lip and a section of the opposite side of than is the color of the Escobal Variety. Vista the rim for a distance of about 1 cm. Often, Red-painted from Chiapa de Corzo bears many multiple positive parallel lines extend down­ modal similarities to Escobal Red-on-buff (p. ward from this red band over the cream section ob., BYU). of the vessel. The multiple, parallel lines, what­ Illustration: Figure l5d-p. ever the pattern, are generally spaced from 4-7 mm apart. In some cases they appear to contin­ UNSPECIFIED CERAMIC GROUP ue uninterrupted all the way around the vessel. Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety In other cases, groups of lines are separated by Unspecified wide spaces where no lines occur. The red lines are often fuzzy or hazy, rather than a dark, solid Frequency: 19 sherds (100%; .16%). red; some examples, however, bear strong, sharp Established: Adams (REW A: 28) at Altar de positive lines. Another pattern consists of simple Sacrificios. 54 .W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

- n - C d

q

bb dd

-,�lJ ee .. ;--w, Form 3; x-y, Form 4; z, Form 6; aa, Form 8; ee, Form 5;ff, Form 7; cc, miscellaneous form; dd, bodyfragment; u, miscellaneous form. XUCH BLACK-AND-RED: XUCH VARIETY. gg, Form 2; hh, Form l; ii, Form 3; ;;, Form 4; kk, Form 5. �kale ½ actual size; except left portions of d and g are 1/6 actual size.) THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 55

Description: from 24-29 cm. Vessel wall thickness is Principal identifying attributes: (1) red­ medium. orange slip on interiors or exteriors or both with 2. Hooked-rim dish or bowl (Fig. 15t, bb). red slip applied to opposite vessel surface or at The orifice diameter of two examples is 22 and the rim; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) 25 cm respectively. The vessel height of the for­ multiple parallel lines in red over the red­ mer of these is approximately 7 cm. Vessel wall orange slip; (4) basal-angle bowl with triangular thickness is medium. rim bolster. 3. Round-sided vessel with exteriorly bol­ Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is similar stered rim (Fig. 15v-w). Rim diameters are un­ to that of Sierra Red. Both sherd and calcite known. Vessel wall thickness is medium. temper occur. 4. Short-necked jar with triangular rim bol­ Surfacefinish and decoration: Surfaces were ster (Fig. 15x-y). Rim dimensions are unknown; smoothed prior to the application of the slip. the thickness of the jar neck is medium. Vessel exteriors or interiors or both were cov­ 5. Basal-angle bowl with labial flange (Fig. ered with a red-orange firing slip yellower in 15ee). The orifice diameter of a single specimen hue than the red slips characteristic of the is 28 cm. Wall thickness is medium. Sierra Ceramic Group. The slip color is reddish 6. Medial-flange bowl with rounded sides yellow (5YR 6/6, 7 /6), light red (2.5YR 6/6, (Fig. 15z). Rim diameter is unknown; vessel wall 6/8), or pink (5YR 8/4). A red slip (lOR 4/6, thickness is medium. 4/8, 5/6, 5/8; 7.5R 3/4, 3/8) was added to the 7. Everted-rim dish or bowl (Fig. 15ft). The side of the vessel wall opposite the red-orange orifice diameter of a single specimen is 26 cm. slip or as a wide band at the rim. In the former Vessel wall thickness is medium. case, the red slip usually continues up over the 8. Lateral-ridge plate or dish (Fig. 15aa). lip and down the opposite side for 1 or 2 cm. Rim dimensions are unknown; vessel wall thick­ Often multiple, parallel lines continue down ness is medium. from the demarcation line between the two slip 9. Flaring-sided bowl. Rim diameter is un­ colors and over the red-orange slip. These lines known. Vessel wall thickness is medium. are generally closely spaced (4-7 mm) and ei­ lntrasite locations and contexts: Baluartes com­ ther straight or wavy. All are positive painted plex deposits, especially in late Baluartes fill in and often are somewhat hazy or blurry in out­ Mound 4N-490 of the Fortress. line, not always standing out sharply against the lntenite locations and contexts: The type oc­ red-orange background. In other cases the edges curs at Altar de Sacrificios (REWA: 28), at Be­ of the lines are clear and sharp. A multiple can (JWB: 100-101) and apparently at Tikal brush applicator may have been used to apply (REWA: 28). Sabloff's (JAS: 97-98) Unnamed the multiple lines, although application could Red-on-orange also apparently pertains to this also have been done with a single brush. The type, since the sherds are labeled as Caramba width of these parallel lines varies from 1.5-5.0 Red-on-red-orange in the Seibal type collections mm. Not all examples exhibit the parallel lines, (p. ob., PM). Whether the Edzna variety is the but all do have the red-on-red-orange differen­ same as the Caramba Variety is not yet known. tial color effect. The red-orange color may have However, an example of a bowl of this type, in­ been produced by slipping the vessel with a slip distinguishable from Edzna counterparts in that contained a clay-to-water concentration terms of surface finish and decoration, occurs in less than that customarily used to produce the collections from Tayasal, Peten, Guatemala Sierra Red slips. The red slip was definitely ap­ (p. ob., Guthe collection, PM). plied over the red-orange slip. One example has Illustration: Figure 15q-ff. a preslip incised line just above the basal break of a bowl form. Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety Forms: 1. Basal-angle dish or bowl with triangular Frequency: 17 sherds (100%; .14%). rim bolster (Fig. 15q-s, u). Rim diameters range Established: Present study. 56 N.W.A.F . PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZNA, CAM PECHE, MEXICO

Description: rim bolster (Fig. 15gg). Rim diameter is un­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) black slip known; vessel wall thickness is medium. on vessel interiors and red slip on vessel exte­ 3. Lateral-ridge plate or dish (Fig. 15ii). riors, or vice versa; (2) lustrous, waxy surface Rim diameter is unknown; vessel wall thickness finish. is medium. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ 4. Medial-ridge bowl (Fig. 15ff). Dimensions dium textured, dense, and strong. Paste color are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is medium. varies from sherd to sherd and often within a 5. Flaring-sided vessel with direct rim (Fig. single sherd, probably due to the effects of dif­ 15kk). Vessel wall thickness is medium; orifice ferential firing (see below). The principal paste dimensions are unknown. colors are red (lOR 4/6, 4/8), weak red (lOR Bases and supports: One base, which was 4/4), reddish brown (5YR 4/3), reddish yellow only slightly concave (i.e., dimpled from the ex­ (5YR 6/6), and dark to very dark gray (5YR 3/1, terior), was noted. The exterior of the base and 4/1). Firing took place in an oxidizing atmo­ the vessel wall was slipped red; the interior was sphere, at least for a part of the firing time, but slipped black. oxidation varies from sherd to sherd. In general, lntrasite locations and contexts: Late Baluartes the red slipped sides of the wall cross-section complex deposits, especially in and around Ex­ tend to be oxidized a reddish color, while the cavation 190 (Map 9, N4) of the Fortress. black sides ar-e a brown or a gray color. More­ lntersite locations and contexts: Brainerd over, a dark core, indicating incomplete oxida­ (GWB: 142, 172) reports differentially fired red tion sometimes occurs. Firing seems to have in­ and black Formative vessels from Mani and Ho­ volved the techniques utilized in producing the lactun. There is no doubt that such vessels oc­ types Sierra Red and Polvero Black, but on a curred in his collections. However, the attribu­ single vessel. This entailed some sort of differen­ tion of large amounts of Late Formative pottery tial firing in which the vessels were first oxi­ to the site of Holactun is mistaken (Matheny dized or partially oxidized, and then one sur­ and Berge 1971: 2-3; Roberts 1935: 58-66; Ball, face, and sometimes a section of the paste p. com.). beneath it, was smudged black, while the other Illustration: Figure 15gg-kk. surface was left unsmudged-that is, red (see GWB: 142 for a suggestion on how this might San Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety have been accomplished). The temper is sherd with considerable free calcite in the paste. Frequency: 64 sherds (100%; .53%). There are Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were also 4 sherds in Pina Chan's collections (p. ob., smoothed prior to the application of the slip, INAH). which was applied to both interior and exterior Established: Present study. surfaces. The color of the slip is always differen­ Description: tial: interiors are black, as in Polvero Black, Principal identifying attributes: (1) gray-col­ while exteriors are red, as in Sierra Red. Some­ ored slip; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) times this color scheme was reversed, resulting purple dendritic markings on the surface. in black exteriors and red interiors. The black Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is like surfaces range from black (2.5YR 2/0; 5YR 2/1) that of Sierra Ceramic Group vessels, except to dark gray (2.5YR 3/0, 4/0; 5YR 3/1, 4/1). that there is a greater tendency toward gray The opposite surfaces are red (7.5R 4/6; lOR paste colors (2.5Y 6/2; lOYR 5/2). The temper 4/6, 4/8, 5/8). is sherd as in other Paso Caballo Waxy Ware Forms: types. 1. Medial-flange bowl (Fig. 15hh). Orifice Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were diameter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness is smoothed and then slipped with a gray firing medium. The base of a single example is flat; slip (2.5Y 6/2; lOYR 5/2, 6/2, 7 /2). The slip the exterior of the base is unslipped. was applied to both surfaces of unrestricted ves­ 2. Basal-angle dish or bowl with triangular sels, and to exteriors of restricted ones. On jar THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 57

forms, the slip sometimes was applied to the in­ teristic of San Dimas Gray. I have chosen to re­ terior neck, but not to the interior body. The gard the Edzna sherds as a separate type unaffil­ slip is noticeably waxy to the touch. It is also iated with a ceramic group. characterized by purple dendritic markings and Cultural significance: The similarity of the sur­ blotches similar to those found on Muna Ceram­ face finish of this type to that of the Muna Ce­ ic Group vessels. Indeed, based on surface finish ramic Group is striking. Both Brainerd (GWB: alone, these sherds might be considered Puuc 73) and Rands (1962: 266-267) have raised the Slate Ware. However, vessel shape and their issue of whether the Slate wares of Yucatan are context within the site do not support such a derivatives of the waxy wares of Preclassic conclusion. Decoration occurs in the form of times. The close similarity of San Dimas Gray to multiple parallel grooves encircling everted Muna Slate with respect to surface finish is in­ rims in a manner identical to that used for triguing in this regard. It should be remem­ Sierra Red vessels. Also identical to Sierra Red bered, however, that San Dimas Gray is a very decoration is the notching of flanges or ridges. rare type at Edzna and has not been reported from any other site. It is possible, therefore, that Forms: the similarities are coincidental. Moreover, 1. Everted-rim dish or bowl (Fig. 16a). Rim there is the problem of the lack of waxy wares dimensions are unknown; vessel wall thickness is in the Early Classic period (GWB: 73; POM: medium. 70). With respect to the hiatus, however, a type 2. Lateral-flange bowl (Fig. 16b). Vessel sample of sherds from Jack Eaton's coastal sur­ wall thickness is medium. Orifice dimensions are vey (Eaton 1978) includes a type labeled as unknown. Jabonoso Gray Dichrome (Ball 1978: 117). The 3. Short-necked jar (Fig. 16c). Rim diameter slip on this type is gray and is highly reminis­ is unknown. Wall thickness is medium. cent of the slateware slips. The forms, however, 4. Restricted vessel with triangular rim bol­ are typical Early Classic Z-angle and basal­ ster (Fig. 16d). Rim diameter of a single ex­ flange bowls. Whether this type represents an ample is 24 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Early Classic precursor to late slatewares is not known and will have to await a fuller analysis. 5. Flaring-sided bowl with exterior rim bol­ ster (Fig. 16e). Rim diameter is unknown; wall Illustration: Figure l6a-e. thickness is medium. Other vessel forms probably occur, but the YUCATAN OPAQUE WARE (25) majority of the sherds of this type are body Yucatan Opaque Ware was named by Smith sherds, and thus the exact vessel form cannot be (POM: determined. 32). Originally it included Brainerd's (GWB: 48, 49) Formative Monochrome and lntrasite locations and contexts: Except for one Formative Flaky Red Wares. One of the types sherd, all examples of this type came from the described below, Tipikal Preslip-striated Red, Fortress area. was originally defined by Smith (POM: 30) as Intersite locations and contexts: I have not no­ Tipikal Red-on-striated, which he assigned to ticed this type in any other collections that I Tutul Xiu Red Ware. Brainerd (GWB: 48) have seen. Joseph W. Ball (p. com.) has sug­ called it Red Slip over Striated Ware. More re­ gested that it represents a variety of Flor cently, Ball (1978: 110; p. com.) has reviewed Cream. Indeed, some of the examples labeled as the Yucatecan ceramic systematics and revised Flor Cream in the Seibal collections (PM) do the classificatory scheme as a result of his analy­ tend to have a more grayish tone than Flor sis of Dzibilchaltun Formative pottery. I follow Cream examples from Edzna, or from Uaxactun Ball's approach here, and thus regard Smith's (PM) for that matter. But the San Dimas Gray Tutu! Xiu Red Ware as merely part of Yucatan sherds are even grayer in color than the few Opaque Ware. Yucatan Opaque Ware occurs Seibal examples. Moreover, the Seibal sherds do only in preslip-striated types at Edzna and is not bear the purple dendritic pattern so charac- rare. It was likely an import. 58 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

f

h g

1 s

0 q

r

u

V y (

w Figure 16. SAN D1MAS CRAY, SAPOTE STRIATED, AND BALUARTES SPECIALS SAN DIMAS CRAY: SAN DIMAS VARIETY. a, Form l; b, Form 2; c, Form 3; d, Form 4; e, Form 5. SAPOTE STRIATED: U STRIATED- ECK VARIETY. f, i-j, Form 1. SAPOTE STRIATED: RASTRO VARIETY. g-h, Form l; m-n, Form 2; o-p, Form 3; k-� handles; q, basal fragment. BALUARTES SPECIALS. r-s, Unnamed Red Impressed; t-u, Unnamed Trichrome; v-w, Unnamed Usulutan-like; x, Unnamed Red Punctated; y, Unnamed Negative Dichrome. (Scale ½ actual size.) THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 59

Now CERAMIC GROUP ( 19) Merida pertain to Unto Preslip-striated Black (p. ob., IYAH). In addition, Ball (1974a: 20) re­ Tipikal Preslip-striated Red: Variety ports this type (or Unto Preslip-striated Black or Unspecified both) from Santa Cruz (see SMI: 254: Fig. li), Frequency: 19 sherds (76%; .16%). Acanceh, Quinta Miraflores, Ucu, and Kabah. Established: The type was originally established Illustration: None. by Smith (POM: 30) at Mayapan and other sites. The current name of the type was assigned by UNTO CERAMIC GROUP (6) Ball (1978: ll0). Unto Preslip-striated Black: Variety Unspecified Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) Preslip, Frequency: 6 sherds (24%; .05%). fine striations on vessel exteriors; (2) dull red Established: Type by Ball (1978: ll0). slip applied to vessel exteriors. Description: Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) preslip, dium textured. Firing took place in an oxidizing fine striations on vessel exteriors; (2) dull black atmosphere, resulting in red-colored paste. The slip applied to vessel exteriors. temper is unknown since it was not tested. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Tipik­ Surface finish and decoration: The exterior al Preslip-striated Red. The black color of the surface was striated prior to the application of slip was probably attained by smudging during the slip. The striations are fine, and correspond firing. in general to the striations found on Sapote Surface finish and decoration: The same as Striated: Rastro Variety vessels. A red (7.5R 5/8; that for Tipikal Preslip-striated Red except that lOR 4/8) slip was applied over the striated sur­ a black to gray colored slip (2.5YR 2/0, 3/0; face. The slip is generally dull and does not ex­ 7.5R 4/0) occurs instead of the red slip of the hibit the luster characteristic of the waxy reds. Tipikal Preslip-striated Red type. Forms: Forms: Exact forms for this type are unknown, since The exact forms are not known, but all ex­ all of the Edzna sherds are from vessel bodies. amples from Edzna appear to be from jar forms. However, it is clear that both jar and unre­ All of the Edzna examples are body sherds. stricted forms occur. The latter is evidenced by lntrasite locations and contexts: All but one ex­ the presence of slipped, unstriated interior ample came from Mound 4N-190 of the Fortress walls, differing from vessels from other sites on group. the peninsula where this type has been found, lntersite locations and contexts: This type defi­ since jars are the only known vessel form. nitely occurs at Dzibilchaltun (p. ob., IYAH) lntrasite locations and contexts: A pure Ba­ and along the coast of Northwest Yucatan (Ball luartes complex deposit in Excavation 150 (Map 1978: ll0). In fact, most of the preslip striated 9, 05) of the Fortress. A number of these sherds examples in the Dzibilchaltun type collection was also recovered from surface collections of that are really preslip striated pertain to this several small mounds on the periphery of the type rather than to Tipikal Preslip-striated Red. site. Apparently black slipped examples of this kind lntersite locations and contexts: Brainerd also occur at other sites as well, since both Brai­ (GWB: 48, 172) reports this type as occurring at nerd (GWB: 48) and Ball (1974a: 20) report Mani. Smith (POM: 30) records it as Chichen black slipped examples. ltza and Mayapan, where it is extremely rare. Illustration: None. He also lists Holactun as a provenience, but this is a mistaken attribution (see p. 56 above). It UAXACTUN UNSLIPPED WARE (4361) occurred at Dzibilchaltun during the Komchen complex (LJM: 49-50; Ball 1974a: 20; Ball Uaxactun Unslipped Ware, which first ap­ 1978: ll0), although most of the examples of peared in the Malecon Ceramic Complex, con­ this type in the Dzibilchaltun type collection in tinued in vogue into the Baluartes Ceramic 60 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Complex. In the latter complex it is marked pri­ shoulder and body of jar forms; it does not con­ marily by a shift in surface treatment. tinue onto the neck of the vessels. The striations are unpatterned and may occur vertically, diag­ SAPOTE CERAMIC GROUP (4361) onally, or horizontally, although the latter is rare. Sapote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety Forms: Frequency: 4361 sherds (100%; 36%). 1. Wide-mouth, short- to medium-necked Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SC: jar with various rim forms (Fig. 16f, i-i)- Rim di­ 162, 170) at Uaxactun. Variety by the present ameters range from 10-31 cm. Neck height study. ranges from 3-6 cm. Vessel wall thickness gen­ Description: erally is medium, occasionally thick. Bases are Principal identifying attributes: (1) unslipped round. vessel surfaces; (2) light striation on vessel exte­ Appendages: Handles are large, relatively riors; (3) unstriated vessel necks; (4) jar form. wide strap handles, probably attached vertically Paste, firing, and temper: The texture of the to the globular body. The handles vary in width paste is coarse to medium coarse. The paste is from 3.5-5.5 cm, with the average around 4 cm. well mixed and strong, although not as strong as They may be slightly indented in the middle of Paso Caballo Waxy Ware paste. The paste color the exterior or they may be flat or slightly arch­ is generally red (lOR 4/6, 4/8, 5/8; 2.5YR 4/8, ed outward. The height of the handles (i.e., the 5/6, 5/8), although various shades of brown distance the handle extends out from the vessel (5YR 2/2, 4/2; 2.5Y 3/2), beige (lOYR 7 /2, 7 /3), wall) varies from 2.5-4.0 cm. Handles are not and gray (5YR 5/1; lOYR 5/2, 5/4) also occur. uncommon on this variety. They do not seem to Dark cores (2.5YR 2/0, 3/0) occur rarely. Firing have been striated. One example of an un­ was generally oxidizing in overall effect, but slipped (and unstriated) tubular spout, presum­ considerable variation is evidenced by the varia­ ably belonging to a jar form, was also found. tion in paste color. The temper is invariably cal­ The spout was unbridged. Finally, one example cite, which is generally clear or translucent and of a solid, nubbin teat pod occurred on a round­ crystalline, although a milky white, non­ bottomed vessel pertaining to this type. translucent calcite occurs as well. The size of lntrasite locations and contexts: Baluartes com­ the particles and the percentage of the total vol­ plex deposits throughout the site and mixed de­ ume that they represent are both noticeably posits as well. greater than in the slipped wares. This undoubt­ Intersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ edly accounts for the coarser paste texture. curs at Uaxactun (SC: 162), Altar de Sacrificios Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ (REWA: 19), Tikal (JCG: 106), Seibal (JAS: 77), faces were imperfectly smoothed, at least on where it is rare, Barton Ramie (JCG: 106), the vessel necks. Most examples were sufficiently Corozal district (DCP: 4), and Becan (JWB: smoothed to coat the surface with a film of clay. 25-26). This variety has not been specifically re­ However, the smoothing process was often not ported from other sites, but probably does enough to force the temper grains level with the occur. surface, and thus the texture is somewhat grainy Illustration: Figure 16f, i-i- (see Shepard 1968: 188). On the other hand, some examples are quite smooth and are not grainy. Vessel bodies (or exteriors in the case of Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety nonjar forms) were lightly striated. This striation is heavier than the light brushing characteristic Frequency: Not counted apart from the Un­ of the Aii.ejoVariety, but is much finer than that striated Neck Variety. found on the Triunfo and Yakatzib Striated Established: Ball (JWB: 26-27) at Becan. Ball types of later complexes. The striations are not (p. com.) identified the Rastro Variety in the deep (ca. 0.5 mm) and range from 3-6 striations Edzna type collections and suggested the dis­ per centimeter. Striation is confined to the tinction between it and the examples with un- THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 61 striated necks. However, the counts are given in low the rim on the exterior (Fig. 16s). This band terms of the type only. was impressed with diagonal slashes all the way Description: around the vessel. Principal identifying attributes: (1) Un­ Illustration: Figure l6r-s. slipped vessel surfaces; (2) light striation on ves­ sel surfaces; (3) striation continuing onto vessel BALUARTES SPECIAL: OraER SIERRA CERAMIC necks; (4) jar forms. GROUP-UNNAMED RED PuNCTATED Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Sa­ pote Striated: Unstriated Neck Variety. One sherd. This sherd represents a labial­ Surface finish and decoration: The same as flange bowl with two parallel rows of punctates Sapote Striated: Unstriated Neck Variety, ex­ on the top of the everted flange. These appar­ cept that the striations on exteriors continue up ently did not continue all the way around the onto the vessel neck, almost to the lip. flange. A similar example occurs in the collec­ Forms: tions excavated by Roman Pina Chan from 1. Wide-mouthed, short- to medium-necked Complex 7 (p. ob., INAH). This sherd is clearly jar with various rim forms (Fig. l6g-h). Orifice a member of the Sierra Ceramic Group and may diameter varies from 18-26 cm. Neck height be Lagartos Punctated. ranges from 4-6 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ Illustration: Figure l6x. dium, sometimes thick. 2. Round-sided bowl (rare) (Fig. 16m-n). BALUARTES SPECIAL: 0rHER SIERRA CERAMIC Striation is limited to the exterior. Rim dimen­ GROUP-UNNAMED INCISED MUSHROOM STANDS sions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Three sherds. The exterior bodies of these 3. Flaring-sided dish or bowl with various vessels were slipped red like Hongo Composite rim forms (rare) (Fig. 160-p). Striations begin vessels. The upper curved surfaces of the mush­ about one cm below the lip on the vessel exte­ room stands were also unslipped, again like rior. The rim diameter of a single example is 15 those of Hongo Composite. They differ, how­ cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are ever, in that pairs of parallel arcs were incised flat. on the unslipped surface near the break of the Appendages: See Sapote Striated: Un­ upper surface. The incised lines always break striated-neck Variety above. toward the edge of the mushroom stand. In at Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as least one case they are definitely repetitive; a Sapote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety. series of paired arcs encircle the edge of the un­ lntersite locations and contexts: See Sapote slipped surface of the stand. All three sherds are Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety for the distri­ badly weathered, but no remains of fingernail bution of the type. The Rastro Variety occurs at impression, like that found on Hongo Compos­ Becan (JWB: 26) and a number of other sites in ite, are apparent. Two of the sherds came from Campeche and Yucatan (see JWB: 27). a surface collection of a small mound on the Illustration: Figure l6g-h, k-p. northern periphery which yielded only Pre­ classic sherds. The sherds collected from this mound appeared, on the basis of form and sur­ BALUARTES SPECIAL: 0rHER SIERRA CERAMIC face characteristics, to be transitional between GROUP-UNNAMED RED IMPRESSED Malecon and Baluartes complexes. One example Two sherds representing this type (?). One of a mushroom stand with incised arcs like those sherd is a jar form bearing a raised band encir­ found at Edzna was noted in the Uaxactun col­ cling the vessel at the neck-shoulder juncture lections (PM). It was in a box labeled Mamom (Fig. 16r). This raised band was thumb-im­ Red, Sharp Shoulder-Angle Bowls, all of which pressed, apparently all the way around the ves­ are actually mushroom stands. The Uaxactun ex­ sel. The other example is a flaring-sided vessel ample, however, definitely bears fingernail im­ with an appliqued circumferential band just be- pression in the area above (i.e., toward the 62 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO crown of the stand) the incised arcs, although BALUARTES SPECIAL: UNNAMED NEGATIVE none occurs between the arcs and the corner DICHROME point formed by the crown and side wall. One example of a negative-painted di­ Illustration: None. chrome vessel in red-on-cream occurs in the Edzna collections. It is apparently a base from a BALUARTES SPECIAL: UNNAMED CREAM FLUTED flat-bottomed vessel that was slipped a pinkish white color (7.SYR 8/2) on the interior. A red Three sherds. All three are slipped cream pigment (SR 4/6), similar to that on Sierra Red (l0YR 8/3, 8/4) on both interior and exterior vessels, was applied over the cream slip in mul­ surfaces. The exteriors were fluted in a manner tiple, concentric circles, which left cream areas identical to that found on Xcampeu Composite in between the lines creating a negative design vessels. In fact, these sherds seem to be mon­ effect. ochrome analogues of Xcampeu Composite. All Illustration: Figure 16y. three are thin-walled body sherds. Illustration: None. BALUARTES SPECIAL: UNNAMED RED-AND-GRAY DICHROME BALUARTES SPECIAL: UNNAMED TRICHROME Three sherds recovered from Edzna. All Two sherds. Both examples are from short­ three were slipped red on the exterior and gray necked jars with direct rims. Both specimens on the interior. The red slip is typical of the bear a raised circumferential band (ca. 5-10 mm Sierra Ceramic Group, while the gray slip is wide) at the neck-shoulder juncture. Vessel inte­ characteristic of San Dimas Gray, including the riors were slipped a cream color (lOYR 7 /3, purple dendritic markings. Paste characteristics 8/3) like that found on Flor Ceramic Group ves­ are like those of Paso Caballo Waxy Ware in sels. Exteriors were slipped a brownish-orange general. All three examples are body sherds. or light red color (2.SYR 5/5, 5/6). The rim Illustration: None. bears a distinct red band encircling the top of the lip. One of the two examples bears wavy, roughly parallel lines in black paint on the exte­ BALUARTES SPECIAL: UNNAMED UsuLUTAN-LIKE rior. The slip on these sherds is waxy and gives Two sherds. Both were slipped very pale every appearance of being Paso Caballo Waxy brown (lOYR 8/3, 8/4) on both the interior and Ware. The paste, however, is very dense, and is the exterior. Vessel interiors were apparently lighter in color than is general for this ware positive-painted with reddish-yellow (7 .SYR (lOYR 7/3). The sherd temper, which is pink in 6/6; SYR 6/8), multiple, parallel lines on vessel color, has a different texture. One example has a interiors. The multiple lines tend to be blurry or dark core. One of these sherds comes from a fuzzy in outline, rather than sharp. On one ex­ sealed Baluartes context near the Cinco Pisos ample the lines are badly eroded. These possibly Pyramid (Complex 7). The other is apparently are examples of Escobal Red-on-buff, which is from structural fill on the northern periphery of closer to the Escobal Variety, but this is not the central core of the site. clear. Both sherds represent dish or bowl forms. Illustration: Figure 16t-u. Illustration: Figure 16v-w.

THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX

The Poderes Ceramic Complex is divided THE CEPOS CERAMIC SUBCOMPLEX into two sections here: (1) the Cepas Ceramic Subcomplex and (2) the Poderes Ceramic Com­ The pottery described here as pertaining to plex proper. The former is treated first and is the Cepas subcomplex belongs, on the basis of followed by a description of the types and varie­ vessel form and decoration, to the Protoclassic ties of the latter. horizon. For that reason, I have classified it as THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 63 possibly representing a separate ceramic group­ et al. 1967: 297-298), as it does at Edzna. For ing. The total number of Cepos specimens is these reasons, I have chosen to consider the small-37 sherds and two restorable vessels. But types listed above as Peten Gloss Ware. Exactly this small sample represents the largest collec­ where Aguacate Orange (JCG: 129) fits into this tion of Protoclassic pottery from a single site in scheme, I am not prepared to say. But if Pring the Northern Lowlands (Ball: p. com.). Because (1976b: 35) is saying what I think he is saying, I of the smallness of the ceramic inventory, I have suspect it belongs in this ware as well. However, chosen to regard it as a subcomplex of the close­ my examination of Aguacate Orange: Atecozol ly related Poderes Ceramic Complex. If, in the Variety (Sharer and Gifford 1970: 454) from future, a separate complex seems justified for Chalchuapa leads me to doubt this. Perhaps this material, it can stand alone as the Cepos what is needed is a reexamination of typological Ceramic Complex. The Cepos Ceramic Sub­ and varietal relationships by comparing exam­ complex includes the following types and ples side by side. varieties: AGUILA CERAMIC GROUP (1) Peten Gloss Ware Aguila Ceramic Group Aguila Orange: Variety Unspecified Aguila Orange: Variety Unspecified Unspecified Ceramic Group(s) Frequency: One partially reconstructable vessel. Guacamallo Red-on-orange: Variety Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SG: Unspecified 154, 171) at Uaxactun. lxcanrio Orange-polychrome: Variety Description: Unspecified Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double PETEN GLOSS WARE (15) slipping technique with cream- to pink-colored underslip and orange overslip. Peten Gloss Ware is generally associated Paste, firing, and temper: The same as with Early and Late Classic polychromes in the Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety (see below). Peten and British Honduras areas. In the past, Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were Protoclassic orange-slipped pottery such as smoothed. A cream to pink-colored primary slip

Guacamallo Red-on-orange and Ixcanrio Or­ was first added, and then a secondary orange­ ange-polychrome has been classified in a sepa­ firing slip. This resulted in a glossy orange sur­ rate ware called Orange Ware (WBGG: face color (5YR 7 /8). The slip was added to both Fig. 196; REWA: 28, 36; JCG: 129). This ware interior and exterior surfaces. has never been defined, however (see Carol Gif­ Forms: ford's statement on it in JCG: 129), and I am in­ 1. Flaring-sided plate (Fig. 17a). Orifice di­ clined to doubt the utility of defining a separate ameter is 34 cm. Vessel height is 5.5 cm. Vessel ware for this material. All of the Protoclassic di­ wall thickness is medium. The base is flat. This chromes and polychromes I have seen from both plate form is very similar to Aguila Orange the peninsula and from Uaxactun and Altar de cache vesels found at Uaxactun (RES: 96-97, Sacrificios (p. ob., PM) would be nearly impos­ Fig. 19bl-13; Ricketson and Ricketson 1937: sible to separate from Peten Gloss Ware sherds Plates 81-83). Moreover, it was encountered up­ were it not for vessel form and perhaps overall side down on top of an Ixcanrio Orange­ decorative pattern. Pring (in JCG: 128 and polychrome vessel in a cache context, thus pro­ 1976b: 35) substantiates this point, while in, viding another tie to the Uaxactun Tzakol pat­ dicating that the situation is not simple, and tern (RES: 96). A similar form occurred in a Preclassic-like slips also occur. Specifically he Protoclassic context at Holmul (M&V: Fig. 19!). notes the presence of the pink underslip lntrasite "locations and contexts: A cache in characteristic of Peten Gloss Ware. Moreover, Mound 387 (Map 7, l 7L) on the northern per­ at Altar de Sacrificios, Ixcanrio Orange-poly­ iphery of the central core. This vessel was chrome occurs alongside Aguila Orange (Willey placed upside down over an Ixcanrio Orange- 64 .W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIONS AT EDZ A., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

h k

g \ l �------i

Figure 17. AGUILA ORANGE, lxCANRIO ORANGE-POLYCHROME, GuACAMALLO RED-ON-ORANGE, AND AGUILA ORANGE AGUILA ORA GE: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. a, Form 1. IXCA RIO ORA GE-POLYCHROME: VARIETY UNSPECIFIED. b-c, k, Form l; d, Form 2. GUACAMALLO RED-ON-ORANGE: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. e, Form 1. AGUILA ORANGE: TAMPAK VARIETY. f-g, Form l; h-i, Form 2; j, Form 7; I, Form 3; m, Form 4; n, s, Form 5; o, Form 6; p, r, Form 8; q, u, Form 9; t, Form 10; v, Form 11. (Scale is ½ actual size; except a is 1/6 actual size, and h, k, s are 1/9 actual size.) THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 65 polychrome vessel filled with seashells, mostly unknown. Vessel wall thickness is medium. of the species Noetia ponderosa Say. Bases were convex. Large, bulbous mammiform Intersite locations and contexts: See Aguila Or­ supports occur on this form and are diagnostic ange: Tampak Variety. See above under Form 1 for it. for references to a similar form at Uaxactun and Intrasite locations and contexts: Mixed fill de­ Holmul. posits and surface collections on the northern Illustration: Figure 17a. periphery. Intersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ UNSPECIFIED CERAMIC GnouP(s) curs at Barton Ramie (JCG: 137-140), Altar de Sacrificios (REWA: 29), near (Pring Again, my inclination is to classify the fol­ 1976b: 35; DCP: 5) and Pomona (K&E: Fig. 8b), lowing types as part of the Aguila Ceramic the latter two in . Group. But already having ventured far from Illustration: Figure 17e. the established order with question of ware, I hestitate to do so here. Ixcanrio Orange-polychrome: Variety Guacamallo Red-on-orange: Variety Unspecified Unspecified Frequency: 11 sherds (73%; 73%). One resto­ Frequency: 4 sherds (27%; 27% ). rable vessel. Established: Type by Willey and Gifford (1961: Established: Type by Willey and Gifford (1961: 157) at Barton Ramie. 159) at Barton Ramie. Description: Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double slipping technique; (4) red paint applied to rims, slipping technique; (4) red and black painted de­ basal angle, and pods; (5) mammiform tetrapod­ signs on the orange slip; (4) mammiform tetra­ al bowl. podal bowl. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as dium textured, very much like that of the Aguila Guacamallo Red-on-orange. Ceramic Group (see pp. 262-263). Paste color is Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were reddish yellow (5YR 6/6, 7 /6), pink (5YR 7 /4), generally smoothed. Vessel interiors and exte­ or light brown (7.5YR 6/4). Firing was carried riors were slipped by means of a double slipping out in an oxidizing atmosphere. No dark cores technique described for Guacamallo Red-on­ were noted, and firing was complete. The tem­ orange, resulting in an orange surface color. per is crystalline calcite. Vessel exteriors, and in one case, the interior Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were base, were decorated by the addition of red and first smoothed and then covered with a primary black paint to form an integrated design. On cream slip, but in one case, the primary slip vessel exteriors, the design area is generally de­ does not seem to have been added (see Shepard limited by rim and basal-angle circumferential 1962: 253). A secondary orange (reddish yel­ bands painted in red. The principal design ele­ low-5YR 7 /8; 2.5YR 6/8) was added to vessel ments appear to be angular scrolls and vertical interiors and exteriors. This resulted in a glossy bands and rectangular areas, the latter some­ orange surface color. Painted decoration was times bearing four dots. Solid red circles or el­ added in the form of simple red (lOR 4/8, 5/8) lipses were painted on the orange slipped tetra­ circumferential bands at the rim and/or exterior pods. One example has a thin, circumferential basal angle, as well as circular or ellipsoidal black line delimiting the red rim band on the in­ solid-painted red blobs on mammiform pods. terior lip, and a second such line about 3 mm Forms: below that. Another such line was placed at the 1. Basal-angle bowl with mammiform tetra­ interior basal break. The brush work was always podal supports (Fig. l 7e). Rim dimensions are well executed. 66 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Forms: cies, perhaps Spondylus) and covered by an 1. Basal-angle bowl with mammiform tetra­ Aguila Orange plate. podal supports (Fig. l 7b-c, k). Rim diameter of lntersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ a restorable vessel is 36 cm. Vessel height, ex­ curs at Barton Ramie (JCB: 143-145), Altar de cluding supports, is 9.5 cm. Vessel wall thick­ Sacrificios (REWA: 36), Holmul (M&V: Plate ness is medium. Bases are convex. Supports are 18d.-f), Uaxactun (RES: Fig. 70d5), near Nohmul large mammiform pods (ca. 9 cm in height). in Belize (Pring 1976b: 36; DCP: 5) and at Po­ 2. Sharp Z-angle bowl with mammiform tet­ mona (K&E: Fig. Ba). In the Northern Lowlands this type occurs at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., Brainerd rapodal supports (Fig. 17a). Rim dimensions are collection, IYAH; see also FWN: 97, who men­ unknown. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are convex. tions mammiform supports), Santa Cruz in Yucatan (Smith and Gifford 1965: 507), and Xul­ lntrasite locations and contexts: Mixed fill and ha in Quintana Roo (Ball 1974a: 29). Carmen surface collections. One example was found in a Orange-polychrome: Carmen Variety from Poderes complex dump near Structure 190 (Map Aguacatal (RTM: 51, Fig. 28i, 1) may be Ixcan­ 9, 4N) in the Fortress. The restorable vessel was rio Orange-polychrome or is at least closely re­ found in a cache in Structure 387 (Map 7, l 7L) lated to it. Smith and Gifford (1965: Fig. 507) of the northern periphery. It was filled with sea­ report the type .present at Xicalango. shells (Noelia ponderosa Say and a univalve spe- Illustration: Figure l 7b-d, k.

THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX (FULL PODERES COMPLEX)

The Poderes Ceramic Complex proper con­ tun. It occurs over a wide area of the Maya sists of the following wares, ceramic groups, Lowlands, particularly in the Southern Low­ types, and varieties: lands. As will be seen below, it is not as rare as has been believed to be the case in at least part Peten Gloss Ware Aguila Ceramic Group of the NorthernLowlands. Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal Variety AGUILA CERAMIC GROUP (3517) Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety Unspecified A word concerning the arrangement of types DosArroyos Orange-polychrome: Variety within ceramic groups is in order here because Unspecified Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety of the confusion that still exists. In the original Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety type-variety assignations of Uaxactun pottery Unspecified Ceramic Group(s) (SC: 171), the orange slipped pottery that per­ Caldero Buff-polychrome: Variety tained to the Tzakol Ceramic Complex was sep­ Unspecified arated into three separate ceramic groups. One Yaloche Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified of these, the Aguila Ceramic Group, consisted Balanza Ceramic Group only of various monochrome types. The other Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified two, the Actuncan and Dos Arroyos Ceramic Yucatan Gloss Ware Groups, were composed solely of multichrome Batres Ceramic Group types. This same scheme was used by Gifford Batres Red: Variety Unspecified Uaxactun Unslipped Ware (JCG: 52) at Barton Ramie. However, Smith Triunfo Ceramic Group (POM: 270) has proposed a different alignment Triunfo Striated: Dzicilia Variety of types within ceramic groups. While main­ Quintal Unslipped: Variety Unspecified taining an Actuncan Ceramic Group consisting of one polychrome type, he argued for placing PETEN GLOSS WARE (3582) all of the remaining types with an orange base Peten Gloss Ware was originally defined by slip (i.e., both monochrome and multichrome Smith and Gifford (SC: 167-168) from Uaxac- types) in a single ceramic group. This ceramic THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 67 group would be called the Aguila Ceramic 6/8) or a reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) slip was ap­ Group. Since the multichrome types are nothing plied. This resulted in a brilliant, lustrous glossy more than Aguila Orange vessels to which vari­ finish. The slip was applied to vessel interiors or ous colored designs have been added, I find exteriors or both, depending on vessel shape. Smith's arrangement more logical, and I follow Many pieces are heavily eroded and in some it here. I have placed Caldero Buff-polychrome cases only small areas or patches of slip adhere and Yaloche Cream-polychrome in a category to the vessel wall. In other cases the slip is close­ labeled "Unspecified Ceramic Group(s)" be­ ly adherent. These surfaces attain a lustrous, cause some confusion or disagreement still exists glossy finish. about their placement (see JCB: 52; POM: 270). Forms: 1. Tall-necked jar with exterior rim bolster (Fig. l 7f-g). Rim diameters are between 11 and Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety 25 cm, with the average between 17-23 cm. Frequency: 2046 sherds (58%; 39%). Neck height varies from 5-9 cm. Vessel wall Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SC: thickness is medium. Exteriors are slipped or­ 171) at Uaxactun. Variety by the present study. ange as far as the lip, and 1 or maybe 2 mm Description: over the top of the lip. Interiors were smoothed, Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange but unslipped in most cases. On a few examples slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double the interior neck was slipped, but not the interi­ slip with pink- to cream-colored under slip and or body. orange over slip; (4) basin form. 2. Basal-flange dish or bowl (Fig. l 7h-i). Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ Orifice diameter is 24-35 cm. Vessel wall thick­ dium textured, uniformly mixed, and strong ness is medium. Interiors and exteriors as far as even though some examples have rather large the edge of the basal flange were always inclusions. The most common paste colors are slipped. The area below the flange is often un­ pink (5YR 7/4), reddish yellow (5YR 6/6, 7/6; slipped. Bases are annular. The area within the 7.5YR 6/6), and light brown (7.5YR 6/4). Red annular base is always unslipped. (lOR 5/6, 5/8; 2.5YR 5/8) and very pale brown 3. Sharp Z-angle dish or bowl (Fig. 17�. Lip (lOYR 7/3) also occur. The pink to reddish-yel­ diameter ranges from 28-34 cm. Vessel wall low color is very distinctive and readily differ­ thickness is medium. Vessel interiors and exte­ entiates this paste from that of other wares. Fir­ riors as far as the edge of the Z-angle are always ing was carried out in a strong oxidizing slipped. The area below the Z-angle may or atmosphere, resulting in completely oxidized may not be slipped. Bases are annular. paste. Dark cores are very rare. The temper is 4. Rounded Z-angle bowl (Fig. 17m). The almost exclusively calcite. This may consist of a orifice diameter of a single example is 30 cm. white crystalline calcite or a grayish-colored Vessel wall thickness is medium. Base form is amorphous crushed limestone. The two forms of not certain, but may be annular. temper are not necessarily mutually exclusive of 5. Large basin with direct, thickened, or one another and often occur in the same exam­ bolstered rim (Fig. 17n, s). This is a common ples. Occasionally grains of iron oxide nodules form. Rim diameter ranges from 33-44 cm. also occur. Wall thickness is medium to thick. Vessel interi­ Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ ors are slipped, as is the lip. Exteriors are gener­ faces were well smoothed prior to the appli­ ally unslipped. Base form is unknown, but may cation of the slip. In places where the slip has have been annular. worn away these surfaces often remain very 6. Flaring-walled bowl with rounded basal smooth. The slipping was accomplished by angle (Fig. 17o ). Rim diameter is unknown. Ves­ means of a double slipping technique in which a sel wall thickness is medium. Both surfaces are primary white to pinkish cream �lip (5YR 8/ 1, slipped. Base form is unknown. 8/2, 8/3; 7.5YR 8/2, 8/4) was applied, after 7. Bolstered-rim tecomate (Fig. 17;). Rim di­ which a light red (lOR 5.5/8, 6/8; 2.5YR 5.5/8, ameters range from 15-18 cm. Vessel wall 68 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO thickness is medium. Vessel exteriors were dantly in the fill of Mound 646 (Map 12, G 15) slipped. and 696 (Map 12, G15). 8. Wide-mouthed jar with tall to medium Intersite locations and contexts: Aguila Orange hyperboloid neck (Fig. l 7p, r). Rim diameters occurs throughout the Peten region of Guate­ vary from 20-24 cm. Neck height varies from mala and in northern Belize. It also occurs at 5.5-7.0 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Ex­ Becan (JWB: 86) and in southern Quintana Roo teriors and interiors of vessel necks are slipped. (Fry, p. com.). Smith (POM: 140-141) reports a 9. Round-sided dish or bowl (Fig. 17q, u). few examples of this type from some Yucatecan One specimen has an orifice diameter of 20 cm. sites as well. The Tampak Variety differs from Vessel wall thickness is medium. Both vessel sur­ the Aguila Variety in the predominance of the faces were slipped. One example has a flat bot­ basin form and in general in a slightly more yel­ tom, which was unslipped on the exterior. lowish surface color in the former. The color 10. Vase (?) with various rim forms (Fig. range overlaps considerably, however. 17t). Two examples have rim diameters of 14 Illustration: Figures l 7f-j, l-v; 18a-i. and 19 cm respectively. 11. Everted-rim basin (Fig. 17v). Rim diam­ San Blas Red-0n-0range: Halal Variety eter ranges from 27-32 cm. Vessel wall thick­ Frequency: 236 sherds (7%; 5%). ness is medium. Vessel interiors and the everted Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SC: rim to the edge of the lip are slipped; exteriors 171) at Uaxactun. Variety by the present study. are unslipped. Description: 12. Flaring-walled vessel with slightly evert­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange ed rim (rare) (Fig. 18a). Rim dimensions are un­ slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double known. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Both slipping technique; (4) red paint applied over vessel surfaces are slipped. orange slip; (5) basin form. 13. Basal-angle vessel (rare) (Fig. 18b-c). Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Rim form and dimensions are unknown. Vessel Aguila Orange. wall thickness is medium. Interiors and exteriors Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ are slipped as far as the basal angle. The only faces were well smoothed in a manner identical base form known is annular. to that used for Aguila Orange. A double slip­ Bases and supports: The overwhelming ma­ ping technique, like that used on the mon­ jority of bases were annular. Two forms of an­ ochrome type, was utilized in order to create a nular bases occur, however. The predominant glossy orange finish. Red paint (lOR 4/8, 5/8) form is the familiar annular base formed by a was applied over the orange slip. On some ves­ raised circular band of clay added to the bottom sel forms, notably the large basins, exteriors of the vessel (Fig. 18c-f). A less common form were left unsilpped. The unslipped surfaces of base was constructed by indenting a circular were sometimes smoothed; but just as often only area of the base, generally by forming a raised a narrow band (.75-2.0 cm) just below the rim ridge at the wall base juncture (see Fig. 18g). was smoothed. The rest of the exterior was left Flat bases also occur, presumably on basin and rough, often with numerous drag marks and round-sided bowl forms. pits. In the smoothed areas and slipped zones, Appendages: A single example of a strap temper particles do not protrude through the handle was noted. It was slipped orange and surface. They do protrude, however, in the presumably pertained to a jar form. No lids of rough areas. In the basal-flange and Z-angle any kind were noted in this type. bowls, the area below the flange or Z-angle may Intrasite locations and contexts: Large quan­ or may not be slipped, but it is usually smooth­ tities of this type were recovered from a dump ed. Jar neck interiors may or may not be deposit just off the southern and western edges slipped, but globular body interiors are not. of the platform that supported Mound 190 (Map Decoration was accomplished solely by the ap­ 9, N4) on the Fortress. It also occurred abun- plication of a red pigment to the surface. In the THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 69 case of the large basins, this is usually restricted Bases and supports: Bases are like those to a red band applied to the lip of the vessel. On found on Aguila Orange with the exception of jar forms, the red paint is also usually confined the hollow pods mentioned above, which were to the lip. On plate, dish, and bowl forms, how­ not noted for the monochrome type. ever, the red paint was applied not only at the lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as rim, but on interior and/ or exterior surfaces as Aguila Orange. well. Most commonly these occur as narrow Intersite locations and contexts: The distribu­ lines or bands encircling the vessel near the rim tion of this type is essentially the same as that and on basal flanges and Z-angles. In some for Aguila Orange. Ball (1974a: 45) notes that cases, geometric designs were painted on vessel examples of this type come from a site near Me­ exteriors. As a whole, however, the decorative rida, Yucatan (see GWB: Fig. 63al-3, 5). The effect is simple, consisting of circumferential Halal Variety differs from the San Blas Variety red bands. in the predominance of the basin form in the Forms: former, and in a slightly more yellowish overall 1. Large basin with direct, thickened, or base color. bolstered rim (Fig. 18f-n). Rim diameter ranges Illustration: Figures lBf-aa; 19a. from 32-41 cm. Vessel wall thickness varies from medium to thick. Vessel exteriors are Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety Unspecified unslipped. 2. Basal-flange bowl (Fig. 18o-p). Rim diam­ Frequency: 19 sherds (.54%; .36%). eter ranges from 33-36 cm. Vessel wall thick­ Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 171) at Ua­ ness is medium. Bases are annular. xactun (also see POM, 270). 3. Sharp Z-angle dish or bowl (Fig. lBq, t, Description: aa). Orifice diameters range from 17-36 cm, Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange with the general range between 30-36 cm. Ves­ slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double sel wall thickness is medium. Bases are annular. slipping technique; (4) black paint applied to 4. Tall-necked jar with exterior rim bolster rims, flanges, and vessel exterior; (5) bowl form. (Fig. 18r-s, y). Rim diameter on two specimens Paste, firing, and temper: The same as is 11 and 12 cm respectively. Neck height is Aguila Orange. from 5.5-7.5 cm. Vessel wall thickness is Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish medium. is like that on Aguila Orange vessels. Decoration 5. Basal-break dish or bowl (Fig. 18u-v). was achieved by the addition of a black (2.5YR The rim diameter of a single example is 29 cm. 2/0; 5YR 2/1, 2/2) paint. Vessel lips generally Vessel wall thickness is medium. carry a black band encircling the orifice. Bowl 6. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 18w). The orifice interiors often have a narrow circumferential diameter of a single specimen is 21 cm. Vessel line 2-3 mm below the lip band. Exteriors are wall thickness is medium. decorated in what appear to be geometric de­ 7. Bolstered-rim tecomate (Fig. 18z). The signs in black paint, or else bear simple circum­ bolster surrounding the orifice is painted red. ferential bands at the rim and on flanges or Z­ Rim diameter is 15 cm. Vessel wall thickness is angles. On basal-flange bowls, the flanges bear medium. painted decoration, usually in the form of cir­ 8. Basal-break plate with hollow supports cumferential lines and/ or bands. Most of these (Fig. 18x). Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel sherds are weathered, and design patterns are wall thickness is medium or thick. The base is difficult to discern. A few examples counted as flat with large hollow supports of unknown Boleto Black-on-orange may be badly weath­ form (only the pod welds occur in our ered specimens of Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ collections). chrome in which the red paint has weathered 9. Short-necked jar (Fig. 19a). Rim diameter away. ranges from 14-17 cm; vessel wall thickness is Forms: medium. 1. Basal-flange bowl (Fig. 19b-c). Rim diam- 70 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

eter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness is me­ dium. Bases are presumably annular. dium. Bases are presumably annular. 3. Unknown jar form. Orifice diameter is 2. Sharp Z-angle bowl (Fig. 19d). Orifice di­ unknown, as is neck height. Wall thickness is ameter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness is me- medium.

I.-,b � a C • • ...... e g __,,,h I .,..-.;.'·~._. _._.-::-.r- t. ,___, 7 7 J k 7 q ).0 _/. m l r ' ���r-M7

t

y u

�� z ' aa Figure 18. AGUILA ORANGE AND SAN Bus RED-ON-ORANGE AGUILA ORANGE: TAMPAK VARIETY. a, Form 12; b-c, Form 13; d-h, basal fragments; i, handle. SAN BLAS RED-O ORANGE: HALAL VARIETY. ;-n, Form l; o-p, Form 2; q, t, aa, Form 3; r-s, y, Form 4; u-v, Form 5; w, Form 6; :r, Form 8; z, Form 7. (Scale ½ actual size; except;, k, q are 1/6 actual size.) THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 71 lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as similar encircling black line was painted at the Aguila Orange. interior basal break. lntersite locations and contexts: Uaxactun (SC: Interior decoration is extremely rare. Pri­ 171) and Barton Ramie (JCG: 173). Smith mary decoration was generally limited to vessel (POM: 141) reports this type at Mayapan. exteriors from the rim band to the edge of the Illustration: Figure l9b-d. basal flange. Decoration is essentially similar to that shown by Smith (RES) except that natural­ istic designs are extremely rare in the Edzna ex­ Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome: Variety amples. Designs are overwhelmingly geometric, Unspecified consisting of rectangles, steps, and scrolls. Cir­ Frequency: 340 sherds (10%; 6%). cles, dots, and wavy lines also occur frequently. Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 171) at Surfaces are often weathered, and for this rea­ Uaxactun. son it is usually difficult to perceive the decora­ Description: tive effect of the total design. Basal flanges and Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange Z-angles were usually decorated in patterns slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double analogous to Uaxactun examples (see RES: Fig. slipping technique; (4) polychrome painting in 76a). Two examples of this type are everted rim red and black on the orange slip; (5) basal-flange bowls with wavy rims. One of these also bears bowl; (6) Z-angle bowl. two appliqued buttons on the upper surface of Paste, firing, and temper: The same as the everted rim. Aguila Orange. Forms: Surfacefinish and decoration: Surfaces were 1. Basal-flange bowl (Fig. 19e-f, h, aa, gg, well smoothed on interiors and exteriors. The ii). Lip diameter ranges from 29-41 cm. Vessel double slipping technique that characterizes the wall thickness is medium. Bases are annular. Aguila Ceramic Group was utilized to produce 2. Sharp Z-angle dish or bowl (Fig. 19g, i-i, a glossy orange slip surface. The slip was ap­ hh). Rim diameter is between 17 and 38 cm. plied to vessel interiors and exteriors on dish Vessel wall thickness is characteristically me­ and bowl forms. On some vessels the area below dium. Ring bases are the only known base form. the flange or Z-angle was left unslipped. Jar 3. Basal-angle dish or bowl (Fig. 19k-m). forms were slipped on the exterior and some­ Rim diameter varies from 26-32 cm. Vessel wall times on the interior of the neck, but not on thickness is medium. Bases were presumably body interiors. Tecomate interiors were annular. unslipped. Red and black paint was applied over the 4. Basal-angle plate (Fig. 19p-r). Orifice di­ slip to produce integrated designs in true poly­ ameter ranges from 32-43 cm. Vessel wall chromy. The red paint is essentially the same thickness is medium. Two examples of this form color as that found on San Blas Red-on-orange bore pod welds indicating that hollow pods vessels (7.5R 4/8; lOR 4/4, 4/8, 5/8; 2.5YR were used as supports. A pod illustrated in Fig. 5/8). The black paint is generally a strong black 19s may be the kind used on this form. These (7.5YR 2/0; 5YR 2/ l), but ranges to dark red­ were presumably tripods. dish brown (5YR 2/2, 3/3). The lip was general­ 5. Rounded Z-angle bowl (Fig. 19n-o, t). ly painted with a red band, although occasion­ Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel wall thick­ ally with a black band. Rarely, the lip band ness is medium. alternated around the circumference of the ves­ 6. Tall-necked jar (Fig. 19u-w). Rim diame­ sel between red and black painted sections. The ter varies from 13-20 cm; neck height varies red lip band was usually delimited on the interi­ from 5-7 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. or by a narrow (1-3 mm) black circumferential 7. Thin-walled tecomate (Fig. 19x). The ori­ line. Often a second narrow black line occurred fice diameter of a single example is 6 cm. Vessel below this, separated from it by a 1-2 mm wide walls are thin. band in the orange slip color. Occasionally a 8. Flaring-sided, thin-walled dish or bowl 72 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: l VESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

C r- s Iit I ' : r �----I I p \.. ____ _, q -�X 71 YDl'□{ y z llJ) bb u 'w aa

cc �� dd t.-lee I ,,, ff � JJ gg l Iii Figure 19. SAN BLAS REo-ON-ORANGE, BoLETO BLACK-ON-ORANGE,l AND Dos ARROYOS ORANGE-POLYCHROME SA BLAS RED-ON-ORANGE: HALAL VARIETY. a, Form 9. BOLETO BLACK-O -ORA CE: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. b-c, Form l; c� Form 2. DO ARROYOS ORANGE-POLYCHROME: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. e-f, h, aa, gg, ii, Form l; g. i-j, h/i, Form 2; k-m, Form 3; n-o, t, Form 5; p-r, Form 4; u-w, Form 6; x, Form 7; y-z, Form 8; cc-dd, Form 9; s, foot pod; bb, strap handle; ee-ff. bases; ii, body fragment. (Scale ¼ actual size; except f. g. m, p, dd are 1/6 actual size.) THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 73

(rare) (Fig. 19y-z). Rim dimensions are un­ slipping technique; (4) unslipped and striated known. Vessel walls are thin. vessel exteriors; (5) large basin. 9. Flaring-rim bowl (rare) (Fig. 19cc-dd). Paste, firing, and temper: The same as The rim diameter of a single example is 42 cm. Aguila Orange. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Surface finish and decoration: Interior sur­ Bases and supports: Bases were over­ faces were highly smoothed prior to the appli­ whelmingly annular. Pod supports on basal­ cation of the slip. A double slipping technique, angle plates were mentioned above (see Form like that on Aguila Orange, was utilized to pro­ 4). One example of a solid teat pod on a flat­ duce brilliant orange surfaces (see Aguila Or­ bottomed vessel was also noted. ange for color readings). The slip was applied to Appendages: One example of a decorated vessel interiors and lips, occasionally extending strap handle, about 3 cm in width, occurred in onto the exterior lip a few millimeters. The ex­ this type. It bore red and black vertical lines terior of the vessels was left unslipped and then over an orange slip (Fig. 19bb). Presumably it striated. One example of what must have been a was part of a jar form. jar form bore striations on the lower portion of lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as the globular body, while the upper portion was Aguila Orange. unstriated and slipped. The striations on this type occur in vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lnrersite locations and contexts: This is a wide­ patterns, and sometimes two of these patterns spread type throughout the Southern Maya were combined to form a herringbone pattern. Lowlands. It occurs at Uaxactun (SC: 171), Al­ Striations are spaced further apart and are deep­ tar de Sacrificios (REWA: 37), Seibal (JAS: er than on Baluartes complex striated vessels. 105-106), Barton Ramie (JCG: l 73ff.), Tikal The average is around three striations per cen­ (JCG: 174), San Jose (JES: Fig. 45a-e, h; Smith timeter. The width of the striated channel is and Gifford 1965: 507), Holmul (Smith and Gif­ about 1-2 mm. These striations continued down ford 1965: 507), (Bullard 1965: the exterior wall to the base. 36-37), northern Belize (Hammond 1974: 183), Forms: southern Quintana Roo (Fry 1972: 488), and Be­ 1. Large basin with various rim forms (Fig. can (JWB: 136-137). In the Northern Lowlands 20a-b, f-h). Lip diameter ranges from 32-43 it occurs at Dzibilnocac (FWN: 97), where it is cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium to thick. classified as the Dzul Ceramic Group (p. ob., Bases were slightly dimpled or flat. Annular BYU). Some examples are also found in Brai­ bases may also have occurred. nerd's (1951) Dzibilnocac collections (p. ob., 2. Globular jar of unknown form (Fig. 20c). IYAH). Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome also Rim dimensions are unknown. Exteriors are occurs at Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., Brainerd slipped part way down the body. The lower collection, NWAF collection, IYAH), Jaina (p. portion of the jar body is unslipped and striated. ob., INAH), and Merida (Ball 1974a: 45). A box Interiors are unslipped. of Dos Arroyos sherds is also in the type collec­ Appendages: Several examples of striated tion from Eaton's (1978) coastal survey (p. ob., strap handles occur in the Edzna collections, but IYAH). Smith (POM: 141) also reports it as oc­ their position on the vessels is not known. It is curring at Mayapan. also not known whether they occurred on basin Illustration: Figure l 9e-;;. or jar forms or both. lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as Aguila Orange. Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety lnt.ersite locations and contexts: Examples sim­ Frequency: 93 sherds (3%; 2%). ilar to Nitan Composite occur at Coba. Brainerd Established: The present study. (GWB: Fig. 2e) classified these as Regional Red­ Description: ware (divided into coarse and medium paste Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange wares). Many of the sherds now in the Coba col­ slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double lections indeed are slipped a red color. Others 74 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIO AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO 7 b

d I

C f I 1I

...... ,,, ...... ,. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,. :'lr.'lro: ------J k J

t

bb dd ff Figure 20. N1TAN COMPOSITE, CHIV! COMPOSITE, CALDERO BuFF-POLYCHROME, YALOCHE CREAM-POLYCHROME, BALANZA BLA K, BATRES RED, AND TRIUNFO STRI.ATED ITA COMPOSITE: NITA VARIETY. a-b, f-h, Form l; c, Form 2; basal fragment; e, handle. CHIVIC Y d, OMPOSITE: CHIVIC VARIET . i-j, Form l; k, Form 2; � handle. CALDERO BUFF-POLYCHROME: VARIETY U PECIFIED. m-o, Form l; p, r, Form 2; q, miscellaneous form. YALOCHE CREAM-POLYCHROME: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. t, Form I; s, Form 2; u-v, body fragments. BALA ZA BLACK: VARIETY U PECIFIED. w-x, base fragments; y-z, Form l; aa, pot stand base (?). BATRES RED: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. bb-ee, Form l. TRIU FO TRlATED: DZICILIA VARIETY. gg. Form l;ff, body fragment. (Scale 11.i actual size; except a-b, h-i, s, gg are 1/6 actual size.) THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 75 are slipped with a glossy orange slip like that on 2. Jar form (Fig. 20k). The rim diameter of a Nitan Composite vessels. The exteriors were lone specimen is 12 cm. slipped down to the thumbed fillet and then left Bases and supports: Bases were probably unslipped and striated below the fillet. Although like those found on Nitan Composite vessels. the Coba examples represent a different type, Appendages: Several strap handles, 4-5.5 cm they are similar in concept to Nitan Composite in width, occurred on this type (Fig. 200. These in decorative technique. In addition, several handles were striated either parallel or per­ body sherds classified as Chen Ceramic Group pendicular to the edges of the handle. The edges at Dzibilnocac (FWN: 103) pertain to this type of the handle were painted red. (p. ob., BYU). Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Cultural significance: The unslipped striated Aguila Orange. exterior vessels occurring in an Aguila Ceramic lnteTsite locations and contexts: This type or Group type constitute the carrying over of a one closely related to it occurs at Dzibilnocac distinctive Late Formative decorative mode (see (FWN: 99-100), where it is classified as the Ciego Composite) into the Early Classic. This is Kakal Ceramic Group (p. ob., BYU). The handle strong evidence for the local manufacture of the illustrated in Figure 75a of Nelson's monograph Aguila Ceramic Group vessels, since both Ciego bears red paint on the edges and is identical to Composite and Nitan Composite are, as far as I handles on Edzna examples. At Coba, several of know, limited to the northern portion of the the basins mentioned in discussing intersite com­ Maya Lowlands. In terms of slip characteristics parisons for Nitan Composite bear a red lip and vessel shape, they both constitute integral band and striation on the unslipped surface be­ parts of their respective ceramic groups. low the thumbed fillet. Thus they are much like Illustration: Figure 20a-h. Chivic Composite except for the addition of the fillet. Illustration: Figure 20i-l. Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety Frequency: 19 sherds (.54%; .36%). UNSPECIFIED CERAMIC GRouP(s) Established: The present study. Caldero Buff-polychrome: Variety Unspecified Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange Frequency: 21 sherds (100%; .4%). slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) double Established: Smith and Gifford (SG: 171) at slipping technique; (4) red paint; (5) unslipped Uaxactun. and striated exteriors; (6) basin. Description: Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange Aguila Orange. slip on vessel interiors; (2) glossy surface finish; Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish (3) double slipping technique; (4) unslipped or and decoration is identical to that found on Ni­ only primary slipped exterior surfaces; (5) red tan Composite except that the lip was painted and black paint applied to both surfaces. with a red (lOR 4/6, 4/8, 5/8) band. On a single Paste, firing, and temper: The same as jar (?) form the interior neck was unslipped; the Aguila Orange. lip was encircled by a red band, and the exterior Surface finish and decoration: Vessel interi­ neck was unslipped and striated. Below this un­ ors were slipped orange, usually with the double slipped and striated zone, which extended down slipping technique characteristic of the Aguila from the rim bolster 5.5 cm, the exterior was Ceramic Group. Vessel exteriors, however, were slipped orange. left unslipped or received only a cream- to buff­ Forms: colored underslip. This resulted in a buff or tan 1. Large basin with direct or thickened rim to pale brown surface color (5YR 6/4, 7 /4; (Fig. 20i-;). Orifice diameter ranges from 30-38 lOYR 7 /3-6, 8/3-4). When the exterior was left cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium to thick. unslipped, the surface was polished and com- 76 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO pacted so that it attained a medium luster. If smoothed and then slipped. On two examples there were a larger sample of this material, it the exterior was covered with a thick cream to might be possible to divide it into varieties white (7.5YR 8/0; lOYR 8/1) slip, while the in­ which bore unslipped but polished surfaces, and terior was slipped orange. Red and black paint, another which received only the primary under­ in the form of circumferential bands and narrow slip. Geometric designs, like those found on Dos lines, were added to the exterior over the cream Arroyos vessels, were applied to vessel exteriors slip. On a third example both interior and exte­ and basal flanges. Vessel interiors were deco­ rior surfaces were slipped cream. Red anq black rated with black and red rim bands and/ or cir­ bands and narrow lines were added to both inte­ cumferential lines or bands like those on Dos rior and exterior rims. Arroyos Orange-polychrome vessels. Vessel ex­ Forms: teriors below the basal flange or Z-angle were 1. Flaring-sided dish or bowl (Fig. 20t). Rim sometimes slipped, other times unslipped. diameter is unknown; vessel wall thickness is Forms: medium. 1. Basal-flange dish or bowl (Fig. 20m-o). 2. Basal-flange bowl (Fig. 20s). Orifice di­ Rim diameter ranges from 21-40 cm. Vessel mensions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is wall thickness is medium. Bases are annular. medium. Bases are presumably annular. 2. Sharp Z-angle bowl (Fig. 20p, r). The rim diameter of a single example is 25 cm. Vessel Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as wall thickness is medium. Bases are annular. Aguila Orange. Intrasite locations and contexts: The northern Intersite locations and contexts: Uaxactun (SG: edge of the central core of the site. This may be 171), Barton Ramie GCG: 181-182), and Becan a function of sampling rather than the type's GWB: 158). real distribution within the site. Illustration: Figure 20s-v. Intersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ curs at Uaxactun (SG: 155), Altar de Sacrificios (REWA: 37), Tikal (JCG: 181), and Barton BALANZA CERAMIC GROUP (41) Ramie GCG: 179-181). In the Northern Low­ Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified lands this type, to my knowledge, has been re­ ported only from the site of Mani in Yucatan Frequency: 41 sherds (100%; .78%). (Ball 1974a: 45). Established: Smith and Gifford (SG: 171) at Illustration: Figure 20m-r. Uaxactun. Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) black to Y aloche Cream-polychrome: Variety gray slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) bas­ Unspecified al-flange bowl. Frequency: 3 sherds (100%; .06%). Paste, firing, and temper: Paste and temper Established: Smith and Gifford (SG: 171) at Ua­ are untested. Firing involved smudging of vessel xactun. Although only 3 sherds of this type were surfaces to create a glossy black surface. present in the Edzna sample, it is a distinctive Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ type and occurred in a definite Poderes complex faces were smoothed like those on Aguila Ce­ context (see below). ramic Group vessels. The slip was applied to Description: vessel interiors and exteriors, including the area Principal identifying attributes: (1) thick below the basal flange. On well-preserved exam­ cream slip; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) red and ples the slip is a glossy black (2.5YR 2/0; 5YR black paint over the cream slip. 2/1), but ranges to dark reddish brown (5YR Paste, firing, and temper: The paste does not 2/2) and dark gray (7.5YR 3/0). Some examples differ significantly from Aguila Ceramic Group have mottled orange clouds where smudging paste. was probably incomplete. No decorative fea­ Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were tures were noted on the sherds pertaining to this THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 77 type except for two examples that bear striation Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were on unslipped areas of the sherds. smoothed prior to the application of the slip. Forms: The red slip (7.5R 4/8; !OR 4/8) was added to 1. Basal-flange bowl (Fig. 20y-z). This is the the interior surface, the lip, and the exterior as only form known for this type. Rim dimensions far down as the sub-labial flange. The Edzna ex­ are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is medium. amples are substantially weathered, but some Bases were annular. examples exhibit a medium luster where the slip One example of what may be a potstand or still remains. The area below the flange on the pedestal base occurs in this type (Fig. 20aa). exterior was left unslipped and then striated. lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as Forms: Aguila Orange. 1. Sub-labial flange bowl (Fig. 20bb-ee). lnteTsite locations and contexts: The type oc­ Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel wall thick­ curs at Uaxactun (SC: 171), Altar de Sacrificios ness is medium. Bases were presumably annular (REWA: 24), Seibal (JAS: 107-110), Barton (see GWB: Fig. lld). Ramie (JCG: 161-162), Tikal (JCB: 162), and Intrasite locations and contexts: Structural fill, Becan (JWB: 72-73). Smith (POM: 140) also re­ and surface collections on the northern and ports this type at Uxmal and Kabah in Yucatan. westernperipheries of the site. Cultural significance:This is a very rare type at lnteTsite locations and contexts: This is a Yu­ Edzna, which suggests a significant difference catecan type which occurs at Coba, Yaxuna, between Edzna and Early Classic complexes to Acanceh, Chichen ltza, and Mayapan (POM: the south where Balanza Ceramic Group types 32). Two sherds from sub-labial flange bowls, are common. Most of the examples are body one of which is clearly Batres Red, are in the sherds and flanges. collections made by Shook and Proskouriakoff Illustration: Figure 20w-aa. (S&P: 238-239) from the site of Cayal (or Kayal), located about 20 km north of Edzna (p. ob., IYAH). YUCATAN GLOSS WARE (8) Cultural significance: The presence of this type at Edzna and Cayal suggests some form of ce­ Yucatan Gloss Ware was named by R. E. ramic contact with Yucatan during the Early Smith (POM: 31-32). It is extremely rare at Classic or Early Period I. However, its extreme Edzna and may be an import. rarity suggests that these contacts were tenuous. Edzna's closest affiliation during this period is to BATRES CERAMIC GROUP (6) the south. Illustration: Figure 20bb-ee. Batres Red: Variety Unspecified Frequency: 6 sherds; one sherd from Piiia's exca­ vations (Walsh 1971: 95) (100%; .11%). UAXACTUN UNSLIPPED WARE (1681) Established: Smith (POM: 32) at Mayapan. Description: Uaxactun Unslipped Ware represents the Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip; continuation of unslipped pottery that began in (2) medium luster; (3) sub-labial flange bowl; (4) the Malecon Ceramic Complex. It is marked in exterior striation. the Poderes complex by changes in form and Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ surface treatment. dium in texture. It is strong and does not frac­ ture easily under hand pressure. Firing seems to TRIUNFO CERAMIC GROUP (1681) have been accomplished in an oxidizing atmo­ Triunfo Striated: Dzicilia Variety sphere resulting in the reddish to brown color of the paste (!OR 5/6; 5YR 5/4; 2.5YR 6/6). The Frequency: 1211 sherds (72%; 23%). temper is a milky white to gray translucent Established: Type by Smith and Gifford (SC: calcite. 171) at Uaxactun. Variety by the present study. 78 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Description: Neck height varies from 3.5-5 cm. Vessel wall Principalidentifying attributes: (1) unslipped thickness is medium. vessel surfaces; (2) broad, spaced striation on Bases and supports: Bases were rounded. A vessel exteriors; (3) unstriated necks; ( 4) jar single example of a spider-leg-like support was form; (5) bolstered rims; (6) grooved rims. recovered from a Poderes context. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is coarse lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as textured. It is relatively strong, and is well mix­ the Aguila Ceramic Group. ed. Paste color ranges from reddish brown (5YR Intersite locations and contexts: The type oc­ 4/3, 5/3, 5/4, 6/4), to brown (7.5YR 4/2, 6/4; curs at Uaxactun (SC: 171), Altar de Sacrificios lOYR 4/2, 6/3, 7 /3), to red (2.5YR 5/8, 6/6), to (REWA: 19), Seibal (JAS: 101-102), and Becan gray (5YR 6/1; 7.5YR 3/0, 4/0, 711, 7 /2, 8/4; (JWB: 27-31). The Dzicilia Variety differs from lOYR 7 /1). The most common color is reddish the Triunfo Variety at Uaxactun in having brown, but grays are not uncommon. Firing was broader striations, a somewhat finer paste, and generally oxidizing, but not always so. Oxidation somewhat lighter surface colors. It differs from was rarely complete, however, and gray to dark the Becan varieties in lip form and in the lack of gray cores (2.5YR 3/0; lOYR 5/ 1, 5/2) are com­ herringbone striation. mon. Temper is milky-white calcite. Occasional Illustration: Figures 20ff-gg; 2la-i. iron oxide nodules occur in the paste. Surface finish and decoration: Vessel interi­ Quintal Unslipped: Variety Unspecified ors and exterior necks were smoothed and are smooth to the touch. Temper particles occasion­ Frequency: Not counted apart from Triunfo ally project through the surface in these areas, Striated. Triunfo Striated is by far the most but this is not common. Vessel bodies were common of the two types; but it is clear that an striated or raked. The striations usually run in a unstriated type occurs, as indicated by the pres­ vertical or diagonal pattern. Generally they are ence of unstriated body fragments. When deal­ broad and deep and approximate the raking of ing with rim and neck portions only, it is gener­ later striated types. They are often spaced, leav­ ally difficult or impossible to determine which ing part of the original vessel surface between of the two types is represented. them. On a few examples, however, the striation Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 171) at is narrower and finer and approximates Sapote Uaxactun. Striated: Rastro Variety striation. Striation gen­ Description: erally began at the neck-shoulder junction, Principal identifying attributes: (1) Un­ sometimes with a slightly elevated ridge mark­ slipped vessel surfaces; (2) smoothed exterior ing the striated-unstriated juncture. On a few body surfaces; (3) jar form; (4) bolstered rims; (5) specimens, however, striation continued upward grooved rims. onto the vessel neck nearly to the lip. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Triunfo Striated. Forms: Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish 1. Medium- to tall-necked jar with exterior is similar to that found on Triunfo Striated ves­ rim bolster (Fig. 20gg; 21a). This is a diagnostic sels except that exterior bodies of the vessels form for this type. Rim diameter ranges from were smoothed in the same manner as vessel 12-30 cm with the average about 21 cm. Vessel necks. These vessels lack the striation character­ neck height ranges from 3-11 cm. Vessel wall istic of Triunfo Striated. thickness is medium to thick. Forms: 2. Medium- to tall-necked jar with grooved 1. Medium to tall-necked jar with exterior rim (Fig. 2lc-f). Rim diameter ranges from rim bolster (Fig. 2lj-k). This is a characteristic 21-28 cm. Neck height varies from 3-8 cm. form for the type. Rim diameter ranges from Vessel walls are medium to thick. 14-26 cm. Vessel neck height varies from 5-10 3. Medium-necked jar with direct rim (Fig. cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium to thick. 21b, g). Rim dimensions vary from 15-24 cm. 2. Medium to tall-necked jar with grooved THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 79

rim (Fig. 2ll-m). Rim diameter ranges from reddish brown (5YR 2/2, 3/2). The paste color 18-28 cm. Neck height varies from 3-9.5 cm. is generally the same as the surface color, but Vessel wall thickness varies from medium to sometimes ranges to pale brown (lOYR 6/3, thick. 6/ 4). Most of the examples of this ware have no 3. Bolstered rim basin (rare). Rim diameter reaction to HCI. Forms consist of basal-flange of one specimen is 40 cm. Vessel wall thickness and Z-angle bowls. Bolstered-rim jars also occur of this specimen is medium. (Fig. 2lt). It is on the basis of form that these Bases and supports: Bases were apparently sherds have been assigned to the Poderes Ce­ rounded. ramic Complex. Illustration: Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Figure 2lp-t. Triunfo Striated. Intersite locations and contexts: The same as PoDERES SPECIAL: MAXCANU BuFF(?) Triunfo Striated. Illustration: Figure 2lf-o. Two sherds. Both of these sherds are sub­ labial flange bowls. They are slipped on the in­ terior and exterior as far as the flange. Below PODERES SPECIAL: UNNAMED IRON wARE this point they are striated, as well as badly Thirteen sherds. All of these sherds came weathered. The slip color is pale brown (lOYR from surface collections on the northern per­ 6/3.5). The paste is like that of Batres Red (see iphery of the site. These are made from a dis­ above). A similar example occurs at Jaina (p. ob., IYAH). tinctive yellowish-brown paste laced with iron Illustration: oxide pockets. Clays very much like this were Figure 2lu-v. excavated by Hauck (1973b: 72) in the course of canal excavation, which leaves little doubt that they are the result of local production. Surfaces PODERES SPECIAL: UNSLIPPED APPLIQUED TYPE are badly worn, and if they were slipped, all (CANDALARIA APPLIQUED?) traces have long since disappeared. The paste is One fragment of a sherd with two appliqued coarse textured. Surface colors range from yel­ spikes (cf. RES: Fig. 15el) was found in a Po­ lowish red (5YR 4/8, 5/6, 5/8) to strong brown deres context. (7.5YR 5/6, 5/8). The iron oxide areas are dark Illustration: None.

THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX

Of all of the ceramic complexes at Edzna, part on the basis of stratigraphy and in part on the Agua Potable complex has been the one the basis of cross ties with other sites. The con­ most difficult to define, because most of the tent of the complex is therefore tentative. Fu­ types and varieties belonging to it were recov­ ture work in the Campeche area will undoubt­ ered from fill material mixed with Muralla com­ edly necessitate some realignment of types and plex deposits. Only in the area around the pur­ varieties as well as additions and perhaps ported ball court (Excavation 507-TPl, TP2 subtractions. [Map 12, Jl3] and Excavation 434-TPl, TP2 [Map 7, Kl3; TP2 mislocated on map as 448- The wares, ceramic groups, types, and varie­ TP2]) was this material found in a stratified se­ ties pertaining to the Agua Potable Ceramic quence, and even here intermixture is possible. Complex are as follows: However, a good number of types occur in Campeche Gwss Ware these deposits that are identical to types in Chimbote Ceramic Group other, better defined sequences. Consequently, Chimbote Cream-polychrome: Samula it has been possible to segregate this material in Variety 80 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is thin to Moro Orange-polychrome: Resist Variety medium in texture, but is generally thin tex­ Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome: Variety Unspecified tured. Paste color ranges from red (2.5YR 5/6), Chocubul Gouged-incised: Chocubul to reddish brown (5YR 5/3, 5/4), to pale brown Variety (lOYR 6/3, 6/4). Firing was apparently well Sayan Ceramic Group controlled, since paste color is normally uniform Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety throughout the wall cross-section. Surface Tonanche Ceramic Group Tonanche Black: Tonanche Variety clouding is very rare as well. The paste may Pajaral Gouged-incised: Pajaral Variety have been either fully or incompletely oxidized; Mastun Red-on-black: Mastun Variety but because of the light to dark brown colors of Cui Ceramic Group these sherds, this cannot be determined without Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety refiring (Shepard 1968: 106). The temper is gray &tela Red-on-orange: Estela Variety Haltunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen to white calcite. Variety Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were Cui Orange-polychrome: Cui Variety smoothed and a thin matte cream slip was ap­ Sagu Ceramic Group plied to vessel exteriors. The color of the slip Sagu Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety ranges from white (5YR 8/ l; 7.5YR 8/ 1), to Charote Ceramic Group Charote Red: Charote Variety pinkish white (5YR 8/2; 7.5YR 8/2), to pink Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Variety (7.5YR 8/4). Decoration is in the form of poly­ Pixoyal Incised: Groove-incised Variety chrome slipping in negative patterns, often Ulumal Fluted: Ulumal Variety combined with positive painting. After the exte­ Bohola Black-on-red: Bohola Variety rior was first slipped a cream color, the exteriors Sihochac Dark-red-on-red: Sihochac Variety were slipped with a glossy red-to-orange slip, Unspecified Ceramic Group(s) leaving circular, ellipsoidal, or linear areas re­ Carpizo Red: Carpizo Variety served in the cream-colored slip. A third appli­ Santa Rosita Unslipped Ware cation of a glossy red or perhaps dark brown Dzib Ceramic Group slip was made, but this time leaving circular Dzib Striated: Dzib Variety areas not only in the original cream slip, but also in the secondary red slip. This resulted in a CAMPECHE GLOSS WARE (1206) trichrome effect-cream, red to orange (lOR 4/8; 2.5YR 4/8, 5/8, 6/8; 5YR 6/8), and maroon Campeche Gloss Ware is widespread or dusky red (2.5YR 2/2, 2/4, 3/2, 3/4). Details, throughout central and southern Campeche, and in the form of solid dots or small circles, were occurs as trade pieces in Yucatan. It is marked often added to the cream reserve areas by posi­ by a glossy surface finish on slipped vessels of tive painting. The juncture between the maroon various base colors. and red areas is generally fuzzy. Often, they tend to grade into one another at the borders. Reserve cream areas sometimes bear streaky, in­ CHIMBOTE CERAMIC GROUP ( 446) terrupted, almost dentate-like parallel lines in a dusky red color. This is particularly common on Chimbote Cream-polychrome: Samula Variety vessels with cream slipped interiors. Rims are Frequency: 369 sherds (83%; 29%). generally maroon in color and the lip band usu­ Established: Type by Ball QWB: 160-161) at ally extends onto the interior for a distance of Becan. Variety by the present study. about .5 cm. Interiors are slipped cream, red, orange, or sometimes a dull brown color. Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) cream Forms: slip; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) maroon, red, I. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 2Iw-aa). Orifice and orange-red slipped areas applied in reserve diameter ranges from 16-22 cm. Vessel walls pattern; (4) round-sided bowl; (5) thin vessel are thin, rarely medium. Bases are slightly walls. flattened. THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 81

Other forms probably occur, but most exam­ previously cream reserved areas. Moreover, cir­ ples of this type are small and do not allow an cular to ellipsoidal areas were left reserved in adequate form identification. the secondary red slip, while areas that received lntrasite locations and contexts: Mixed fill ma­ all three slips were dusky red or maroon (2.5YR terial and a stratified construction sequence in 2/2, 2/4, 3/2). The original cream slip was thus the ball court area. completely covered by the secondary or tertiary lntersite locations and contexts: The type oc­ slips. Positive painted dots and circles were curs at Becan (JWB: 160-161), (JWB: sometimes added to the reserved orange areas. 161), Dzibilnocac (p. ob., BYU, IYAH), Santa A red to dusky red rim band, which overlaps Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., Brainerd's collection, onto the interior, is characteristic. Interiors may IYAH; NWAF collection; IYAH), Jaina (p. ob., be cream, orange, or dusky red. Cream slipped INAH), and Dzibilchaltun (B&A: 233). The Sa­ interiors sometimes bear the streaky interrupted mula Variety differs from the Chimbote Variety lines described under Chimbote Cream­ in that the overall surface appearance seems to polychrome. approach the type Sayan Red-on-cream (see p. Forms: 197) more closely than the Chimbote Variety at 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 22a-b, d-e). Rim Becan (Ball, p. com.). diameter ranges from 18-24 cm. Vessel wall Cultural significance: The relatively abundant thickness is generally thin, sometimes medium. occurrence of this type links Edzna with the Bases were presumably slightly flattened. Chenes and Rio Bee regions of the peninsula 2. Cylindrical vase (Fig. 22c). Orifice diame­ during this time period. Although it occurs in ter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness is thin. Yucatan at Dzibilchaltun, it is probably a result lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as of trade. As Ball (B&A: 233) has pointed out, the Chimbote Cream-polychrome. heaviest distribution of the type, as far as pres­ ent knowledge is concerned, is in the Chenes­ lntersite locations and contexts: The type oc­ Rio Bee area. curs at all of the sites mentioned for Chimbote Illustration:: Figure 2lw-aa. Cream-polychrome. Ball (JWB: 145) lists in ad­ dition Hacienda Concepcion, Yaxcopoil, Uaxac­ tun, and Piedras Negras. Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety Illustration: Figure 22a-e. Frequency: 31 sherds (7%; 2%). Established: Ball (JWB: 144-145) at Becan. Moro Orange-polychrome: Resist Variety Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange Frequency: Not counted apart from Moro slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) maroon Variety. and red slipped areas applied in a reserve pat­ Established: Ball (JWB: 145-146) at Becan. tern; (4) cream underslip; (5) round-sided bowl; Description: (6) thin vessel walls. Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange Paste, firing, and temper: Similar to Chim­ slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) maroon bote Cream-polychrome. and red slipped areas applied in a reserve pat­ Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were tern; (4) cream underslip; (5) linear and quad­ prepared in a manner analogous to that used for rangular areas reserved in the cream underslip; Chimbote Cream-polychrome. Vessel exteriors (6) round-sided bowl; (7) thin vessel walls. were slipped cream (5YR 8/1, 8/2; 7.5YR 8/2, Paste, firing, and temper: Similar to Chim­ 8/4) as in Chimbote Cream-polychrome. Sim­ bote Cream-polychrome. ilarly, a secondary glossy red (l0R 4/8; 2.5YR Surface finish and decoration: Similar to 4/8, 5/8) slip was added, reserving circular areas Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety, ex­ in the cream slip. A tertiary reddish yellow or cept that linear and quadrangular areas were re­ orange (lOR 6/8; 2.5YR 6/8) slip was then served in the cream underslip. Sometimes red added to the surface completely covering the dots were positive-painted in the cream areas. 82 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

a b

X

aa Figure 21. TRIUNFO STRIATED, Qu1NTAL UNSLIPPED, PooERES SPECIALS, AND Ctt1MBOTE CREAM-POLYCHROME TRIUNFO STRIATED: DZIClLIA VARIETY. a, Form l; b, g. Form 3; c-f, Form 2; h, neck fragment; i, body fragment. QUINTAL U SLIPPED: VARIETY UNSPECIFIED. j-k, Form l; l-m, Form 2; n-o, miscellaneous jar forms. PODERES SPECIALS. p-t, Unnamed Iron Ware; u-v, Maxcanu Buff(?). CHIMBOTE CREAM-POLYCHROME: SAM ULA VARIETY. w-aa, Form 1. (Scale½ actual size.) THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 83

Forms: Chocubul Gouged-incised: Chocubul Variety 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 22f-g). See Moro Frequency: 19 sherds (5%; 2%). Variety for dimensions. Established: Ball (JWB: 208-209) at Becan. lntrasite wcations and contexts: The same as Description: Chimbote Cream-polychrome. Principal identifying attributes: (1) cream lntersite wcations and contexts: This variety slip; (2) maroon or dark reddish brown paint; (3) occurs at Becan GWB: 145-146) and Santa Rosa postslip gouge- and fine-incision; (4) vase form. Xtampak (p. ob., NWAF collection, IY AH). Ball Paste, firing, and temper: Similar to Chim­ GWB: 146) also lists Jaina and Dzibilchaltun. bote Cream-polychrome. Illustration: Figure 22f-g. Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were smoothed and then a cream (5YR 8/2, 8/3; Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome: Variety 7.5YR 8/2, 8/4) slip was applied to exterior and Unspecified interior surfaces. A maroon or dark reddish brown (2.5YR 2/4, 3/4; 5YR 2/1, 2/2) paint was Frequency: 3 sherds (.67%; .24%). applied to the exterior in various patterns. The Established: Ball Q"WB: 165-166) at Becan. maroon paint was always applied as a rim band Description: which usually extended over onto the interior. Principal identifying attributes: (1) Light On the exterior it was applied in various pat­ brown slip; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) glossy terns as well. Due to the smallness of the sherds, red and maroon designs; (4) round-sided bowl. however, the patterns are not known. Postslip, Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Chim­ and probably postfiring, incisions were made on bote Cream-polychrome. the exterior. The more common fine-line in­ Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were cisions (.25-1.0 mm) were supplemented by smoothed prior to the application of the slip. A gouge-incised lines and small gouged areas. In­ light brown (i.e., pink to light reddish brown- cised designs are curvilinear, glyph-like ele­ 5YR 6/4, 7/ 4) slip was applied to vessel exte­ ments and circumferential lines. Incised designs riors. No evidence of a cream primer slip as in­ occur in the cream-slipped areas, in the maroon dicated by Ball Q"WB: 166) was noted. This slip painted areas, or both. Interiors were undeco­ was polished, but is not as lustrous as the paint­ rated except for the maroon lip band. Interiors ed areas. The exterior was then painted with red are cream colored. (lOR 4/8, 5/8) and maroon or dusky red (2.5YR Forms: 2/2, 2/ 4) designs. The design patterns covered 1. Cylindrical or nearly cylindrical vase large areas and tended to leave circular or (Fig. 22k-p, r-s). Rim diameter ranges from triangular areas reserved in the light brown slip. 14-17 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Base form is The interiors of all of the Edzna examples are unknown. unslipped. lntrasite wcation.� and contexts: This type oc­ Forms: curred only in Excavation 507-TPl (Map 12, 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 22i). Orifice di­ Jl3) near the ball court. ameter of a single specimen is 18 cm. Vessel lntersite wcations and contexts: Becan GWB: wall thickness is thin. Bases were presumably 208-209). Ball GWB: 209) states that a whole slightly flattened. vessel occurs in the William Kaplan collection lntrasite wcations and contexts: All examples in New York. There may be some relationship come from structural fill material from the to Cream-on-Mikado Brown Ware here. structure on the southwest corner of Complex 7 Illustration: Figure 22k-s.

(flanking the south edge of the main stairway). SAYAN CERAMIC GROUP (24) lntersite wcations and contexts: Becan Q"WB: Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety 165-166). No other proveniences .�•·e noted. Frequency: 24 sherds (100%; 2%). Illustration: Figure 22h-i. Established: Ball Q"WB: 119-120) at Becan. 84 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTICATIO SAT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

J d h

I k �-Y . l� -, � D-�, -two -, :S" � 1.w-1.w ) 1 u

• � gg hh ee

Figure 22. MORO ORANGE-POLYCHROME, XsANIL LIGHT BROWN POLYCHROME, CHOCUBUL CouGED-INCISED, SAYAJ'I RED--ON- CREAM, ToNANCHE BLACK, PAJARAL CouGED-1Nc1sED, AND MAsTUN RED-ON-BLACK MORO ORANGE-POLYCHROME: MORO VARIETY. a-b, d-e, Form l; c, Form 2. MORO ORANGE-POLYCHROME: RESIST VARIETY. f-g, Form 1. XBA IL LICHT BROWN POLYCHROME: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. i, Form l; h, j, body fragments. CHOCUBUL GOUGED-I CISED: CHOCUBUL VARIETY. k-p, r-s, Form l; q, body fragment. SAYA RED-O -CREAM: SAYA VARIETY. t-x, Form 1. TONA CHE BLACK: TO A CHE VARIETY. y-aa, Form l; bb, Form 2; cc-dd, Form 3. PAJARAL GOUGED-I CISED: PAJARAL VARIETY. ee, Form l; ff, Form 2; gg-hh, body fragments. MASTUN RED-O -BLACK: MASTU VARIETY. ii-kk, Form 1. (Scale ½ actual size.) THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 85

Description: Agua Potable complex. It may be significant Principal identifying attributes: (1) cream that Sayan Red-on-cream was not encountered primary slip; (2) red to reddish brown over­ in the one stratigraphic situation where Agua slipping in reserve and positive patterns; (3) Potable complex pottery occurred as a unit, but round-sided bowl. only in fill contexts. At this point, however, it is Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is thin not possible to specify the exact chronological textured. It is dense and strong. Paste color relationships. Therefore, I have included Sayan varies from red or reddish brown (2.5YR 5/6, Red-on-cream as part of the Agua Potable 6/6; 5YR 5/4) to pale brown (l0YR 6/3) or light complex. gray (2.5Y 7 /2). Temper is calcite. Illustration: Figure 22t-x. Surfacefinish and decoration: Surfaces were smoothed, and exteriors were slipped cream to white (7.5YR 7 /4, 8/2, 8/4; l0YR 8/2, 8/3). A TONANCHE CERAMIC GROUP (107) red (7.5R 3/8, 4/8; lOR 4/8, 5/8; 2.5YR 4/8) Tonanche Black: Tonanche Variet overslip, which sometimes fired to dark reddish y brown (5YR 2/2, 3/2), was added, leaving rec­ Frequency: 86 sherds (80%; 7%). tangular, circular, and ellipsoidal areas reserved Established: The present study. in the cream underslip. Large decorative ele­ Description: ments were positive-painted in the reserved Principal identifying attributes: (1) black slip areas. The positive-painted elements take up a color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) thin vessel much larger proportion of the reserve areas walls. than did the positive-painted elements on Chim­ Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is char­ bote Ceramic Group vessels. Solid, and outline acteristically thin in texture. It is strong and rectangles, circles with central dots, vertical and well mixed, but will break under hand pressure horizontal lines, and streaky, interrupted lines due to the thinness of the vessel walls. Paste col­ are common. A red rim band, which extends ors are generally red (2.5YR 5/6, 5/8) or light over the lip onto the interior, is characteristic. red (2.5YR 6/6), but light gray (lOYR 7 /2) oc­ Interiors were either unslipped or slipped red­ curs occasionally. Usually it is the core that at­ dish brown (5YR 3/2, 3/3, 4/4, 5/4). t�•',._- these colors. The paste to a depth of .3-1.0 Forms: m from either surface is usually smoked a 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 22t-x). Rim diaP1- ulack to dark gray color (2.5YR 2/0, 3/0). Firing eter ranges from 17-19 cm. Vessel wall thick­ atmosphere was apparently oxidizing for the ness is thin to medium. Bases were presumably first part of the firing period, which resulted in flattened. oxidized paste. The vessels �ere then smudged, Intrasite "locations and contexts: Structural fill and the surface and the paste immediately be­ and mixed deposits. low the surface were deposited with black car­ Intersite "locations and contexts: Becan (JWB: bonaceous matter. Temper is a white crystalline 119-120). Ball (JWB: 119-120) also reports that calcite. The particle size tends to be somewhat the type is present at Hochob, Dzibilnocac, San­ smaller on the average than that in vessels of the ta Rosa Xtampak, Acanceh, and Uaxactun. It Chimbote Ceramic Group. also was found at Dzibilchaltun (B&A: 233). Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ Cultural significance: In the Rio Bee region, faces were well smoothed and then slipped with Ball (JWB: 300) found a clear chronological dif­ a glossy, lustrous black (2.5YR 2/0) slip that was ferentiation between types of the Chimbote Ce­ undoubtedly produced by smudging. The slip ramic Group and Sayan Red-on-cream. The for­ was normally applied to both interiors and mer types pertained to the earlier Bejuco exteriors. complex, while the latter type occurred only in Forms: the succeeding Chintok complex. At Edzna no 1. Cylindrical vase (Fig. 22y-aa). Rim di­ such chronological differentiation was dis­ mensions are unknown due to the smallness of cernible, due to the difficult , in isolating the the sherds. But a vase form is definitely in- 86 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

dicated. Vessel walls are characteristically thin. Mastun Red-on-black: Mastun Variety 2. Flaring-sided beveled-rim dish or bowl Frequency: 5 sherds (5%; .4%). (rare) (Fig. 22bb). Orifice diameter is unknown. Established: The present study. Vessel walls are thin. Description: 3. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 22cc-dd). Rim di­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) Black slip mensions are unknown. Vessel walls are thin. color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) red rim band; Intrasite locations and contexts: Limited to (4) thin vessel walls. Agua Potable complex deposits in the ball court area. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as To­ nanche Black. Intersite locations and contexts: This pottery Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish may be related to Thin Black Ware described is like that on Tonanche Black. In addition, a by Smith (POM: 29), but vessel walls on To­ red or cherry-colored (5R 3/4, 4/4, 4/8; lOR nanche vessels, although thin, are not eggshell 3/6) band was painted on the lip of the vessel, thin. usually overlapping onto both interior and exte­ Illustration: Figure 22y-dd. rior surfaces from .3-1.0 cm. Forms: Pajaral Gouged-incised: Pajaral Variety 1. Cylindrical vase (Fig. 22ii-kk). Rim di­ Frequency: 16 sherds (15%; 1%). mensions are unknown due to the smallness of Established: The present study. the sherds. Vessel walls are thin. Description: Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Principal identifying attributes: (1) Black slip Tonanche Black. color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) fine-line post­ Intersite locations and contexts: None. slip incision combined with postslip gouging; (4) Illustration: Figure 22ii-kk. thin vessel walls. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as To­ nanche Black. Cui CERAMIC GROUP (364) Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish PlazaBlack-0n-0range: Plaza Variety is like that on Tonanche Black. Vessel exteriors were gouged and incised to form curvilinear, Frequency: 19 sherds; one sherd in Pina Chan's geometric, and glyph-like elements. The in­ collections (INAH) (5%; 2%). cision is postslip, fine line (.7 mm), and very Established: The present study, but see Nelson shallow. Some areas of the surface are gouged (FWN: 105-106). away as part of the total design. No complete Description: designs are known, since the sherds are small, Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange . but one example has parentheses-like elements slip; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) black paint ap­ within glyph blocklike areas outlined by goug­ plied to rims and vessel exteriors. ing (Fig. 22ft). Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ Forms: dium textured, uniformly mixed, and strong. 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 22ee). The orifice Paste color is light red (2.5YR 6/6, 6/8; lOR diameter of a single example is 18 cm. Vessel 6/8), red (lOR 5/8) or light reddish brown (5YR walls are thin. 6/4). Firing took place in an oxidizing atmo­ 2. Cylindrical vase (Fig. 22ft). Rim dimen­ sphere resulting in the reddish colors of the sions are unknown. Vessel walls are thin. paste. Oxidation was usually complete, with Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as dark cores being rare. Firing was apparently Tonanche Black. well controlled, since vessel surfaces are not Intersite locations and contexts: One sherd sim­ generally clouded or blemished. ilar to this type was noted in the Becan type Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were collection in IYAH. well smoothed prior to the application of the Illustration: Figure 22ee-hh. slip. Surfaces were then slipped a reddish yellow THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 87

(i.e., orange) color (5YR 6/6, 618, 7 /8). This of­ slip; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) red paint ap­ ten involved a double-slipping technique similar plied to rims. to that practiced on Aguila Ceramic Group ves­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Plaza sels; sometimes, however, no primary slip was Black-on-orange. used. Generally a black (7.5YR 2/0) to dark Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were brown (lOYR 3/3) paint was applied as a band smoothed and slipped orange on both interior at the rim. A secondary narrow, circumferential and exterior surfaces. A red (7.5R 4/8, 5/8) rim black line was sometimes placed below this on band, which overlaps onto both the interior and the exterior. Occasionally designs were also ap­ exterior surfaces, was painted over the orange plied to vessel exteriors. It is difficult to deter­ slip. mine the overall designs due to the smallness of Forms: most sherds. However, parallel curvilinear lines 1. Slightly flaring-walled bowl or vase (Fig. and cross-hatching occur, as do triangular "hand 23g-h). Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel bells." wall thickness is medium to thin. Base form is Forms: unknown. 1. Hooked rim jar (Fig. 23a-b). Rim diame­ lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as ter ranges from 11-13 cm. Vessel wall thickness Plaza Black-on-orange. is medium. Bases were presumably round (see lntersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ GWB, Fig. 3b2 for a complete vessel). curs at Dzibilnocac (FWN: 107-108) and at La 2. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 231). Rim dimen­ Mensura, near Hopelchen (p. ob., Hauck coll., sions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is me­ IYAH). dium to thin. Illust�ation: Figure 23g-h. 3. Cylindrical vase (Fig. 23c-d). Rim diame­ ter of a single example is 10 cm. Vessel walls are Haltunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen thin. Variety Supports: Form 1 presumably had a pedestal support (see GWB: Fig. 3b2, for a similar vessel Frequency: 22 sherds (6%; 1.7%). form, although painted in polychromy). Established: The present study. Appendages: Form 1 presumably had an as­ Description: sociated lid (cf. GWB: Fig. 3b2) that rested on Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange the hooked rim; but no examples of the lids slip; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) painted designs were noted at Edzna. in a dark brown color; (4) flaring-walled tripod lntrasite locations and contexts: Agua Potable bowls. complex deposits near the "ball court," and Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Plaza mixed fill deposits. Black-on-orange. lntersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ curs at Dzibilnocac (FWN: 105-106) and Santa faces were well smoothed. A glossy orange slip Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., Brainerd collection, (5YR 6/6, 6/8, 7/8) was applied to vessel interi­ NWAF collections, IYAH). A polychrome vessel ors. Exteriors were generally left unslipped. Un­ similar in form to Form 1 (GWB: Fig. 3b2) is slipped surface color ranged from light red from , Yucatan. (2.SYR 6/8), to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7 /6), to Illustration: Figure 23a-f. an occasional gray (lOYR 7 /1). Bowl forms often bear a circumferential raised band (about 1 cm wide) at or near the basal break. Slipped sur­ Estela Red-on-orange: Estela Variety faces are highly lustrous. Unslipped surfaces are Frequency: 11 sherds (3%; .87%). not. Round-sided bowls were slipped on both Established: The present study; see also Nelson vessel surfaces. Designs in a dark reddish brown (FWN: 107-108). (2.5YR 3/4; 5YR 2/2), dark red (!OR 3/4; 2.5YR Description: 3/6), or dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) paint were ap­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange plied to vessel interiors. On round-sided bowls 88 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FOR YTH: I VESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO -., b -1n-io l-Jd 7 e -, f 7 C gh

/ I

� .. __.,. \ . .:

y llX J Figure 23. PLAZA BLACK-ON-ORANGE, ESTELA RED-ON-ORANGE, HALTUNCHEN BROWN-ON-ORANGE, AND CUI ORANGE-POLYCHROME PLAZA BLACK-0 -ORANGE: PLAZA VARIETY. a-b, Form l; c-d, Form 3;/, Form 2; e, body fragment. ESTELA RED­ O -ORA GE: ESTELA VARIETY. g-h, Form 1. HALTUNCHE BROW -ON-ORANGE: HALTU CHEN VARIETY. i-l, Form l; m, Form 2. C I ORA GE-POLYCHROME: CUI VARIETY. n-y, Form 1. (Scale 'l.i actual size; except k, o, tare 1/6 actual size.) THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 89 the brown paint formed a rim band that extend­ pertain to this type. At least the vessel form is ed onto both interior and exterior surfaces for a similar (as are those in GWB: Fig. 13b, d-f). If distance of about 2 cm. The most common de­ so, it would mean that the type also occurs at sign pattern painted on bowl interiors consisted Oxkintok. of a circumferential row of solid-painted pend­ Illustration: Figure 23i-m. ant triangles at the rim. Often these hang from a rim band that covers the lip. The apices of this Cui Orange-polychrome: Cui Variety row of contiguous triangles always point down­ ward. Immediately below the apices of the Frequency: 122 sherds (34%; 10%). triangles are three, or occasionally only two, Established: Ball (1975). parallel lines in the same brown paint encircling Description: the interior of the vessel. On round-sided bowls, Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange painted decoration does not occur aside from slip; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) complex icon­ the brown rim band. Both the slip and paint are ographic motifs in red and black on the orange highly lustrous. That the brown color of the slip; (4) flaring-walled tripod bowls. paint was intentional is evidenced by the fact Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Plaza that this type occurs not only on a number of Black-on-orange. vessels from Edzmi but also on vessels from Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were other sites as well. One whole vessel has a pre­ smoothed in a manner similar to that used for slip circumferential groove below the painted Plaza Black-on-orange� Vessel interiors, and lines on the interior. rarely exteriors, were slipped with a reddish yel­ Forms: low, or orange, slip (5YR 6/6, 6/8, 7 /8). Deco­ 1. Flaring-walled tripod dish (Fig. 23i-Z). ration was effected by adding design patterns in Rim diameter ranges from 27-39 cm. Vessel red (7.5YR 3/6, 3/8, 4/8; lOR 4/8, 5/8) and wall thickness is medium. Often a raised band or black (7.5R 2/0; lOR 2/1, 2/2, 3/1, 3/2) paint. a basal ridge is at or near the basal break on the The paint and slip colors were integrated into a exterior. Bases were rounded. design pattern of true polychromy. Design ele­ 2. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 23m). Rim diame­ ments consist of arches, elongated ellipses, saus­ ter of a single specimen is 15 cm. Vessel wall age-like elements, solid painted circles, vest thickness of the Edzna examples is thick, but ex­ shirt designs, open circles with dots in the amples from other sites are thick to medium. middle, cell-like elements, triangles, scrolls, and Supports: Form 1 has hollow tripod others. The overall design generally consists of supports. an avian figure painted on the interior base of lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as the bowl. Ball (1975: 33) has suggested that this Plaza Black-on-orange. One whole vessel was avian figure represents the cui owl, which the encountered in a burial in Excavation 646 (Map Maya associated with bad luck and death. The 12, Gl5). interior side wall was decorated with stylized lntersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ saurian creatures. These reptilian figures occur curs at Huaymil (p. ob., IYAH), Jaina (p. ob., in opposed pairs or in opposed fours. Sometimes IYAH, INAH), Cayal (p. ob., IYAH), Dzibilno­ divider sections occur between the various rep­ cac (p. ob., Brainerd collection, IYAH), and Dzi­ tilian figures. balchen and La Mensura (p. ob., Hauck collec­ The bodies of the figures, whether avian or tions, IYAH). The latter site is located about 5 saurian, occur in the orange color of the slip km south of San Juan Bautista Sahcabchen near with the details added in black, and occasionally Hopelchen. This type is also found in a collec­ red, paint. The background for the avian figure tion from Acanceh in Yucatan (p. ob., IYAH). is painted red with the figure outlined with fine Brainerd (GWB: Figs. 13i6, 12, 14, 21; 16bl9) il­ to heavy black lines. Thus the avian figure is lustrates several sherds that are undoubtedly of formed by a negative painting technique, al­ this type. In fact, most of the sherds illustrated though this observation is not at first as glaring in Fig. 13i of Brainerd's monograph may well as one might expect, due to the fact that the fig- 90 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO ure takes up most of the area of the vessel floor ob., IYAH). Ball (1975: 34) also lists Huaymil, and that the red background does not contrast Isla de Piedras, and Yaxcopoil. Moreover, a with the orange as strikingly as would a black number of vessels of this type come from un­ positive background ( e.g., Petkanche Orange­ known locations in Campeche and Yucatan. "' polychrome in Longyear 1952: Fig. 108 a-a ). They have been described in works on the Pre­ The saurian figures are also formed by a nega­ columbian art of Mexico or in art dealer cata­ tive technique with the figure in the orange slip logues and exhibit volumes. Among these are color and the background in black. Sometimes Aveleyra (1964, 3rd vessel after Jaina figurines); the background is painted black in one section Lothrop, Foshag, and Mahler (1957, Plate 79), and the adjacent background is painted red. Von Winning and Stendahl (1968, Fig. 15), Thus, two opposing sections have a red back­ Smith (1957b, Fig. 6a), Parke-Bernet Galleries, ground, while the other two have a black one. Inc. (1972, Fig. 15), Emmerich (1967, Plates Details are again provided by positive painting 44-45), Vaillant (1927, Fig. 296), Martin Wid­ in black and red. difield Gallery (1957, page facing Protoclassic The top of the thickened lip is usually paint­ vessel), Jones (1969, Fig. 117), and Nicholson ed red with a black band encircling the vessel (1967: 128, upper photo). on the lip exterior. The red band on the lip of­ Cultural significance: Ball (1975: 32-33) has ten bears a series of from 3 to 5 contiguous suggested that ·this type had a primarily fu­ black outlined squares reserved in orange with a nerary function. As indicated above, the single central dot or small parallel ticks. From 4 to 7 whole vessel encountered at Edzna was discov­ of these groups were painted on the lip equi­ ered in a burial in Excavation 646 (Map 12, distant from one another. G15), thus lending credence to this view. Although the avian figure, combined with Illustration: Figures 23n-y; 24a. the saurians, seems to be the most common one at Eclzna and other sites, other figures apparent­ ly occur (Ball 1975: 32). Exteriors are undeco­ SAGU CERAMIC GROUP (11) rated and usually unslipped. Sagu Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety Forms: 1. Flaring-walled, tripod plate or dish (Fig. Frequency: 11 sherds (100%; .87%). 23n-y; 24a). Rims are generally thickened or Established: The present study. bolstered and slightly everted. Rim diameter Description: ranges from 28-39 cm. Vessel wall thickness is Principal identifying attributes: (1) cream medium. The height of three examples of whole slip; (2) lustrous surface finish; (3) positive paint­ or partial vessels, excluding supports, ranges ed designs in red and black; (4) streaky red and from 5.5-6.5 cm. Vessel exteriors commonly orange interiors; (5) round-sided bowls. bear a raised band or ridge at the basal break. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is thin Bases are flat or slightly convex. textured and relatively strong. Paste color Supports: Form 1 has hollow tripod supports ranges from dark brown to brownish gray (5YR (see Fig. 23w). 4/2,6/2; lOYR 4/2, 5/3; SY 6/2). Firing was lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as seemingly well controlled. The temper is a Plaza Black-on-orange. One whole vessel was translucent clear to milky white calcite. The encountered in a burial in Excavation 646 (Map paste and temper react strongly to diluted HCI. 12, Gl5). Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ lntersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ faces were smoothed. Exteriors, and in one case curs at Jaina (p. ob., IYAH, INAH; ARL: Fig. the interior, were slipped a cream color. The LIV, 37, 41; RPC: Fig. 6t-v), Cayal (p. ob., cream slip attains only a moderate luster. Over IYAH), Campeche (ARL: Fig. L, 25-26, 28, 43), this slip were painted designs in red (lOR 4/6, Dzibilnocac and Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., 418, 5/8) and black to brown (2.5YR 2.5/0, 2/2, Brainerd collection, IYAH), Acanceh (p. ob., 3/2, 3/4). Thin black lines often outline solid IYAH), and Dzibilchaltun (B&A: 232-233; p. red areas. In other cases, groups of red vertical, THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 91

horizontal, or diagonal bands or lines alternate CHAIIOTE CERAMIC GROUP (79) with groups of black ones. Black or red crosses This ceramic group is closely related in or Xs, with solid dots placed in the angles, also terms of color and decorative technique to Puuc occur. The execution of the designs seems some­ Red Ware. In fact, a number of Charote Ceram­ what sloppy. Solid red-painted areas sometimes ic Group types approximate in form and decora­ overrun the black outlines, and the black lines tion Teabo Ceramic Group vessels from Dzibil­ often overlap one another slightly where they chaltun (p. ob., IYAH). However, the Charote meet. Solid dots within a narrow rectangular vessels differ from Teabo specimens in paste and area outlined by thin black lines is another com­ slip characteristics. The Charote Ceramic mon motif. Group vessels tend to be double slipped (i.e., Vessel interiors are usually slipped orange have a cream to buff-colored underslip), and the (i.e., reddish yellow or light red-5YR 7 /8; surface color contrasts more sharply with the 2.5YR 6/8) with streaky, parallel, vertical red underlying paste. On Teabo Ceramic Group lines spaced all the way around the interior. vessels, on the other hand, slip and paste colors These red lines are not regular, but vary in correspond closely, and are more of a brick red width (2-6 mm) and in the depth of their color. color. In my opinion, the Charote group vessels Often the center of these bands is a deep red, represent a direct antecedent to the later Puuc while the edges of the lines are lighter as if the Red Ware pottery. paint spread beyond the application borders. The spacing of the lines varies as well, espe­ cially because of the tendency of the edges of Charote Red: Charote Variety the red paint to spread, as noted above. The lip Frequency: 36 sherds (46%; 3%). is generally painted with a black-brown or red Established: The present study. band that overlaps the interior lip a short dis­ Description: tance. The red and black paint on the exterior Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip and the red and orange colors on the interior color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) flaring-walled have a high luster and are glossy. dishes or bowls. Forms: Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is thin to 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 24b-e). Orifice medium textured. Paste color is red (2.5YR 4/8, diameter ranges from 18-21 cm. Vessel wall 5/8), reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4, 6/4), or pink thickness is thin to medium. Bases were presum­ (5YR 7 /4). Firing took place in an oxidizing at­ ably slightly flattened. mosphere. Most examples are oxidized through­ Flaring-sided bowl? (Fig. 24f, h). Rim diame­ out the vessel wall, but dark cores do occur. ter is unknown. Vessel walls are thin. Temper consists of gray to milky white crystal­ Intrasite 'locations and contexts: Structural fill line calcite. Occasional iron oxide nodules of a structure on the southwest comer of Com­ occur. a plex 7. This type has been classified as part of Surface finish and decoration: Surf ces were the Agua Potable complex on a comparative smoothed and then slipped red (l0R 4/8, 5/8) to basis, rather than on archaeological context. light red (lOR 6/8). The surface is lustrous and glossy. Both exteriors and interiors were slipped. Intersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ Sometimes a primary underslip, similar to that curs at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., BYU) where it was noted on Cui Ceramic Group vessels, was also classified as part of the Linas Ceramic Group utilized. (FWN: 108). It also occurs at Santa Rosa Xtam­ Forms: pak (p. ob., Brainerd collection, IYAH). The 1. Flaring-walled dish or bowl (Fig. 24i-f). Chenes examples show a greater variety of inte­ Rims are direct or slightly everted. Rim diame­ rior-exterior decorative combinations. Several ter ranges from 26-37 cm. Vessel wall thickness different types or varieties belonging to a single is medium. Base form is unknown, but examples ceramic group may well be represented there. from other sites have a convex base and solid Illustration: Figure 24b-h. slab tripod supports. 92 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIONS AT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

e Jl�Ag ''l}' � ,. J k / m

s r

X V l

01'aa 7:::fJ

cc gg

Figure 24. Cui OR.ANGE-POLYCHROME, SACU CREAM-POLYCHROME, CttAROTE REo, PIXOYAL INCISED, ULUMAL FLUTED, BOHOLA BLACK-ON-RED, AND S1HOCHAC DARK RED-ON-RED CUI ORANGE-POLYCHROME: CUI VARIETY. a, Form 1. SACU CREAM-POLYCHROME: SAGU VARIETY. b-e, Form I;f, h, Form 2; g. body fragment. CHAROTE RED: CHAROTE VARIETY. i-j, Form I; k-l, Form 2. PlXOYAL I CISED: PlXOYAL VARIETY. m-q, Form l. PlXOYAL INCISED: GROOVE-I CISED VARIETY. r-s, Form l; t, Form 2; u, body fragment. ULUMAL FLUTED: ULUMAL VARIETY. v-w, Form l; x, Form 2. BOHOLA BLACK-O -RED: BOHOLA VARIETY. y-z, Form l; aa-bb, Form 2; cc, Form 3. SIHOCHAC DARK-RED-ON-RED: SIHOCHAC VARIETY. da-ff, Form l; gg. Form 2. (Scale ½ actual size.) THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 93

Round-sided bowl (Fig. 24k-0. Rim diameter Established: The present study. is unknown. Vessel walls are thin. Description: Intrasite locations and contexts: Structural fill Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip deposits. The Charote Ceramic Group material color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) groove in­ is placed in the Agua Potable complex on the cisions on vessel exteriors. basis of similarities to other Late Classic ceram­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Cha­ ics, rather than on a stratigraphically defined rote Red. sequence. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Intersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ is like that on Charote Red vessels. Decoration curs at Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., Brainerd occurs in the form of deep, wide (2.5-3.5 mm) coll., IYAH). Charote Ceramic Group types oc­ groove incisions on jar and bowl exteriors. cur at a number of other sites as well (see be­ Sometimes these are combined with preslip fine low). This type is very close in overall appear­ to medium-line incision. In all cases where ves­ ance to Teabo Red (POM: 27) and most likely sel orientation is ascertainable, the groove in­ represents a direct antecedent to it. cisions are placed vertically. On jar bodies this is Illustration: Figure 24i-l. done in a way that suggests gadrooning, al­ though true gadrooning does not occur. Most Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Variety examples are preslip groove-incised, but some may be postslip. Frequency: 6 sherds (8%; .47%). Forms: Established: The present study. 1. Tall-necked jar (Fig. 24r-s). Rim form Description: and diameter are unknown. Vessel wall thick­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip ness is medium. color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) medium-line 2. Cylindrical vase or bowl (?) (Fig. 24t). preslip incising. The rim diameter of a single example is 14 cm. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Cha­ This example has fine-line incision in addition to rote Red. groove incisions. Vessel wall thickness is thin. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as is similar to that on Charote Red. Vessel exte­ Charote Red. riors were incised. The incisions occur as shal­ Intersite locationsand contexts: None. low preslip lines placed vertically or circum­ Illustration: Figure 24r-u. ferentially. When placed vertically they are generally spaced from 2-4 cm apart. The width of the incisions is medium (1-3 mm). One ex­ Ulumal Fluted: Ulumal Variety ample bears opposed groups of diagonal parallel Frequency: 5 sherds (6%; .4%). incisions zoned on the top and the bottom by a Established: The present study. single circumferential incison. Description: Forms: Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip 1. Flaring-walled bowl (Fig. 24m-q). Rims color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) shallow, con­ are direct, thickened, or slightly everted. Rim tiguous fluting on vessel exteriors. diameter ranges from 31-36 cm. Vessel wall Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Cha­ thickness is medium. rote Red. Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Charote Red. is similar to that on Charote Red. Vessel exte­ Intersite locations and contexts: Santa Rosa riors were fluted vertically. The flutes are very Xtampak (p. ob., Brainerd collection, IYAH). shallow and narrow (3-7 mm) and run con­ Illustration: Figure 24m-q. tiguously around the entire exterior. The shal­ lowness and narrowness of the flutes give an at­ Pixoyal Incised: Groove-incised Variety tractive appearance to the surface. The flutes Frequency: 8 sherds (10%; .63%). are always preslip. 94 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Forms: other example bears a series of short vertical 1. Vase with slightly flaring sides (Fig. bands encircling the rim. 24v-w). Orifice diameter of a single example is Forms: 15 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium to thin. 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 24y-z). Orifice di­ 2. Flaring-walled vessel with flat base (Fig. ameter is between 16-19 cm. Vessel walls are 24x). Dimensions are unknown. Walls are me­ thin. dium in thickness. 2. Flaring-walled dish or bowl (Fig. Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as 24aa-bb). Rims are direct or slightly everted. Charote Red. Rim diameter of one specimen is 24 cm. Vessel Intersite locations and contexts: This type oc­ wall thickness is medium. curs at several sites on the peninsula, sometimes 3. Conical or cylindrical bowl or vase (Fig. with flutes on vessel interiors or bases. It occurs 24cc). Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel wall at Jaina (p. ob., IYAH) and Santa Rosa Xtampak thickness is medium to thin. (p. ob., Brainerd collection, IYAH). An example Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as from Dzibilchaltun in the bodega of the IYAH Charote Red. bears fluting on the sloping exterior base and in­ lntersite locations and contexts: Cayal (p. ob., cised lines on the exterior wall. A number of IYAH). sherds in the Dzibilchaltun type collection of Illustration: Figure 24y-cc. post-Formative pottery bear fluting in a mode identical to that of Ulumal Fluted. They were Sihochac Dark-red-on-red: Sihochac Variety classified as Teabo Red: Orange Variety (p. ob., IYAH). These vessels are closely related to Frequency: 8 sherds; 1 whole vessel (10%; .63%). Ulumal Fluted (see comments under Charote Established: The present study. Ceramic Group). Description: Illustration: Figure 24v-x. Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) dark red paint and lip bands over the red slip. Bohola Black-on-red: Bohola Variety Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Cha­ Frequency: 11 sherds (14%; .87%). rote Red. Established: The present study. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Description: is similar to that on Charote Red. Decoration Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip consists of dark red (7.5R 3/8, 4/6; lOR 3/6, color; (2) glossy surface finish; (3) black bands 4/8) paint applied in a band to the lip of the and lines painted over the red slip (4) round­ vessel. One example has spaced red bands (7 sided bowls. mm in width) encircling the vessel interior. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Cha­ Forms: rote Red. 1. Flaring-walled dish or bowl (Fig. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish 24dd-fj). Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel is like that on Charote Red. Vessel exteriors wall thickness is medium. were decorated with black to dark brown 2. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 24gg). Rim diam­ (2.5YR 2/0, 2/2, 2/4, 3/4) lines and bands. eter of a single example is 21 cm. Vessel height There is generally a black lip band as well. On is 8 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. An ap­ only one example was the decoration placed on pliqued button occurred on the exterior near the the interior, and this was at the rim of a flaring­ base of a whole vessel. On the opposite side of walled dish or bowl. The designs are simple par­ the bowl was a small loop handle. This base is allel lines (1-3 mm in width) and broad bands slightly concave (i.e., dimpled from the (ca.. 5-1.0 cm). Concentric semicircles also oc­ exterior). cur near the rim. One example bears two cir­ Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as cumferential lines with solid spaced triangles, Charote Red. A whole vessel from a burial in whose apices are truncated, between them. An- Excavation 646 (Map 12, Gl5) was associated THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 95 with a Cui Orange-polychrome and a Haltun­ 25a-f). This is the only form known. Rim diam­ chen Brown-on-orange vessel. This association eter ranges from 32-51 cm. Vessel walls are tends to substantiate the placement of the Cha­ thick. Rims are heavily thickened. Base form is rote Ceramic Group in the Agua Potable unknown. complex. Intrasite locations and contexts: Mixed fill de­ Intersite locations and contexts: An example posits. It has been placed in the Agua Potable with a red rim band identical to this type occurs complex on the basis of comparison with other at Huaymil (p. ob., IYAH). However, the Huay­ sites rather than archaeological context. mil sherd also bears fluting and incising. Intersite locations and contexts: One example Illustration: Figure 24dd-gg. of this type occurs in a surface collection near Dzibalchen, Campeche (p. ob., CAM). Several identical rim sherds occur in Pina Chan's (RPC) UNSPECIFIED CERAMIC GROUP Jaina collections. These are red slipped on the interior and over the rim, but unslipped on the Carpizo Red: Carpizo Variety exterior (p. ob., INAH). Two sherds, labeled Ce­ Frequency: 175 sherds (100%; 14%). lestun Red Ware, in the collection from Eaton's Established: The present study. (1978; Ball 1978: 94) coastal survey, are very Description: similar to this type in form and decorative ef­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) polished fect. They are interiorly bolstered-rim basins red slip; (2) gray mottling on slipped areas; (3) with slipped interiors and rim tops, but un­ unslipped or partially unslipped exteriors; (4) in­ slipped exteriors. Paste characteristics were dif­ teriorly bolstered rim basins. ferent, however, and the coastal examples were Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is coarse lightly striated on the exterior ( cf. ARL: textured, is strong, and does not fracture under 155-156; Fig. LI, 40-41, 44-48). Ball (p. com.) hand pressure. The paste color is red (2.5YR places these in the Late Classic or Early Period 5/6, 5/8) to weak red (lOR 5/4). Firing took II period. This type also shares modal character­ place in an oxidizing atmosphere and was com­ istics with the Nanzal, Botifela, and Maquina plete. Dark cores are rare except in the middle Ceramic Groups at Uaxactun (RES: Fig. 48). In­ of the heavily thickened rim where oxygen deed, Smith (POM: 271) lists Nanzal group ves­ would have had to penetrate deeper to oxidize sels as present at Edzna. What his source for this the paste. The temper is abundant and consists statement is, and whether he is referring to of gray limestone fragments. Occasionally iron these kinds of vessels, is not known. oxide particles also occur. Illustration: Figure 25a-f. Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were smoothed on vessel interiors and on the rim. Ex­ SANTA ROSITA UNSLIPPED WARE (58) teriors are smooth to rough. A red (2.5YR 5/6, 5/8; l0R 4/6, 5/8) to orange (light red-lOR Santa Rosita Unslipped Ware was originally 6/8) slip was applied to the vessel interior and defined by Nelson (FWN: 101-103) at Dzibilno­ the top of the rim. Often the slip continued cac as Santa Rosa Unslipped Ware. However, down the exterior for a distance of 1-3 cm, but since the name Santa Rosa was previously used usually stops at the edge of the rim. Vessel exte­ by Adams (REW A: 42), I have renamed it Santa riors were unslipped. The slip tends to vary Rosita. Its exact relationships to Puuc Unslipped greatly in color, and gray (2.5YR 3/0, 4/0) Ware are unclear. When larger samples are blotching is common. Sometimes the entire available, the ware will possibly be seen as a sherd attains this color. Crazing of the slip is member of the latter ware. characteristic, and often gray mottling occurs along the craze lines, forming a dark reticulate DzIB CERAMIC GROUP (58) patternon the red slip. Dzib Striated: Dzib Variety Forms: 1. Interiorly bolstered-rim basin (Fig. Frequency: 58 sherds (100%; 5%). 96 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZNA, CAM PECHE, MEXICO

Established: The Ceramic Group by Nelson Description: (FWN: 102) at Dzibilnocac. The type name by Principal identifying attributes: (1) unslipped the present study. vessel surfaces; (2) striated vessel exteriors; (3)

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Figure 25. CARPlZO RED, Dzm STRIATED, AND AGUA POTABLE SPECIALS CARPIZO RED: CARPIZO VARIETY. a-f, Form 1. DZIB STRIATED: DZIB VARIETY. g-k, Form l; 1-m, Form 2. AGUA POTABLE SPECIALS. n--o, Unnamed Composite; p-q, Unnamed Trichrome; r, Other Unnamed Composite; s-bb, Puuc Slate Ware (?); cc-dd, Unnamed Orange; ee-kk, Orange-polychrome Type(s); ll-mm, Miscellaneous Cream-polychrome Cylindrical Vases. (Scale ½ actual size; except a, fare 1/6 actual size.) THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 97

short, everted neck jar, often with rim grooving. flutes, like those on Ulumal Fluted, on vessel ex­ Paste, firing, and temper: Paste texture is teriors. To this was added preslip, medium-line coarse to medium with temper grains sometimes incision like that on Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Va­ protruding through the surface. Paste color is riety. A circumferential line encircles the vessel generally gray (lOYR 6/1, 6/2, 711) or pale exterior near the rim. The vertical flutes run brown (lOYR 7/3, 8/3) to pink (7.5YR 7 /2, 8/2). downward from this incised line all the way One example has a dark gray (2.5YR 3/0) paste around the vessel. Spaced sets of two parallel, color. Temper consists of calcite grains, which vertical, incised lines were also added to the ex­ are moderate to abundant in amount. terior (Fig. 25n-o). Both interior and exterior Surface finish and decoration: Vessel exte­ surfaces were slipped. Both sherds are from flar­ riors were striated. This striation is generally ing-walled bowls. A similar sherd, but with dark heavy, giving the surface a raked appearance red paint added to the rim, occurs in the IYAH and texture. Sherd fragments were too small to collections from Huaymil, Campeche. Both determine any patterning effect of the raking. Edzna sherds came from the structure on the The exterior and interior jar necks were left southwest corner of Complex 7. unstriated and were well smoothed. The exterior Illustration: Figure 25n-o. raking seems to have begun from 2.5-5.0 cm be­ low the neck-body juncture. Since forms are known primarily from rim sherds and exterior AGUA POTABLE SPECIAL: OTHER CHAROTE striation from body sherds, it is possible that CERAMIC GROUP-UNNAMED TrucHROME some vessels were unslipped plain rather than Two sherds. This is a trichrome type in striated. Surface colors fall in the same range as which both dark red and black painting were the paste colors. Body sherds are difficult, if not applied to the red slip. The paint occurs as impossible, to separate from body sherds of Ya­ groups of thin vertical or horizontal lines or katzib Striated (see p. 125). bands in black alternating with groups of lines Forms: or bands in red. On the two recovered examples 1. Short, everted neck jar, often with rim the three colors do not appear to form an in­ grooving (Fig. 25g-k). Rim diameter is un­ tegrated design, but this might not be the case if known. Vessel walls are thick. Base form is also one could see the whole vessel. The only known unknown. form is a flaring-walled, flat-bottomed bowl (see 2. Tapered-neck jar with hooked rim (rare) Fig. 25p-q). The red paint ranges from dark red (Fig. 251-m). (7.5R 3/8) to red (7.5R 4/6, 4/8). The black lntrasite locations and contexts: Agua Potable paint is reddish black (lOR 2/1) to very dusky complex deposits near the ball court, and mixed red (lOR 2/2). The slip color is red (2.5YR 5/8). fill deposits. The provenience within the site of both sherds Intersite locations and contexts: Dzibilnocac is unknown. (FWN: 101-102; Figs. 77-78; p. ob., NWAF Illustration: Figure 25p-q. collection, IYAH) where the ware is separated into striated and plain ceramic groups (i.e., Dzib and Manuario). Presumably the type also occurs AGUA POTABLE SPECIAL: OTHER CHAROTE at SRX (DeBloois 1970: 111). It may be that this CERAMIC GROUP-OTHER UNNAMED CoM POSITE type is what Ball calls Encanto Striated: One sherd. This is a dark red-on-red vase or Alambre Variety, since he indicates that the lat­ bowl that bears both fluting and incising on the ter occurs at Dzibilnocac (see JWBB: 160). vessel exterior. The lip is painted with a red lip Illustration: Figure 25g-m. band. About 1.5 cm below the lip is an incised circumferential line like those found on Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Variety. The vertical flutes that AGUA POTABLE SPECIAL: OTHER CHAROTE encircle the exterior begin immediately below CERAMIC GROUP-UNNAMED CoMPOSITE this line. A similar sherd occurs in the type col­ Two sherds. This type bears contiguous lection from Huaymil, Campeche (p. ob., 98 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

IYAH). nerd's coll., IYAH; p. ob., NWAF coll., IYAH). Illustration: Figure 25r. (Note: some of what Nelson (FWN: 114-120) classifies as Huntichmul Slipped Ware is ac­ Puuc (?) AGUA POTABLE SPECIAL: SLATE WARE tually slate ware.) Eighty-seven sherds. A number of vessels Illustration: Figure 25s-z, aa-bb. bearing a slatelike slip were recovered from Agua Potable context, as well as from mixed de­ posits. Most of these were from interiorly AGUA POTABLE SPECIAL: UNNAMED ORANGE bolstered-rim basins (Fig. 25s-t) like those de­ TYPE(?) scribed for Carpizo Red. Others, however, per­ Eighteen sherds. These sherds are identical tain to other forms that also differ from Muralla to Carpizo Red in all characteristics except that complex slate ware forms. These include in­ the slip applied to vessel interiors is orange curved bolstered-rim basins (Fig. 25u-w) and (5YR 7/6, 7/8, 8/4) rather than the darker red everted rim bowls (Fig. 25x). Recurved-neck jars color of Carpizo Red. Interiorly bolstered-rim (Fig. 25y-z) and tapered neck, hooked rim jars basins are the only forms known. (Fig. 25aa-bb) also apparently occur in this Illustration: Figure 25cc-dd. complex. The latter forms continue into the Mu­ ralla complex. The slip is generally somewhat AGUA POTABLE· SPECIAL: ORANGE-POLYCHROME lighter and more brownish (5YR 5/ 1, 5/2, 5/3; TYPE(s) 7.5YR 7/2; lOYR 6/1, 6/2, 7 /2) than that of the Muralla complex slates and generally lacks the Twelve sherds. These sherds represent a sort purple dendritic markings. Some of these exam­ of residual category of orange-polychrome ples bear black to brown trickle (basins) or dab sherds that do not fit into previously defined or­ (jars) decoration similar to that found on Saca­ ange-polychrome types. On the basis of form lum Black-on-slate. Interiorly bolstered-rim ba­ and decorative treatment, they probably pertain sins are generally slipped on the interior and to the Agua Potable complex. Vessel forms are just over the lip of the basin onto the exterior. cylindrical or slightly flaring-walled vases (Fig. Sometimes they are slipped a few centimeters 25ee-gg), beveled-rim dishes or bowls (Fig. · down the exterior. Usually, however, most of 25hh), and round-sided bowls. Some examples the exterior is left unslipped. bear pseudo-glyph bands (Fig. 25;;) and cell-like It seems probable, then, that slate ware ves­ elements (Fig. 25i). Similar sherds occur in the sels made their appearance at Edzna at least by Tic Ceramic Group at Dzibilnocac (Nelson Agua Potable times. These slate ware examples 1973, Fig. 81b, f, i, l, m). Judging by the poly­ may bear some relationships to Tancachacal chrome pottery recovered from Jaina by Roman INAH), Slate and Pixtun Trickle-on-gray from Becan Pina Chan (RPC; p. ob., a great deal of GWBB: 37, 63; Fig. 8bb), but this is not clear. work is yet to be done in defining the various There are also similarities to the Chenes slate polychrome types that occur in the Central wares, especially with respect to vessel form Campeche area. (FWN: Figs. 89e, f; 93a, d; 94b, c; p. ob., Brai- Illustration: Figure 25ee-kk.

THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX

The Muralla Ceramic Complex marks the Muna Slate: Notched Variety Pure Florescent period (Andrews IV 1965a: Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety 305ff) at Edzna. It is composed of the following Tekit Incised: Heavy-incised Variety Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety wares, ceramic groups, types, and varieties: Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Puuc Slate Ware Variety Muna Ceramic Group Akil Impressed: Akil Variety Muna Slate: Muna Variety Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Variety THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 99

111irr Slate Ware nostic wares characteristic of the Northern Ticul Ceramic Group Lowlands during the Pure Florescent period. Ticul Thin-slate: Ticul Variety Xul Incised: Xul Variety Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: Chencoyi MUNA CERAMIC GROUP (1293) Variety Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety Muna Slate: Muna Variety Puuc Red Ware Frequency: 895 sherds (69%; 12%). Teabo Ceramic Group Teabo Red: Teabo Variety Established: Smith (POM: 28) at Mayapan, Ux­ Becal Incised: Becal Variety mal, and Kabah. Tekax Black-on-red: Tekax Variety Description: Moxa Gray Ware Principal identifying attributes: (1) trans­ Hoptun Ceramic Group lucent gray to buff slip color; (2) waxy surface Hontun Gray: Hontun Variety Chumpic Incised: Chumpic Variety finish; (3) bolstered rim basins; (4) tripod bowls. Homobo Fluted: Homobo Variety Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is gener­ Niop Incised-punctated: Niop Variety ally medium textured, but ranges to thin tex­ Pocyaxum Gouged-incised: Pocyaxum tured in many examples. It is strong and uni­ Variety form. Firing appears to have taken place in a Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware Holactun Ceramic Group variable firing atmosphere. The initial firing at­ Holactun Black-on-cream: Holactun mosphere was undoubtedly not oxidizing since, Variety according to Shepard, "In a direct firing the at­ Fine Gray Ware mosphere is not oxidizing in the early stages of Chablekal Ceramic Group firing when a large volume of volatile matter is Chablekal Gray: Chablekal Variety Chicxulub Incised: Variety Unspecified released from the fuel" (1968: 219). However, Cholul Fluted: Cholul Variety that most examples were oxidized at some stage Telchac Composite: Telchac Variety in the firing is evidenced by the fact that the Fine Orange Ware majority of sherds have red (IOR 4/6, 4/8, 5/6; Balancan Ceramic Group 2.5YR 4/8, 5/8) to brown (7.5YR 5/4) cores. Provincia Plano-relief: Variety Unspecified Altar Ceramic Group The color of the paste closest to the surface, Altar Orange: Variety Unspecified however, on both sides of the vessel walls is yel­ Hom Unslipped Ware lowish to pale brown (IOYR 5/4, 6/3, 6/4) to Chencan Ceramic Group grayish brown (2.5YR 5/2). This effect was Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan probably produced by firing in an oxidizing at­ Variety mosphere in an earlier stage of firing-sufficient Chencan Brown-on-orange: Compacted­ surface Variety to oxidize the entire vessel-and in a reducing Puuc Unslipped Ware atmosphere in the final stages of firing-suf­ Acapulquito Ceramic Grvup ficient to reduce vessel surfaces. Some vessels, Acapulquito Unslipped: Acapulquito especially those with thinner vessel walls, are Variety gray to brown throughout the wall cross section, Yakatzib Striated: Y akatzib Variety Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Variety or have thin red cores. Large vessels, such as ba­ Nohacal Unslipped Ware sins, with thick vessel walls tend to have wide Nilum Ceramic Group red cores, with only thin strips beneath the slip, Nilum Unslipped: Nilum Variety which were reduced. The temper is gray to milky-white calcite. Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were PUUC SLATE WARE (1320) smoothed prior to the application of the slip, which has a soapy or waxy feel and achieves a Puuc Slate Ware is equivalent to Brainerd's strong, translucent luster. The color of the slip (GWB: 52-53) Medium Florescent Slateware. varies a great deal, but ranges from grays or Smith (POM: 27-28) gave it it present name whites (5YR 6/ 1, 6/2, 7 /1, 7 /2; lOYR 6/2, 7 / l, and also named the types. It is one of the diag- 7/2, 8/2), to pale browns (7 .5YR 6/4, 114; lOYR 100 N.W.A.F . PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

6/3, 614, 7 /3, 8/3), to browns (5YR 4/3, 5/3; sionally occur (see Fig. 26r). Bases are similar to lOYR 5/3, 5/4). The slip was applied to exte­ those of Form 4. riors and interiors on unrestricted forms, and 6. Basin with labial flange (Fig. 26s-u). Ori­ only to exteriors (and sometimes interior necks) fice diameter ranges from 24-35 cm. Vessel on restricted forms. Some exterior bases were walls are medium in thickness. Base form is slipped; others were left unslipped. The slip of­ probably the same as that for Form 4. ten bears purple dendritic or blotchy marks, 7. Basin with incurved or interiorly thick­ which may be the result of rootlet marking (see ened rim (Fig. 26v-w). Rim diameter ranges GWB: 52). Slip color generally matches that of from 36-52 cm. Vessel wall thickness is thick to the underlying paste. Decoration is rare, but very thick, occasionally medium to thick. Base vessels with pod supports often have molded form is unknown, but presumably similar to faces on them (see POM: Fig. 6p; GWB: Fig. Form 4. 58gl-8). Dish forms with basal skirts are some­ 8. Beveled-rim bowl (Fig. 26x). Orifice di­ times crenulated or terraced (see POM: Fig. 61). ameter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness is me­ Two examples of raised circumferential bands dium to thick. Base form is unknown, but the also occur (Fig. 27). few examples of ringstand bases found at Edzna Forms: may pertain to this form (Fig. 27m; see POM: l. Flaring-sided basal-break dish with tripod Fig. 41). supports (Fig. 26a-f). Rim diameter ranges from 9. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 26y). The rim di­ 27-35 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. ameter of a single example is 16 cm. Vessel wall Bases are flat to convex. Supports are solid con­ thickness is medium. Base form is unknown. ical (Fig. 26d; GWB: Figs. 45c, el-3, 23; 46b, 10. Recurved-neck jar (Fig. 26z-aa). Orifice c2-3), hollow cylindrical (GWB: Fig. 45b, diameter ranges from 15-21 cm. Vessel wall il2-14), hollow ovoid (Fig. 26e; GWB: Figs. thickness is medium. Base form is slightly 45d, i4; 4&z42), or solid slab, either plain or ter­ indented. raced (GWB: Figs. 47c; 4&z43). Some large hol­ 11. Tapered-neck, everted-rim jar (Fig. low pods bear mold-impressed faces (Fig. 27k-l). 26bb-ff). Rim diameter is 12-15 cm. Vessel wall 2. Flaring-sided Z-angle dish with tripod thickness is medium. Bases are slightly indented supports (Fig. 26g-h). Orifice diameter ranges (i.e., concave). Judging by decorated examples from 29-41 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ (see EWA: Fig. 6c) this form probably bore dium. Bases and supports are similar to those three strap handles positioned to facilitate car­ found on Form l. Terraced basal skirts occur rying by a tump line (see EWA: Fig. 3). occasionally. 12. Tall-necked jar (Fig. 27a-b). Rim diame­ 3. Flaring-sided basal-flange dish with tri­ ter ranges from 15-21 cm. Vessel wall thickness pod supports (Fig. 26i-l). Rim diameter ranges is medium. Bases are presumably slightly from 31-39 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ indented. dium. Bases and supports are like those found on 13. Small-mouthed, medium-necked jar Form l. Terraced basal skirts are common. (Fig. 27c-a'). Rim diameter is unknown. Vessel 4. Basin with exteriorly thickened rim bol­ wall thickness is medium. Bases were presum­ ster (Fig. 26m-o). Rim diameter ranges from ably slightly indented. 34-51 cm with the majority between 37-45 cm. Bases and supports: Several examples of Vessel wall thickness is medium. Horizontally ringstand bases were noted for this type. oriented strap handles are often placed immedi­ Appendages: Horizontally (or diagonally) ately below the rim bolster on opposite sides of placed strap handles occur on Forms 4, 5, and the basin (see Fig. 26o; GWB: Fig. 43b). Bases 11. They may occur on other forms as well. Bas­ are slightly indented or are flat. al skirts occur on dish forms. 5. Basin with everted triangular rim bolster lntrasite locations and contexts: The upper lay­ (Fig. 26p-r). Rim diameter ranges from 35-46 ers of stratified deposits, surface collections, and cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Handles, structural fill. similar in form and placement to Form 4, occa- Intersite locations and contexts: This type oc- THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 101 curs over a wide area of the Northern Lowlands. Established: Smith (POM: 28) at Mayapan, etc. See Smith (POM: 28) for a list of sites in Yuca­ Description: tan, Campeche, and northern Quintana Roo. Principal identifying attributes: (1) trans­ This type, or related types, also occur in south­ lucent gray to buff slip color; (2) waxy surface ern Quintana Roo (Fry 1972: 489) and at Xca­ finish; (3) postslip, fine-line incision on vessel ex­ lumkin (Holactun) in Campeche as well (p. ob., teriors; (4) basal-break dishes. NWAF collections, BYU). Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Muna Cultural significance: This is a dominant type Slate: Muna Variety. at Edzmi and thus linked closely with the Puuc Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish area immediately to the north. is similar to that on Muna Slate. Decoration Illustration: Figures 26; 21a-n. consists of postslip, fine-line incision on vessel exteriors between the lip and the basal angle. A Muna Slate: Notched Variety number of incised patterns occur, but among the most common are spaced, vertical or diago­ Frequency: Not counted apart from the Muna nal, parallel lines encircling the vessel immedi­ Variety. ately above the basal angle (see POM: Fig. 60; Established: Smith (POM: 28) at Mayapan, etc. GWB: Fig. 58i3). These may or may not be lim­ Description: ited on the upper ends of the lines by a single Principal identifying attributes: (1) trans­ circumferential incised line (see POM: Fig. 67). lucent gray to buff slip color; (2) waxy surface Another very common pattern is the concentric finish; (3) spaced vertical notches at basal and Z­ platform consisting of three or four parallel cir­ angles; (4) basal-break and sharp Z-angle dishes. cumferential lines immediately above the basal Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Muna angle, all of which periodically break to the bas­ Slate: Muna Variety. al angle at right angles (see POM: Fig. 6q). Still Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish another pattern consists of cross-hatching just is the same as that on Muna Variety. Decoration above the basal angle. It is zoned on the top and was added in the form of spaced, vertical the bottom by single circumferential lines. An notches on basal angles or Z-angles (see POM: additional design consists of horizontally Fig. 6m; also see GWB: Fig. 35i-l for an ex­ hatched triangles (both designs illustrated by ample of identical notching on a different type). GWB: Fig. 58i6, 8 occur at Edzna). One speci­ Fonns: men bears a single circumferential line about 1 1. Flaring-sided sharp Z-angle dish with tri­ cm above the basal break. pod supports (Fig. 270). Rim dimensions are Forms: similar to those of an equivalent form of Muna 1. Flaring-sided basal-break dish with tripod Variety. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases supports (Fig. 27q-s). Orifice diameter varies and supports are like those for the correspond­ from 30-37 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ ing form of the Muna Variety. dium. Bases and supports are like those for cor­ 2. Flaring-sided basal-break dish with tripod responding forms of Muna Slate. supports (Fig. 27p). Rim dimensions are similar 2. Flaring-sided, sharp Z-angle dish with tri­ to those of Muna Variety. Vessel wall thickness pod supports (Fig. 27t-x). Rim diameter ranges is medium. Bases and supports are like those for from 28-39 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ the corresponding form of the Muna Variety. dium. Bases and supports are like those for the Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as corresponding form of Muna Slate. Muna Variety. 3. Flaring-sided, basal-flange dish with tri­ Intersite locations and contexts: Apparently pod supports (rare) (Fig. 27y). Rim dimensions similar to those of the Muna Variety. are unknown; medium vessel wall thickness is Illustration: Figure 270-p. the norm. Bases and supports are like those for the corresponding form of Muna Slate. Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Frequency: 73 sherds (6%; .94%). Muna Slate. 102 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIO SAT EDZNJ\, CAM PECHE, MEXIC O

lnt.ersit.e locations and contexts: The same as Tekit Incised: Heavy-incised Variety Muna Slate. Frequenc : Not counted apart from Tekit Illustration: Figure 27q-y. y Variety.

a

C g L-r4 n f� 1 m u -., t -,,-� r r

aa bb Figure 26. MuNA SLATE: MUNA VARIETY a-f, Form l; g-h, Form 2; i-l Form 3; m-o, Form 4; p-r, Form 5; s-u, Form 6; v-w, Form 7; x, Form 8; y, Form 9; z-aa, Form 10; bb-ff,Form 11. (Scale ½ actual size; except p, v are 1/6 actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 103

Established: The present study. sort of carbon pigment (Shepard 1968: 33) that Description: sometimes burned out during firing leaving only Principal identifying attributes: (1) trans­ a dark outline. Occasionally the area where the lucent gray to buff slip color; (2) waxy surface paint was applied is lighter than the slip color. finish; (3) heavy incising on unslipped raised One example of an incurved-rim basin has broad basal bands; (4) basal-break dishes. areas applied with black paint in a way that Paste, firing, and temper: Same as Muna leaves trickle-like lines reserved in the slate slip Slate. color, thus forming a kind of negative design. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Forms: is the same as that on Muna Slate. Decoration 1. Basin with exteriorly thickened rim bol­ was added by cutting deep, spaced, vertical in­ ster (Fig. 27ee-gg). Rim diameter ranges from cisions and Xs into an unslipped raised band or 36-46 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. fillet encircling the vessel immediately above Bases are slightly indented. Handles, like those the basal angle. on Muna Slate vessels, occur on this form as Forms: well. 1. Flaring-sided, basal-break dish with tri­ 2. Interiorly bolstered-rim basin (Figs. 27ii; pod supports (Fig. 27z-dd). Rim diameter 28i). The rim diameter of a single example is 48 ranges from 26-33 cm. Vessel walls are medium. cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are All examples bear a raised band, about 1 cm probably slightly indented like those of Form 1. wide, encircling the vessel on the exterior just 3. Recurved-neck jar (Figs. 27hh-ii; 28a). above the basal break. Bases and supports are Rim diameter ranges from 14-19 cm. Vessel like those found on Muna Slate dishes. Some ex­ walls are medium in thickness. Bases are pre­ amples have terraced basal skirts. sumably slightly concave. Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as 4. Tapered-neck, hooked-rim jar (Fig. Muna Slate. 28b-d). Rim diameter ranges from 12-14 cm. Intersite locations and contexts: None. The va­ Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases were riety, however, probably occurs at other sites presumably slightly indented. where Puuc Slate Ware is found. 5. Basin with everted triangular rim bolster Illustration: Figure 27z-dd. (Fig. 28e-f). Rim diameter is 39-43 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are presumably slightly concave. Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety 6. Basal-angle bowl with triangular rim bol­ Frequency: 122 sherds (9%; 1.5%). ster (rare) (Fig. 28g). The rim diameter of a Established: Smith (POM: 28) at Mayapan, etc. single specimen is 30 cm. Base form is unknown. Description: lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as Principal identifying attributes: (1) trans­ Muna Slate. lucent gray to buff slip color; (2) waxy surface Intersite locations and contexts: The same as finish; (3) black trickle and dab painting; (4) Muna Slate. bolstered-rim basins. Illustration: Figures 27ee-;;; 28a-i. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Muna Slate. Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Variety Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish is like that on Muna Slate. A black (2.5YR 3/0, Frequency: 61 sherds; 1 restorable vessel (5%; 3/2, 4/0; 5YR 3/1, 4/1, 4/3, 5/4) firing paint .79%). was applied in blobs or dabs to vessel rims and Established: Smith (POM: 28) at Mayapan, etc. allowed to trickle down vessel exteriors, or oc­ Description: casionally interiors, or both. On jar forms black Principal identifying attributes: (1) trans­ dabs, circles, or ellipses were spaced around the lucent gray to buff slip color; (2) waxy surface vessel neck. The black paint is often hazy or finish; (3) red to yellowish trickle paint; (4) fuzzy and is rarely bold. It was probably some basins. 104 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZN/\., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Muna is similar to that on Muna Slate. A strong red to Slate. pale brown trickle paint (lOR 4/8, 5/8; 2.5YR Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish 5/6; lOYR 5/3, 8/4) was applied to vessel exte-

� -, £L0 p Jrvvw� CG= 7 q r /u �- fV JJJJ :�t:�

aa n /Lcc dd

II hhll .. ] �)----�tll j [J ff j j l ee Figure 27. MuNA SLATE, TEKIT INCISED, AND SACALUM BLACK-ON-SLATE MUNA SLATE: MUNA VARIETY. a-b, Form 12; c-d, Form 13; e-i, miscellaneous forms; j-� foot pods; m-n, base fragments. MUNA SLATE: NOTCHED VARIETY. o, Form l; p, Form 2. TEKIT INCISED: TEKIT VARIETY. q-s, Form I; t-x, Form 2; y, Form 3. TEKIT INCISED: HEAVY-INCISED VARIETY. z-dd, Form I. SACALUM BLACK-ON-SLATE: SACALUM VARIETY. ee-gg, Form I; ii, Form 2; hh-ii, Form 3. (Scale 1/.i actual size; except ii is 1/6 actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX

riors and/or interiors. The red to yellowish Fig. 6h; GWB: Fig. 58!). The other form con­ paint, like that found on Sacalum Black-on-slate sists of an impressed design made by using a vessels, is often hazy or blurry. stamp to make a repetitive design (see GWB: Forms: Fig. 58jl-5, 8-10). Terraced or castellated basal 1. Basin with exteriorly thickened rim bol­ skirts are also common (see GWB: Fig. 58h4). ster (Fig. 28j-k). Orifice diameter ranges from Forms: 36-42 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. 1. Flaring-sided basal-break dish with tripod Bases are slightly concave. Opposed vertical supports (Fig. 28r-v). Rim diameter varies from strap handles often occur below the rim bolster. 27-32 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. 2. Interiorly bolstered-rim basin (Fig. Bases and supports are like those found on 281-m). Rim diameter varies from 34-40 cm. Muna Slate dishes. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are pre­ Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as sumably slightly indented. Muna Slate. 3. Basin with everted triangular rim bolster (Fig. 28n). Rim diameter is 35-39 cm. Vessel Intersite locations and contexts: The same as wall thickness is medium. Bases are slightly Muna Slate. concave. Illustration: Figure 28r-v. 4. Tapered-neck, everted-rim jar (Fig. 280, Rim diameter varies from 13-25 cm. Vessel q). Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Variety wall thickness is medium. Bases are slightly in­ dented. Three strap handles, oriented for car­ Frequency: 2 sherds (.15%; .03%). rying with a tump line, occur on this form (see Established: Smith (POM: 28) at Mayapan, etc. Fig. 28q). Description: Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Principal identifying attributes: (1) trans­ Muna Slate. lucent gray to buff slip color; (2) waxy surface Intersite locations and contexts: The same as finish; (3) postslip, fine-line incision on vessel ex­ Muna Slate. This type also occurs at Becan in teriors; (4) impressed fillets at basal angle; (5) southern Campeche (JWB: 120). basal-break dishes. Illustration: Figure 28j-q. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Muna Slate. Akil Impressed: Akil Variety Sueface finish and decoration: Surface finish is like that of Muna Slate. Decoration is a com­ Frequency: 10 sherds (.77%; .19%). bination of fine-line, postslip incising like that Established: Smith (POM: 28) at Mayapan, etc. on Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety, and the impres­ Description: sion of raised fillets like that found on Aki! Im­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) trans­ pressed (see POM: Fig. 6i, u; GWB: Fig. 58a). lucent gray to buff slip color; (2) waxy surface . Forms: finish; (3) impressed fillets at the basal angle; (4) 1. Flaring-sided, basal-break dish with tri­ basal-break dishes. pod supports (Fig. 28w). Rim dimensions are un­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Muna known, but presumably fall within the range of Slate. Muna Ceramic Group dishes. Vessel wall thick­ Sueface finish and decoration: Surface finish ness is medium. Bases and supports are similar is similar to that of Muna Slate. A circum­ to Muna Slate examples. ferential fillet of clay was added to the vessel just above the basal angle. This fillet was then Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as impressed. Two principal forms of impressing Muna Slate. occur. One of these is thumb impression, which Intersite locations and contexts: The same as results in a series of circular to ellipsoidal in­ ,Muna Slate. dentations reminiscent of a chain (see POM: Illustration: Figure 28w. 106 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTICATIO SAT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

(

k t f.J

u r

a V ,✓ - . z

Figure 28. SACALUM BLACK-ON-SLATE, CHUMAYEL RED-ON-SLATE, AKIL IMPRESSED, OHCACAB COMPOSITE, AND TICUL THIN-SLATE SACALUM BLACK-ON-SLATE: SACALUM VARIETY. a, Form 3; b-d, Form 4; e-f, Form 5; g, Form 6; i, Form 2; h, basal fragment. CHUMAYEL RED-ON-SLATE: CHUMAYEL VARIETY. j-k, Form l; 1-m, Form 2; n, Form 3; o, q, Form 4; p, basal fragment. AKIL IMPRESSED: AKIL VARIETY. r-v, Form 1. NOHCACAB COMPOSITE: NOHCACAB VARIETY. w, Form 1. TICUL THI -SLATE: TICUL VARIETY. x-y, Form l; z, Form 2. (Scale ½ actual size; except j, k are 1/6 actual size, and q is 1/12 actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 107

THIN SLATE WARE (359) Vessel wall thickness is thin. Bases were presum­ ably flattened (see POM: Fig. 7a). Thin Slate Ware was originally named by 2. Hemispherical bowl with beaded rim Brainerd (GWB: 53). It is characterized by (Figs. 28z; 29a-b). Orifice diameter ranges from "thinness of wall, smooth surface, vertical craz­ 18-22 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases were flat­ ing, close similarity of slip and paste color, uni­ tened. An example of tripod nubbin supports formity of temper, ... (and] a different assort­ (Fig. 29t) probably pertains to this form (see ment of shapes [than Puuc Slate Ware]" (POM: POM: Fig. 7h). 156). 3. Flaring-sided basal-break dish with tripod supports (Fig. 29c-e). Some examples have small TICUL CERAMIC GROUP (355) basal ridges. Lip diameter ranges from 19-33 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases are flat or Tieu! Thin-slate: Ticul Variety slightly indented. Supports are hollow ellipsoid­ Frequency: 265 sherds (75%; 3%). al or conical tripods with a clay pellet inside. Established: Smith (POM: 29-30) at Mayapan. 4. Cylindrical to slightly conical vase (Fig. Description: 29f-f). Rim diameter ranges from 13-19 cm. Principal identifying attributes: (1) thin ves­ Vessel walls are thin. Bases are flat. Some exam­ sel walls; (2) translucent gray to olive slip color; ples of this form may also have had a pedestal (3) waxy surface finish; (4) hemispherical bowls. base, but none were recovered, or at least recog­ Paste, firing, and temper: Paste texture is nized, in the Edzna collections (see POM: Fig. thin, but nevertheless quite strong considering 1i, f; GWB: Fig. 50c-f). the thinness of the vessel walls. Firing was prob­ 5. Deep bowl or vase (Fig. 29k-n). Rim di­ ably similar to that of Muna Ceramic Group mensions are unknown. Vessel walls are thin. vessels as some examples have thin red (2.5YR Bases are concave. This form probably had some 5/6, 5/8) cores with paste exteriors that are sort of supports, but the form of these is light gray to pale brown colors (l0YR 6/ 1, 6/2, unknown. 6/3, 6/4; 2.5Y 6/2; SY 5/2). Probably as a result 6. Beveled-rim bowl (Fig. 290). Rim diame­ of vessel wall thinness, however, the paste color ter fs unknown. Vessel walls are thin. Brainerd is uniform throughout in most cases, and no (GWB: Fig. 5lnl-7) illustrates a similar form, traces of oxidized cores remain. The temper is but in Puuc Red Ware (POM: 27). calcite. Occasional iron oxide nodules occur. 7. Thickened-neck jar (Fig. 29p). Rim di­ Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were mensions are unknown. Vessel walls are thin, well smoothed prior to slipping. The slip is a but the vessel neck is medium in thickness. gray to creamy olive color (7.5YR 7 /0, 7 /2, 8/0, Bodies are globular. Base form is unknown. Op­ 8/2; lOYR 6/2, 6/3, 7 /1, 7 /2; SY 5/2, 6/2, 6/3). posed lug handles are attached at the neck-body The slip achieves a medium luster somewhat juncture. The interiors of the body are un­ less reflective than that of Puuc Slate Ware. slipped, but the interior necks are slipped. This gives Thin Slate Ware a somewhat more 8. Restricted beaded-rim bowl (Fig. 29q). opaque appearance than that of Puuc Slate Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel walls are Ware. Decorative effects are rare, consisting of thin (See GWB: Figs. 50k31, 5lcl3 for a similar a single preslip groove on the exterior of hemi­ form.) spherical bowls just below the lip. This often lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as helps to form the beaded rim. On a few exam­ Muna Slate. ples of flaring-walled dishes, the interior lip re­ lnteTsite locations and contexts: This type is ceived a single preslip groove. A single example widespread throughout much of Yucatan, of a basal-break dish bore spaced vertical Campeche, and Quintana Roo (see POM: 30 for notches on the basal angle. a list of sites). It also occurs at Becan (JWB: Forms: 79-81) in Campeche and at Xpatak, a site about 1. Hemispherical bowl with direct rim (Fig. 6 km north of San Juan Bautista Sahcabchen in 28x-y). Rim diameter ranges from 15-19 cm. Campeche (p. ob., Hauck collections, IYAH). 108 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIO SAT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

/l/. h . . l I J r J g JJ

y J -, l -, aa ff bb cc dd .///gg hh ee

ii

Figure 29. T,cuL THIN-SLATE A D XuL 1Nc1 ED TICUL THIN-SLATE; TICUL VARIETY. a-b, Form 2; c-e, Form 3; f-i, Form 4; k-n, Form 5; o, Form 6; p, Form 7; q, Form 8; r-s, miscellaneous forms; t-v, supports. XUL I CISED: XUL VARIETY. w-y, Form l; z-aa, Form 2; bb-dd., Form 3; ee, Form 4;ff-gg. ;;, Form 5; hh-ii, Form 6. (Scale 1/.i actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 109

Ball (JWB: 81) also lists X-Kukican in Yucatan men is 19 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases were and Lagunita in Campeche. It occurs at Xca­ probably flat and may have had a pedestal sup­ lumkin (Holactun) in Campeche as well (p. ob., port (see GWB: Fig. 50d, f). NWAF collections, BYU). 4. Restricted orifice vessel (rare) (Fig. 29ee). Illustration: Figures 28x-z; 29a-v. A single example has a lip diameter of 13.5 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Base form is unknown. 5. Flaring-sided, basal-flange dish (Fig. Xul Incised: Xul Variety 29ff-gg, ff). Rim diameter ranges from 23-29 cm. Vessel walls are thin. This form presumably Frequency: 71 sherds (20%; .92%). had tripod supports like Form 3 of Tieu! Thin­ Established: Smith (POM: 30) at Mayapan, etc. slate. Description: 6. Flaring-sided, basal-break dish (Fig. Principal identifying attributes: (1) thin ves­ 29hh-ii). Rim dimensions are unknown. Vessel sel walls; (2) translucent gray to olive slip color; walls are thin. This form presumably had tripod (3) waxy surface finish; (4) medium to fine-line supports like Form 3 of Tieu! Thin-slate. incisions on vessel exteriors; (5) basal-break lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as dishes. Tieu! Thin-slate. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Ticul lntersite locations and contexts: The same as Thin-slate. Tieu! Thin-slate except for X-Kukican, Lagu­ Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish nita, and Xcalumkin. Ball (JWB: 185-186) lists, is similar to that on Ticul Thin-slate. Hemi­ in addition to Becan, Altar de Sacrificios (see spherical bowls were decorated either by a REWA: 45-46). single circumferential line just below the lip on Illustration: Figure 29w-;;. the exterior, or by two or three parallel circum­ ferential lines near the middle of the exterior wall. Other forms, except for flaring-walled Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety dishes, were incised with a single circum­ Frequency: 9 sherds (3%; .12%). ferential line near the lip. All of these incisions Established: The present study. Ball (JWB: are fine to medium-line, preslip incisions. On 123-124) gave this type the name of Balantun dish forms, exteriors were decorated with Black-on-slate, a name originally given by Smith spaced, parallel, vertical, fine-line, preslip in­ (POM, 16) to black painted vessels belonging to cisions, cross-hatched lines, often zoned by a Chichen Slate Ware. Ball's type, however, is not single circumferential line, or hatched triangles. Balantun Black-on-slate, but rather is the same Basal ridges were often notched. Morever, post­ as Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate (Ball, p. com.). fired painted basal bands were added over the Description: incisions just above the basal angle. These bands Principal identifying attributes: (1) thin ves­ are red (2.5YR 5/8) and blue-green, and alter­ sel walls; (2) translucent gray to olive slip color; nate successively. Some incised exteriors were (3) waxy surface finish; (4) black paint over slate left unslipped. slip. Forms: Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Tieu! 1. Hemispherical bowl with direct rim (Fig. Thin-slate. 29w-y). Rim diameter ranges from 16-19 cm. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Vessel walls are thin. Bases are presumably is similar to that on Tieu! Thin-slate. Decoration flattened. was effected by the addition of black paint in 2. Medial-angle, round-sided bowl (Fig. the form of solid circles, semicircles, or daubs at 29z-aa). The lip diameter of a single example is the rim, or in the form of trickle decoration. 18 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases were presum­ Solid black bands on vessel lips also occur ably flattened. rarely. Wide, preslip, horizontal fluting or 3. Cylindrical to slightly conical vase (Fig. grooving on composite silhouette bowls and 29bb-dd). The rim diameter of a single speci- flaring-walled dishes may also be considered a 110 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO form of decoration. The black paint varies from Above this were incised designs consisting of a a strong black (2.5YR 2/0) to dark gray (2.5YR single circumferential line from which hung in­ 4/0), although the latter is rare. cised triangles (the apices pointing downward) Forms: that were horizontally hatched or plain. Incision 1. Composite silhouette bowl (Fig. 30a-c). is fine-line. Rim diameter ranges from 17-20 cm. Vessel Forms: walls are thin, occasionally medium. Base form 1. Flaring-sided, basal-flange dish (Fig. is unknown. 30k-m). Lip diameter ranges from 22-27 cm. 2. Flaring-sided, basal-break dish (Fig. Vessel walls are thin. Bases and supports are 30d-f). Rim diameter ranges from 21-26 cm. presumably like those on Form 3 of Ticul Thin­ Vessel walls are thin to medium. Base form is slate. presumably slightly convex and may have had Intrasite locations and contexts: Structural fill tripod supports. of the structure on the southwest corner of 3. Cylindrical vase (Fig. 30g). The lip diam­ Complex 7. eter of a single specimen is 19 cm. Vessel walls lntersite locations and contexts: None. are thin. Bases were presumably flat. Illustration: Figure 30k-m. 4. Hemispherical bowl with beaded rim (Fig. 30h). The rim diameter of a single example is 18 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases are pre­ PUUC RED WARE (288) sumably flattened. 5. Restricted orifice bowl (Fig. 30i). The rim Puuc Red Ware was called Florescent Me­ diameter of a single specimen is 13 cm. Vessel dium and Thin Redware by Brainerd (GWB: walls are thin. Base form is unknown. 53-54). It was named by Smith (POM: 27). It 6. Beveled-rim bowl (Fig. 3o;).Orifice diam­ occurs in many of the forms of Thin Slate Ware eter is unknown. Vessel walls are thin. Base and some Puuc Slate Ware. It is possible that form is unknown. this ware was produced by oxidizing, and then lntrasite locations and contexts: Structural fill not reducing, vessels which, if reduced, would of Complex 7. have become slate ware. lntersite locations and contexts: Becan (JWB: 123-124) where the type was mistakenly named TEABO CERAMIC GROUP (288) Balantun Black-on-slate. Brainerd (GWB: Fig. Teabo Red: Teabo Variety 35e) illustrates a whole vessel that is probably this type. Frequency: 262 sherds (91%; 3%). Illustration: Figure 30a-;. Established: Smith (POM: 27) at Mayapan, etc. Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety color; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) basal­ Frequency: 2 sherds (.56%; .03%). break dishes and beaded-rim bowls. Established: The present study. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is gener­ Description: ally thin textured or occasionally medium tex­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) thin ves­ tured. It is uniformly mixed and is strong. Firing sel walls; (2) translucent gray to olive slip color; was carried out in an oxidizing atmosphere, (3) waxy surface finish; (4) impressed fillets; (5) which resulted in the uniform red color of the fine-line incision; (6) basal-ridge dish. paste (7.5R 4/8; lOR 4/6, 5/6, 5/8; 2.5YR 5/6, Paste, firing, and temper: Same as Ticul 5/8). Light brown paste (7.5YR 5.5/4) occurs Thin-slate. very rarely. Surfaces show little in the way of Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish blemishing, indicating that firing was well con­ is like that of Ticul Thin-slate. A raised, thumb­ trolled. The temper is calcite. impressed fillet, encircling the exterior, was Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were added to the vessel just above the basal break. well smoothed prior to slipping. A polished, lus- THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX lll trous red-firing (7.5R 4/8; lOR 4/6, 5/6, 5/8; Ceramic Group (FWN: ll7, 120;': Fig. 98b is 2.5YR 5/6, 5/8) slip was then applied. The slip also Teabo Red). Ball (JWB: 46-47) found Tea­ was usually applied to all surfaces, even the ex­ bo Red at Becan. It also occurs at Xcalumkin terior bottoms of di hes. In some cases, however, (Holactun) in Campeche (p. ob., NWAF collec­ bottoms were left unslipped. Slip and paste col­ tions, BYU). Ruz (ARL: Fig. XLIX 40-43) illus­ ors generally do not contrast. Slipped surfaces trates several sherds that may be Teabo Red or are very smooth and have a waxy feel very Teabo Ceramic Group vessels. much like the surfaces of slate ware. The strong Illustration: Figure 30n-kk. colors and fine finish make this a readily dis­ tinguishable type. Interior lip grooving (see Becal Incised: Becal Variety POM: Fig. 8q, r) occasionally occurs on dish forms. Frequency: 18 sherds (6%; .23%). Forms: Established: Smith (POM: 27) at Mayapan, etc. 1. Flaring-sided, basal-break dish with tri­ Description: pod supports (Fig. 30n-p). Rim diameter ranges Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip from 20-31 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ color; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) post­ dium. Bases are flat to concave. Hollow tripod slip fine-line incision on vessel exteriors; (4) bas­ supports (see POM: Fig. 8f-l) occur on this al-break dishes. form. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Teabo 2. Flaring-sided, sharp Z-angle dish with tri­ Red. pod supports (Fig. 30q-s). Orifice diameter is Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish 24-32 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. is similar to that on Teabo Red. Vessel exteriors Bases and supports are similar to Form 1. were decorated with postslip, fine-line incisions. 3. Hemispherical bowl with direct or These generally occur in the form of spaced, beaded rim (Fig. 30t-v). Rim diameter varies parallel, vertical incisions encircling the vessel from 17-20 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases are just above the basal break. They may or may flattened or rounded. Rounded bases have solid not be limited by a single circumferential line at nubbin tripods. the top of the vertical incisions (see POM: Fig. 4. Cylindrical vase with direct or beaded 8q-r for similar forms of incision; the latter ves­ rim (Fig. 30w-y). Lip diameter ranges from sel is a composite type, not Becal Incised). An­ 15-25 cm with the average around 17 cm. Ves­ other design pattern consists of three or four cir­ sel walls are thin to medium. Bases are presum­ cumferential, parallel lines immediately above ably flat. the basal break, all of which periodically break 5. Restricted orifice bowl with direct or to the basal angle at right angles (see Fig. beaded rim (Fig. 30z-bb). Rim diameter varies 30mm). Also occurring is incised cross-hatching from 8.5-19 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Base form and raised basal-angle fillets with vertical in­ is unknown. cisions (Fig. 30oo). One example bears two cir­ Supports: In addition to the supports listed cumferential lines, one near the rim and the above, a single example of a castellated slab foot other near the basal angle. (Fig. 30ff) was found. Forms: lntrasite locations and contexts: General Mu­ 1. Flaring-sided, basal-break dish (Fig. 30ll, ralla complex deposits and in structural fill from oo, pp, rr). Rim diameter ranges from 27-33 cm. the structure on the southwest comer of Com­ Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are flat plex 7. or concave. This form presumably had tripod Intersite locations and contexts: Like Puuc supports like those of Form 1 of Teabo Red, and Slate Ware and Thin Slate Ware, this type has a sometimes has a raised fillet at the basal angle. wide distribution in the Northern Lowlands (see Terraced or castellated basal skirts also occur. POM: 27 for a listing of sites). This type also oc­ 2. Flaring-sided, sharp Z-angle dish (Fig. curs at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., BYU) where it is 30mm, qq). Lip diameter varies from 29-34 cm. classified, along with other items, in the Hun Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are flat 112 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTICATION AT EDZNA. CAMPECHE, MEXICO

or concave. Hollow tripod supports like those lntersite locations and contexts: The same as on Form 1 of Teabo Red probably occur on this Teabo Red, except that Becal Incised apparent­ form as well. ly does not occur at Becan. Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Illustration: Figure 30ll-rr. Teabo Red.

X w y 9 hh gg II

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00

Figure 30. CHENCOYI BLACK-ON-THIN-SLATE, SOLBUL COMPOSITE, TEABO RED, AND BECAL INCISED CHENCOYI BLACK-ON-THI SLATE: CHENCOYI VARIETY. a-c, Form l; d-f, Form 2; g, Form 3; h, Form 4; i, Form 5; i, Form 6. SOLBUL COMPOSITE: SOLBUL VARIETY. k-m, Form 1. TEABO RED: TEABO VARIETY. n-p, Form l; q-s, Form 2; t-u, Form 3; w-y, Form 4; z-bb, Form 5; cc-ee, miscellaneous forms; ff, crenulated slab foot; gg-kk, bases and pods. BECAL I CISED: BECAL VARIETY. ll, oo-pp, rr, Form l; mm, qq, Form 2; nn, flaring-sided dish. (Scale ¼ actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 113

Tekax Black-on-red: Tekax Variety 510, 6/0, 110; lOYR 4/ 1, SY 5/ l, 5/2, 6/ l), but occasionally brown to reddish yellow (5YR 5/6; Frequency: l sherd (.35%; .01%). Four sherds 7.5YR 5/4, 6/6; lOYR 5/4, 7 /3) clouds occur. occur in Pina Chan's excavations in Structure Firing generally took place in a nonoxidizing at­ 23, Complex 7 (p. ob., INAH). This is the struc­ mosphere resulting in the gray color of the paste ture abutted to the southwest comer of the Cin­ and surfaces. Brown to reddish fire clouds occur co Pisos structure (see Map 8, L12). occasionally, apparently the result of oxidizing Established: Smith (POM: 27) at Puuc sites. gases reaching the vessel surfaces. The temper is Description: crushed calcite. Principal identifying attributes: (1) red slip Surface finish and decoration: Surface and color; (2) lustrous, waxy surface finish; (3) black paste colors generally do not differ, or else paint on red slip; (4) beaded rim bowls. differ only slightly. The surfaces were very well Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Teabo smoothed and compacted (Shepard 1968: 121) Red. resulting in surfaces that are very smooth to the Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish touch but which are matte, free of luster or is identical to that on Teabo Red. Black (lOR shine. These dull, highly smoothed, gray sur­ 2/ l) paint was added in wide curvilinear bands. faces are characteristic of this type and ware. Forms: Forms: 1. Hemispherical bowl with beaded rim 1. Bowl with slightly divergent sides (Fig. (Fig. 31a). Rim dimensions are probably similar 3lb-c). Rim diameter ranges from 13-19 cm. to those of corresponding forms of Teabo Red. Vessel walls are thin, rarely medium. Bases are Vessel walls are thin. Bases were probably flat­ flat or convex (see Fig. 3ld-e). All examples ap­ tened or rounded with nubbin tripods. parently bore tripod supports, which take vari­ lntrasite locations and contexts: Structural fill ous forms, including slab, terraced slab, solid of Complex 7. nubbin, solid conical, or hollow conical supports Intersite locations and contexts: The same as (see Fig. 3lp-s). Teabo Red except for Becan. 2. Hemispherical bowl (Fig. 31f-g). Lip di­ Illustration: Figure 31a. ameter ranges from 11-20 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases are flattened (see Fig. 3lh-i). MOXA GRAY WARE (254) 3. Flaring-sided, basal-break or Z-angle dish (Fig. 317-k, m). Rim diameter varies from 18-34 Moxa Gray Ware is an unslipped ware that cm. Vessel walls are thin to medium. Base form exhibits close similarities to both Thin Slate is unknown. Ware and Fine Gray Ware (see below) in form 4. Cylindrical vase (rare) (Fig. 31�. A single and decoration. specimen has an orifice diameter of 16 cm. Ves­ selwalls are thin. Base form is unknown. HoNTUN CERAMIC GROUP (254) 5. Perforated cover or stand (?) (rare) (Fig. 3ln-o). These are r-7-shaped clay objects with Hontun Gray: Hontun Variety perforations through the horizontal section. Frequency: 143 sherds (56%; 2%). These seem tohave been placed around the cir­ Established: The present study. cumference of the object near the vertical wall. Description: lntrasite locations and contexts: General Mu­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) gray sur­ ralla complex deposits and structural fill. face color; (2) unslipped, matte surface finish; lntersite locations and contexts: A considerable (3) thin vessel walls; (4) bowls with slightly di­ number of Hontun Gray sherds occur in the col­ vergent sides. lections from Jaina (p. ob., IYAH). Similar vessel Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is thin forms occur in Fine Gray Ware at Dzibilchaltun textured, and is relatively strong considering the (p. ob., IYAH), but no examples of Hontun Gray thinness of the vessel walls. Paste color is gener­ were noted in the Dzibilchaltun materials. ally gray to light or olive gray (7.5YR 3/0, 4/0, Illustration: Figure 3lb-s. 114 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZN/\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

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l-7cc 1 -< bb dd -,ee -:/if X 1aa

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Figure 31. TEKAX BLACK-ON-RED, HONTUN GRAY, CttUMPIC 1Nc1SED, HOMOBO FLUTED, NIOP lNCISED·PUNCTATED, AND PocYAXUM GouCED-INCISED TEKAX BLACK-ON-RED: TEKAX VARIETY. a, Form 1. HONTUN GRAY: HONTUN VARIETY. b-c, Form l; d-e, Form 1 bases (?); f-g, Form 2; h-i, Form 2 bases (?); i-k, m, Form 3; /, Form 4; n-o, Form 5; p-s, supports. CHUMPIC INCISED: CHUMPIC VARIETY. t-v, Form l; w, Form 2; x, basal fragment. HOMOBO FLUTED: HOMOBO VARIETY. y-dd, Form l; ee, Form 2; ff, basal fragment. NIOP INCISED-PUNCTATED: NIOP VARIETY. gg, ii, Form l; hh, Form 2. POCYAXUM GOUGED-INCISED: POCYAXUM VARIETY. ii, Form 1. (Scale ¼ actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 115

Chumpic Incised: Chumpic Variety Identical forms and incision occur in Fine Gray Ware at Dzibilchaltun (p. ob., IYAH), but no ex­ Frequency: 85 sherds; 2 partial vessels (33%; amples of Moxa Gray Ware were noted. For 1%). modal similarities in terms of general vessel Established: The present study. shape and the form and placement of the in­ Description: cision, see RES (Fig. 42b5), JCG (Fig. 128a), and Principal identifying attributes: (l) gray sur­ RPC (Figs. lg'; 2h', ;'; 3t). It is possible that Pina face color; (2) unslipped, matte surface finish; Chan's examples are actually Chumpic Incised. (3) thin vessel walls; (4) circumferential incising; Illustration: Figure 3lt-x. (5) bowls with slightly divergent sides. Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Hon­ Homobo Fluted: Homobo Variety tun Gray. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Frequency: 8 sherds (3%; .1 %). and surface color are the same as on Hontun Established: The present study. Gray. Decoration occurs in the form of incision. The predominant form of incision consists of Description: two or three (never more, never less) circum­ Principal identifying attributes: (l) Gray sur­ ferentially incised lines placed on the exterior face color; (2) unslipped, matte surface finish; from 1.5-2.0 cm below the lip. These incisions (3) thin vessel walls; (4) circumferential fluting; are characteristically U -shaped in section (5) bowls with slightly divergent sides. and are spaced from 2-4 mm apart. Some exam­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Hon­ ples bear an additional single circumferential in­ tun Gray. cision just above the basal break. A few incised Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish sherds bear a combination of horizontal and ver­ and surface color are the same as Hontun Gray. tical incisions that form a more complex pat­ This type bears wide (4-10 mm, with the aver­ tern. These are narrow and V-shaped in outline age from 5-7 mm) circumferential flutes on ves­ in contrast to the wide V -shaped incisions de­ sel exteriors 1-2.5 cm below the lip. Sometimes scribed above. If more of this material had been they occur 1-2 cm above the basal break as available, I probably would have distinguished well. They are generally placed in groups of these two forms of incision on a varietal basis. two or three. On one example there is a circum­ ferential U -shaped incised line, below which Forms: are two circumferential flutes. Below these are 1. Bowl with slightly divergent sides (Fig. spaced vertical flutes placed around the vessel 3lt-v). Lip diameter ranges from 15-18 cm. exterior. Vessel height, not including supports, varies from 7.5-9 cm. Vessel walls are thin, sometimes Forms: medium. Bases are flat, or more commonly, con­ 1. Bowl with slightly divergent sides (Fig. vex. Supports are like those described for Form 3ly-dd). Rim diameter varies from 15-18 cm. 1 of Hontun Gray. Vessel walls are thin, rarely medium. Bases are 2. Hemispherical bowl (Fig. 31w). Rim di­ flat or concave. Supports are presumably similar ameter is 13-15 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases to those on Form 1 of Hontun Gray. are presumably flattened. 2. Bowl with slightly restricted orifice (rare) (Fig. 3lee). Orifice diameter is unknown. Vessel lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as walls are thin. Base form is unknown. Hontun Gray. Intersite locations and contexts: Several pieces lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as of this type occur in the Jaina collections (p. ob., Hontun Gray. IYAH). One whole vessel of this type is located Intersite locations and contexts: A similar deco­ in the bodega of the Palacio Canton (IYAH). It rative effect occurs on Fine Gray Ware vessels has a flat base and no supports, but the form and at Dzibilchaltun (p. ob., IYAH), but no examples decoration are the same as Edzna examples. It is of this type have been noted at other sites. listed as coming from Santa Helena, Yucatan. Illustration: Figure 3ly-ff. 116 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Niop Incised-punctated: Niop Variety Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) gray sur­ Frequency: 3 sherds (1%; .04%). face color; (2) unslipped, matte surface finish; Established: The present study. (3) thin vessel walls; ( 4) gouged-incised or Description: carved decoration; (5) bowls with slightly diver­ Principal identifying attributes: (1) gray sur­ gent sides. face color; (2) unslipped, matte surface finish; Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Hon­ (3) thin vessel walls; (4) zoned punctation; (5) tun Gray. bowls with slightly divergent sides. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Hon­ is similar to that of Hontun Gray. Vessel exte­ tun Gray. riors were decorated with gouged and incised Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish lines to form complex patterns. On both exam­ and surface color are similar to that of Hontun ples this includes a braided design (see GWB: Gray. Vessel exteriors were decorated by a Fig. 61b, e-g). On one example there are also zoned punctated effect achieved by means of in­ two raised, vertically gouged circumferential cision that outlined areas of the surface within bands (see GWB: Fig. 6lf; also see Smith and which punctation was carried out. The punc­ Gifford 1965, Fig. 12c for an example similar to tations are relatively shallow and small, and one of the Edzna examples, although this is Thin placed in rows. They may have been made by a Slate Ware rather than Moxa Gray Ware), a dentate stamp, although this is not clear. Some­ decorative effect usually found on Ticul Ceram­ times the rows of punctates overran slightly the ic Group vessels. But, then, Moxa Gray Ware is incised lines that served to zone the punctations. very similar to Thin Slate Ware in paste, vessel Despite the row effect of the punctations, the form, and decorative effect. overall pattern of the rows is irregular, and Forms: seems to be carelesly executed, one row some­ 1. Cylindrical vase (Fig. 3lff; 32a). Rim di­ times overlapping another. Incisions are gener­ mensions are unknown. Vessel walls are thin. aly narrow and V-shaped in section, although Bases are presumably flat. one example bears wide U-shaped incisions out­ Intrasite locations and contexts: Both examples lining the punctated area. Areas of the surface are from structural fill. outside the punctated zones are smooth, like Intersite locations and contexts: As noted those on Hontun Gray vessels. above, the same decorative effect occurs on Forms: Tabi Gouged-incised vessels (see GWB: Fig. 1. Bowl with slightly divergent sides (Fig. 61b, e-g; POM: Fig. 7m, p, t). Vessel shape is 3lgg, ii). Orifice diameter of a single specimen also the same. is 14 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases are convex. Illustration: Figure 3lff; 32a. Supports like those on Form 1 of Hontun Gray probably occurred on this type as well. 2. Hemispherical bowl (Fig. 3lhh). The lip CAHUICH COARSE-CREAM WARE (122) diameter of a single example is 15 cm. Vessel walls are thin. Bases are presumably flattened. Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware was originally Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as called Holactun Slateware by Brainerd (GWB: Hontun Gray. 54). It was encountered in large quantities by H. Intersite locations and contexts: None. B. Roberts (GWB: 32) at Xcalumkin (Holactun). Smith (POM: 15) correctly observed that this Illustration: Figure 3lgg-ii. pottery is not in fact a slate ware and gave it its present name. At Xcalumkin it represents over­ Pocyaxum Gouged-incised: Pocyaxum Variety whelmingly the most common slipped pottery at the site (p. ob., BYU, IYAH). At Edzna, it is a Frequency: 2 sherds (.79%; .03%). minor ware that nevertheless occurs con­ Established: The present study. sistently. THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 117

HOLACTUN CERAMIC GROUP (122) thickness is medium. Bases are slightly indented. Holactun Black-on-cream: Holactun Variety 2. Basin with moderate T-shaped rim (Fig. 32f-h). Rim diameter (from interior lip to interi­ Frequency: 122 sherds (100%; 2%). or lip) ranges from 25-31 cm. Vessel walls are Established: Smith (POM: 15) at Mayapan. medium in thickness. Bases are slightly Description: indented. Principal identifying attributes: (1) cream, to 3. Basin with bolstered rim (Fig. 32i, k-n). gray, to brownish opaque slip; (2) black trickle Orifice diameter is unknown. Vessel walls are paint; (3) basins with T-shaped rims; (4) tenden­ medium. Bases are slightly concave. cy of slip to peel off. 4. Jar with T-shaped rim (Fig. 320). The ori­ Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is coarse fice diameter of a single specimen is 18 cm. Ves­ textured and ranges from pale browns (lOYR sel wall thickness is medium. Bases are slightly _6/3, 6/4, 7 /2, 8/3, 8/4), to brown (7.5YR 5/6, indented. 6/6), to red (2.5YR 5/6, 5/8). The firing atmo­ Appendages: Basins often have two strap sphere was generally oxidizing, with dark cores handles on opposite sides of the vessel. These being rare. The temper consists of crnshed sherd are generally placed horizontally (i.e., the ori­ with some calcite particles. fice of the handle is in a vertical plane) just be­ Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were low the T-shaped or bolstered rim (see GWB: smoothed, but as Smith (POM, 15) observes, Fig. 53cl0; POM, Fig. 10c). Jars have vertically they are sometimes lumpy. Both interior and ex­ placed strap handles on opposite sides of the terior surfaces were generally smoothed, but in­ neck. The upper end of the handle attaches to teriors, which were often unslipped, were some­ the neck, while the lower end attaches to the times left rough to the touch. A cream to gray shoulder of the vessel. Handles are slipped and to brownish (SY 7 /3, 8/0, 8/2; l0YR 6/2, 6/3, bear trickle paint (see POM: Fig. 10c). 8/1, 8/3; SY 4/2, 5/2, 712; 7.5YR 5/4, 5/6, 6/4) lntrasite locations and contexts: General Mu­ slip was applied to the top of the rim and to the ralla complex deposits and structural fill. exterior. Occasionally interiors were slipped. Intersite locations and contexts: Smith (POM: The slip did not form a solid bond with vessel 15) lists this type as occurring at , surfaces, however, and has a noticeable tenden­ Dzibilchaltun, Holactun (Xcalumkin), Huaymil, cy to peel or spall. Decoration is in the form of Kabah, Labna, , and Uxmal, in addition to black (7.5YR 2/0, 3/0) paint on the top of the Edzna. Ruz (ARL: Fig. LI, 56-57) obviously en­ rims and the vessel exteriors. This paint was ap­ countered it at Jaina as well, as did Pina Chan plied in the form of trickle. The tops of rims of­ (p. ob., INAH). It also occurs at Cayal (p. ob., ten bear parallel stripes running across T-shaped IYAH). rims. These may or may not, depending on the Illustration: Figure 32b-q. specimen, continue down the exterior in a trickle pattern. Often blotches of black paint were applied just below the rim from which FINE GRAY WARE (41) trickle paint continued downward (see POM: Fig. 10a, c). On examples with slipped interiors, Fine Gray Ware is temperless, apparently trickle decoration often occurs on the interiors made from the same clay as Fine Orange Ware as well. On some basin forms, the slip and (see below), but fired in a nonoxidizing, or per­ trickle on vessel exteriors continued only part of haps reducing, atmosphere. It is not common at the way down the vessel wall. Below this, the Edzna, but is clearly present in a number of dif­ surface was unslipped and bears light striations ferent types. (see POM: Fig. 10a). Forms: CHABLEKAL CERAMIC GROUP (41) 1. Basin with exuberant T-shaped rim (Fig. Chablekal Gray: Chablekal Variety 32b-e, ;). Rim diameter (from interior lip to in­ terior lip) varies from 22-34 cm. Vessel wall Frequency: 28 sherds (68%; .36%). 118 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIO SAT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

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·.:: :: ... _>-._ ;:, ..- �.....--...... �\ . -_ ...... -� aa -,i._.,.,_._,.__...... , ,•., -: � _...,�-- ... bb ee dd �1J(v J gg

Figure 32. PoCYAXUM GouCED-INCI ED, HOLACTUN BLACK-0 -CREAM, CHABLEKAL GRAY, CHICXULUB 1Nc1sED, CttOLUL FLUTED, TELCHAC COMPOSITE, AND PROVINCIA PLA 0-RELIEF POCYAXUM GOUGED-INCISED: POCYAXUM VARIETY. a, Form 1. HOLACTU BLACK-O -CREAM: HOLACTU VARIETY. b-e, ;, Form l; f-h, Form 2; i, k-n, Form 3; o, Form 4; p, body fragment and handle; q, basal fragment. CHABLEKAL GRAY: CHABLEKAL VARIETY. r-s, Form l; t, Form 2; u, basal fragment; v, pod fragment. CHICXULUB I CISED: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. w-y, aa-bb, Form l; z, Form 2; cc, Form 3. CHOLUL FLUTED: CHOLUL VARIETY. dd, Form 1. TELCHAC COMPOSITE: TELCHAC VARIETY. ee, body fragment. PROVI CIA PLA O- RELIEF: VARIETY U SPECIFIED. gg, Form l; ff. Form 2. (Scale ½ actual size; except/, k a.re 1/6 actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 119

Established: Smith (POM: 18) from Mayapan, Chicxulub Incised: Variety Unspecified etc. Description: Frequency: 6 sherds (15%; .08%). Principal identifying attributes: (1) gray sur­ Established: Smith (POM: 18) from Mayapan. face color; (2) unslipped, matte surfaces; (3) fine, Description: temperless paste, (4) flaring-walled dish or bowl. Principal identifying attributes: (1) gray sur­ face color; (2) unslipped, matte surfaces; (3) fine, Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is fine temperless paste, (4) flaring-walled dish or bowl; textured, dense, and strong. There is no temper, (5) double-bottomed bowl. and sherds have a distinctive ring when dropped Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Chab­ on a hard surface. Firing took place in a nonox­ lekal Gray. idizing or reducing atmosphere, which resulted in the gray color (2.SYR 5/0; SYR 6/0; 7.SYR Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish is similar to that on Chablekal Gray. Decoration 4/0, 510, 610; SY 6/0) of both surfaces and occurs in the form of V- or U-shaped incisions paste. Cores are sometimes slightly darker than (1.5-2.0 mm in width) on vessel exteriors. These the paste adjacent to vessel surfaces. Small may consist of from one to three circumferential flecks (.1-.2 mm) of mica appear in the paste, lines near the rim, or a combination of vertical which may be natural inclusions in the clay. and horizontal lines that zone off rectangular or Surfacefinish and decoration: Surfaces were stepped areas. These latter areas are then diago­ well smoothed and compacted, and are very nally hatched by means of parallel incisions. smooth to the touch. Generally the surfaces are One example has an incised "bouncing line" matte, but occasionally attain a low luster. One motif. example of a basal sherd bore a black slip on the Forms: exterior. 1. Flaring-sided dish or bowl (Fig. 32w-y, Forms: aa-bb). Rim dimensions are not known. Vessel l. Flaring-sided dish or bowl (Fig. 32r-s). wall thickness is medium. Base form is un­ Rim dimensionsare unknown. Vessel wall thick­ known, but is probably similar to those illus­ ness is medium. Bases were probably flat. A hol­ trated by Ruz (1969: Fig. L, 1-3) from low pod support (Fig. 32v) probably pertains to Campeche. this form (see Berlin 1956: Fig. 4w-x). 2. Composite silhouette bowl (Fig. 32z). Lip 2. Hemispherical bowl (?) (Fig. 32t). Rim di­ diameter and base form are unknown. Vessel mensions are unknown. Vessel wall thickness is wall thickness is medium. medium. Bases are flat. 3. Double-bottomed bowl (Fig. 32cc; cf. 3. Composite silhouette bowl (?). Rim diam­ Berlin 1956: Fig. 4m). Orifice diameter is un­ eter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness is me­ known. Vessel wall thickness is medium. The in­ dium.Base form is unknown. terior bottom is flat; the exterior (lower) bottom lntrasite locations and contexts: Muralla com­ is rounded. plex deposits and structural fill. lntrasite locations and contexts: The same as lntersite locations and contexts: This type is Chablekal Gray. distinguished over much of Yucatan and western Intersite locations and contexts: The same as Campeche. It or a related type also occur in Ta­ Chablekal Gray. In addition, this type occurs at basco and parts of Guatemala (see POM: 18). In Becan (JWB: 184-185). Also see Brainerd addition to the sites listed by Smith, it also oc­ (GWB: Fig. 53k4), Ruz (ARL: Figs. XXIX, curs at Aguacatal (p. ob., BYU; RTM: 99), Los 47-49, LI, 11) and Pina Chan (RPC: Figs. ln-q; Guarixes (ARL: 95), and Campeche (ARL: 2g, c'). 145-6). The peninsula types seem to differ in Illustration: Figure 32w-cc. vessel shape from the Guatemala examples; the latter are classified as a different type (JAS: Cholul Fluted: Cholul Variety 210-211). Frequency: 2 sherds (5%; .03%). Illustration: Figure 32r-v. Established: Smith (POM: 18) at Mayapan, etc. 120 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: JNVESTICATIO SAT EDZ A, CAM PECHE, MEXICO

Description: fine-textured, temperless paste, which, when Principal identifying attributes: (l) Gray sur­ worn, has a chalky feel. face color; (2) unslipped, matte surfaces; (3) fine, (4) temperless paste, (4) circumferential fluting. BALANCAN CERAMIC GROUP Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Chab­ Provincia Plano-relief: Variety Unspecified lekal Gray. Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish Frequency: 4 sherds (100%; .05%). is similar to that on Chablekal Gray. Wide (7 Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 173). mm), circumferential flutes were added to the Description: vessel exterior about 2 cm below the lip. Principal identifying attributes: (1) Orange Forms: paste color; (2) fine, temperless paste; (3) thick 1. Cylindrical vessel (Fig. 32dd). Rim diame­ white slip; (4) piano-relief decoration. ter is unknown. Vessel walls are thin. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is fine lntrasite wcations and contexts: Structural fill textured and strong, and is a strong orange color of Complex 7. (2.5YR 6/8; 5YR 7/6). Firing was accomplished Intersite wcations and contexts: The same as in an oxidizing atmosphere resulting in the or­ Chablekal Gray. ange color. Oxidation was complete, as evi­ Illustration: Figure 32dd. denced by the ·lack of dark cores in the cross section. The paste has no temper. Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were Telchac Composite: Telchac Variety well smoothed and then the entire vessel exte­ rior was covered with a thick white slip (7.5YR Frequency: l sherd (2%; .01%). 8/2, 8/4; 2.5Y 8/0), or else decorated in hori­ Established: Smith (POM: 18) at Mayapan, etc. zontal bands alternating with black-brown (5YR Description: 3/1, 3/3) bands. Complex piano-relief designs Principal identifying attributes: (l) gray sur­ were cut through the white slip allowing the un­ face color; (2) unslipped, matte surfaces; (3) fine, derlying paste color to show through. Scroll and temperless paste; (4) zoned punctation. cursive "M" motifs are noted on the Edzna ex­ Paste, firing, and temper: The same as Chab­ amples. Vessel interiors are orange and may lekal Gray. have been slipped with a clay suspension made Surface finish and decoration: Surface finish from the same clay as the paste. is like that of Chablekal Gray. Exteriors were Forms: decorated with rectangular outlines or stepped 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 32 ). Orifice di­ areas with V-shaped incisions within which gg ameter is unknown. Vessel walls are thin. Bases small shallow punctations were made. These oc­ are presumably flat (see POM: Fig. 9d, e, g). cur in rows and may have been made with a 2. Vase (?) with flat bottom (Fig. 32Jf). The dentate stamp. The overall effect is similar to exact shape is not determinable. Vessel walls are that found on Niop lncised-punctated vessels. thin. The base is flat. Forms: Forms are unknown. lntrasite wcations and contexts: Structural fill Intrasite wcations and contexts: The same as of Complex 7. Cholul Fluted. Intersite wcations and contexts: The same as lntersite wcations and contexts: The Jonuta-Te­ Chablekal Gray. colpan region of Tabasco (see Berlin 1956) and Southwestern Campeche. Smith (POM: 19) lists Illustration: Figure 32ee. a number of other sites where Balancan Ceram­ ic Group pottery occurs (see also JAS: 208-209; FINE ORANGE WARE (18) REWA: 52). It also occurs at Becan and Hormi­ guero in Campeche QWB: 207), and at Camp­ Fine Orange Ware is very distinctive and eche, Campeche (ARL: Fig. L, 52-55). well known among Maya archaeologists. It has a Illustration: Figure 32ff-gg. THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 121

Altar Ceramic Group (10) dium. Base form is unknown. See GWB (Fig. 18jl) for a similar form. Altar Orange: Variety Unspecified Supports: One example of a solid nubbin Frequency: 10 sherds (100%; .13%). support that may pertain to Form 3 was noted. Established: Smith and Gifford (SC: 173). lntrasite locations and contexts: Fill of Com­ Description: plex 7. Intersite locations and contexts: Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange See Smith (POM: It paste color; (2) fine, temperless paste; (3) orange 19) for a list of proveniences. also oc­ slip; (4) round-sided bowls. curs at Seibal (JAS: 189, 192) and Becan (JWB: 90-91). Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is fine Illustration: Figure 33a-m. textured and has a chalky or powdery feel when weathered. It was fired in an oxidizing atmo­ sphere sufficient to oxidize the paste throughout HOXA UNSLIPPED WARE (1356) the entire cross-section. Surface and core colors are the same. The paste is temperless. The paste color is orange (2.5YR 6/8; 5YR 6/6, 7 /6; 7.5YR Hoxa Unslipped Ware occurs in consid­ It 7 /6), but occasionally misfires to light brownish erable quantity at Edzna. is distinctive in gray (l0YR 6/2). terms of paste, surface finish, and form. Surface finish and decoration: Both interior and exterior surfaces were very well smoothed. CHENCAN CERAMIC GROUP ( 1356) Most examples seem to have been slipped, prob­ Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan Variety ably with a slip made from the same clay as the Frequency: paste. Vessel surfaces were then polished, which 1356 sherds (100%; 17%). Established: produced a low luster. Worn sherds, however, The present study. Description: tend to have a chalky appearance and feel, and are matte. Even on some unworn examples, the Principal identifying attributes: (1) orange surfaces are dull. Polishing of the vessels tended surface color; (2) medium-coarse paste; (3) deco­ to give the slip a slightly darker color than the ration by means of brown blotches and lines; (4) underlying paste. Slip color is orange or reddish outcurving-neck jars; (5) incurving-rim basins. orange to red (l0R 5/8, 6/8; 2.5YR 5/8, 6/8). Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is me­ dium textured, uniformly mixed, and strong. Forms: The paste color is orange (2.5YR 6/6; 5YR 6/6, 1. Round-sided bowl (Fig. 33a-d). Lip diam­ 7 /6), only rarely pale brown (5YR 6/3, 6/4) or eter of several examples is between 20-22 cm. red (2.5YR 5/6; lOR 5/8). Surface and paste col­ Vessel walls are thin. Bases are flat. Rims are di­ ors generally do not contrast. Firing was carried rect. An example of what is probably this type out in an oxidizing atmosphere as evidenced by was collected from Edzna by Ruz (RES: 29). the orange paste color. Oxidation was generally 2. Short-neck jar (Fig. 33h). Lip diameter of complete; thus dark cores are rare. Some exam­ a single example is 23 cm. Vessel wall thickness ples apparently misfired to a pale brown color is medium. (l0YR 6/2; 5YR 5/4). The temper consists of 3. Basal-angle dish or bowl (Fig. 33g). Rim white to gray-colored limestone. diameter is unknown. Vessel wall thickness is Surface finish and decoration: Vessel sur­ medium. Bases may have been convex with tri­ faces were smoothed on jar exteriors. The interi­ pod supports (see JAS, Fig. 370a for a similar ors of basins and bowls were also often rim form and Fig. 376 for support form). smoothed. This created surfaces that are gener­ 4. Restricted orifice bowl (Fig. 33i). Rim di­ ally smooth to the touch, although some un­ mensions are unknown. Vessel walls are thin. evenness was created by depressions that were Base form is unknown. not completely smoothed out. Moreover, sur­ 5. Unknown jar form (Fig. 33j-k). Rim di­ faces are often pitted, probably a result of tem­ ameter is unknown. Vessel walls are thin to me- per grains being pulled from a leather-hard sur- 122 1 .W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: l VESTIGATIO SAT EDZ A., CAMPECI-IE, MEXICO face during smoothing. The interiors of jars and blotches, stripes, and splatter-like drops on the the exteriors of basins were generally only cur­ orange surface. This may or may not represent a sorily smoothed and thus have a rough appear­ paint. If it does, it must have been derived from ance and feel. The only form of decoration con­ an organic extract, since there is no relief to the sists of dark brown (2.SYR 4/2; SYR 2/2, 3/2) brown areas (see Shepard 1968: 386). On jar

✓ g C J b- ,1 a

s p

-l ( \ � t

w X V -

bbJ Figure 33. ALTAR ORANGE AND CHENCAN BROWN-ON-ORANGE ALTAR ORA GE: VARIETY UNSPECIFIED. a-d, Form l; e-J, Form 1 bases; Ii, Form 2; g, Form 3; i, Form 4; j-k, Form 5; l-m, basal fragments. CHE CAN BROWN-ON-ORANGE: CHE CA 1 VARIETY. o-s, Form l; t-x, Form 2; y-z, Form 1 body fragments; aa-ee, Form 3. (Scale 'I.! actual size; excepts, t are 1/6 actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 123 forms the brown areas generally take the form Established: The present study. of irregularly circular blotches, sometimes with Description: radial splatter marks, giving the impression of Principal identifying attributes: ( 1) orange careless application. However, the prevalence surface color; (2) medium paste; (3) highly com­ of the splatter-like decoration, on other types as pacted, matte surface finish; (4) decoration by well as this type, suggests that application may means of brown linear designs; (5) flaring-walled have been intentional. On basins and bowls the dishes. decoration may consist of large blotches and Paste, firing. and temper: The same as Chen­ small splatters like those described above, but can Brown-on-orange: Chencan Variety. trickle decoration running down vessel interiors Surface finish and decoration: The surfaces is more common. The outlines of some trickle of this variety were highly compacted, which lines are irregular, suggesting that the pigment­ produced a finish that is tactually very smooth producing agent was actually allowed to trickle and that may attain a slight luster. Generally, down the vessel area. The outlines of other however, the surfaces are matte. The finish is trickle lines are regular and sharp, suggesting finer than that usually found on the Chencan that they were brushed on rather than allowed Variety and surface pitting does not occur. The to trickle. Sometimes basin and bowl exteriors highly compacted surfaces are generally found were decorated as well. A few (7) examples bore on vessel interiors, with exteriors less refined. As narrow, closely-spaced striations on the exterior a result of the smoothing and compaction pro­ near the rim. The depth of the striations varies cess, the surface is often slightly darker than the from deep to light. underlying paste. The brown decoration was Forms: formed in the manner used on the Chencan Va­ 1. Recurved-neck jar (Fig. 330-s, y-z). Lip riety, but occurred as bands and design patterns, diameter varies from 12-18 cm. Vessel wall rather than as blotches. This generally includes thickness is medium. Bases were flat. Large, a brown lip band and concentric circles or rec­ horizontally or vertically-placed strap handles tangles on the floor of the dishes. Other linear were located on the globular body at a point designs also occur. Basal angles often have a about 4-6 cm below the neck-body juncture. basal ridge or Z-angle that was notched in a 2. Beveled-rim basin (Fig. 33t-x). Rim diam­ ,-'"',design. These notched design elements eter ranges from 30-50 cm. Vessel wall thick­ were spaced around the circumference of the ness is medium. Bases are flat. ridge. In addition, two examples have a series of 3. Large round-sided bowl or basin (Figs. vertical fingernail impressions encircling the ex­ 33aa-ee; 34a). Rim diameter is 25-32 cm. Ves­ terior just above the basal break. sel wall thickness is medium. Bases are flat. Forms: Some examples have large, horizontally-placed 1. Flaring-walled, basal-break tripod dish strap handles located about 5-6 cm below the (Fig. 34g-h, j-k). Lip diameter varies from lip on the exterior. 26-32 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium, oc­ Intrasite wcations and contexts: Muralla com­ casionally thin. Bases are flat. Supports may be plex deposits, in mixed fill material. solid slab, in which case they are castellated (see lntersite wcations and contexts: Pina Chan Fig. 34n), hollow oven-shaped (Fig. 34i), or hol­ (RPC: Fig. lOu) illustrates a sherd that undoubt­ low cylindrical (Fig. 34!) in shape. Each of the edly pertains to this type. latter pod supports has four raised vertical Illustration: Figures 33o-ee; 34a-e. ridges or fins spaced equidistant around it. This gives the pods a rectangular appearance even though they are cylindrical. Chencan Brown-on-orange: Compacted-surface Intrasite wcations and contexts: The same as Variety Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan Variety. Frequency: Not counted apart from Chencan Intersite wcations and contexts: None. Variety. Illustration: Figure 34f-o. 124 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

' I C I r I '-�..... !...-' / f d \le------, ---l \ - J 7 +

I

m

------, p

t

q

-,ff gg

Figure 34. CHENCAN BROWN-ON-ORANGE AND AcAPULQUITO UNSLIPPED CHENCA BROWN-ON-ORANGE: CHENCAN VARIETY. a, Form 3; b-d, basal fragments; e, handle. CHENCAN BROWN-ON-ORANGE: COMPACTED-SURFACE VARIETY. f, i, m, n, o, foot pods; g-h, j-k, Form l; I, body fragment. ACAPULQUITO UNSLIPPED: ACAPULQUITO VARIETY. q-x, Form l; p, y-ee, Form 2; ff-hh, Form 3. (Scale 11.i actual size; except p, q are 1/6 actual size.) THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 125

PUUC UNSLIPPED WARE (3499) thickness is medium. Bases are slightly concave. Rims are direct or thickened. Puuc Unslipped Ware was called Florescent 3. Basin with direct or bolstered rim (Fig. Unslipped Ware by Brainerd (GWB: 52). Smith 34ff-hh). Rim diameter is 43-47 cm. Vessel wall (POM: 28) gave it its present name. The Edzna thickness is medium. Bases are slightly indented. unslipped pottery pertains to a ceramic group lntrasite locations and contexts: Muralla com­ different from that described by Smith, how­ lex deposits and mixed fill. ever. The Edzna types differ slightly with re­ lntersite wcations and contexts: Basins with a spect to paste color, vessel form, and surface !Omewhat similar rim form occur at Becan in finish. the type Traino Brown (JWB: 50-52, Fig. l0gg-pp). Traino Brown belongs to the Xcocom AcAPULQUITo CERAMIC GROUP (3499) Ceramic Complex at Becan and consequently is Acapulquito Unslipped: Acapulquito Variety probably contemporary with the Muralla com­ lex. Thus, there seems to be a modal link to the Frequency: 660 sherds; 1 partial vessel (19%; south on this horizon. 9%). Illustration: Figure 34p-hh. Established: The present study. Description: Principal identifying attributes: (1) unslipped Yakatzib Striated: Yakatzib Variety surfaces; (2) coarse paste; (3) gray to pale brown Frequency: 1795 sherds (51%; 23%). surface color; (4) T-rim basins. Established: The present study. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is coarse Description: textured, but is nevertheless strong. Paste color Principal identifying attributes: (1) unslipped is generally gray (7.5YR 3/0, 4/0, 5/0, 7 /2; surfaces; (2) coarse paste; (3) gray surface color; lOYR 6/ 1, 7/2), pale brown, or pink (5YR 7 / 4; (4) heavy striation; (5) everted rim jars. 7.5YR 714; l0YR 5/2, 6/3, 714), and occasion­ Paste, firing, and temper: Similar to Acapul­ ally red (2.5YR 5/8, 6/8). Firing atmosphere quito Unslipped. seems to have been variable to some degree. But Surface finish and decoration: Unstriated it was generally non-oxidizing, at least in the fi­ surfaces were smoothed, but drying shrinkage nal stages, which resulted in the grayish paste caused temper particles to protrude even and surface colors. The temper is white crystal­ though covered by a thin film of clay. Thus the line calcite. Occasional carbonaceous particles texture is often grainy. Larger temper particles and iron oxide nodules occur in the paste. often protrude through the surface film; thus Surface finish and decoration: Surfaces were the surfaces are generally somewhat rough to smoothed, but lack compact.ion, polish, or slip. the touch, although there is a good deal of vari­ They tend to be grainy with temper particles ability. Pitting of unstriated areas is not uncom­ protruding through to the surface. Pitting of the mon. Vessel bodies were heavily striated by surfaces is not uncommon. There is a wide range means of broad, parallel raking (about 1.5-2.0 of finish on this type. Some examples are rela­ striations per cm) often taking the form of a tively smooth to the touch; other examples are wide (8-10 cm) band of horizontal or circum­ rough. No decoration was noted. ferential raking. Below this the bodies were Forms: raked vertically or diagonally. On other exam­ 1. T-rim basin (Fig. 34q-x). Rim diameter ples the circumferential raking is lacking. Pat­ varies from 32-48 cm. Vessel walls are medium, terning of the direction of raking seems to have rarely thin. Bases are slightly indented. Vessel been common, although not invariable (see height of one restorable example is 17 cm. Rims GWB: Fig. 68a, d, e for similar patterning). Ves­ may be incurved or unrestricted. sel necks were never striated. Instead, striation 2. Incurved-rim basin (Fig. 34p, y-ee). Ori­ begins below the inflection point on the inde­ fice diameter is between 41-49 cm. Vessel wall pendent restricted jar neck. As a result, even 126 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNi\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO rather large rim and neck fragments are Paste, firing, and temper: Similar to Acapul­ unstriated. quito Unslipped. Forms: Suiface finish and decoration: Surface finish 1. Everted-rim jar with hyperboloid neck is similar to that on Acapulquito Unslipped ex­ (Fig. 35a-h). Lip diameter ranges from 18-31 cept that basin interiors are sometimes some­ cm. Neck height varies from 3-7 cm. Vessel what better smoothed. Interiors are generally wall thickness is medium. Bases are slightly better smoothed than exteriors on the basin indented. form. Decoration consists of black trickle paint 2. Pointed-lip jar (Fig. 35i-m). Rim diame­ applied to basin rims and interiors (and some­ ter ranges from 18-22 cm. Neck height varies times vessel exteriors as well) and to jar rims and from 3.5-7.0 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ exteriors (and occasionally neck interiors). The dium. Bases are slightly indented. paint is a strong black to very dark gray (2.5Y 3. Low, flaring-neck jar (Fig. 35n-p). Rim 2/0, 3/0) and was often daubed on at the rim diameter is between 18-20 cm. Neck height from which the trickle lines proceeded down ranges from 3-4 cm. Vessel wall thickness is me­ the vessel walls. Trickling is by far the most dium. Bases are slightly concave. common form of painting. However, some ex­ 4. T-rim basin (rare) (Fig. 35r). Rim dimen­ amples bear droplets of paint in a spattered pat­ sions are unknown. Vessel walls are thick. Base tern. Occasionally, black rim bands and isolated form is unknown. The striations begin just be­ dots also occur. The trickle lines are often wide low the lip on the exterior. and flaring near the rim, but then become thin­ 5. Flaring-walled dish or bowl (rare) (Fig. ner with parallel edges farther down the vessel 35s). Rim diameter is unknown. Vessel wall wall. Trickle line width varies from .6-2.3 cm thickness is medium. The base is flat. Vertical with the average about 1.0 cm. T-rim forms usu­ striations occur on the exterior. ally have the top of the rim painted solid black. Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as Trickle lines extend downward from this black Acapulquito Unslipped. band. One example has a negative effect created by wide, vertical black bands that leave narrow, lntersite locations and contexts: There are mod­ trickle-like lines reserved in the unslipped sur­ al similarities to Yokat Striated (POM: 134). The face color. Four sherds of this type were also mode of heavy raking found on Yakatzib vessels found which bear a single circumferential row also occurs on some Yokat Striated vessels. But of large fingernail impressions on their exteriors. surface and paste colors differ somewhat, as On two of these the body is striated below the does rim form. A single example of Yakatzib row of fingernail impressions; on the other two Striated, indistinguishable from Edzna speci­ there is no striation. Both impression and stria­ mens, occurs in the collection from Caya] (p. tion were executed after the application of the ob., IYAH), about 20 km north of Edzna (see black paint. S&P). Yakatzib Striated also occurs at Jaina (p. ob., INAH). Forms: 1. Bolstered-rim basin (Fig. 35t-aa). Rim di­ Illustration: Figure 35a-s. ameter ranges from 20-51 cm with the average around 45 cm. Vessel wall thickness is medium. Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Variety Bases are presumably flat. 2. T-rim basin (Fig. 35bb-gg). Lip diameter Frequency: 809 sherds; 2 partial vessels (23%; ranges from 28-43 cm. Vessel wall thickness is 10%). medium. Bases are presumably flat. Established: The present study. 3. Thickened-rim basin (Fig. 35hh-fi). Rim Description: diameter is 33-42 cm. Vessel wall thickness is Principal identifying attributes: (1) unslipped medium. Bases are presumably flat. surfaces; (2) coarse paste; (3) gray surface color; 4. Everted-rim jar with hyperboloid neck (4) black trickle decoration;- (5) b�lstered-rim (Fig. 36b-h). Orifice diameter varies from 14-21 basins; (6) T-rim basins. cm. Neck height varies from 3-7 .5 cm. Vessel THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 127

wall thickness is medium, rarely thin. Bases are Vessel wall thickness is medium. Base form is flat. unknown. 5. Round-sided basin or bowl (Fig. 36i-l). 6. Low, flaring-necked jar (Fig. 36m-n). The rim diameter of a single specimen is 18 cm. The rim diameter of a single example is 12 cm.

t w y

u X w [WQ V z

aa

jj Figure 35. YAKATZIB STRJATED AND PAXYAN BLACK-ON-CRAY YAKATZIB STRIATED: YAKATZIB VARIETY. a-h, Form l; i-m, Form 2; n-p, Form 3; r, Form 4; s, Form 5; q, neck fragment. PAXYAN BLACK-ON-CRAY: PAXYAN VARIETY. t-aa, Form l; bb-gg, Form 2; hh-ii, Form 3. (Scale Iii actual size; except t, u, bb are 1/6 actual size.) 128 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAM PECHE, MEXICO

Vessel wall thickness is medium. Bases are pre­ apparently fired in an atmosphere that was vari­ sumably flat. able. Sometimes vessel walls are red throughout Bases: The only bases encountered were flat. (oxidized), red on the exteriors and olive gray to Most of these are presumably basin bases. At brown in the core (exteriors oxidized), or olive least two are definitely jar bases. gray to brown throughout (only partially oxi­ Intrasite locations and contexts: The same as dized). Apparently vessel surfaces were exposed Acapulquito Unslipped. to a smokey fire at some stage, since dark gray Intersite locations and contexts: The bolstered (2.5YR 3/0) mottled areas are characteristic of rim basin form is similar to that of Balantun the surfaces. The temper is white crystalline cal­ Black-on-slate (POM: 16, Fig. 15) in form and cite and is abundant. decorative effect. However, Paxyan Black-on­ Suiface finish and decoration: Surfaces are gray is unslipped, lacks handles, and does not coarse and grainy, although they were have grooving on the bolstered rim as does Ba­ smoothed. Temper particles protrude through lantun Black-on-slate. Moreover, the other ves­ the surface which is rough to the touch. Surface sel forms of Balantun Black-on-slate bear little colors are mottled with the red to brown paste resemblance to Paxyan Black-on-gray except for colors occuring in blotches and dark gray (see the common occurrence of trickle painting. It is above) in other areas. Sometimes the entire ex­ possible that Paxyan Black-on-gray may have terior is gray, apparently due to smudging, been a precursor of Balantun Black-on-gray, which seems to be a result of the firing process. since the latter type is associated with the So­ It is possible, however, that it resulted from tuta Ceramic Complex at Mayapan and Chi­ smokey carbon deposited during the vessel's use chen Itza. for cooking. Illustration: Figures 35t-;;; 36a-p. Forms: 1. Tall, cylindrical-neck jar with various lip forms (Fig. 36q-aa). Orifice diameter ranges from 18-29 cm. Neck height varies from NOHACAL UNSLIPPED WARE (472) 7.5-12.5 cm. Vessel walls are thin to medium. Base form is unknown. Nohacal Unslipped Ware is a utilitarian 2. Bolstered-rim basin (rare) (Fig. 36bb). ware that has a coarse paste, thin vessel walls, The lip diameter of one specimen is 22 cm. Ves­ and a mottled surface. It occurs only in a Mu­ sel walls are medium. Base form is unknown. ralla complex context at Edzna. Intrasite locations and contexts: General Mu­ ralla refuse and structural fill. NILUM CERAMIC GROUP (472) lntersite locations and contexts: Several exam­ Nilum Unslipped: Nilum Variety ples of this type occur in a collection from Huaymil, Campeche (p. ob., IYAH). The Huay­ Frequency: 472 sherds (100%; 6%). mil sherds are identical to Edzna examples in Established: The present study. paste, thickness, and form. They differ, how­ Description: ever, in not being mottled to a dark gray color, Principal identifying attributes: (1) mottled and thus have a red to brown surface color. surface colors; (2) coarse paste; (3) thin vessel These are clearly Nilum Unslipped. walls; (4) tall-necked jars. Illustration: Figure 36q-bb. Paste, firing, and temper: The paste is coarse textured and weak. It does not resist heavy hand MuRALLA SPECIAL: STRIATED SLATEWARE pressure. Vessel walls are thin to medium in thickness (3.5-8.0 mm with the average from Eight sherds. These sherds are from thick to 5.0-6.5 mm). The weakness of the paste is char­ very thick-walled vessels, apparently jars. They acteristic. The paste color is red to brown were unslipped on the interior, slipped on the (2.5YR 4/4, 5/8, 6/6; 7.5YR 6/4; lOR 5/8), upper portion of the neck or body, and un­ rarely a pale brown (lOYR 6/2). Vessels were slipped on the lower portion. The lower portion THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 129

a

j rrs q ( V r X u w y

0 -� �. '{--· -,(:- ; ..� . II l� hh J j j

Figure 36. PAXYAN BLACK-ON-CHAY, JLUM UNSLJPPED, AND M HALLA SPE IAL PAXYAN BLACK-0 -CRAY: PAXYA VARIETY. a, body fragment; b-h, Form 4; i-1, Form 5; m-n, Form 6; o, miscellaneous jar fonn; p, basal fragment. ILU 1 U SLIPPED: !LUM VARIETY. q-y, Form l; bb, Form 2; z-aa, Form l neck fragments. MURALLA SPECIALS. cc, Xaya Gouged-incised; de/, Unnamed Impressed; ee, Unnamed Gouge-incised; ff, Unnamed Plano-Relief; gg. Unnamed Composite; hh, Unnamed Impressed; ii, Unnamed Gouge-incised;;;, Tumba Black- on-orange (?); kk-ll, Unnamed Impressed; mm, Trapiche Incised (?); nn, Dolorido Cream-polychrome. (Scale 16 actual size; except a, b, q are 1/6 actual size.) 130 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO of the exterior was then deeply striated with slip through which piano-relief gouging and in­ closely spaced striations. The striation often cision was effected. Below this two circum­ continued about 2 cm into the slipped portion ferential black-brown (5YR 2/2) bands were of the exterior, producing a narrow circum­ painted over the red (2.5YR 5/6) slip. Below ferential band that was both striated and this, an encircling series of solid black-brown slipped. Two examples have remains of black semicircles was painted at the basal break. The trickle paint on the slipped portion of the ves­ interior was slipped red (2.5YR 5/6) This sherd sel. Another has remains of red trickle paint. was recovered from the structure on the south­ Vessels with both slipped and unslipped striated west comer of Complex 7. exteriors are described by Smith (POM: Fig. IllustTation: Figure 36ff. 5r-s) from Uxmal. They also occur at Labna (p. ob., E. Thompson's collections, PM). IllustTation: None. MURALLA SPECIAL: OTHER TEABO CERAMIC GROUP-UNNAMED Co MPOSITE

MuRALLA SPECIAL: XAYA GouGED-INCISED (?) Two sherds. Apparently from the same ves­ sel, these sherds bear the characteristic red slip One basal fragment of a gouged-incised or of Teabo Red on the interior and incised rectili­ carved type of Puuc Slate Ware was recovered near designs on· the unslipped (or badly weath­ from the Fortress. It is probably Xaya Gouged­ ered) exterior surface. They represent a hemi­ incised. spherical bowl with a castellated ring base. IllustTation: Figure 36cc. There is also a black (2.5YR 2/4) band painted on the rim. Rim diameter is unknown.

MURALLA SPECIAL: OTHER TICU L CERAMIC IllustTation: Figure 36gg. GROUP-UNNAMED IMPRESSED

One sherd. This is a flaring-walled dish with MuRALLA SPECIAL: OTHER HoNTuN CERAMIC a raised fillet encircling the vessel on the exte­ GROUP-UNNAMED IMPRESSED rior, which had been thumb-impressed, as in One sherd. This is a flaring-walled dish with Solbul Composite. This sherd was not incised, a raised, thumb-impressed fillet near the basal however. break. In all other respects it is identical to IllustTation: Figure 36dd. Hontun Gray. IllustTation: Figure 36hh. MURALLA SPECIAL: OTHER TICUL CERAMIC GROUP-UNNAMED GouGE-INCISED MuRALLA SPECIAL: OTHER CHABLEKAL CERAMIC A single example of what was apparently a GROUP-UNNAMED GOUGE-INCISED flat-bottomed vase bears raised circumferential ridges near the base which had been gouge­ One sherd. Probably from a composite sil­ incised. houette bowl, this sherd bears gouge-incised de­ IllustTation: Figure 36ee. signs on the vessel exterior. The gouged lines vary from 1-5 mm in width and form an un­ identifiable design by means of a combination of MuRALLA SPECIAL: OTHER TEABO CERAMIC linear and curvilinear gouges. GROUP-UNNAMED PLANO-RELIEF IllustTation: Figure 36ii. One sherd. This is a sherd with Teabo Red paste and slip, but with a decorative technique MuRALLA SPECIAL: TuMBA BLACK-ON-ORANGE (?) reminiscent of Provincia Plano-relief. It appears to be a flat-bottomed vase or bowl with some One sherd. A single Fine Orange Ware sort of vessel supports. The upper portion had sherd, presumably from a flat-bottomed vase, been covered with a thick white (7.5YR 8/0) this sherd bears a dark brown paint in two THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 131 broad vertical stripes. Between the stripes is also MuRALLA SPECIAL: OreER CHENCAN CERAMIC a brown paint, but it is much more thinly ap­ GROUP-UNNAMED IMPRESSED plied and is consequently lighter. A similar ef­ Two examples of necked jars with thin vessel fect was sometimes produced on Tumba Black­ walls. These jars bore a single circumferential on-orange vessels (see JAS: 20 , Fig. 400). 6 row of triangular-shaped impressions at the rim­ Illustration: Figure 36ff. body juncture. The effect is very similar to that

a b

C

e f g

h

Figure 37. S1ERRA fu:o AND SPECIALS SIERRA RED: CHON VARIETY. a, Form 5; b, Form 10; c, Form 14. SPECIALS. d, Unnamed Fluted Black; e, Unnamed Carved;f. pottery stamp; g, Maya face; h-i, unnamed plain vessels. (Scale ½ actual size.) 132 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

seen on some examples of Pantano Impressed at MuRALLA SPECIAL: DoLORIDO CREAM­ Seibal (see JAS: Fig. 312). One example has a POLYCHROME small loop handle at the rim-body juncture. Illustration: Figure 36kk-ll. One sherd. This sherd represents an in­ curved-rim dish or bowl. The interior was un­ MuRALLA SPECIAL: TRAPICHE INCISED (?) slipped, but the exterior was slipped white One sherd. This sherd is like the Altar Or­ (lOYR 8/1). Rectilinear designs in red (lOR 4/8), ange specimens except that it bears two circum­ orange (light red-2.5YR 6/8), and black (dark ferential incisions at the lip (cf. JAS: Fig. reddish brown-5YR 2/2) were painted on the 377b-c, e-f). The sherd is slipped reddish-or­ white slip. Ball (p. com.) identified this sherd in ange and seems to represent a slightly restricted the Edzna collections. This type occurs in the form. Xcocom complex at Becan (JWB: 168-169). Illustration: Figure 36mm. Illustration: Figure 36nn.

ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY OF EDZNA CERAMIC WARES, GROUPS, TYPES, AND VARIETIES

Acapulquito Ceramic Group ...... 125 Acapulquito Unslipped: Acapulquito Variety ...... 125 Accordian Incised: Variety Unspecified ...... 51 Aguila Ceramic Group ...... 63, 66 Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety ...... 67 Aguila Orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 63 Aki! Impressed: Aki! Variety ...... 105 Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira Variety ...... 39 Alta Mira Fluted: Horizontally-fluted Variety ...... 41 Altar Ceramic Group ...... 121 Altar Orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 121 Balancan Ceramic Group ...... 120 Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified ...... 76 Balanza Ceramic Group ...... 76 Batres Ceramic Group ...... 77 Batres Red: Variety Unspecified ...... 77 Becal Incised: Becal Variety ...... 111 Bobola Black-on-red: Bobola Variety ...... 94 Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 69 Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware ...... 116 Caldero Buff-polychrome: Variety Unspecified ...... 75 Campeche Gloss Ware ...... 80 Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 53 Carpizo Red: Carpizo Variety ...... 95 Chablekal Ceramic Group ...... 117 Chablekal Gray: Chablekal Variety ...... 117 Charote Ceramic Group ...... 91 Charote Red: Charote Variety ...... 91 Chatel Ceramic Group ...... 17 Chatel Orange-red: Chatel Variety ...... 17 Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan Variety ...... 121 Chencan Brown-on-orange: Compacted-surface Variety ...... 123 ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY 133

Chencan Ceramic Group ...... 121 Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety ...... 109 Chicxulub Incised: Variety Unspecified ...... 119 Chimbote Ceramic Group ...... 8 Chimbote Cream-polychrome: Samula Variety ...... 80 Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety ...... 75 Chocubul Gouged-incised: Chocubul Variety ...... 83 Cholul Fluted: Cholul Variety...... 119 Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Variety...... ,...... 103 Chumpa Incised-punctated: Chumpa Variety ...... 26 Chumpic Incised: Chumpic Variety ...... 115 Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety ...... 43 Cui Ceramic Group ...... 86 CuiOrange-polychrome: Cui Variety ...... 89 Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome: VarietyUnspecified ...... 71 Dzib Ceramic Group ...... 95 Dzib Striated: Dzib Variety...... 95 El Hular Fluted: El HularVariety ...... 21 El Hular Fluted: Shallow-fluted Variety ...... 21 El Llanto Ceramic Group ...... 26 El Llanto Cream: El Llanto Variety...... 26 EscobalCeramic Group ...... 53 Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety ...... 53 EstelaRed-on-orange: Estela Variety ...... 87 FineGray Ware ...... :...... 115 Fine Orange Ware ...... 120 Flor Ceramic Group ...... 49 FlorCream: Unslipped-exterior Variety ...... 51 Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified...... 49 Guacamallo Red-on-orange: Variety Unspecified ...... 65 Haltunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen Variety ...... 87 HolactunBlack-on-cream: Holactun Variety ...... 117 HolactunCeramic Group ...... 117 HomoboFluted: Homobo Variety ...... 115 Hongo Composite: Hongo Variety ...... 45 Hontun Ceramic Group ...... 113 Hontun Gray: Hontun Variety ...... 113 Hoxa Unslipped Ware ...... 121 Ixcanario Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified ...... 65 JerusalemIncised: Jerusalem Variety ...... 27 Kohen Composite: Kohen Variety ...... 48 Laguna Verde Incised: Gouge-incised Variety ...... 39 LagunaVerde Incised: Variety Unspecified ...... 37 Las RuinasRed-on-cream: Las Ruinas Variety...... 27 Lechugal Incised: Gouge-incised Variety ...... 48 Mastun Red-on-black: MastunVariety ...... 86 MateoRed-on-cream: Varieties Unspecified ...... 51 Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety ...... 81 Moro Orange-polychrome: Resist Variety ...... 81 Moxa GrayWare ...... 113 134 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Multun Punctated: Multun Variety ...... 23 MunaCeramic Group ...... 99 Muna Slate: Muna Variety ...... 99 Muna Slate: Notched Variety ...... 101 Nilum Ceramic Group ...... 128 Nilum Unslipped: Nilum Variety ...... 128 Niop lncised-punctated: Niop Variety ...... 116 Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety ...... 73 NoaxIncised: Fine-incisedVariety ...... 21 NoaxIncised: Noax Variety ...... 20 Nohacal Unslipped Ware ...... 128 Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Variety ...... 105 Nolo Ceramic Group ...... 59 Pajaral Gouged-incised: Pajaral Variety ...... 86 Paso Caballo Waxy Ware ...... 33 Paxy an Black-on-gray: Paxy an Variety ...... 126 Pechal Incised: Pechal Variety ...... 25 Peten Gloss Ware ...... 63 Pixoyal Incised: Groove-incisedVariety ...... 93 Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Variety...... 93 Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety ...... 86 Pocyaxum Gouged-incised: Pocyaxum Variety ...... 116 Polvero Black: Polvero Variety ...... 45 Polvero Ceramic Group ...... 45 Provincia Plano-relief: Variety Unspecified ...... 120 Puuc Red Ware ...... 110 Puuc Slate Ware...... 99 Puuc Unslipped Ware...... 125 Quintal Unslipped: Variety Unspecified ...... 78 Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Variety...... 41 Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety ...... 103 SaguCeramic Group ...... 90 Sagu Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety ...... 90 San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal Variety ...... 68 San Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety ...... 56 Santa Rosita Unslipped Ware ...... 95 Sapote Ceramic Group ...... 29, 60 Sapote Striated: Aii.ejoVariety ...... 29 Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety ...... 60 Sapote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety...... 60 Sayan Ceramic Group ...... 83 Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety...... 83 Sierra Ceramic Group ...... 33 Sierra Red: Chon Variety ...... 33 Sierra Red: Unslipped-exterior Variety ...... 37 Sihochac Dark-red-on-red: Sihochac Variety ...... 94 SolbulComposite: Solbul Variety ...... 110 SolgunaBlack: SolgunaVariety ...... 23 Solguna Ceramic Group ...... 23 TeaboCeramic Group ...... 110 TYPE-CLASS DIRECTORY 135

Teabo Red: Teabo Variety ...... 110 Tekax Black-on-red: Tekax Variety ...... 113 Tekit Incised: Heavy-incised Variety ...... 102 Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety ...... 101 Telchac Composite: Telchac Variety ...... 120 Thin Slate Ware ...... 107 Ticul Ceramic Group ...... 107 Ticul Thin-slate: Tieu! Variety ...... 107 Tipikal Preslip-striated Red: Variety Unspecified ...... 59 Tonanche Black: Tonanche Variety ...... 85 Tonanche Ceramic Group ...... 85 Triunfo Ceramic Group ...... 85 Triunfo Striated: Dzicilia Variety ...... 77 Uaxactun Unslipped Ware ...... 77 Ulumal Fluted: Ulumal Variety ...... 29 Unspecified Ceramic Group or Group(s) ...... 92 Unto Ceramic Group ...... 53, 65, 75, 95 Unto Preslip-striated Black: Variety Unspecified ...... 59 Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome: Variety Unspecified ...... 59 Xcampeu Composite: Xcampeu Variety ...... 83 Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety ...... 52 Xul Incised: Xul Variety ...... 109 Yakatzib Striated: Yakatzib Variety ...... 125 Yaloche Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified ...... 76 Yucatan Gloss Ware ...... 77 Yucatan Opaque Ware ...... 51

TYPE-CLASS DIRECTORY TO EDZNA TYPES AND VARIETIES Unslipped Acapulquito Unslipped: Acapulquito Variety (Muralla) ...... 125 Nilum Unslipped: Nilum Variety (Muralla) ...... 128 Quintal Unslipped: Variety Unspecified (Poderes) ...... 78 Striated Dzib Striated: Dzib Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 95 Sapote Striated: Aiiejo Variety (Malecon) ...... 29 Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety (Baluartes) ...... 60 Sapote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety (Baluartes) ...... 60 Triunfo Striated: Dzicilia Variety (Poderes) ...... 77 Yakatzib Striated: Yakatzib Variety (Muralla) ...... 125 Red Batres Red: Variety Unspecified (Poderes) ...... 77 Carpizo Red: Carpizo Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 95 Charote Red: Charote Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 91 Sierra Red: Chon Variety (Baluartes) ...... 33 Sierra Red: Unslipped-exterior Variety (Baluartes) ...... 37 Teabo Red: Teabo Variety (Muralla) ...... 110 136 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Black Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified (Poderes) ...... 76 Polvero Black: Polvero Variety (Baluartes) ...... 45 Solguna Black: Solguna Variety (Malecon) ...... 23 Tonanche Black: Tonanche Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 85 Cream El Llanto Cream: El Llanto Variety (Malecon) ...... 26 Flor Cream: Unslipped-exterior Variety (Baluartes) ...... 51 Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified (Baluartes) ...... 49 Orange Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety (Poderes) ...... 67 Aguila Orange: Variety Unspecified (Poderes/Cepos) ...... 63 Altar Orange: Variety Unspecified (Muralla) ...... 121 Gray Chablekal Gray: Chablekal Variety (Muralla) ...... 117 Hontun Gray: Hontun Variety (Muralla) ...... 113 San Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety (Baluartes) ...... 56 Orange-red Chatel Orange-red: Chatel Variety (Malecon) ...... 17 Slate Muna Slate: Muna Variety (Muralla) ...... 99 Muna Slate: Notched Variety (Muralla) ...... 101 Thin-slate Tieu] Thin-slate: Ticul Variety (Muralla) ...... 107 Dichromes Bobola Black-on-red: Bobola Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 94 Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety Unspecified (Poderes) ...... 69 Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspecified (Baluartes) ...... 53 Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan Variety (Muralla) ...... 121 Chencan Brown-on-orange: Compacted-surface Variety (Muralla) ...... 123 Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety (Muralla) ...... 109 Churnayel Red-on-slate: ChurnayelVariety (Muralla) ...... 103 Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety (Baluartes) ...... 53 Estela Red-on-orange: Estela Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 87 Guacamallo Red-on-orange: Variety Unspecified (Poderos/Cepos) ...... 65 Haltunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 87 Holactun Black-on-cream: Holactun Variety (Muralla) ...... 117 Las Ruinas Red-on-cream: Las Ruinas Variety (Malecon) ...... 27 Mastun Red-on-black: Mastun Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 86 Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties Unspecified (Baluartes) ...... 51 Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Variety (Muralla) ...... 126 Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 86 Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Variety (Baluartes) ...... 41 TYPE-CLASS DIRECTORY 137

Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety (Muralla) ...... 103 San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal Variety (Poderes) ...... 68 Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 83 Sihochac Dark-red-on-red: Sihochac Variety (Agua Potable)...... 94 Tekax Black-on-red: Tekax Variety (Muralla) ...... 113 Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety ...... 55 Orange-polychrome Cui Orange-polychrome: Cui Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 89 Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified (Poderes) ...... 71 Ixcanrio Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified (Poderos/Cepos) ...... 65 Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 81 Moro Orange-polychrome: Resist Variety (Agua Potable)...... 81 Cream-polychrome Chimbote Cream-polychrome: Samula Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 80 Sagu Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety (Agua Potable)...... 90 Yaloche Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified (Poderes) ...... 76 Buff-polychrome Caldero Buff-polychrome: Variety Unspecified (Poderes) ...... 75 Light Brown Polychrome Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome: Variety Unspecified (Agua Potable) ...... 83 Incised Accordian Incised: Variety Unspecified (Baluartes)...... 51 Becal Incised: Becal Variety (Muralla) ...... 111 Chicxulub Incised: Variety Unspecified (Muralla) ...... 119 Chumpic Incised: Chumpic Variety (Muralla) ...... 115 Jerusalem Incised: Jerusalem Variety (Malecon) ...... 27 Laguna Verde Incised: Gouge-incised Variety (Baluartes)...... 39 Laguna Verde Incised: Variety Unspecified (Baluartes) ...... 37 Lechuga! Incised: Gouge-incised Variety (Baluartes) ...... 48 Noax Incised: Fine-incised Variety (Malecon) ...... 21 Noax Incised: Noax Variety (Malecon) ...... 20 Pechal Incised: Pechal Variety (Malecon)...... 25 Pixoyal Incised: Groove-incised Variety (Agua Potable)...... 93 Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 93 Tekit Incised: Heavy-incised Variety (Muralla) ...... 102 Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety (Muralla) ...... 101 Xu] Incised: Xul Variety (Muralla)...... 109 Fluted Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira Variety (Baluartes) ...... 39 Alta Mira Fluted: Horizontally-fluted Variety (Baluartes) ...... 41 Cholul Fluted: Cholul Variety (Muralla)...... 119 El Hular Fluted: El Hular Variety (Malecon)...... 21 El Hular Fluted: Shallow-fluted Variety (Malecon) ...... 21 Homobo Fluted: Homobo Variety (Muralla) ...... 115 Ulumal Fluted: Ulumal Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 93 138 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Punctated Mulhm Punctated: Multun Variety (Malecon) ...... 23 Impre�d Akil Impressed: Akil Variety (Muralla) ...... 105 Incised-punctated Chumpa lncised-punctated: Chumpa Variety (Malecon) ...... 26 Niop lncised-punctated: Niop Variety (Muralla) ...... 116 Telchac Composite: Telchac Variety (Muralla) ...... 120 Incised-impre�d Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Variety (Muralla) ...... 105 Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety (Muralla) ...... 110 Plano-relief Provincia Plano-relief: Variety Unspecified (Muralla) ...... 120 Gouged-incised Chocubul Gouged-incised: Chocubul Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 83 Pajaral Gouged-incised: Pajaral Variety (Agua Potable) ...... 86 Pocyaxum Gouged-incised: Pocyaxum Variety (Muralla) ...... 116 Composite Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety (Poderes) ...... 75 Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety (Baluartes) ...... 43 Hongo Composite: Hongo Variety (Baluartes) ...... 45 Kohen Composite: Kohen Variety (Baluartes) ...... 48 Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety (Poderes) ...... 73 Xcampeu Composite: Xcampeu Variety (Baluartes) ...... 52 Preslip-striated Tipikal Preslip-striated Red: Variety Unspecified (Baluartes) ...... 59 Unto Preslip-striated Black: Variety Unspecified (Baluartes) ...... 59 4. MODE DESCRIPTIONS

As previously mentioned in Chapter 3, modes is divided into several categories. The modes are attributes which "have singular im­ following outline lists the kinds of modes de­ port and meaning beyond that of any purely de­ scribed and the order in which they are scriptive aspect ..." (Smith, Willey, and Gifford described: 1960: 331). Not all attributes are modes, but only those considered to be significant. For the I. Form Modes (modes of vessel shape) purpose of this study, I treat a significant attri­ A. Overall vessel forms B. Vessel parts and appendages bute, or mode, as any attribute that crosscuts II. Decorative and Surface Finish Modes type-variety units (Smith, Willey, and Gifford A. Penetration 1960: 331) or that otherwise exhibits temporal, B. Plastic Additions spatial, or functional relevance (POM: 68). Ac­ C. Color Additions cording to Gifford (JCB: 11), 1. Slipping 2. Painting Ill. Design Modes Modes should be the subject of sep­ IV. Color Modes arate analytical study to view their in­ V. Paste Modes dividual behavior in crosscutting varie­ ties and types through time and space. Because of differences in the nature of the Any collection of pottery is best de­ modes to be described, the descriptive format scribed in terms of varieties and types for each section may vary slightly from that of will as well as modes in order to present a other sections. When necessary, the modes comprehensive picture. A type and va­ be described individually. Otherwise the format riety study should be integrated with a described under Form Modes (see below) is fol­ comparable mode study and insofar as lowed. An attempt has been made to provide possible, neither should be conducted basic data for each mode-such data as the types or set forth in a mutually exclusive and varieties that exhibit the modes, the ceram­ manner. ic complex(es) to which they pertain, and an in­ dication of the quantitative importance of the In this chapter the description of ceramic mode.

FORM MODES

Form modes are those significant attributes followed by a number that represents the num­ associated with vessel shape. Following_ Smith ber under which the form is listed in the Forms (POM: 70ff), I have divided this section into two section of the type description in Chapter 3. (2) subsections. The first of these consists of an al­ Ceramic Complexes is a listing of the ceramic phabetical listing of the modes of overall vessel complex(es) in which the particular form oc­ shape. The listing for each vessel form is sub­ curred. (3) Comparison provides reference data divided into the following five categories. (1) to other sites where the particular form also oc­ Types and Varieties is a listing of all the types curred. ( 4) Remarks contains any pertinent in­ and varieties in which the specified form occurs formation about the vessel form that might be at Edzna. Each type and variety name is pre­ of utility to the reader. In many cases this sec­ ceded by a symbol that indicates its quantity in tion will not appear. (5) Illustration refers to the our collections (@ = < 10 sherds; + = 10-50 figure(s) in this report pertaining to each par­ sherds; 0 = >50 sherds); each name is likewise ticular form.

139 140 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

The second major section lists and describes Puuc Slate Ware and is thus a good Pure Flores­ significant vessel parts or appendages. Such cent marker. parts and appendages include flanges and Illustration: Figures 26m-o; 27ee-gg; 28j-k; ridges, rims, supports, handles, and spouts. 32n.

OVERALL VESSEL FORM MODES 3. BASIN: ROUNDED SIDES, TRIANGULAR RIM BoLSTER, Two VERTICAL STRAP HANDLES 1. BASIN: ROUNDED SIDES, THICKENED RIM, Types and Varieties: "Muna Slate: Muna ANNULAR BASE (The rim may also be direct or Variety 5; @Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum exteriorly bolstered.) Variety 5; @Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Types and Varieties: + Aguila Orange: Tam­ Variety 3. pak Variety 5; +San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Variety l; +Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety l; Comparisons: Like Form 2 above, this form is @Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety 1. found throughout much of the peninsula. For Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. examples from Yucatan see GWB (Figs. 15el6; Comparisons: Fry (p. com.) indicates that 43cl8, 21-22, 33-34; 44b21, 24-27, 31-40) and this form occurs in southern Quintana Roo in POM (Fig. 4f; also see Table 41, Puuc Slate Tzakol Sphere ceramics. It also occurs at Coba Ware, Form 11 and Table 42, Puuc Slate Ware, (p. ob., IYAH) where it often bears a sub-labial Form 7). impressed fillet (see GWB: Fig. 2e). Remarks: This is likewise a diagnostic form Remarks: This form is a good Poderes (Early of Puuc Slate Ware and therefore a Pure Flores­ Period I or Early Classic) marker on the cent marker. peninsula. Illustration: Figures 26p-r; 28e-f, n. Illustration: Figures 17n, s; l8j-n; 20a-b, f-j. 4. BASIN: ROUNDED SIDES, INTERIORLY BoLSTERED RIM, FLAT BASE 2. BASIN ROUNDED SIDES, ROUND RIM BoLSTER, Types and Varieties: @Muna Slate: Muna Two VERTICAL STRAP HANDLES Variety 7; @Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Types and Varieties: "Muna Slate: Muna Va­ Variety 2; @Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel riety 4; + Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Va­ Variety 2; °Carpizo Red: Carpizo Variety 1. riety l; + Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable, Muralla. Variety l; @Holactun Black-on-cream: Holac­ Comparisons: ARL (Figs. XLVIII, 17-20; LI, tun Variety 3 (in part). 44-48) illustrates a similar basin form from the Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. sites of Campeche and Jaina. RPC (Fig. 9i-k, Comparisons: This form is widespread o-p, e'-f) also found this form at Jaina. A sim­ throughout much of the peninsula. S_ee GWB ilar basin form is represented in the MARI (Figs. 10c8, 10-12; 15e4-7; 15ol, 4-6; 2lb7-15, coastal survey collections (p. ob., IYAH). Brai­ 17-34; 32g2-6, 8-12; 4lf; 43a, b, cl-10, 14-17; nerd (GWB: Fig. 4c8) illustrates only one sherd 43d3, 8, 10-13, 22-24; 44a3; 44b4-14; 44e4; like this form. The incurved-rim bowls illus­ 52cl; 52e3; 53d; 18-19; 73d27-30), POM (Fig. trated by Smith (RES: Figs. 48a, b; 49a507, 41-e, g). Sanders (1960: Fig. lla26, 44, 46), 9-13; 74l-x) from Uaxactun are also closely sim­ Smith (1955b: Fig. 3o, p), ARL (Figs. XXIX, l; ilar to this form (p. ob., PM). Fry (p. com.) also XXXVI, 34; LIV, 12-14), RPC (Figs. 9h-k; reports this form from southern Quintana Roo. l0d-f, r), and FWN (Figs. 80d-e; 93c; 100). This Remarks: This form appears to be a Late form also occurs at Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., Classic marker in the Peten. It is associated with BYU, IYAH). the Agua Potable complex at Edzna and carries Remarks: This form, although it occurs in over as a minor form into the Muralla complex. several different wares at Dzibilnocac (see refer­ Illustration: Figures 25a-f; 26v-w; 27fi; ence to FWN above), is a virtual diagnostic of 28l-m. FORM MODES 141

5. BASIN, FLARING OR ROUNDED SIDES, a dominant vessel form at Xcalumkin (Holactun) THICKENED AND BEVELED RIM, FLAT BASE (p. ob., BYU, IYAH); Smith (POM: 71) also re­ ports it as coming from Kabah. Types and Varieties: °Chencan Brown-on­ Remarks: This form is an excellent Pure Flo­ orange: Chencan Variety 2; @Paxyan Black-on­ rescent marker. gray: Paxyan Variety 3. Illustration: Figure 32b-h, ;. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Comparisons: ARL (Fig. XL VIII, 29) illus­ 8. BASIN: ROUNDED SIDES, OvoID RIM BoLSTER, trates a single sherd from Campeche which rep­ Two HoruzoNTAL STRAP HANDLES resents this form. Moreover, RPC (Figs. 9l-n; 10c, u) encountered it at Jaina as well. Pifla's Types and Varieties: @Holactun Black-on­ Fig. lOu is almost certainly Chencan Brown-on­ cream: Holactun Variety 3 (in part). orange, although he lists it as slate ware. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Illustration: Figures 33t-x; 35hh-;;. Comparisons: This basin form occurs at Ux­ mal (POM: 71; Fig. 10c) and Xcalumkin (Holac­ 6. BASIN, FLARING OR ROUNDED SIDES, T­ tun) (p. ob., BYU). While the form is a minor SHAPED RIM (This basin form is often restricted one at Edzna, it is prevalent at both Xcalumkin due to the fact that the rim is incurved. Not all and Uxmal. examples have incurved rims, however, and Illustration: Figure 32k. these latter forms are unrestricted.) Types and Varieties: • Acapulquito Un­ 9. slipped: Acapulquito Variety l; @Yakatzib BASIN: RESTRICTED ORIFICE, OvoID RIM Striated: Yakatzib Variety 4; + Paxyan Black­ BoLSTER, FLAT BASE on-gray: Paxyan Variety 2. Types and Varieties: • Paxyan Black-on-gray: Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Paxyan Variety l; @Nilum Unslipped: Nilum Comparisons: ARL (Figs. XXVIII, 76-80; Variety 2; @Acapulquito Unslipped: Acapul­ XLVIII, 22-28; LI, 41) illustrates a similar basin quito Variety 3 (in part). form from Guarixes, Campeche, and Jaina-all Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. in the state of Campeche. GWB (Fig. 18dl5) il­ Comparisons:This form is similar to a Sotuta lustrates an almost identical form from Acanceh. complex form from Chichen Itza and Mayapan Ball (JWB: 'Fig. lOgg-pp; lla) illustrates in­ except that the Edzrni examples lack strap han­ curved rim basins which are very similar, but dles (see POM: Fig. 15; GWB: Fig. 73dl-ll, not identical, to this form. A similar form occurs 16-26; ARL: Fig. LI, 22). The Yucatan exam­ at Barton Ramie (JCB: Fig. 144a). ples, however, represent a type, variety, and Illustration: Figures 34q-x, 35r, bb-gg. ware that are different from what is represented by the Edzna examples of this form. 7. BASIN, FLARING OR ROUNDED SIDES, Remarks: In Yucatan this form is a Modified EXUBERANT TO MODERATE T-SHAPED RIM Florescent marker. At Edzna it occurs in a Pure BoLSTER Florescent context and is probably a direct an­ tecedent to the Yucatecan form, although the Types and Varieties: + Holactun Black-on­ two may well have overlapped in time. cream: Holactun Variety 1, 2. Illustration: Figures 34ff; 35t, u-aa; 36bb. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Comparisons: Brainerd (GWB), who ong1- nally assigned this vessel form to his Holactun 10. BowL (ALso DISH): FLARING SIDES, Slateware category, illustrates examples from EvERTED RIM, FLAT (oR SLIGHTLY CoNCAVE) Uxmal (Fig. 53c2-5, 12-17; 53d5-7). Smith BASE (POM: Fig. 10a)also illustrates an example from Types and Varieties: °Chatel Orange-red: Uxmal. At least two examples of this form were Chatel Variety l; @Noax Incised: Noax Variety recovered from Pavon Abreu's excavations at 3; @Noax Incised: Fine-incised Variety l; @Je­ Jaina, Campeche (ARL: Fig. LI, 56-57). This is rusalem Incised; Jerusalem Variety l; @Las 142 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Ruinas Red-on-cream: Las Ruinas Variety 2; Northern Lowlands. It occurs at Dzibilchaltun 0 Sierra Red: Chon Variety 2; + Alta Mira (LVJ: Fig. 20B, F; LJM: Figs. 8d; lOb are vari­ Fluted: Alta Mira Variety 1; + Repasto Black­ ants of this form), Dzibilnocac (FWN: Fig. 63/; on-red: Repasto Variety 2; +Ciego Composite: p. ob., BYU, IYAH), Santa Cruz (SMI: Fig. lv), Ciego Variety l; + Polvero Black: Polvero Vari­ Tancah (WTS: Figs. 9b39-42; 9c3-8), and Can­ ety 5; + Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified 2; balam, Punta Arena, Campeche (p. ob., IYAH). @Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties Unspecified 2; It also occurs at Aguacatal (RTM: Fig. 250-q), @Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspe­ in the Corozal district (DCP: Fig. 69h), and in cified 7; +San Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety 1. Chiapas (Sanders 1961: Fig. 21A, right-hand Ceramic Complexes: Malecon,Baluartes. margin; Peterson 1963: Fig. 4lc-d; 42a-c). Comparisons: This is a widespread form Remarks: This form is an excellent Chicane! throughout most of southern Mesoamerica on horizon marker on the peninsula. the Formative horizon. Consequently, it would Illustration: Figures 8a-e; 1577. be a space-consuming task to reference all of the published illustrations. For examples from 13. BoWL (ALso DlsH): FLARING SmEs, LABIAL the Northern Lowlands, see GWB (Figs. 4o3, 8, FLANGE, FLAT BASE 13; 5a3,5; 5bll-19; 5fl-5,7, 17; 16a, 14-15, T es and Varieties: 0 Sierra Red: Chon Va­ 26-28,30-35; 16d3,6; 17b2,5,8-12, 15; 17[10, yp riety 3; @Laguna Verde Incised: Variety Unspe­ 33-34; 17hl-ll; 3lc2-4,7, 9-12, 14-17, 21-31, cified 2; + Laguna Verde Incised: Gouge-in­ 37, 38, 40; 3ld3), ARL (Figs. XXVI, 20-25; cised Variety l; @Repasto Black-on-red: XXXIV, 26-34, 36-37), FWN (Figs. 63i, k-l, o, Repasto Variety 3; @Lechuga! Incised: Gouge­ t-u; 64a-c; 66a-c; 68a, 69d),POM (Fig. 24!), d; incised Variety l; + Flor Cream: Variety Un­ JWB (Fig. 5a-f, h-m, o-r, t-u), LJM (Figs. 3a, specified l; + Flor Cream: Unslipped-exterior d; 4b; 5; 7f-m; 9d, f; llf, g),and MPS (Figs. 13, Variety l; @Accordian Incised: Variety Unspe­ 14a). cified l; @Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties Un­ Remarks: This form is an excellent Forma­ specified 1. tive marker throughout southern Mesoamerica. Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. Illustration: Figures 3a-l, 4v-x, 5a-b; z; z; Comparisons: This is a common form 6l-n, y, aa; 7a, g-h; 8f-l, n; llt-v; 127-l, t-v, cc; throughout southern Mesoamerica during For­ 13a,p-q, s-t; l4m-n,gg; l5ff; 16a. mative times. For examples from the Northern Lowlands,see GWB (Fig. 5d5), MPS (Fig. 14b), 11. BowL (ALso D1sH): FLARING SIDES, ARL (Fig. XXXIV, 35), LJM (Figs. 7n; 9i), and DoUBLE-BOLSTERED RIM, FLAT (OR SLIGHTLY FWN (Fig. 65b; p. ob., BYU, IYAH). Also see C.0NCAVE) BASE RES (Figs. 16.f5; 16g2; 70b8), REWA (Chart Types and Varieties: + Chatel Orange-red: 2-2/; Chart 3-3/; Fig. 16i),JCG (Figs. 34t-u, cc; Chatel Variety 3; @Noax Incised: Noax Variety 2. 36n, q, bb; 39c-d), RTM (Fig. 23x), and DCP Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. (Figs. 35g; 58i; 64n). Comparisons: This form occurs at Dzibil­ Remarks: This form is likewise an excellent chaltun in the Komchen complex (LVJ: Figs. Chicane! horizon marker on the peninsula and 55q-s; 63c) and at Dzibilnocac in the Dzib I elsewhere. phase (p. ob.,BYU). Illustration: Figures 8m, o-p; llh-7, p-s; Illustration: Figures 3q-u, aa; 4t, dd-ee. 12o; l3f7-kk; l4a-b, f-l, cc-ff, 77-kk.

12. BowL: DEEP, FLARING SIDES, MEDIAL 14. BoWL: DEEP, FLARING NECK, GLOBULAR RIDGE, FLAT BASE BoDY, THICKENED AND SLIGHTLY EVERTED RIM

0 Types and Varieties: Sierra Red: Chon Va­ Types and Varieties: °Chatel Orange-red: riety l; @Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety 4. Chatel Variety 2; @El Hular Fluted: El Hular Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. Variety 2. Comparisons: This is a common form in the Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. FORM MODES 143

Comparisons: RES (Fig. 14bl-3, 7, 9-10; Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes. 14d2), REWA (Figs. 7d; 12g; Chart 2-2a; Chart Comparisons: RES (Figs. 14al-3, 6, 8, 12; 3-2b), RTM (Fig. 23d), and DCP (Figs. 16h; 34s; 16el-2; 70a-24, 28), GWB (Figs. 16d5, 9-10, 13, 40a-c, m; 66;). 15, 17, 23; 17j5, 7, 23; 17g22, 24; 17hl3-14; Remarks: This is the so-called "cuspidor"­ 3lc35, 39, 42), LJM (Figs. la-b; 1c-d; 9a-c; shaped vessel. llc); JWB (Figs. 5x; 6f-g; 12e), FWN (Figs. Illustration: Figures 3m-p, 4ii. 51d-e, g; 58a-b; 59b; 63d; 65a; 61a; 69a; 71!), MPS (Fig. 1&9, 15-23), and POM (Fig. 24g). 15. BowL (ALSO D1sH): LATERAL FLANGE, Many more comparisons could be made with CoMPOSITE SILHOUETTE, FLAT BASE other sites in southern Mesoamerica, since this is

0 a simple and common form. Types and Varieties: Sierra Red: Chon Va­ Illustration: Figures 3bb-dd; 5z-dd; 1b-f, n, riety 4; @Laguna Verde Incised: Variety Unspe­ x; 8u-w, cc; lll-n, w-x; 12w-y; 13f-l; 14q-r; cified 3; @Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Varie­ 15i-f, kk; 31a. ty 5; +Polvero Black: Polvero Variety l; @Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified 3; @Escobal Red­ 17. BowL: ROUNDED OR FLARING SIDES, IN­ on-buff: Xtoc Variety 2; @San Dimas Gray: San CURVED RIM Dimas Variety 2. Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. Types and Varieties: @El Llanto Cream: El Comparisons: See RES (Figs. 16f4; 70a41, Llanto Variety 4; @Jerusalem Incised: Jerusa­ 44, 47, 49-40), JWB (Figs. 6y-dd; 1a; 12f-n; lem Variety 2; +Sierra Red: Chon Variety 9; l&l, q), LJM (Fig. 9k-l), JCB (Figs. 34hh-ii; 40f; @Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Variety 4; 53n-o; 54f-g), GWB (Figs. 5b6; 3lc43-44), @Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety 4. RTM (Fig. 23u-v), MPS (Fig. 15all-18; Ceramic Complexes: Malecon (rare), 15cl-2, 5), DCP (Figs. 58l-n, q-t; 59a, c; 62a-f; Baluartes. 64p-q; 61d-e; 71a; 72q; 73b), and Thompson Comparisons: FWN (Fig. 63m), MPS (Figs. (1939: Fig. 27e-j). Both Sanders (1961: Fig. 21) 18a4-7; 19b6), JWB (Figs. 6;;_ 12r-s; 13!), LJM and Peterson (1963: Figs. 15c, e; 43; 44a-b; (fig. 8a), RTM (Figs. 25c; 26qq-tt), and JCG 49c-e; 50) illustrate similar forms from Chiapas. (Figs. 34m; 38a-f, k, m-o; 40z). This form also occurs at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., Illustration: Figures 6v, z; 9e-h; 12m, dd. BYU), Chiapa de Corzo (p. ob., BYU), and Chal­ chuapa (p. ob., UM). 18. BoWL: FLARING SIDES, LABIAL RIDGE, FLAT Remarks: This form is also a clear-cut Chica­ BASE ne! horizon marker. Types and Varieties: @Sierra Red: Chon Illustration: Figures 8q-t, bb; llo; 12q-r; Variety 12; + Sierra Red: Unslipped-exterior 13f-i; 14o-p; 15g-h, k; 16b. Variety 1. Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. 16. BowL (ALSO D1sH OR PLATE): FLARING Comparisons: MPS (Fig. 15c4, 6-7), RTM SIDES, DIRECT RIM, FLAT BASE (Fig. 271), DCP (Fig. 54n), JCG (Fig. 34n), and LVJ (Fig. 14x, aa, cc). Types and Varieties: + Chatel Orange-red: Remarks: This is an early facet marker at Chatel Variety 5; + Solguna Black: Solguna Va­ Edzna. riety 2; @Las Ruinas Red-on-cream: Las Ruinas Illustration: Figures 9i, q-u; llb, d-g. Variety l; @Sapote Striated; Aftejo Variety 2; 0 Sierra Red: Chon Variety 5; @Laguna Verde 19. BoWL (ALso D1sH): RouNDED OR FLARING Incised: Variety Unspecified 1; @Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira Variety 2; +Ciego Compos­ SIDES, MEDIAL FLANGE, FLAT BASE 0 ite: Ciego Variety 2; Polvero Black: Polvero Types and Varieties: + Sierra Red: Chon Va­ Variety 2; +Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified 4; riety 14; @Polvero Black: Polvero Variety 4; @Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety 3; @Xuch @Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified 6; @Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety 5. Black-and-red: Xuch Variety 1. 144 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTICATIONS AT EDZNi\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. Fig. llb3), and WTS (Figs. 9h19; 9c33; 10al5; Comparisons: JWB (Figs. 6r-u, w; 120), MPS 10.f27). This form also occurs at Seibal (p. ob., (Fig. 14al-10), DCP (Figs. 58o-p; 640; 70b), PM). RES (Figs. 16.f2-3; 70a44-46, 49; 70b9-10), Remarks: Like Form 20, this form is an ex­ REWA (Chart 2-3k; Chart 3-3a; Fig. lOe), and cellent late Chicanel horizon marker. JCG (Figs. 34hh; 5lo-p; 53l, o-q; 54g). Illustration: Figure l5d-f, q-s, u, gg. Remarks: This is a common form throughout much of southern Mesoamerica on the Chicanel 22. BowL: FLARING SIDES, BASAL ANGLE, horizon, and thus is a good horizon marker. MAMMIFORM TETRAPODS (Some examples have a Illustration: Figures lOa-e; l3e, r; l4u; sharp Z-angle at the basal angle.) l5hh; 37c. Types and Varieties: @Guacamallo Red-on­ 20. BoWL (ALso D1sH): VERTICAL OR FLARING orange: Variety Unspecified l; @lxcanrio Or­ SIDES, HOOKED OR GROO VED RIM, FLAT OR ange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified 1. SLIGHTLY CoNvEx BASE (Some examples have Ceramic Complexes: Cepos subcomplex. basal breaks which angle to the base [ see FWN, Comparisons: RES (Fig. 70d5), REWA (Fig. Fig. 63e].) 25g), JCG (Figs. 70g, i-f, l; 7lm; 72a), Willey and Gifford (1961: Fig. 2e), M&V (Plate Types and Varieties: @Sierra Red: Chon Va­ l8c-f), riety 17, 20; Lechuga! Incised: Gouge-incised RTM (Fig. 28i, m), DCP (Figs. 77f, n, p, q-s; Variety 2; Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety 4; 78r), Bullard (1965: Fig. k), and K&E (Fig. 8). @Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspe­ This form also occurs at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., cified 2. IYAH). Remarks: This is a readily recognizable Flor­ Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. al Park horizon marker. Comparisons: LJM (Fig. lla-b, f), JCG (Figs. Figure l 42g; 48g; 50i-f; 5lk-l; 52[!, RTM (Fig. Illustration: 7b-c, e, k. 25oo-pp), FWN (Fig. 63e), GWB (Figs. 5b8; 23. BOWL: FLARING SIDES, BASAL FLANGE, 5el2; l7.f26), WTS (Fig. 9h44; 9cl 7, 22, 24). This form also occurs at Seibal (p. ob., PM; also ANNuLAR BASE see JAS: Figs. 127b; 128i). It is also found at Types and Varieties: • Aguila Orange: Tam­ Chiapa de Corzo (p. ob., BYU; see also Lowe pak Variety 2; + San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal and Agrinier 1960: Fig. 43b). Variety 2; @Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety Remarks: Although this is a numerically mi­ Unspecified l; 0 Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ nor form at Edzrni, it is an excellent marker be­ chrome: Variety Unspecified l; @Caldero Buff­ cause it is a terminal Chicane! horizon marker polychrome: Variety Unspecified l; @Yaloche throughout southern Mesoamerica. Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified 2; Illustration: Figures lOl-n, u-x; 14c; 15l, t, @Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified 1. bb. Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. Comparisons: This is a widespread vessel 21. BOWL (ALSO DISH): VERTICAL SIDES form during the Early Classic period. For exam­ ANGLING TO BASE, TRIANGULAR RIM BoLSTER, ples from the Northern Lowlands, see GWB FLAT OR SLIGHTLY CoNVEx BASE (Some exam­ (Figs. 9a2-e, 5-6, 10, 14-17; 9fl, 6-7, 9-10; ples have nubbin tripod supports.) 19g3; 30a3, 6-7, 15-18, 22-23, 27-30, 33-36; Types and Varieties: + Escobal Red-on-buff: 60bl-4, 6-7, 10), JWB (Figs. 8d; 2lc-d; 23d-f; Xtoc Variety l; @Caramba Red-on-red-orange: 24a-b,· f, l; 29[), FWN (Fig. 72g-i, l-p), SMI Variety Unspecified l; @Xuch Black-and-red: (Fig. 3k-�, WTS (Fig. lOglO, 21-26, 30-32, 36, Xuch Variety 2. 38-39), ARL (Fig. LIX, A), and RTM (Figs. Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. 34m; 36f-i). This form also occurs at the follow­ Comparisons: See RES (Fig. 70c2, 7), JCG ing sites or areas in the Northern Lowlands: (Fig. 52g), JWB (Figs. 13m; 19g), MPS (Fig. Mayapan and Kabah (POM: 140-141), Yaxuna 16al-2, 20, 33), DCP (Fig. 74[!, Bullard (1965: and Oxkintok (B&A: 232), southern Quintana FORM MODES 145

Roo (Fry 1972: 488), Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. ob., IYAH), Jaina (p. ob., INAH), and from a site Comparisons: JWB (Figs. 21b; 24e, g-k), or sites in Eaton's coastal survey (p. ob., IYAH). RTM (Figs. 35a, c, e, f; 36b, f), RES (Fig. 30a2; For examples from other areas, see RES, JAS, 30cl-2), and JCG (Fig. 100b, e). JCG, REWA, and JES. Illustration: Figures 18u-v; 19k-m. Remarks: This basal flange bowl is a diag­ nostic Tzakol horizon marker. 27. BowL: ROUNDED SIDES, Sus-LABIAL FLANGE, Illustration: Figures l 7h-i; 180-p; 19b-c, ANNULAR BASE e-f, h, aa, gg, ii; 20m-o, s, y-z. Types and Varieties: @Batres Red: Variety 24. BOWL: FLARING SIDES, SHARP Z-ANGLE, Unspecified l; @ Poderes Special (Maxcanu ANNULAR BASE Buff). Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. 0 Types and Varieties: Aguila Orange: Tam­ Comparison: POM (Fig. 25b), GWB (Figs. pak Variety 3; + San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal 2a; 2bl8-19, 36-37; 2cl2-19, 28, 36; 3e; Be; Variety 3; @Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety 8j7, 10-13; 8g27-28; lldp; lle5-7; llfl-12; 0 Unspecified 2; Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ 4lel, 4). This form also occurs at Caya! and chrome: Variety Unspecified 2; @Caldero Buff­ Jaina (p. ob., IYAH). polychrome: Variety Unspecified 2. Remarks: This is an excellent Early Period I Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. marker in Yucatan and Campeche. Comparisons: This is likewise a widespread Illustration: Figures 20bb-ee; 2lu-v. vessel form in southern Mesoamerica. For exam­ ples from the Northern Lowlands, see GWB 28. BowL: RouND SIDED OR HEMISPHERICAL, (Figs. 9f8; 30a4, 24-26; 60b8; 63a3, 5, 8, 12), DIRECT RIM, FLAT BASE JWB (Fig. 23a-c), FWN (Fig. 12b, c, f), and RTM (Fig. 34g-l, n, p-q; 44a, c). This form also Types and Varieties: +Sierra Red: Chon Va­ occurs at Mayapan (POM: 141, Fig. 25v-w) and riety 7; +Polvero Black: Polvero Variety 6; in southern Quintana Roo (Fry 1972: 488). For @Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified 8; @Sapote examples from other areas, see RES, JAS, JCG, Striated: Rastro Variety 2; + Aguila Orange: REW A, and JES. Tampak Variety 9; @San Blas Red-on-orange: Remarks:·This form is diagnostic as a Tzakol Halal Variety 6; °Chimbote Cream-poly­ horizon marker. chrome: Samula Variety l; +Moro Orange­ Illustration: Figures l 7l; 18q, t, aa; 19d, g, polychrome: Moro Variety l; @Moro Orange­ i-f, hh; 20p, r. polychrome: Resist Variety l; Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome: Variety Unspecified l; 25. BowL: FLARING SIDES, ROUNDED Z-ANGLE, +Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety l; @To­ ANNULAR BASE nanche Black: Tonanche Variety 3; @Pajaral Gouged-incised: Pajaral Variety l; @Plaza Types and Varieties: + Aguila Orange: Tam­ Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety 2; @Haltunchen pak Variety 4; + Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen Variety 2; @Sagu chrome: Variety Unspecified 5. Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety l; @Bobola Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. Black-on-red: Bobola Variety l; @Sihochac Comparisons: RES (Fig. 18al, 4-5, 7-9) and Dark-red-on-red: Sihochac Variety 2; @Muna GWB (Fig. 63al, 6, 9). Slate: Muna Variety 9; 0 Ticul Thin-slate: Tieu! Illustration:Figures 17m; 19n-o, t. Variety l; @Xul Incised: Xul Variety l; +Tea­ bo Red: Teabo Variety 3 (in part); + Hontun BowL (ALso DISH), FLARING SIDES, BASAL 26. Gray: Hontun Variety 2; @Chumpic Incised: BREAK, ANNULAR BASE Chumpic Variety 2; @Niop lncised-punctated: Types and Varieties: @San Blas Red-on-or­ Niop Variety 2; @Chablekal Gray: Chablekal ange: Halal Variety 5; + Dos Arroyos Orange­ Variety 2; @Provincia Plano-relief: Variety Un­ polychrome: Variety Unspecified 3. specified l; @Altar Orange: Variety Unspecified 146 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

1;@Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan Varie­ Illustration: Figures 28z; 29a-b; 30h, t-v; ty 3;@Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Variety 5. 31a. Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Poderes, Agua Potable, Muralla. 30. BowL: RouNDED SIDES, BEVELED R1M, Comparisons: For examples from the North­ RINGSTAND BASE(?) ern Lowlands, see POM (Figs. 6ff, ff; 1a-b; Types and Varieties: @Muna Slate: Muna 8a-b, h-i; 9a-e, g, f; l0l, p; 2lp-r; 25q-s; Variety 8; Ticul Thin-slate: Ticul Variety 6; 4lcl-3;44g-h, k;5lo-r;55cl4, 16, 17, 19;55dl, @Chencoyi Black-on-thin slate: Chencoyi Vari­ 4, 6), GWB (Figs. 3a2, 5, 7-18, 20, 22; ety 6. 4m31-34; 4p40-42; 10h5; 12fl8-19; 12k; 18f; Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. 19h5; 35d, h; 50k2-23, 27-30; 5ldl-2; 5lel-7; Comparisons: POM (Figs. 4l-m; 26b23; 60d) 62b-c, h; 14d, f; 19a-c; 81u-w; 88c3), LJM 10d), and GWB (Figs. 15c2; 1514-8; 15r; 21f; 32c; (Figs. 8b; JWB (Figs. 8p-q, t; 12c-d; 14a; 35g; 49a-c; 49d8, 16; 49e-h; 5lh3; 51i, n). It 15a; 16c; 22a-b, l-p; 240; 24a-g, i; 21b-d, f-g; also occurs at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., NWAF col­ 35c), FWN (Figs. 81g; 86a-c, i; 81b-c; 89b; lections, IYAH) and Xcalumkin (p. ob., IYAH). 9la-b; 97a; 98b), ARL (Figs. XXX, 73; XXXI, Smith (POM: 73) lists other proveniences as 1-5, 7-9, 11-27; XXXIV, 12-13, 42-43; well. XXXVII, 30; XXXVIII, 14-19; XL, 61; XLIX, Illustration: Figures 26x; 29o;30f. 63; L, 57-58; Lil, 36;LIV, 5), and RTM (Figs. 23kk-nn; 26dd-ii; 27u; 35g; 40u; 42f, m, n-o; 31. BowL: RouNDED SIDES, RESTRICTED 44h-r; 45t-v, y-z; 46i-k, w; 490. This list is not ORIFICE, DIRECT OR BEADED RIM (This form of­ exhaustive by any means. ten bears solid nubbin tripod supports.) Remarks: This is a simple and very common form throughout Mesoamerica and through Types and Varieties: + Ticul Thin-slate: Ti­ most time periods. At Edzna there is a tendency cul Variety 8; @Xul Incised: Xul Variety 4; for vessel walls to become progressively thinner @Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: Chencoyi Vari­ through time. ety 5; +Teabo Red: Teabo Variety 5. Illustration: Figures Bdd-ff; 13u-w; 14v; Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. 16m-; 17q-u; 18w; 2lw-aa; 22a-b, d-i, t-x, Comparisons: POM (Fig. 7d), GWB (Fig. cc-ee; 23f, m; 24b-e, y-z, gg; 26y; 28x-y; 15bl-4;5lcl3; 5lf; 5lkl-3; 5ll26-27). 29w-y; 30t, v; 31f-g, w, hh; 32t, gg; 33a-d, Illustration: Figures 29q, ee; 30i, z-bb. aa-ee; 36i-l. 32. BowL: DEEP VERTICAL TO SLIGHT FLARING 29. BowL: HEMISPHERICAL, BEADED RIM SIDES, FLAT TO CoNVEX BASE, TRIPOD Some examples have solid nubbin tripod Types and Varieties: 0 Hontun Gray: Hontun supports. Variety l; +Chumpic Incised: Chumpic Varie­ l; l; Types and Varieties: + Ticul Thin-slate: Ti­ ty @Homobo Fluted: Homobo variety cul Variety 2; @Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: @Niop Incised-punctated: Niop Variety 1. Chencoyi Variety 4; +Teabo Red: Teabo Varie­ Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. ty 3;@Tekax Black-on-rd: Tekax Variety 1. Comparisons: RPC (Figs. lg', k'; 2g'-f'; 3t). Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. This form also occurs at Dzibilchaltun (p. ob., IYAH). A single whole vessel from Santa Comparisons: POM (Figs. 1f-h; 8c-d), GWB IYAH. (Figs. 4p14, 34; 18f6; 18k5; 50a5-15; 50b5-7; 5- Helena, Yucatan, is found in k33, 35, 37-39; 5lb5-8; 5lcll; 5lel0-15; 51g; Illustration: Figure 3lb-c, t-v, y-dd, gg, ii. 5lhl; 5lk4-5; 5lll-20), FWN (Fig. 91d, f, f), 33. Smith and Gifford (1965: Fig. Uc). This form DISH (ALSO BowL): FLARING SIDES, also occurs at Becan (JWB, 80) and Xcalumkin EVERTED RIM, FLAT (OR SLIGHTLY CoNCAVE) (p. ob., IYAH). Smith (POM, 72) also reports it BASE from Acanceh, Oxkintok, and Sayil in Yucatan. See Form Mode no. 10. FORM MODES 147

34. DlsH (ALso BowL): FLARING SIDES, DoueLE 41. DISH (ALSO PLATE): FLARING SIDES, BoLSTERED RIM, FLAT (OR SLIGHTLY CoNCAVE) DIRECT, EVERTED OR THICKENED RIM, TRIPOD BASE Tripod supports are hollow oven-shaped. See Form Mode no. 11. Types and Varieties: + Haltunchen Brown­ on-orange: Haltunchen Variety 1; + Cui Or- 35. DISH (ALSO PLATE): ROUNDED SIDES, ange-polychrome: Cui Variety 1. INTERIORLY THICKENED RIM Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. Comparisons: Ball (1975, Figs. 1-3; Plate 1), Types and Varieties: +Chatel Orange-red: GWB (Fig. 13b, d-f, i), ARL (Figs. L, 23, 25-31; Chatel Variety 6; @El Llanto Cream: El Llanto LIV, 36-47; LXXII; LXXIII), RPC (Fig. 6t-v, Variety 3. x-z), FWN (Figs. 81a, h, k; 82; 85a; 99b), and Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. Vaillant (1927, Fig. 296). Ball (1975: 34) also Comparisons: RES (Fig. 77a3), REWA (Fig. gives Santa Rosa Xtampak, Isla Piedras and 61), DCP (Fig. 231), and JCG (Fig. 48f). Huaymil, Acanceh, Yaxcopoil, and Dzibilchal­ Illustration: Figures 3ee-ii; 6p. tun as proveniences for this form. It also occurs at La Mensura, a site about 5 km south of San 36. DISH (ALSO BOWL OR PLATE): FLARING Juan Bautista Sahcabchen in Campeche (p. ob., SIDES, DIRECT RIM, FLAT BASE IYAH), and Caya! (p. ob., IYAH). See Form Mode no. 16. Remarks: This form is an excellent Late Classic or Early Period II marker on the 37. DISH (ALSO PLATE): FLARING SIDES, peninsula. LATERAL RIDGE, FLAT BASE Illustration: Figures 23i-l, n-y; 24a. Types and Varieties: +Sierra Red: Chon Va­ 42. DlsH: FLARING SIDES, BASAL BREAK, TRIPOD riety 8; + Polvero Black: Polvero Variety 9; (This form has a flat to slightly convex base. The @Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified 5; @Ca­ tripod supports may be solid conical, solid slab, ramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspecified hollow oven, or hollow cylindrical.) 8; @Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety 3. 0 Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. Types and varieties: Muna Slate: Muna Va­ Comparisons: RES (Fig. 16e5), JCG (Figs. riety l; @Muna Slate: Notched Variety 2; + Te­ 36w; 39e; 47[), GWB (Fig. 3lc34), DCP (Fig. kit Incised: Tekit Variety l; @Tekit Incised: 56b, cl), LVJ (Fig. 17a, cl), and Peterson (1963: Heavy-incised Variety l; @Aki! Impressed: Aki! Fig. 39e). Variety l; @Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Illustration: Figures 8gg; 9a, c; l3bb-cc; Variety l; + Ticul Thin-slate: Ticul Variety 3; l4s-t; l5aa, ii. @Xul Incised: Xu! Variety 6; @Chencoyi Black­ on-thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety 2; + Teabo Red: 38. DlsH (ALso BowL): FLARING SIDES, HOOKED Teabo Variety l; @Becal Incised: Becal Variety 1. OR GROOVED RIM, FLAT BASE Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Comparisons: POM (Figs. 6a-k, m; 70r, u, y; SeeForm Mode no. 20. 8f-l, s, t; 26bll-19), GWB (Figs. 10g; 15a; 18kl3-18; 21c; 32h; 35i-m; 45a-d; 45el-15; 39. DISH (ALso BowL): VERTICAL SIDES 45f-g; 46a-b; 46cl-21, 25, 27, 50, 52; 46dl, 9, ANGLING TO BASE, TRIANGULAR RIM BoLSTER, 11, 16--20; 56e5-8; 46fl-20, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, FLAT OR SLIGHTLY CoNVEX BASE 35, 36, 38; 47a-i; 48al4-30, 36-39, 42, 43; 52g3; 52f5; 52m3-6, 8, 11, 16, 17, 19-21; 58d; See Form Mode no. 21. 62e-g, k-m, p-r; 67a, d-f; 67gl, 3, 4, 7, 10-14, 16-18, 23, 24; 67h5-7, 9-15, 18, 19), 40. DISH (ALso BowL): FLARING SIDES, BASAL JWB (Fig. 34d-e), WTS (Fig. llal-4, 22, 25, 30, BREAK, ANNuLAR BASE 32-38, 47, 48), ARL (Figs. XXX, 51, 57; XLVIII, See Form Mode no. 26. 63, 71-73, 88), RPC (Fig. lOm-n), and SMI (Fig. 148 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNI\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

3u, w, x). This form also occurs at Dzibilnocac Ceramic Complexes: Malecon,Baluartes. and Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., BYU,IYAH). Comparisons: For examples from the North­ Illustration: Figures 26a-f; 27p-s, z-dd; ern Lowlands, see GWB (Figs. 5c21-24; 28r-w; 29c-e, hh-ii; 30d-f, n-p, ll, rr. 16cl4-24; 17dl; 3ld4-15,21-31,43-49,51,52; 65al-5, 8, 10), LJM (Figs. le; 2d, f; 3f; 6c, d; 43. DISH: FLARING SIDES, BASAL Z-ANGLE, 8h; 10g), JWB (Figs. 2a-h, l; 7f-o, s-u; 13q-u; TRIPOD (This form has a flat to slightly convex l8k-p; 19a; 3lb), FWN (Figs. 62a, d; 67c; 70d, base. Supports are hollow cylindrical or oven­ e), and RTM (Figs. 24a, c-l; 25s, aa-qq; 28a-f). shaped. For examples from other areas, see RES, JAS, JCG,REW A,and DCP. Types and Varieties: "Muna Slate: Muna Va­ Illustration: Figures 3;;-nn, rr; See-ff; 7l-m, riety 2; @Muna Slate: Notched Variety l; @Te­ o-w; 9b, d, ;-k, p; 13m-o; l6f-i; 37b. kit Incised: Tekit Variety 2; + Teabo Red: Tea­ bo Variety 2; @Becal Incised: Becal Variety 2; @Hontun Gray: Hontun Variety 3; +Chencan 46. JAR: TALL NECK, ExTERIOR RIM BOLSTER, Brown-on-orange: Compacted-surface Variety 1. GLOBULAR BoDY

Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Types and Varieties: 0 Aguila Orange: Tam­ Comparisons: POM (Figs. 6o-q; 7w; 26e2), pak Variety l; + San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal GWB (Figs. 18kll; 45e22, 25-30; 45h5; 46c26, Variety 4; + Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome: 29-31; 46d8, 12-14; 46el, 2, 10, 11; 46.f22; 52i; Variety Unspecified 6; 0 Triunfo Striated: Dzi­ 52;3, 4; 52k; 52ll, 2, 6-8, 10, 13, 16; 58c; 62n; cilia Variety l; +Quintal Unslipped: Variety 67g15,22), and ARL (Fig. XXIX,3). Unspecified 1. Illustration: Figures 26g-h; 27 o, t-x; 30q-s, Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. mm-qq; 31;-k, m; 34g-h, ;-k. Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 1h24; lc4-12, 14-16; 14cl8, 19, 21; 63cl-12; 63d33; 64a-g, 44. ThsH: FLARING SmEs, BASAL FLANGE (oR ;-n),POM (Fig. 25d,f, g, i-n), JWB (Figs. 2n-s; SKIRT), TRIPOD (Bases are flat or slightly convex. 20i-k),SMI (Fig. 2d-g), RTM (Figs. 3le, dd; Supports are hollow cylindrical or oven-shaped. 32g, l-v; 36l, r-s, bb), RES (Fig. 15dl2, p. ob., Types and Varieties: "Muna Slate: Muna Va­ PM), REW A (Fig. 34b), and JCG (Figs. 80b, c; riety 3; @Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety 3; @Xul 82h, k). A short-necked form of this jar occurs at Incised: Xul Variety 5; @Solbul Composite: Sol­ Gruta de Chae (Andrews IV 1965b: Fig. 4a-k). bul Variety 1. This form also occurs at Oxkintok as well as IYAH). Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Mani (p. ob., Comparisons: POM (Figs. 6lr-t, v-w; 7x; Remarks: This is a diagnostic jar form for the Bp-r), GWB (Figs. 45el 7, 19; 45i3; 46c32, 34 Early Classic period. 46.f21, 23, 24; 52ml4; 58a, b; 58h4; 67g2, 6, 8, Illustration: Figures l7f-g; 18r-s, y; 19u-w; 9),ARL (Fig. XXIX,4), and FWN (Fig. 89a). 20gg; 21a, i-k. Illustration: Figures 26i-l; 27y; 29ff-gg, ;;; 30k-m. 47. JAR: TALL NECK, HOOKED RIM, GLOBULAR BoDY, PEDESTAL BASE 45. JAR: Low-MEDIUM NECK, NARROW-WIDE MOUTH, GLOBULAR BoDY Types and Varieties: @Plaza Black-on-or­ Types and Varieties: "Chatel Orange-red: ange: Plaza Variety 1. Chatel Variety 7; +Solguna Black: Solguna Va­ Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. riety 4; 0 Sapote Striated: Aflejo Variety l; Comparison: GWB (Fig. 3b2), and POM "Sierra Red: Chon Variety 10; "Polvero Black: (Fig. 26e6). Polvero Variety 3; 0Sapote Striated: Unstriated­ Remarks: This is a rare, but most distinctive neck Variety 1; + Sapote Striated: Rastro Varie­ jar form. ty 1. Illustration: Figure 23a-b. FORM MODES 149

48. JAR: TALL HYPERBOLOID NECK, EVERTED Comparisons: GWB (Fig. 40e21). This form AND ExTERIORLY BoLSTERED RIM, GLOBULAR also occurs on Puuc Slate Ware vessels from BoDY Dzibilnocac (FWN: Fig. 94c), (p. ob., BYU, IYAH). Types and Varieties: 0 Yakatzib Striated: Ya­ Remarks: There is much more standard­ katzib Variety 1 (in part); + Paxyan Black-on­ ization of this form in the type Chencan Brown­ gray: Paxyan Variety 4. on-orange than in the Puuc Slate Ware vessels. CeramicComplexes: Muralla. Illustration: Figures 26z-aa; 27hh-ii; 28a; Comparisons: RPC (Fig. 9n'; p. ob., INAH), 33o-s. ARL (Figs. XL VII, 14; LI, 19). This form also occurs at Cayal, Campeche (p. ob., IY AH). 52. JAR: TALL-MEDIUM HYPERBOLOID NECK, Illustration: Figures 35a-d; 36b-h. lbGHLY EVERTED HOOKED RIM 49. JAR: TAPERED NECK, Ovom BoDY, FLAT Types and Varieties: +Yakatzib Striated: BASE (This form bears three strap handles, two Yakatzib Variety 1 (in part). opposing ones near the shoulder, and another Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. near the base [ see EWA: 12 for an explanation Comparisons: ARL (Figs. XL VII, 18-20; LI, of the function of these handles].) 4, 6, 8), RPC (Fig. 9q-s). Remarks: This is a minority form at Edzmi, Types and Varieties: + Muna Slate: Muna but appears to have been a fairly common one Variety 11; + Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum along the Campeche coast. Variety 4; @Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Illustration: Figure 35e-g. Variety 4. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. 53. MUSHROOMSTAND Comparisons: POM (Fig. 5u-w), GWB (Figs. 10b6, 9-11; 32a; 36c; 40d63; 4la35, 40, 47; Types and Varieties: + Hongo Composite: 4lb2-3, 33, 49; 42e8-9, 11-16; 49j21; 105.f3-4), Hongo Variety l; @Baluartes Special: Unnamed Andrews IV (1965b: Fig. 6a-c), ARL (Figs. LIii, Incised Mushroom Stands. 49; LIV, 1, 4). CeramicComplexes: Baluartes. Remarks: This was undoubtedly a water car­ Comparisons: REWA (Charts 2-4h; 3-4d; rying jar (see EWA). 4-5c; Figs. 13c-d; 14h; 19a-b; 20a-b; 28h), JAS Illustration: Figures 26bb-ff; 28b-d, o, q. (Figs. 165; 166), JCG (Figs. 361; (?) 381; 42h), RES (Figs. 14c8; (?) 16f14-16; p. ob., PM), 50. JAR: VERY TALL NECK, EvERTED OR GWB (Fig. 17el, 18), Lowe and Agrinier (1959: INDENTED RIM Fig. 50a). This form also occurs at Becan GWB: 195). One example also occurs in Brainerd's Dzi­ Types and Varieties: + Nilum Unslipped: IYAH). Nilum Variety 1. bilnocac collections (p. ob., Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Illustration: Figure 13b-d. Comparisons: ARL (Figs. XXVIII, 17-20; XLVII, 10, 16). This form also occurs at Isla 54. PLATE (ALSO DISH): ROUNDED SIDES, Huaymil, Campeche (p. ob., IYAH). INTEmoRLY THICKENED RIM Illustration: Figure 36q-y. See Form Mode no. 35.

51. JAR: RECURVED NECK, GLOBULAR BODY 55. PLATE (ALSO DISH): FLARING SIDES, (FLAT BASE) LATERAL RIDGE, FLAT BASE Types and Varieties: @Muna Slate: Muna See Form Mode no. 37. Variety 10; +Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety 3; °Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chen­ 56. PLATE: FLARING SIDES, FLAT BASE can Variety 1. Types and Varieties: @Aguila Orange: Vari­ Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. ety Unspecified 1. 150 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Ceramic Complex.es: Cepos subcomplex. @Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties Unspecified 3; Comparisons: Plates, dishes, and bowls of @Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety 7; @San Blas this form were encountered at Uaxactun (RES: Red-on-orange: Halal Variety 7. Fig. 19bl-13), Altar de Sacrificios (REWA: Fig. Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Poderes. 30a-b), and Barton Ramie GCG: Fig. 213, nos. Comparisons: RES (Figs. 32a7-8; 70a54, 101-109). 56-58), JCG (Fig. 40dd, ff), GWB (Figs. le; Remarks: This form tends to occur in a 5bl8-23; 6c2-3, 6-7; 6l8-9; 16b4), MPS (Fig. cache context. 19bl-5), DCP (Fig. 58a-b), and RTM (Figs. Illustration: Figure 17a. 29pp-ww; 30a-n; 38bb-kk; 29a-k). Illustrations: Figures 9v-bb; l3dd-ee; l4hh; 57. PLATE: FLARING SIDES, BASAL BREAK, 17;; 18z. TRIPOD (Tripod supports are hollow and gener­ ally cylindrical in shape.) 61. VASE: CYLINDRICAL TO CoNOID, FLAT OR PEDESTAL BASE Types and Varieties: @San Blas Red-on­ orange: Halal Variety 8; + Dos Arroyos Orange­ Types and Varieties: @Moro Orange-poly­ polychrome: Variety Unspecified 4. chrome: Moro Variety 2; @Chocubul Gouge­ Ceramic Complex.es: Poderes. incised: Chocubul Variety l; @Tonanche Black: Comparisons: RTM (Figs. 35s; 43k), M&V Tonanche Variety l; @Pajaral Gouged-incised: (Plate 20!). Pajaral Variety 2; @Mastun Red-on-black: Mas­ Illustration: Figures l8x; l9p-r. tun Variety l; @Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety 3; @Bobola Black-on-red: Bobola Varie­ 58. PLATE (ALS O DrsH): FLARING SmEs, ty 3; @Ticul Thin-slate: Tieu) Variety 5; @Xul DIRECT' EVERTED OR THICKENED RIM, TRIPOD Incised: Xul Variety 3; @Chencoyi Black-on­ thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety 3; @Teabo Red: Form Mode no. 41. See Teabo Variety 4; @Pocyaxum Gouged-incised: Pocyaxum Variety 1. 59. TECOMATE: THIN·WALLED, GLOBULAR BoDY Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable, Muralla. Types and Varieties: + Chatel Orange-red: Comparisons: For examples from the North­ Chatel Variety 8; @Noax Incised: Noax Variety ern Lowlands, see POM (Figs. 6nn; 1i-;, m-n; l; @El Hular Fluted: El Hular Variety l; @El 26e3, 5; 27l; 58!), GWB (Figs. 4p28-32, 51-55; Hular Fluted: Shallow-fluted Variety l; +Sol­ 50c-d; 5el-15, 18-24; 50f, 5lb9-15; 5lcl4-16; guna Black: Solguna Variety l; @Pechal In­ 5ll46; 88i10), WTS (Fig. lla7-14, 17-21), cised: Pechal Variety l; @Chumpa Incised­ FWN (Figs. 81i83, 92), ARL (Figs. XXXI, 33; punctated: Chumpa Variety 1. LIii, 19), and RPC (Figs. lb', d'-h', k'; 2d'-n'; Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. 3p-y; 4a-n; 6c, e-;, l-m, ii.; 1n-u). Comparisons: RES (Fig. 77al, 5; p. ob., PM), Illustration: Figures 22c, k-p, r-s, y-aa, ff, REWA (Chart 1-lel, 4; Figs. ls, aa; 7i, 9bb), ii-kk; 23c-d; 24cc; 29k-n, bb-dd; 30g, w-y; 3lii• JCG (Figs. 27q; 34i), JWB (Fig. 6p), LJM (Fig. 2a), FWN (Fig. 57a, c), DCP (Figs. 14i-k; 34a-i; 40i-;; 43n; 5&), and GWB (Fig. 16h11, 14-18; VESSEL PARTS AND APPENDAGES 3115). Illustration: Figures 3oo-qq, ss; 4p-s, cc, FLANGES AND RIDGES - , ;;; 5u-y, pp-uu; 6a. ff gg Flanges and ridges are horizontal salients or moldings which encircle the vessel and jut out 60. TECOMATE: MEDIUM VESSEL WALLS, from its walls (Rands 1961: 334). Brainerd GLOBULAR BODY, VARious RrM FORMS (This (GWB: 48; also see Rands 1961: 334) defines form sometimes bears a labial flange or band.) ridges as being "small, with cross section ap­ Types and Varieties: +Sierra Red: Chon Va­ proaching an equilateral triangle with heavily riety 13; @Polvero Black: Polvero Variety 10; rounded apex." Flanges, on the other hand, "are FORM MODES 151 considerably higher [i.e., jut out farther from the JWB (Fig. 7b, cl), LJM (Figs. 7n; 9i), FWN (Fig. vessel wall] than are ridges, their sides are less 65b), MPS (Figs. 14b; 15c6-7), ARL (Fig. convergent, and the apex more blunt." Both XXXIV), RTM (Fig. 23w-x). For examples from flanges and ridges may be further subdivided other areas, see RES, JAS, JCG, REW A, JES, into various categories depending on their posi­ and Longyear (1952). tion on the vessel wall. Flanges will be treated Illustration: Figures 8m, o-p; 9v, z-aa; first. llh-f, p-s; 12o; 13ff-kk; 14a-b, d, f-l, cc-ff, The most common forms of flanges are (1) ff-kk; 15ee; 16x; 26s-u. labial, (2) sublabial, (3) lateral, and (4) basal. All of these forms occur at Edzna. 2. Sub-labial Flange: The sub-labial flange is a small flange located a short distance below the l. Labial Flange: Labial flanges project from a lip of the vessel. Generally sub-labial flanges are point near the lip on the exterior of the vessel. intermediate in size between flanges and ridges. They are common on Baluartes complex vessels This flange form is very rare at Edzna, although and constitute a readily recognizable marker for it is fairly common on the peninsula at such sites this complex. They are likewise a virtual diag­ at Yaxuna and Oxkintok (GWB: 124, 130). nostic for the Chicanel horizon throughout most Types and Varieties: @Batres Red: Variety of the Maya area. Baluartes labial flanges may Unspecified l; @Poderes Special: Maxcanu Buff. be plain or decorated (the latter including in­ Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. cising, scalloping, notching, and rarely, punc­ Comparisons: GWB (Figs. Be; 8f7-13; tating). Decoration is invariably limited to the 8g27-28; lld; lle4-7; llfl-12) and SMI (Fig. upper surface of the flange, or, in the case of It). scalloping and notching, to its edge. Although Illustration: Figures 20bb-ee; 2lu-v. labial flanges are found on a number of different vessel classes, they tend to be most highly corre­ 3. Lateral Flange: Lateral flanges are attached lated with flaring walled dishes and bowls. Be­ to the vessel wall at a point between the vessel sides the Baluartes complex labial flanges, the lip and the base. They may be divided into two only other occurrence of these at Edzna is a subtypes: (a) the medial flange, which occurs on triangular flange associated with Puuc Slate vessels which lack a corner point (Shepard 1968: Ware basins. This Muralla complex flange is 226)-that is, on simple silhouette vessels-and rare, however, and differs significantly in shape (b) the lateral flange proper, which occurs on from Baluartes examples. composite silhouette vessels. For the purpose of Types and Varieties: "Sierra Red: Chon Va­ the mode analysis, these subtypes may be re­ riety 3, 13 (in part); @Laguna Verde Incised: garded as a single mode-the lateral mode. Like Variety Unspecified 2; + Laguna Verde Incised: labial flanges, lateral flanges are a Baluartes Gouge-incised Variety l; @Repasto Black-on­ complex diagnostic. Also like labial flanges, lat­ red: Repasto Variety 3; @Lechuga! Incised: eral flanges may be plain or decorated (with all Gouge-incised Variety 1, 3; + Flor Cream: Vari­ of the techniques listed for labial flanges occur­ ety Unspecified l; @Flor Cream: Unslipped­ ring, with the exception of punctation). Lateral exterior Variety l; @Accordian Incised: Variety flanges are common at Edzna. 0 Unspecified l; @Mateo Red-on-cream: Varieties Types and Varieties: Sierra Red: Chon Va­ Unspecified l; @Caramba Red-on-red-orange: riety 4, 14; @Laguna Verde Incised: Variety Variety Unspecified 5; @Baluartes Special: Unspecified 3; @Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Other Sierra Ceramic Group-Unnamed Red Variety 5; 0 Polvero Black: Polvero Variety 1, 4; Punctated; @Muna Slate: Muna Variety 6. + Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified 3, 6; @Es­ Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Muralla cobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety 2; @Caramba (rare). Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspecified 6; Comparisons: This is a common mode in the @Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety l; @San Maya area. For examples from the Northern Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety 2. Lowlands, see GWB (Figs. 5d5; 16al4; 17h26), Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. 152 .W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTICATIO SAT EDZ A, CAM PECHE, MEXICO

Comparisons: RES (Figs. 16f2-4; 70a41, ty 3; @Xul Incised: Xu! Variety 5 (in part); 44-45, 47, 49-50; 70b9-10), GWB (Figs. 5c33; @Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety 1. 30c43-44), JWB (Figs. 6r-u, w, y; 7d; l2k-l, o; Ceramic Complexes: Poderes, Muralla. 13i), REW A (Charts 2-3k; 3-3a, e; Figs. lOe; Comparisons: For examples from the North­ 14c; 17d-e), JCG (Figs. 39i; 54h), LJM (Fig. ern Lowlands, see GWB (Figs. 9a2-3, 5-6, 10, 9k-l), LVJ (Fig. 20B, F), MPS (Fig. 15a3-4, 12, 14-17; 9c5; 9fl, 6-7, 9-10, 19g3; 30ia3, 607, 9-14, 19-20; 14cl, 5), DCP (Figs. 581-p, r-s 62a, 15-18, 27-30, 33-36; 45el 7, 19, 31-33; 45ie; e; 640; 69h; 70b; 72q; 73b), FWN (Fig. 63r), and 46c23-24, 28, 32, 34, 39-41; 46dl5; 46f23; RTM (Fig. 23u-v). This flange form also occurs 48a35; 52kll-12; 52ml4, 39; 53i2-3; at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., BYU). 58f; 60bl-4, 6-7, 10; 63al2), POM (Figs. 6lr, v, Illustration: Figures 8q-t, bb; l0a-e; llo; t, w; 7x; 8p-r), SMI (Fig. 2k-l), (Figs. Bd; 2lc-e; l2q-r; l3e-i, r; l4o-p, u; l5g-h, k, z, hh; l6b. JWB 23d-f; 24a-b, l; 29!), WTS (Figs. lOgl0, 21-26, 30-36, 38-39; lla22, 32-34, 36-38), FWN (Fig. 4. Basal Flange: The basal flange is "located at 72g-i, l-p), and RTM (Figs. 34m; 36f-i). For ex­ the juncture of the base and side pointing diago­ amples from other portions of the Maya Low­ nally downward. When it points almost vertical­ lands, see RES, REWA, JCG, JAS, M&V, DCP, ly downward, it is called an apron flange" and Bullard (1965). (POM: 93), or a basal skirt. Basal flanges are characteristic of Poderes complex vessels, espe­ Illustration: Figures l 7h-i; 180-p; 19b-c, cially annular based bowls. The basal flange dis­ e-f, h, aa, gg, ii; 20m-o, s, y-z; 2lp; 26i-l; 27y; appears in the Agua Potable complex, although 29ff; 30k, m. basal ridges occur, only to reappear on Muralla 5. Wavy Flanges: Wavy flanges do not con­ complex vessels, especially in Puuc Slate Ware stitute a flange form like those described above, and Thin Slate Ware. In Poderes times the basal but merely a decorative effect that was applied flange is a diagnostic marker, representing, with to different flange forms, especially labial and the sharp Z-angle, a clearly dominant mode. In lateral flanges. This decoration was produced by the Muralla complex, on the other hand, it rep­ impressing the edge of the flange with the fin­ resents a much less prevalent mode form. In ad­ ger or some other object while the clay was still dition, on Poderes complex vessels, flanges are moist, which resulted in an undulating or scal­ often decorated by color techniques, while Mu­ loped flange edge. Wavy flanges are diagnostic ralla complex examples tend to be decorated by for Baluartes complex vessels. All types listed surface alteration techniques such as notching, below bear this mode on some, but not neces­ terracing, and impressing. The latter techniques sarilyall, flanges. are rare or absent on Poderes vessels. Moreover, Types and Varieties: + Sierra Red: Chon Va­ Muralla complex basal flanges tend to be thin­ riety; @Laguna Verde Incised: Gouge-incised ner than those on Poderes complex and have a Variety; @Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Varie­ somewhat different shape. Likewise, apron ty; + Polvero Black: Polvero Variety; @Lechug­ flanges are characteristic of the Muralla com­ a! Incised: Gouge-incised Variety; @Flor plex while they are lacking on Poderes vessels. Cream: Variety Unspecified; @Accordian In­ Types and Varieties: • Aguila Orange: Tam­ cised: Variety Unspecified; Mateo Red-on­ pak Variety 2; + San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal cream: Varieties Unspecified; Baluartes Variety 2; @Boleto Black-on-orange: Variety Special-Unnamed Red Punctated. 0 Unspecified l; Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. chrome: Variety Unspecified l; @Caldero Buff­ polychrome: Variety Unspecified l; @Yaloche Comparisons: RES (Fig. 70a44), MPS (Fig. Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified 2; 14bl), JCG (Fig. 36bb), RTM (Fig. 23u-v), JES + Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified l; @Po­ (Fig. 27e-f, i), JWB (Fig. 6t, v), and Smith and deres Special: Unnamed Iron Ware; + Muna Gifford (1965: Fig. 7b). Slate: Muna Variety 3; @Becal Incised: Becal Illustration: Figures 8s; llf, r; 120; 14b, f, ff, Variety 1 (in part); @Tekit Incised: Tekit Varie- ff; 16x. FORM MODES 153

The forms of ridges which occur at Edzna The basal ridge takes two principal forms at are (1) labial, (2) lateral, (3) basal, and (4) Z­ Edzna. The first of these is a small raised band angle. which approximates an equilateral triangle in cross-section. The other is a wider raised band I. Labial Ridge: Labial ridges encircle the ves­ which is semicircular or D-shaped in cross-sec­ sel at or very near the lip. At Edzna they are tion. These ridge forms are clearly associated very rare. with tripod dishes. Types and Varieties: @Sierra Red: Chon Va­ Types and Varieties: Haltunchen Brown-on­ riety 12; @Sierra Red: Unslipped-exterior Varie­ orange: Haltunchen Variety l; + Cui Orange­ ty 1. polychrome: Cui Variety 1 (in part). Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. Comparisons: LJM (Fig. 10c), LVJ (Figs. Comparisons: RES (Fig. 36a), REWA (Charts 14m-n, aa, cc; 15aa), RES (Fig. 70a-4), MPS 1-3b; 8-3b-c; Fig. 38f), GWB (Fig. 13b, f, g; n, (Fig. 15c4), JCG (Fig. 34k, ll), and WTS (Fig. 13i13, 25-29, 31-32, 34, 36, 42-43), ARL (Figs. llh7). L, 21, 23-25; LIV, 49-51), and RPC (Figs. 5f, k, Illustration: Figures 9i, q-u; llb, d-g. n, p; 6v, x, z). 2. Lateral Ridge: A lateral ridge attaches to the Illustration: Figure 23i-l, n-o, t, y. vessel wall at a point between the lip and the base. Conceptually, such ridges can be divided 4. Z-angle: The Z-angle is in fact a specific kind into medial and lateral forms in a manner analo­ of basal ridge of particular diagnostic value at gous to flanges. However, for the purpose of this Edzna and in other areas of the Maya Lowlands. study they may be usefully considered as a The sharp Z-angle is a basal ridge that projects single mode. This is a common ridge form on horizontally, or nearly so, at the wall-base junc­ Baluartes complex vessels. ture; the apex of the ridge is pointed. In cross­ Types and Varieties: 0 Sierra Red: Chon Va­ section, the combination of wall, ridge, and base riety 1, 8; + Polvero Black: Polvero Variety 7, approximate the zig-zag pattern of the letter Z, 9; @Flor cream: Variety Unspecified 5; @Ca­ thus the name (see Illustration section below). ramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspecified The principal occurrence of the Z-angle at 8; @Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety 3, 4. Edzna is on Poderes complex vessels, where it is Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Agua associated with Peten Gloss Ware. It also oc­ Potable. curs, although less frequently, on Muralla com­ Comparisons: RES (Fig. 16fl, 9; 36b), JWB plex vessels. No examples were noted on vessels (Figs. 5t, v; 6v, aa-dd; 1a, c; 12f, m-n; 18b; 22d; of the intervening Agua Potable complex. This 26a, c; 28a), LJM (Figs. 7o; 8d, f; 9m; 10b), LVJ situation parallels that found at Uaxactun in (Fig. 20B, F), JCG (Figs. 34ii; 36w; 39e, q; 40f; which Z-angles were common on Tzakol vessels 41p;53o-q;54g; 113a-b; 114a-h; 115a-c; 122d- but did not reappear on Tepeu vessels until 3; 126a-b), REWA (Charts 2-4b; 3-li-f; 7-3a; Tepeu 3 times (POM: 93). Poderes Z-angles tend 8-2b-c; Fig. 13e), FWN (Figs. 63f; 93d), POM to be considerably larger than the Muralla ex­ (Fig. 25b), MPS (Figs. 15al-2, 5-8, 15; 15bl-6, amples, but this is not invariably the case. 8-9; 15c2; 18cl), WTS (Fig. 9b29-42; 9c3-8), Types and Varieties: @lxcanrio Orange­ DCP (Figs. 58q-t, 59a-d; 62b-d, f-f; 64p-q; polychrome: Variety Unspecified 2; • Aguila Or­ 61d-e; 69h), SMI (Fig. lu, v), and RTM (Figs. ange: Tampak Variety 3; +San Blas Red-on-or­ 2400; 250-q). This ridge form also occurs at ange: Halal Variety 3; @Boleto Black-on-or­ 0 Dzibilnocac (p. ob., BYU, IYAH). ange: Variety Unspecified 2; Dos Arroyos Ilustration: Figures 8a-e, gg; 13x-y, bb-cc; Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified 2; 14s-t; 15aa, ii-ff. @Caldero Buff-polychrome: Variety Unspeci­ fied 2; @Poderes Special: Unnamed Iron Ware 3. Basal Ridge: The basal ridge is located at or (in part); + Muna Slate: Muna Variety 2; near the basal break. At Edzna it is generally as­ @Muna Slate: Notched Variety l; @Tekit In­ sociated with flaring walled bowls or dishes. cised: Tekit Variety 2; +Teabo Red: Teabo Va- 154 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO riety 2; @Becal Incised: Becal Variety 2; @Hon­ con complex rims are generally plain, lacking tun Gray: Hontun Variety 3 (in part); the -----V--shaped grooving characteristic of Ba­ @Chencan Brown-on-orange: Compacted-sur­ luartes rims. In addition, Malecon rims often face Variety 1. bear a corner point at the rim-wall juncture, Ceramic Complexes: Cepos Subcomplex, Po­ whereas Baluartes everted rims normally have a deres, Muralla. more gradual curve to the eversion. Finally, on Comparisons: For examples from the North­ Malecon complex vessels, everted rims are often ern Lowlands, see GWB (Figs. 9f8; 30a4, 24-26; tilted downward at a slight angle. This charac­ 45e20-22, 26, 29-30; 45h5; 46c26, 29-31; 46d8, teristic is extremely rare on Baluartes vessels. 12-14; 46el-2, 10-11; 46fi2, 30; 52i; 52i3; 52k; During Poderes times, the everted rim prac­ 52ll-2, 6-8, 10, 13, 16; 52ml3, 18; 60b8; tically disappeared, although a few examples oc­ 63a2-3, 5, 8, 12), POM (Figs. 6o-q; 7w; 25v-w; cur in our sample. They reappear on Agua Po­ 26e2), JWB (Fig. 23a-c), FWN (Fig. 72b-c, f>, table dishes in some strength. In contrast to the and RTM (Figs. 34g-l, p-q; 44a-c). For exam­ earlier rim eversion, the Agua Potable form is ples from other parts of the Maya area, see RES, much less pronounced. That is, the eversion is JAS, REW A, and JCG. generally not as wide, although there are excep­ Illustration: Figures 17d, l; 18q, t, aa; 19d, g, tions. In the above examples, rim eversion is i-i, hh; 20p, r; 2lq; 26g-h; 270, t-x; 30q-s, mm; clearly linked to flaring-walled bowl and dish 31m; 34h, i-k. forms, but does occur on other forms. During the Muralla complex, on the other hand, everted rims are most closely associated with jar forms. RIMS As should be apparent from the foregoing A number of rim modes can be identified in discussion, a number of subtypes of everted rims the Edzna ceramics. The most common of these can be distinguished. Since each has somewhat has generally been termed "direct." This rim different formal and temporal characteristics, form constitutes the majority of rim forms at they will be described separately. Edzna in all ceramic complexes. Consequently, (a) Wide, Downtumed Everted Rim: This rim it is of little diagnostic value and will not be form was produced in such a way that the rim treated here. A number of other rim forms do angled downward toward the surface upon occur at Edzna, however, which are of some di­ which the vessel rested rather than jutting out agnostic value. They are discussed below. horizontally. The angle from which this type of rim deviated from the horizontal varied from 1. Everted Rim: When the rim of the vessel only slightly downturned to an exaggerated projects outward horizontally (or in some cases downturning of the rim. Downturned rims are downward) from the vessel wall, it is referred to normally quite wide. Due to this fact and to the as an everted rim. Examples of rim eversion angle of rim eversion, they are very distinctive have been noted from practically all of the and serve as an excellent Malecon complex Edzna ceramic complexes. The prevalence and marker. Downturned rims of this kind are ex­ form of such eversion varies greatly from com­ tremely rare in subsequent complexes. plex to complex, however. Everted rims are Types and varieties: + Chatel Orange-red: most prevalent on vessels pertaining to the Chatel Variety 1 (in part); @Noax Incised: Noax Malecon and Baluartes complexes, while they Variety 3; @Noax Incised: Fine-incised Variety are always rare in succeeding complexes. As 1 (in part); @El Llanto Cream: El Llanto Varie­ such they serve as an excellent marker for the ty 1 (in part); @Jerusalem Incised: Jerusalem Formative complexes. Moreover, the earlier Variety 1 (in part). complexes are marked by widely everted rims, Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. while the later complexes tend to have less Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 5a3, 13-18; widely everted rims. Although a clear overlap 1&26-28, 31-35; 16bl; 16d3, 6; 17b8-ll, 15; exists between Malecon and Baluartes everted 17.f34; 17h30; 3lc2-4, 7, 9-12, 14-15, 17, 21, rims, critical distinctions also are obvious. Male- 31, 37, 40; 65cl, 9, 22-23), LJM (Figs. 3a; 5d-g; FORM MODES 155 llf), RES (Fig. 70a40; 70b2-3), MPS (Figs. (Figs. 23b-d, f, i, 4 n; 25e-f; 26q, x; 21i-f), ARL 13b8-10, 12, 27-32; l4a5-b) and FWN (Figs. (Fig. XXVI, 21, 24, 25; XXXIV, 26-33), and 63k, t; 64a-c; 69d; 99d). This rim form also oc­ MPS (Figs. 13b5; 14a3, 4, 10, 13). This rim form curs at Santa Rosa Xtampak and La Joya, both also occurs at Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., in Campeche (p. ob., IY AH). It also occurs on IYAH) and at Chiapa de Corzo on the Nicapa vessels of the type Nicapa Orange-resist at Orange-resist, Nandayapa Orange and Mundet Chiapa de Corzo (p. ob., BYU). Red types (p. ob., BYU). Illustration: Figures 3c, e, h-i, k-l; 4v-w; 6l, Illustration: Figures 3a-b, d-f, g, f, z; 4x, z; aa; 1a. 5a-b, q; 6l, n, y; 1g-h; Bf; l2f, t, cc; l2v; l9dd. (b) Wide, Horizonta� Everted Rim: This rim (c) Grooved Everted Rim: This rim form is form is wide, often extremely wide, and juts out marked by strong rim eversion and by the pres­ horizontally from the vessel wall in such a way ence of one or more --V--shaped grooves en­ as to be parallel with the surface on which the circling the upper surface of the everted rim. vessel rests. Often it is slightly thickened or bol­ Invariably grooving was carried out prior to the stered on the underside of the rim. This rim application of the slip. Rim width varies from form is the dominant and diagnostic feature of medium to wide. This rim form is a virtual diag­ the Malecon complex at Edzmi, although it oc­ nostic for Baluartes complex vessels. curs, much less frequently, on Baluartes vessels Types and Varieties: 0 Sierra Red: Chon Va­ as well. As noted above, on Malecon vessels a riety 2 (in part); @Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira more or less sharp break usually occurs on the Variety l; @Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Va­ interior between the vessel wall and the rim, riety 2 (in part); +Ciego Composite: Ciego Va­ whereas on Baluartes vessels, the rim eversion is riety 1 (in part); +Polvero Black: Polvero Vari­ gradual and lacks the sharp ridge which marks ety 5 (in part); +Flor Cream: Variety many Malecon examples. Moreover, Baluartes Unspecified 2 (in part); @San Dimas Gray: San rims often bear rim protuberances or scalloping, Dimas Variety 1. an effect absent on Malecon rims. A few exam­ Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. ples of this kind occur on Poderes complex ves­ Comparisons: POM (Fig. 24f), GWB (Fig. sels, but they are extremely rare. 5f5), LJM (Fig. 9f), LVJ (Figs. 35/, o, s, t; 67a), Types and Varieties: °Chatel Orange-red: RES (Fig. 16c6-7; 69c4), MPS (Figs. 13al-3, Chatel Variety 1 (in part); Noax Incised: Fine­ 5-6; 13b2, 11, 13-19, 33; 14al, 7-9, 11, 12), incised Variety 1 (in part); @Multun Punctated: FWN (Fig. 63i), RTM (Figs. 23h, k, p; 24gg-kk; Multun Variety 1 (in part); @El Llanto Cream: 26c-f, i, k, 4 p; 21k), JWB (Fig. 5k, l), REWA El Llanto Variety 1 (in part); Jerusalem Incised: (Fig. 19g), JCG (Figs. 34r, w, y, bb; 36g, f), and Jerusalem Variety 1 (in part); @Las Ruinas Red­ ARL (Fig. XXXIV, 34). on-cream: Las Ruinas Variety 2; + Sierra Red: Illustration: Figures Bf-g, k-l, n; l lt-v; Chon Variety 2 (in part); @Repasto Black-on­ 12k-l, u-v; 13p-q, t; 14m; 16a. red: Repasto Variety 2 (in part); + Ciego Com­ (d) Moderately Everted Rim: On this rim form posite: Ciego Variety 1 (in part); @Polvero the eversion is less pronounced and not as wide Black: Polvero Variety 5 (in part, but not illus­ as that on previously described rim forms, and trated); @Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety 11; often is less clearly demarked. Sometimes it is Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome: Variety Un­ difficult to determine if the form of the rim is specified 9 (very rare). due to eversion or to thickening. In other cases, Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Po­ however, such difficulties do not arise. deres (rare). Types and Varieties: + Chatel Orange-red: Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 16b2, 5, 12; l7hl, Chatel Variety 9; @Multun Punctated: Multun 3, 6-11; 3lcl6; 60al4), LJM (Figs. 1h-k; Ilg), Variety 1 (in part); +Solguna Black: Solguna RES (Figs. 14al5-18; 16c2-3), JWB (Figs. Sa, d, Variety 5; @Pechal Incised: Pechal Variety 2; i, m, p; l2f; 18a), REWA (Charts l-3b-c; 2-2e; 0 Sierra Red: Chon Variety 1 (in part), 2 (in 3-2e; Fig. 9p, u), FWN (Figs. 63l; 66a), RTM part), 5, 6 (rare); @Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira 156 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Variety 2 (in part), 3; @Alta Mira Fluted: Hori­ zontal extension of the rim which is slightly re­ zontally-fluted Variety 1 (in part); @Repasto curved or hooked (see illustration). This rim Black-on-red: Repasto Variety 2 (in part); form is rare at Edzna, but is apparently com­ @Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety 1 (in part); mon on the Campeche coast. @Polvero Black: Polvero Variety 2 (in part); Types and Varieties: + Yakatzib Striated: @Estela Red-on-orange: Estela Variety l; Yakatzib Variety 1 (in part); @Paxyan Black-on­ @Haltunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen gray: Paxyan Variety 4 (in part). Variety 1 (in part); + Cui Orange-polychrome: Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Cui Variety 1 (in part); @Charote Red: Charote Comparisons: ARL (Figs. XLVII, 18-21, 54; Variety 1 (in part); @Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal LI, 4-8), RPC (Fig. 9q-s), FWN (Fig. 80i), and Variety 1 (in part); @Bobola Black-on-red: Bo­ GWB (Fig. 37al7). bola Variety 2 (in part). Illustration: Figures 35e-g; 36b-c. Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Agua Potable. (g) Boot-shaped Everted Rim: This rim form Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 5al2; 5e9; 17h16; juts out abruptly from the top of a high cylindri­ 17fl.0, 33; 17h4), LJM (Figs. 3d; 4b, c; 7f, g), cal-necked jar. The tendency of the everted por­ JWB (Figs. 5b, f, h, ;, o, q-r, t-u; 6c; 8e-f, h-i; tion of the rim to thin out as it approaches the 12g-i; 19b, d-f), MPS (Figs. 13bl, 3-4, 7; lip gives this form its characteristic boot shape. The boot-shaped everted rim is limited to the 14al4), FWN (Figs. 58c; 63c; 67b; 71d; 74a; 76b; 81a, f, h, 82; 88b; 90c), WTS (Fig. 9h15; type Nilum Unslipped at Edzna. It is a good k; Muralla complex marker. 9c20, 27, 31, 59), SMI (Fig. ln, o, s), RTM (Figs. 23q, t, ss; 24ff, mm; 25b; 26r, u-v, oo; 27!), Types and Varieties: + Nilum Unslipped: ARL (Figs. XXXIV, 23; L, 21-22, 24-31; LIV, Nilum Variety 1 (in part). 36-41, 49), and RPC (Fig. 6v, x-z). Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Illustration: Figures 4a-b; 5r, gg, vv; 8h-i, Comparisons: ARL (Figs. XXVIII, 17, 19-20; XLVII, u-aa, cc; llw-y; 131; 23i, k, p, r-u, y; 24i, m-n, 16, 23). This rim form also occurs at aa. Huaymil, Campeche (p. ob., IYAH). Illustration: Figure 36q-s. (e) Everted Rim with Teardrop Bolster: This form of everted rim occurs only on necked jars. 2. Double-bolstered Rim: The double-bolstered The rim is formed by a gradual and gentle cur­ rim form is marked by a slight, but clear cut vature which approaches or attains a horizontal thickening or bolstering of both the inter{or and tangent. It bears a more or less teardrop-shaped exterior sides of the lip. The more heavily thick­ bolster on the exterior side of the lip. This rim ened examples approach the T-shaped rim (see form is limited to Puuc Unslipped Ware vessels below). The double-bolstered rim occurs only in at Edzna, and is a good Muralla complex the Malecon complex at Edzna. It seems to have marker. disappeared at the site after this time. The exag­ 0 Types and Varieties: Yakatzib Striated: Ya­ gerated T-shaped rims of the Muralla complex katzib Variety 1 (in part); + Paxyan Black-on­ are probably unrelated to this rim form. Due to gray: Paxyan Variety 4 (in part). its restriction in time, the double-bolstered rim Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. is a good Malecon _complex marker. Comparisons: ARL (Figs. XLVII, 24; LI, 19), Types and Varieties: + Chatel Orange-red: GWB (Fig. 37a9-10; 37b4, 28-29, 36). This rim Chatel Variety 3; @Noax Incised: Noax Variety 2. form also occurs at Caya! (p. ob., IYAH) and at Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. Jaina (p. ob., INAH). A similar, but not identical Comparisons: LJM (Fig. 3b), LVJ (Figs. rim form occurs at Barton Ramie (JCG: Fig. 55q-s; 63c; 70e-f). 18lp; 185a-e, h-l, n-o) and at Xcalumkin (p. Illustration: Figures 3q-u, aa; 4t, dd. ob., BYU). Illustration: Figure 35b, d; 36h. 3. Interiorly Thickened Rim: As the name im­ (f) Recuroed Everted Rim: This rim form also plies, the interiorly thickened rim form is occurs only on jar necks. It is formed by a hori- marked by a thickening of the interior portion FORM MODES 157 of the rim immediately below the lip. This cre­ a "padded rim which bellies outward like a ates a profile on the interior of the vessel which cushion." At Edzna such rims are generally bol­ approximates an S-curve. At Edzna this rim stered on the vessel exterior. Nevertheless, inte­ form occurs only on Malecon complex vessels rior rim bolstering also occurs at Edzna. Rim and thus serves as a good marker. bolstering occurs in all of the Edzna ceramic Types and Varieties: + Chatel Orange-red: complexes, but the frequency and specific form Chatel Variety 6; @El Llanto Cream: El Llanto of the bolsters varies significantly. Bolsters are Variety 2. rare on Malecon and Baluartes complex vessels; Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. they are numerically more important on Po­ Comparisons: RES (Fig. 77a3), REWA (Fig. deres complex vessels. The interiorly bolstered Bf), DCP (Figs. 15b, g; 20m; 23q), and JCG (Fig. rim is characteristic of the Agua Potable com­ 48f). plex, but occurs rarely on some Muralla com­ Illustration: Figures 3ee-ii; 60, q. plex examples. During the latter complex, how­ ever, the exteriorly bolstered rim was 4. Hooked Rim: The hooked rim form is cre­ quantitatively more important than in any of ated by a deep, wide groove placed just below the preceding complexes. Bolstered rims occur the lip on the interior of the rim. It is also on a variety of vessel forms throughout the known as a "comma-shaped" or grooved rim. Edzna sequence, but they are most prominently The hooked rim is characteristic of Baluartes associated with basin forms. A number of sub­ complex vessels, especially during the late facet types of bolstered rims has been defined at of the complex. As such, it serves as a good hori­ Edzna. They are described separately below. zon marker. A somewhat different kind of (a) Rounded Bolster: This is the most frequent hooked rim occurs on small jars pertaining to rim bolster encountered at Edzna. It occurs as a the Agua Potable complex. This right-angle very minor form in both Preclassic complexes, hooked rim was apparently designed as a mech­ disappears in the Poderes and Agua Potable anism for holding a lid in place (see GWB: Fig. complexes, and then reaches its greatest promi­ 3b2). nence on Muralla complex vessels. The bolster is Types and Varieties: @Sierra Red: Chon Va­ large and more or less semicircular in cross riety 17, 20; @Lechuga! Incised: Gouge-incised section. Variety 2; @Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety Types and Varieties: @Chatel Orange-red: 4; Caramba Red-on-orange: Variety Unspecified Chatel Variety 4 (in part); @Noax Incised: Fine­ 2; @Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety l. incised Variety 2; @Sierra Red: Chon Variety Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Agua Potable 16; + Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety 3; (rare). "Muna Slate: Muna Variety 4; + Sacalum Comparisons: JCG (Figs. 40i; 42g; 48g; 50i; Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety l; + Chumayel 5lk-l; 54d), LJM (Fig. lla-b, h, i), JWB (Fig. Red-on-slate: Chumayel Variety l; @Holactun 19l), RES (Fig. 16e7-8), REWA (Figs. l4d-e; Black-on-cream: Holactun Variety 3 (in part); 22c [lower left]; 22d [middle row, left and @Acapulquito Unslipped: Acapulquito Variety middle]), GWB (Figs. 3b2; 5el2; 17f26; 18dl4; 3 (in part). 65cl3), POM (Fig. 26e6), FWN (Fig. 63e), RTM Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, (Fig. 2500-qq; 36m), DCP (Fig. 61n), and WTS Muralla. (Fig. 9b23-24, 44; 9cl0-11, 17, 22, 24, 55). This Comparisons: GWB (Figs. ld4; li, 2c9-10, rim form also occurs at Chiapa de Corzo and 16-18, 36; 4al9; 4c6; 10c6-8, 10-12, 15-16, Seibal (p. ob., BYU and PM respectively). 24-27; 12all-12; 13a5, 8, 10-13; 15el, 4-7, Illustration: Figures lOl-n, u-x; 14c; l5l, t, 11-13; 15ol, 4-6; 17g3, 9; 18a5; 18d8; 20j7, 9; bb; 23a-b. 2lb7-15, 17-34; 3lal7-19; 3ld33; 32g2-6, 8-12; 4ldl2-13, 20; 4lf; 42b50; 43a-b; 5. Bolstered Rim: The bolstered rim form was 43c3-10, 14-17; 44d7, 9-11, 26-27; 44e4; 52cl; produced by an exaggerated thickening of the 52e2-3; 52fll; 53c6, 20; 53dl4, 27; 65e4; lip of the vessel. Smith (POM: 94) describes it as 73cl4-15, 17, 34, 37; 73d27-30, 35), POM (Figs. 158 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

4a-e, g; 1v; 16d-e; 25k; 26b6-7), MPS (Figs. royos Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified 16al-2, 4, 6, 8, 36; l7al-5, 7, 12-17), RTM 6 (in part); + Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety 1 (Fig. 23vv), FWN (Figs. 63g; 80d-e, n; 93c; 95; (in part); @Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety 1 100), SMI (Fig. 3o-p), WTS (Figs. 10f9; lla26, (in part), 2; 0 Triunfo Striated: Dzicilia Variety 1. 43-44, 46), RPC (Fig. 9h'-k'; lOd-f, r), and ARL Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. (Figs. XXXIX, l; XXXIV, 24; XXXVI, 34; Comparisons: GWB (Figs. lb24; lc4-10, 12, XLVIII, 34; LIV, 12-14). This rim form also oc­ 14-16; le2-3; 2b2; 2e; 6al9; 6bl-3, 20-21; curs at Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., BYU, 6c2-3; 6i; 7a3; 18al; 4la41; 63cl-2, 5-6; IYAH). 63d33; 64a-b, d, g, j, m; 66a5), POM (Fig. 25d, Illustration: Figures 3w, y; 4y; l0j-k; f-g, i, n), SMI (Fig. 2d-f, j), Andrews IV (1965b: 12z-aa; 26m-o; 27ee-gg; 28j-k; 321, n; 34hh. Fig. 4a-e, g-k), RTM (Figs. 32m-n, p-s, v; 36l, (b) Interiorly Bolstered Rim: This rim form was o-p, r, bb), RES (Fig. 15dl2; p. ob., PM), and produced by an exaggerated thickening on the REWA (Fig. 34b). interior of the lip and is generally accompanied Illustration: Figures 17f-g, p, r-s; 18j, l, r-s, by a slight thickening of the exterior as well. It y; 19u, w; 20f, h-i; 21a. is a common rim form, but usually limited to ba­ (d) Small Triangular Bolster: This rim form is sin forms at Edzna. It is prominent on Agua Po­ characteristic of the Preclassic complexes, espe­ table complex basins. It also occurs on Puuc cially of the .late facet of the Baluartes complex. Slate Ware vessels, which pertain to the Muralla At no time does it appear to have been a nu­ Ceramic Complex, but which may have begun merically dominant rim form. On the other in Agua Potable times. hand, in connection with other modes, such as Types and Varieties: °Carpizo Red: Carpizo multiple wavy line decoration and bowls with Variety l; @Agua Potable Special: Puuc Slate vertical sides angling to the base, it is an excel­ Ware; + Agua Potable Special: Unnamed Or­ lent late Baluartes complex marker. ange; @Muna Slate: Muna Variety 7 (in part); Types and varieties: @Chatel Orange-red: + Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety 2; Chatel Variety 4 (in part); @Sierra Red: Chon @Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel Variety 2. Variety 19; @Flor Cream: Variety Unspecified Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable, Muralla. 10; @Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety l; Comparisons: GWB (Fig. 4all; 4c8), ARL @Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety Unspe­ (Figs. XLVIII, 17-20, 25; LI, 43-44, 47-48, cified 1, 3, 4; @Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Vari­ 52-53), RPC (Fig. 9j-k, o-p, c', c'-f), RES (Fig. ety 2; @San Dimas Gray: San Dimas Variety 4; 48b7-8), and JCG (Fig. 1400. This rim form is @Sapote Striated: Unstriated Neck Variety 1 also known to occur on vessels from Dzibalchen (extremely rare). (p. ob., IYAH) and Jaina (p. ob., INAH). Sherds Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes. with an identical rim form also occur in Eaton's Comparisons: RES (Fig. 70c2, 7), JCG (Figs. (Andrews IV 1970) coastal survey collection (p. 42j-k; 51h; 52g-h), JWB (Figs. 13m; 19g), MPS ob., IYAH). (Figs. 16al-2, 20, 33), DCP (Figs. 48e, g; 74!), Illustration: Figures 25a-f, s-t, cc-dd; 26w; WTS (Figs. 9bl9; 9c33; 10al5), and Bullard 28i, l-m. (1965: Fig. llb3). (c) Nubbin Bolster: This form of bolster is sim­ Illustration: Figures 3v; lOq-s, z; 14x; 15e-f, ilar to the rounded bolster in most respects ex­ q-s, v-w, gg; 16d. cept that it is considerably smaller in cross sec­ (e) Large Triangular Bolster: This is an exag­ tion and is often slightly elongated. In cross geratedly large rim bolster associated with ba­ section, the nubbin bolster forms a semicircle or sins pertaining to Puuc Slate Ware. Since it is semiellipse. This type of bolster is character­ limited to the Muralla complex, it is an excel­ istically found on jar necks and is an excellent lent horizon marker. Poderes complex marker. Types and Varieties: "Muna Slate: Muna Va­ Types and Varieties: • Aguila Orange: Tam­ riety 5; @Sacalum Black-on-slate: Sacalum Vari­ pak Variety 1, 5 (in part), 8; + San Blas Red-on­ ety 5, 6; @Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chumayel orange: Halal Variety 1 (in part), 4; @Dos Ar- Variety 3. FORM MODES 159

Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. sins. It varies from 1.5-3.0 cm in width, but the Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 15el6; 4ldl5, 18; overwhelming majority are between 1.5-2.0 cm. 43cl8-22, 33-34; 44b21, 24-27, 31-40; 44c6) This rim form is a good Pure Florescent marker and POM (Fig. 4f). at Edzna. Illustration: Figures 26p-r; 28e-g, n. Types and Varieties: 0 Acapulquito Un­ (f) Ovoid BolsteT: This is a folded rim form slipped: Acapulquito Variety l; @Yakatzib which resulted in a more or less ovoid-shaped Striated: Yakatzib Variety 4; +Paxyan Black­ bolster. The ovoid bolster is characteristic of on-gray: Paxyan Variety 2. Paxyan Black-on-gray basins. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. 0 Types and Varieties: Paxyan Black-on-gray: Comparisons: GWB (Fig. 18dl5), ARL (Fig. Paxyan Variety l; @Nilum Unslipped: Nilum XXVIII, 76-80; XLVIII, 22-28; LI, 41), JCG Variety 2; @Holactun Black-on-cream: Holac­ (Fig. 144a), and RTM (Fig. 29r-w, y-ee). tun Variety 3 (in part). Illustration: Figures 34q-x; 35r, bb-gg. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 53d4, 11-12, 20; 7. Exteriorly Beveled Rim: The exteriorly be­ 73dl-ll), POM (Figs. lOb; 15a-e, g-h; 4lal-4, veled rim form is associated with both basin and 6-7; 51k), and ARL (Fig. LI, 22). bowl forms at Edzna. It is a distinctive rim form Illustration: Figures 32i, k; 35t, u-aa; 36bb. and serves as an excellent Pure Florescent hori­ (g) Teardrop BolsteT: See rim form le. zon marker. Type and Varieties: @Muna Slate: Muna Va­ 6. T-shaped Rim: The T-shaped rim is a very di­ riety 8; @Ticul Thin-slate: Ticul Variety 6; agnostic rim form at Edzna and on the penin­ @Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: Chencoyi Vari­ sula in general. It consists of a relatively flat ety 6; °Chencan Brown-on-orange: Chencan band of clay which was attached per­ Variety 2; Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Varie­ pendicularly to the vessel lip. In cross section ty 3 (in part). the rim thus has the appearance of a capital Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. "T." The T-shaped rims which occur on Edzna Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 15c2; 15l4-8; vessels can be subdivided into two types: (a) an 15rl, 2; 2lf2, 5; 32cl-7; 35g; 49a8-12, 14-20; exuberant T-shaped rim and (b) a small T­ 49b; 49cl-10; 49d8, 16, 21, 25; 49e4-16, 22; shaped rim. Each subtype is treated separately 49f-g; 5lh3; 51i, n), POM (Figs. 4l-m; 26b23), below. ARL (Fig. XLVIIl, 29), RPC (Figs. 9l-n; lOc, u), (a) ExubeTant T-shaped Rim: This rim form oc­ FWN (Fig. 90d), and RES (Fig. 48bl). This rim curs only on Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware ves­ form also occurs at Dzibilnocac (p. ob., IYAH) sels. The rims vary in width from 2.5-6.5 cm, andXcalumkin (p. ob., IYAH). with the average between 3.5 and 5.0 cm. This Illustration: Figures 26x; 290; 30i; 33t-x; rim form is an excellent and widely distributed 35ii-;;. marker. Types and Varieties: + Holactun Black-on­ 8. Incurved Rim: The incurved rim form occurs cream: Holactun Variety 1, 2, 4. with some regularity on bowls of the Baluartes Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. complex, disappears completely during Poderes Comparisons: GWB (Fig. 53a3, 6, 14, 17-18, and Agua Potable times, and again becomes 20; 53b26; 53cl-5, 10, 12-17, 19, 21; 53d5-7, prominent in the Muralla complex. The interior­ 13, 15, 26), POM (Fig. 10a), and ARL (Fig. LI, ly bolstered rims (Form 5b) of the Agua Potable 56-57). This rim form also occurs at Xcalumkin and Muralla complexes are, however, perhaps (Holactun), where it is dominant (p. ob., BYU, closely related to this rim form. Incurved rim IYAH), and at Cayal (p. ob., IYAH). vessels differ from tecomates in that the latter Illustration: Figure 32b-h, ;, o. have highly restricted orifices. (b) Small T-shaped Rim: This T-shaped rim is Types and Varieties: @El Llanto Cream: El much smaller than that on the exuberant form Llanto Variety 4; @Jerusalem Incised: Jerusa­ and tends to be associated with incurved rim ha- lem Variety 2; +Sierra Red: Chon Variety 9; 160 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

@Repasto Black-on-red: Repasto Variety 4; marker. This rim form is known at present only @Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety 4; 0 Acapul­ from the Campeche area. quito Unslipped: Acapulquito Variety 2. Types and Varieties: +Nilum Unslipped: Ceramic Complexes: Malecon (very rare), Ba­ Nilum Variety 1 (in part). luartes, Muralla. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Comparisons: RES (Figs. 14d8; 48a2-5, Comparisons: ARL (Fig. XLVII, 10). It also 7-11, 13-18; 48b2-4, 6, 9-11; 48cl-3; 49a2-7, occurs at Huaymil (p. ob., IYAH). 9-13; 50b; 70a59, 64), JCG (Figs. 34i, i, mm; Illustration: Figure 36v-x. 38a-g, k, m-o; 40z, dd, ff; 50f; l40a-b, c, h-i, l, 10. Recurved Rim: The recurved rim form is p, x; 142g, k-m; l43h-f; l44e, g-h; 146c-g, f-m; 152; l53a-p, u-w; l54a-c, f-i; l55d-f; l62a-b, limited to necked jar forms of Puuc Slate Ware e, i; l 77a-c), JWB (Figs. lOgg-pp; lla), FWN and Hoxa Unslipped Ware. The entire neck of (Fig. 63m, r), LJM (Fig. lla), and RTM (Figs. the vessel is recurved in such a way as to form a 25c; 26qq-tt). parenthesis-like cross section. This is a most dis­ Illustration: Figures 6v, z; 9e-h; 12m, dd; tinctive rim form. 34y-ee. Types and Varieties: @Agua Potable Spe­ cial: Puuc Slate Ware (in part); @Muna Slate: Muna Variety _10; +Sacalum Black-on-slate: 9. Beaded Rim: As pointed out by Smith (POM: Sacalum Variety 3; °Chencan Brown-on-orange: 94), the beaded rim is actually a miniature rim Chencan Variety 1. bolster which appears at the lip of the vessel. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. This rim form occurs only on vessels pertaining Comparisons: GWB (Fig. 40e21), FWN (Fig. to the Muralla Ceramic Complex. Two subtypes 94d), and POM (Fig. 5x, aa). of beaded rim occur at the site: (a) exteriorly Illustration: Figures 25y-z; 26z-aa; 27hh-ii; beaded rims and (b) interiorly beaded rims. 28a; 33o-s. (a) Exteriorly Beaded Rim: This subtype occurs on Puuc Red Ware and Thin Slate Ware vessels. 11. Wavy Rim: Wavy rims were produced by It is associated with hemispherical bowls and re­ impressing the edge of the everted rim with the stricted orifice bowls. finger or some other object while the clay was Types and Varieties: @Tieu! Thin-slate: Ti­ still moist. This resulted in undulations or scal­ eu! Variety 2, 8; @Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: lops in the edge of the rim. Wavy rims are diag­ Chencoyi Variety 4; +Teabo Red: Teabo Varie­ nostic for the Baluartes complex. They occur on ty 3 (in part), 5 (in part); @Tekax Black-on-red: various vessel forms. Tekax Variety 1. Types and Varieties: + Sierra Red: Chon Va­ Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. riety; +Polvero Black: Polvero Variety; +Flor Comparisons: POM (Figs. 1f-h; 8c-d), GWB Cream: Variety Unspecified: @Dos Arroyos Or­ (Figs. 4pl5, 34; 18f6; l8k5; 50a5-15; 50b2-8; ange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified. 50el5, 18, 21, 23-24; 50k31-33, 35-49; 51a; Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Poderes (very 5lb2-3, 5-8, 11-12, 14; 5lcl0-13; 5le9-15; rare). 51g; 5lhl; 5lf; 5lk4-5; 5llll-20, 26-30, 32-34, Comparisons: RES (Fig. 70b2), JCG (Fig. 41-46), FWN (Fig. 91d, f, i), JWB (Fig. 14b-c), 34gg), REWA (Fig. 9p), JES (Fig. 24b, o-q), and Smith and Gifford (1965: Fig. llc). This rim ARL (Fig. XXXIV, 36-37), and Ricketson and form also occurs at Xcalumkin (p. ob., IYAH). Ricketson (1937: Fig. 159d-f). Wavy rims also For other proveniences, see POM: 72. occur on Xculul complex vessels at Dzibilchal­ Illustration: Figures 28z; 29a-b; 30h, u, z, tun (p. ob., IYAH). bb; 3la. Illustration: Figure 19cc-dd. (b) Interiorly Beaded Rim: The interiorly beaded rim occurs on tall necked jars on the Ni­ SUPPORTS lum Ceramic Group. Although it is a minority Supports are extensions of the vessel base rim form, it is an excellent Muralla complex upon which the vessel rests. They have the ef- FORM MODES 161 feet of raising the base off the resting surface. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Supports are rare during Malecon and Baluartes Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 45c; 45el-4; times, but become prominent in the Poderes 45g2-6, 16-18, 20-21; 45i2, 7, 9, ll; 46b; complex. Thereafter they become somewhat less 46c2-3; 46e5; 46.f15-16, 27-28, 31; 47a-b, d-g; important, but nevertheless are far more fre­ 48c), POM (Figs. 6b-d; 7r), SMI (Fig. 3t), WTS quent than in the Preclassic complexes. There (Fig. lla25), and JCG (Fig. 173m; 175a, d). This are two basic categories of supports at Edzna­ form also occurs at Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., foot supports and annular supports. These cate­ BYU, IYAH). gories may be further divided into Illustration: Figure 26c-d. subcategories. (c) Slab Supports: All slab supports are solid, relatively thin, flat strips of clay attached to the 1. Foot Supports: The only foot supports noted vessel base. The shape of these slab supports at Edzna are either tripodal or tetrapodal. Tri­ varies from trapezoidal to roughly semicircular. podal supports are by far the predominant form. Often the supports are terraced.

(a) Nubbin Supports: These are small, solid, Types and Varieties: @Muna Slate: Muna knob-like, teat-shaped supports which may be Variety; @Teabo Red: Teabo Variety; + Hon­ either semicircular (Fig. 30ii) or truncated-con­ tun Gray: Hontun Variety; @Chumpic Incised: ical (Fig. lOnn) in outline. Nubbin supports Chumpic Variety; @Homobo Fluted: Homobo were never common at Edzna, but are dis­ Variety; @Chencan Brown-on-orange: Com­ tinctive. The truncated-cone shape is associated pacted-surface Variety. with Baluartes vessels, while the semicircular Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. form occurs most commonly on Muralla com­ Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 10d, f; lOgl, 4-7, plex examples. 9, 14; 35i-m; 45i5, 10; 46f37; 47c, h; 48a43; Types and Varieties: @Chatel Orange-red; 49m6; 67a, d; 67fl-8, 12-15, 17-19, 21-22; Chatel Variety; @Sierra Red: Chon Variety; 67gl, 3, 5, 7, 10-14, 16-21, 23-24; 67hl 7, 19), @Polvero Black: Polvero Variety; @Muna Slate: POM (Fig. 26bl3, 19), SMI (Fig. 3w-x), WTS Muna Variety (rare); +Teabo Red: Teabo Vari­ (Fig. llal-4, 22, 32-34, 36-38, 48), ARL (Fig. ety; @Tieu! Thin-slate: Tieu! Variety; @Xu! In­ XXX 57), JCG (Figs. ll0f-g; 161b, f; 164b, c, i; cised: Xul Variety; @Hontun Gray: Hontun Va­ 173;), and RES (Fig. 44w). riety; @Altar Orange: Variety Unspecified. Illustration: Figures 30ff; 3lp-q, t-v; 34n. Ceramic Complexes: Malecon (rare), Ba­ (d) Mammifonn Supports: Mammiform sup­ luartes, Muralla. ports are rare at Edzna. Nevertheless they rep­ Comparisons: RES (Figs. 7k; 12l; 16.f1, 5; resent an important mode because of their diag­ 52bl4; 64b4; 69bl0; 70a67-70), JCG (Figs. 29f; nostic value as a horizon marker. The vessels on 40r; 42n-o; 52b-c, f, i; 59a-b, d; 65b-c; 171g; which these supports are found are tetrapodal. 1731; 175c), REWA (Chart 3-5c; Figs. 14n; 19e), No examples of mammiform supports were GWB (Figs. 51g, ;; 5lm2, 4; 52m35), POM (Figs. noted on vessels other than those belonging to 7h; 8d), and LJM (Fig. 9g; llb). the Cepos subcomplex.

Illustration: Figures 4i; lOll-nn; 13hh; 29t; Types and Varieties: @Guacamallo Red-on­ 30ii-ii; 31s; 33m. orange: Variety Unspecified; @lxcanrio Orange­ (b) Solid Conical Supports: The size of these polychrome: Variety Unspecified. supports varies, but they are always cone­ Ceramic Complexes: Poderes (Cepos shaped and may or may not be truncated. At subcomplex). Edzna they are unique to Puuc Slate Ware. Comparisons: JCG (Figs. 60e-h; 630; 65a, d; They are always tripodal. 68b; 71m), REW A (Charts 4-2a-c; 5-4a-b; Figs.

Types and Varieties: @Muna Slate: Muna 25d, f; 26dl; 27; 38e), RES (Fig. 52bl2-13), Variety. This form probably occurs on other FWN (Fig. 23[), DCP (Figs. 76h; 77k), M&V members of the Muna Ceramic Group as well. (Plates 18c-f; 19d), K&E (Fig. 8), and JWB (Fig. @Teabo Red: Teabo Variety; @Hontun Gray: 17e). Hontun Variety. Illustration: Figure l7b-c, e, k. 162 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

(e) Holww Cylindrical Supports: Hollow cylin­ 34a-b, c-e), RTM (Fig. 38m-o), RES (Figs. drical supports first appear in the Poderes Ce­ 19all-12; 5lb9-12; 5ld3; 52b5), REWA (Chart ramic Complex, where they are rare. None were 35b, d; Figs. 36b; 58e; 66i), and JCG (Fig. 16lf). noted on Agua Potable complex vessels, but Illustration: Figures 23k, o, w; 26b, e; 29u; they reappear in the Muralla complex, where 3lr; 32v. they are not uncommon. The shape of the sup­ (g) Effigy Supports: The only kind of effigy ports are cylindrical in cross section, or nearly support encountered at Edzna is of the hollow so, and the base of the supports is generally flat. impressed type (see POM: 90). Actually these These supports are vented and may have small are generally either cylindrical or bulbous and pellets of clay inside, thus creating a foot rattle. oven-shaped, but are distinguished on the basis The supports are usually slipped. of bearing preslip mold-impressed human faces Types and varieties: @San Blas Red-on-or­ or figures. ange: Halal Variety; @Dos Arroyos Orange­ Types and Varieties: @Muna Slate: Muna polychrome: Variety Unspecified; @Muna Slate: Variety; @Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety. Muna Variety; @Tekit Incised: Tekit Variety; Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. @Akil Impressed: Akil Variety; @Chencan Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 58c, e-g; 62n) and Brown-on-orange: Compacted-surface Variety. POM (Figs. 6p, gg; 7o, aa). This support form Ceramic Complexes: Poderes, Muralla. also occurs at Xcalumkin (p. ob., IYAH). Comparisons: POM (Figs. 6o, ee; 7z), GWB Illustration: Figure 27k-l. (Figs. 18kll; 26b8-10; 36h; 45b; 45i12-14), WTS (Fig. 10g33), RES (Figs. 9n, p; lOr; 12d, g; 2. Annular Supports: Annular supports, as their 19a2, 4-5, 7-11; 5lbl-3, 6-8), M&V (Plate 20!), name suggests, are ring supports on which the LJM (Fig. lli), JWB (Fig. 34!), and RTM (Figs. vessel rests. There are two principal forms of 28j, k; 35s). annular supports, ringstand and pedestal. Since Illustration: Figures 19q, s; 28u; 34f, m, o. only the former were encountered in our collec­ (f) Holww Oven-shaped Supports: This support tions, only they will be described below. form is characterized by slightly tapering sides Ringstand Supports were produced by adding a and a-rounded bottom. At times it is difficult to circular fillet or ring of clay to the bottom of distinguish it from the hollow cylindrical sup­ the vessel base in order to form a stable base on ports, since the two forms grade into one anoth­ which to rest the vessel. While ring supports er. These supports are usually vented and often were apparently used over a long period of time contain an interior pellet of clay. Sometimes the at Edzna, they are the preponderant support supports are slipped; in other cases they are not. form only in the Poderes complex. The ring­ Hollow oven-shaped supports are limited to the stand support was prevalent on vessels of this Agua Potable and Muralla complexes at Edzna. complex. It appears as a minor support form on

Types and Varieties: @Haltunchen Brown­ some Muralla complex vessels. on-orange: Haltunchen Variety; +Cui Orange­ Types and Varieties: @Polvero Black: Pol­ polychrome: Cui Variety; +Muna Slate: Muna vero Variety; @Flor Cream: Variety Unspeci­ Variety; @Ticul Thin-slate: Ticul Variety; fied; 0 Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety; +San @Hontun Gray: Hontun Variety; @Chablekal Blas Red-on-orange: Halal Variety; @Boleto Gray: Chablekal Variety. Black-on-orange: Variety Unspecified; + Dos Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable, Muralla. Arroyos Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspeci­ Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 4p64; 12gl-2; fied; @Caldero Buff-polychrome: Variety Un­ 13b, g; 13i24; 26b4-6, 13-4; 45a, d; 45i4; specified; @Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified; 48a42; 5lf; 52i, k; 52m21; 57a; 58a-b, d; 62p, @Muna Slate: Muna Variety. r), POM (Figs. 6f, dd; Bf, k), FWN (Figs. 82; Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes (rare), Po­ 85a), ARL (Figs. XXVI, 48; XXX, 60, 62, 76; deres, Muralla (rare). XXXVI, 57; XL, 69-70; XLI, 79, 84: XLVIII, Comparisons: This is a common support 72-73; XLIX, 21-25; L, 43; LIV, 47, 50) RPC form throughout much of the Maya Lowlands. (Fig. 10-3, 7, 8, 18), JWB (Figs. 30e-f; 33d; For examples from the Northern Lowlands, see FORM MODES 163

GWB (Figs. 2a; 2bl, 32; 2c30, 37-38, 40-44; was noted in Pina Chan's (Walsh 1971) collec­ 2gl6, 20; Be; 8f3-4; 14-16; 9f8; lld; llel-3; tions from Edzna (p. ob., INAH). 12b, d-e; 12hl-2; 13i37, 39; 13l; 18e20, 22; Illustration: Figures 4l-m, pp; 6r-s. 27;3-4; 32e2, 4-10; 35g; 49a22-28; 49b; 49cl0; 49dl-3, 8, 16; 49el8-21; 49f-g; 49i5; 50h, i; 2. Lug Handle: Lug handles are small handles, 50kl), POM (Figs. 4l-m; 26b23), WTS (Fig. always vertical in orientation, which have small 10g41-43), SMI (Fig. 3cc), JWB (Fig. 15b; 19m; perforations. The size of the handles and of the 20m-n; 21b; 26a), FWN (Fig. 94!), ARL (Fig. perforations indicate that they were clearly not XXX, 48-49), and RTM (Figs. 24s-w; 35l). Also meant to be used as grasping devices. More see RES, REWA, JCG, and JAS. likely, they functioned as a mechanism for ves­ Illustration: Figure l8c-f; l 9ff; 20w-x; sel suspension. Apparently most vessels bearing 27m-n. this kind of handle had two of them, one oppo­ site the other. Some vessels, however, may have had three of them spaced equidistant from one HANDLES another. Handles are projecting vessel appendages Types and Varieties: + Sierra Red: Chon Va­ which permit the vessel to be grasped, carried, riety; Tieu! Thin-slate; Tieu! Variety. or suspended. Handles were never numerically Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Muralla. prominent at Edzna until Muralla complex Remarks: This handle form occurs on Puuc times. In this latter complex, however, the num­ Slate Ware "chultun" jars at other sites on the ber of vessel forms that bore handles increased peninsula, but it was not noted at Edzna. dramatically. This change probably reflects Comparisons: GWB (Fig. 42e-d), FWN (Fig. changes in vessel function or motor habits or 98c-e), and DCP (Fig. 59;). both. Three basic kinds of handles were noted Illustration: Figures 9v, aa; lOkk, oo; 29p. with some regularity in the Edzna collection. Each is discussed below. 3. Strap Handle: The strap handle is over­ whelmingly the most common handle form at 1. Basket Handle: The basket handle is a broad, Edzmi. It consists of wide, relatively thin, straps flat (or slightly arched) handle attached to the or strips of clay placed vertically, horizontally, vessel rim and curved across its orifice. It is thus or obliquely. The latter are associated with spe­ a ceramic analogue of the handle form that oc­ cific vessel forms designed to be carried by a curs on the traditional Easter basket. The exact tumpline (EWA: 12). This kind of handle first vessel form to which these handles were at­ appears on vessels of the Baluartes complex, but tached is not known, but they were presumably reaches greatest importance in the Muralla unrestricted, simple contour bowls or dishes of complex. some sort (see RES, 31). Types and Varieties: @Polvero Black: Pol­ Types and Varieties: @Chatel Orange-red: vero Variety; @Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety; Chatel Variety; @El Llanto Cream: El Lanto @Sapote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety; Variety. @Aguila Orange: Tampak Variety; @Nitan Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. Composite: Nitan Variety; @Chivic Composite: Comparisons: RES (31), JCG (Fig. 36m), and Chivic Variety; @Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ REWA (Fig. 19c). This handle form also occurs chrome: Variety Unspecified; + Muna Slate: at Chiapa de Corzo (p. ob., BYU) and is also Muna Variety; + Sacalum Black-on-slate: Saca­ prominent in the Mamon red and black slipped lum Variety; @Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chu­ monochromes in the collections from Uaxactun mayel Variety; + Holactun Black-on-cream: (p. ob., PM). Holactun Variety; + Chencan Brown-on-or­ Remarks: This handle form occurs in our ange: Chencan Variety; @Paxyan Black-on­ collections only on vessels pertaining to the gray: Paxyan Variety. Malecon complex. However, one example of a Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Poderes, 0 -shaped Baluartes complex basket handle Muralla. 164 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE,MEXICO

Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 10h12; 10cl8; there is no bridge per se). All but one of these 15.fl; 15k3; 32a; 32b21, 38; 33dl-4; 35ac; 40g; are slipped and apparently belonged to a jar 43b; 43d36; 44b9, 11-12, 14, 42; 53al2-18, 20; form. All spouts recovered from Edzna are 53cl0; 63b8; 63d5, 18-19, 34), POM (Figs. roughly circular in cross section. The diameter 4a-b; 5a, c, d, u, y, bb; 7v; 10c, h), FWN (Figs. of the spout usually tapers toward the distal 74d; 75a; 80i; 89h), ARL (Figs. XXXVI, 53; end. XLI, 12; XLVII, 46; LIii, 49), SMI (Fig. 3n), Types and Varieties: @Chatel Orange-red: and WTS (Figs. lOcl-4, 7-8; lla46). Chatel Variety; @Solguna Black: Solguna Varie­ Illustration: Figures 161; 18i; 19bb; 20e, l; ty; @Sierra Red: Chon Variety; @Sapote Black: 26o, r; 27c, ff; 28j, q; 320-p; 33z-bb; 34e; 360. Solguna Variety; @Sierra Red: Chon Variety; @Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety. Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes. SPOUTS Comparisons: GWB (Fig. 17cl-3), LJM (Fig. Spouts are very rare at Edzna. Moreover, 2d, f), JWB (Fig. 7r), REW A (Chart 3-4a-b; those that do occur are limited to the Preclassic Figs. ljj-kk; 14j; 181; 24a), JCG (Fig. 26b-e), and complexes. All are of the tubular type and are DCP (Figs. 24r; 37r-s; 56k; 57a; 59p-q; 65h). unbridged (one example projects vertically in Illustration: Figures 4n, mm; 5mm; 7aa-bb; such a way as to be connected to the rim, but lOpp;lla.

DECORATIVE AND SURFACE FINISH MODES

As Smith (RES: 37) points out, there are two in that the area thus removed is relatively large. basic kinds of ceramic decoration: (1) techniques Examples of carved decorations are extremely involving alteration of the surface and (2) addi­ rare at Edzna. However, a few examples do oc­ tion of paint or plastic elements to the vessel cur in the collections as follows: surface. Under techniques involving alteration (a) Plano-relief Carving: This form of carving of the surface, Smith defines three specific types is carried out by first slipping the vessel and of decoration-penetration, modeling, and inlay. then cutting away areas of the slip, thus leaving Only the first of these will be treated here, since these areas the color of the unslipped surface. the other types are not represented in our col­ At Edzna only three examples of this decorative lections. The format of the description is similar mode were recovered. All three involved re­ to that utilized for form modes except that form moving small areas of a white slip, allowing the numbers do not follow each type or variety list­ orange or red color of the vessel surface to show ed under the Types and Varieties section. through. Moreover, all three bore additional decorative designs effected by incising. Types and Varieties: @Provincia Plano­ PENETRATION relief; @Muralla Special: Other Teabo Ceramic Group-Unnamed Plano-relief. This form of decoration involves cutting into Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. the surface of the vessel in order to produce a Comparisons: POM (Fig. 9d-e, g; 25p; 58a, decorative effect. A number of different pene­ i-k), GWB (Figs. 36j; 59a-d), REW A (Fig. trative techniques were used on Edzna ceram­ 7la-c), ARL (Fig. XXXI, 13, 16-23, 25-28, 33, ics. Some of these have subtypes as well. Each is 35-40), Smith (1958: Fig. lc-3), Berlin (1956: discussed separately below. The pattern and or­ Fig. 3c-i, n, o, aa), RES (Figs. 221, j'; 42a4; 44e), der of presentation used here follows that used JWB (Fig. 32), and Smith and Gifford (1965: by Smith (POM: 33ff.). Fig. 10h). Illustration: Figures 32ff-gg; 36ff. 1. Carving: Carving involves cutting away the background of the design to produce relief. (b) Gouged-incising: This is a type of carving in Carving differs from other forms of penetration which gouging out a portion of the vessel sur- DECORATIVE AND SURFACE FINISH MODES 165 face is combined with incision to form an in­ Special: Other Charote Ceramic Group-Other tegrated design. Although it is more common at Unnamed Composite. Edzmi than plano-relief carving, it is never­ Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, theless rare. It is limited to the later ceramic Agua Potable. complexes at the site. Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 5c34; 1273-7 10, Types and Varieties: + Chocubul Gouged­ 12, 14; 12k; 50f; 60k6; 66e2; 103d), RES (Figs. incised: Chocubul Variety; + Pajaral Gouged­ 6f, l-m, p; 10d; 16fl; 23a24; 42a5; 42bl; 7lb5), incised: Pajaral Variety; @Pocyaxum Gouged­ REWA (Figs. 16d; 35f-g; 36c), JWB (Fig. 3le), incised: Pocyaxum Variety; @Muralla Special: JCG (Figs. 88p-q; 9lm-n; 127i-l; 166a-d, g-h), Xaya Gouged-incised (?). WBGG (Figs. 194g; 217b; 221g; 233a, c), ARL Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable, Muralla. (Figs. XXXI, 42-43, 45-47, 49, XLIX, 67; L, 12, Comparisons: POM (Figs. 6x, nn; 1b-c, m, p, 65; Lil, 28, 35, 37), and RPC (Figs. lb', c'; 2f, l'; t; Bo, t; 10k; 58e-h), GWB (Figs. 4p67-68; 44a4; 3g, u-y, a'-b'; 4a-g; 7u). 47i; 48e-g, k-l; 57c8-10; 57dl, 3, 7; 57i; 58d; Illustration: Figures 4kk; llu-v, y, aa-cc; 60e; 6la-g, i, m), ARL (Fig. XLIII, 3), RES 15b-c; 24v; 25n-o. (Figs. Ba, g-i, m-n; 13a; 20i-i, � n, p, q; 2la8, (b) Horizontal Fluting: In this kind of fluting, 22-24, 26; 22b, p, i'; 23a27), REWA (Figs. 31c; the flutes are circumferential or in a horizontal 32i; 33; 36a; 57a), JWB (Figs. 33; 34a, c), JCG rather than in a vertical plane. Some in­ (Figs. 159e; 167h, i; 190b), WBGG (Figs. 251b; vestigators have regarded horizontal fluting as a 254h), WTS (Fig. lla6), and Smith and Gifford kind of chamfering. But chamfering is a mode (1965: Figs. 9m; 12c, [!. produced by "slicing back the vessel wall to cre­ Illustration: Figures 22l-s, ee-hh; 36cc. ate a series of clapboardlike horizontal steps" (POM, 35), while horizontal fluting is a series of 2. Fluting: Fluting is a technique of making undulating peaks and troughs. Horizontal flut­ contiguous, parallel, shallow grooves, usually ing may occur singly or in conjunction with ver­ round in cross section, on vessel surfaces. In this tical fluting. respect it resembles the effect on Greek col­ Types and Varieties: @El Hular Fluted: El umns. Fluting may be divided into two subtypes Hular Variety (in part); @El Hular Fluted: Shal­ which are not necessarily mutually exclusive. low-fluted Variety (in part); @Malecon Special: Fluted Orange; + Alta Mira Fluted: Hori­ (a) Vertical Fluting: On vessels bearing this zontally-fluted Variety; @Xcampeu Composite: kind of fluting, the flutes run in a vertical plane Xcampeu Variety (in part); @Homobo Fluted: (i.e., up and down the vessel surface rather than Homobo Variety; @Cholul Fluted: Cholul circumferentially) although some run diago­ Variety. nally. At Edzna this is the predominant form of Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, fluting. Fluting occurs on vessels of all of the ce­ Muralla. ramic complexes except the Poderes and Mu­ Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 3ldl6-20; 66b48), ralla complexes. It is most prominent in the Ba­ RES (Fig. 14c6), FWN (Fig. 61a; 63t; 64c), and luartes complex. However, fluting was always a RPC (Figs. ld'; 3k'). This form of fluting also oc­ rare decorative technique at Edzna. curs on several sherds from Dzibilnocac (p. ob., Types and Varieties: @El Hular Fluted: El Kayal Ceramic Group, BYU) and Dzibilchaltun Hular Variety (in part); @El Hular Fluted: Shal­ (Cholul Fluted, p. ob., IYAH). low-fluted Variety (in part); + Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira Variety; @Xcampeu Composite: Illustration: Figures 4hh, ii; 1ii; 12a-f; Xcampeu Variety (in part); @Baluartes Special: 15a-b; 3ly-dd; 32dd. Other Polvero Ceramic Group-Unnamed Black Fluted; @Baluartes Special: Unnamed Cream 3. Gadrooning: Gadrooning is a decorative Fluted; @Ulumal Fluted: Ulumal Variety; technique carried out by making a series of ver­ @Agua Potable Special: Other Charote Ceramic tical, parallel channels on the exterior of the Group-Unnamed Composite; @Agua Potable vessel, and then cutting away a portion of the 166 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO intervening humps in such as way as to imitate collection. However, based on evidence from the surface appearance of a melon or pumpkin other sites, reed impression probably occurred, (see RTM, Fig. 45c). This technique was ex­ but merely didn't show up in our sample. tremely rare at Edzna, occuring only in the (a) Manual Impression: Two forms of manual Malecon complex. impression occur at Edzna. One of these is Types and Varieties: @Malecon Special: thumb impression. This involved firstly the ap­ Other Chatel Ceramic Group-Red Gadrooned. plication of a circumferential raised ridge or fill­ Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. et to the vessel surface. The fillet was then im­ Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 49ell; 85b6; pressed by successively applying the tip of the 89e4; 90c), POM (Fig. 60k), LJM (Fig. 2b), thumb or finger to the fillet. This resulted in a REWA (Fig. 66n, s), RTM (Fig. 45c), Smith series of circular to ellipsoidal indentations (1957: Fig. 13b), Sabloff (1970: Fig. 57a-e), and reminiscent of a chain. The other form of man­ Shepard (1948: Fig. 10k,m). ual impression consisted of a series of lunate Illustration: Figure 7 cc. shaped impressions formed by jabbing a finger­ nail or fingernail-shaped instrument into the soft 4. Grooving: Grooving is a technique used to clay. This form of impression occurred only on decorate the upper surfaces of Baluartes com­ the type Hongo Composite. plex vessels. It consisted of from one to three Types and Varieties: + Hongo Composite: circumferential, ""-/"-shaped grooves invariably Hongo Variety; @Baluartes Special: Other placed on the everted rim. This form of decora­ Sierra Ceramic Group-Unnamed Red Im­ tion never occurred at any other position on the pressed; @Akil Impressed: Akil Variety (in vessel. It is a virtual diagnostic for the Baluartes part); @Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Varie­ complex. ty (in part); @Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety; Types and Varieties: "Sierra Red: Chon Va­ Muralla Special: Other Hontun Ceramic riety; @Alta Mira Fluted: Alta Mira Variety; Group-Unnamed Impressed Type. @Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety; @Repasto Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Muralla. Black-on-red: Repasto Variety; 0 Polvero Black: Comparisons: POM (Figs. 3b-d, g, m, r, t; Polvero Variety; + Flor Cream: Variety Unspe­ 6h-i), GWB (Figs. 2e; 14a27; 14bl-3; 17el, 18; cified; @Caramba Red-on-red-orange: Variety 19a6; 23el-3, 5-11, 13, 15-18; 33, 6-7, 9-12; Unspecified. 35i-l; 37cll-12; 39e29; 42f2, 3; 44a5; 45a; Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. 45e24; 46c23, 39-40, 52; 46dl; 46e4; 46.f17-19; Comparisons: For examples from the North­ 52kll-12; 57e5; 57f, h; 58£), RES (Figs. 13n; ern Lowlands, see POM (Fig. 24!), GWB (Figs. 14h12; 15dl0, 23, 24; 18a2; 23a3, 8, 18, 23; 4ol3; 5f5; 17h24; 60a31), MPS (Figs. 13al-3, 37c8; 48a3-5, 7-9, 11, 15-17; 48b4-5, 13; 5-6; 13b2, 11, 13-19; 14al, 7-9, 11-12), LVJ 79b5-6), JWB (Fig. 46c), SMI (Fig. 3y), WTS (Fig. 35f, n-p, s-t), and FWN (Fig. 63i). (Fig. lla2-3, 22-39), and ARL (Figs. XXVIII, Illustration: Figures 8g, k-l, n; lObb, ee; lly; 81, 83-86; XXIX, 12, 19; XL, 17; XLVIII, 69). 12u; 13p; 14m; 15bb. Manual impression also occurs at Santa Rosa Xtampak (p. ob., IYAH). 5. Impressing: Impressing is the application of pressure to the surface of a vessel so as to create Illustration: Figures 13b-c; 16r-s; 28r, u; an imprint or mark. Smith has subdivided this 30l-m;36dd. form of decoration into three subtypes based on (b) Stamped Impressed: This form of impression how the impression is produced. Impression is also rare at Edzna. Stamped impression occurs may thus be produced manually, "including only on raised circumferential fillets which en­ thumb, finger and nail, ... by means of natural circled the vessel immediately above the basal tools such as [a] reed, concentric reed ... , and break. A manufactured stamp, carved with rela­ .. . by using manufactured tools like a stamp" tively complex designs, was then used to impress (POM: 35). Of these three forms of impressing a repetitive design all of the way around the only the first and the last occur in our Edzna vessel. Stamp impression was also carried out on DECORATIVE AND SURFACE FINISH MODES 167

large hollow supports on Muna Ceramic Group Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, vessels in order to produce human faces and Agua Potable, Muralla. other designs. Comparisons: For examples from the North­ Types and Varieties: @Muna Slate: Muna ern Lowlands, see POM(Figs. 4c, i; 6e, i-k, n-o, Variety; @Akil Impressed: Akil Variety 1 (in q, r, u, v; 7c, k-l, w-y; 8n-r, u-v; 9a, d-e, g), part); @Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab Varie­ GWB (Figs. 16a3, 24; l 7al3; l7d4; l7g l8; ty(in part); @Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety. 44a2-3; 46el0-ll; 52dl-2; 52f12; 53k4; Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. 57e2-3; 58a, i; 59a-c; 60a13, 15-17, 19), JWB Comparisons: POM (Figs. 6p, u, w, gg, kk; (Figs. 29e-f,i-i; 32b, c; 33; 34a, c-d), WTS (Fig. 7aa; 8r), GWB (Fig. 58a, e, g; 58i4; 58;1-10, 13), 9h39, 45-46, 65-66), and FWN (Figs. 89a; SMI(Fig. 3z), and FWN(Fig. 89a). 9lb-c, g, i; 92). It also occurs at Dzibilchaltun Illustration: Figures 27k-l; 28t, v. (p. ob., IY AH). Illustration: Figures l ll-o; 221-s, ee-hh; 6. Incising: Incising is a decorative feature pro­ 27q-t, v-x; 29ff; 30k-l, ll-pp; 31gg-ii; 32w-x, z, duced by cutting lines into the vessel surface us­ bb, ee-gg. ing a sharp instrument. It is clearly the most (b) Groove Incision: This form of incision was common penetrative decorative technique used normally "done with a round-pointed imple­ at Edzna. In the case of slipped vessels, incising ment, which was pressed down rather than cut may have been carried out before or after the into the clay. The lines are shallow in relation to application of the slip. It may also have been ex­ width; they are rounded in section" (POM: 36). ecuted before or after firing. There are three Groove incision occurs in all ceramic complexes principal forms of incision which were carried at Edzna except Poderes. On slipped vessels, it out on Edzna vessels: (a) fine or sharp incision; was always preslip, but it also occurs on a num­ (b) groove incision; and (c) gouge incision. Each ber of unslipped types. The width of the groove­ is treated separately below. incised lines varies from medium to wide. (a) Fine or Sharp Incision: This form of in­ Types and Varieties: @Noax Incised: Noax cision results in a relatively narrow line since it Variety; + Pechal Incised: Pechal Variety; is made with a sharp implement. Fine incision @Chumpa Incised-punctated: Chumpa Variety tends to be narrow and shallow, while sharp in­ (in part); @Jerusalem Incised: Jerusalem Varie­ cisions are deeper. But since depth of incision ty; @Laguna Verde Incised: Variety Unspecified represents a continuum, it seems best to com­ (in part); @Pixoyal Incised: Pixoyal Variety; bine them as a single form of incision. While @Pixoyal Incised: Groove-incised Variety; fine or sharp incision was never abundant at @Agua Potable Specials: Other Charote Cera­ Edzna, it was numerically most conspicuous in mic Group-Unnamed Composite and Other the Muralla complex. Unnamed Composite; + Chumpic Incised: Chumpic Variety; @Pocyaxum Gouged-incised: Types and Varieties: @Noax Incised: Fine­ Pocyaxum Variety; @Muralla Special: Xaya incised Variety; @Chumpa lncised-punctated: Gouged-incised(?). Chumpa Variety (in part); @Laguna Verde In­ cised: Variety Unspecified (in part); + Chocubul Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Gouged-incised: Chocubul Variety; @Pajaral Agua Potable, Muralla. Gouged-incised: Pajaral Variety; + Tekit In­ Comparisons: For examples from the North­ cised: Tekit Variety; @Nohcacab Composite: ern Lowlands, see POM (Figs. Be; 24;), GWB Nohcacab Variety; + Xul Incised: Xul Variety; (Figs. 16h11; 16dl6; 17al, 7, 10-12; 17dl; @Solbul Composite: Solbul Variety; + Becal In­ 48d-e, g, k-l; 51i), FWN (Figs. 57a, f; 58a; 59; cised: Becal Variety; @Niop lncised-punctated: 67e; 69a), JWB (Fig. 29a), WTS (Figs. 9b62; Niop Variety; @Chicxulub Incised: Variety Un­ 9c26-30, 33, 65), and RPC (Figs. lg'; 2h', f; 3n, specified (in part); @Telchac Composite: Tel­ t). It also occurs at Dzibilchaltun on Formative chac Variety; @Provincia Plano-relief: Variety vessels, especially of the Nabanche complex (p. Unspecified. ob., IYAH). 168 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Illustration: Figures 4dd-ee; 6a-;, y-bb; decorative technique was always very rare at 24m, q, s-u; 25n-o, r; 31t-x, ;;; 36ii. Edzna, but occurs in several ceramic complexes. (c) Gouge Incision: Gouge incision was prac­ It is usually associated with incising, forming a ticed by gouging out deep, wide, postslip and "zoned" type of punctation, but also occurs often postfiring incisions. This form of incision alone without incising. should be distinguished from gouged-incising, Types and Varieties: @Multun Punctated: which is a form of carving (see pp. 164-165) Multun Variety; @Chumpa Incised-punctated: combined with incision. Gouge incision was ap­ Chumpa Variety; @Baluartes Special: Other parently limited to the Baluartes complex, espe­ Sierra Ceramic Group-Unnamed Red Punc­ cially on the upper surfaces of flanges. tated; @Niop lncised-punctated: Niop Variety. Types and Varieties: + Laguna Verde In­ Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, cised: Gouge-incised Variety; @Lechuga! In­ Muralla. cised: Gouge-incised Variety; @Accordian In­ Comparisons: GWB (Figs. 6a3, 18, 20; 6e-f; cised: Variety Unspecified. 17a8; 17dl; 28gl9, 33-34, 57; 3lc44; 36g; 48g, Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. n; 57a; 57cl, 3-7, 9; 60a23), MPS (Fig. 2lg-i), Comparisons: None. WTS (Figs. 9b62; 9c2, 26, 29, 35, 45; 10a2, 5, Illustration: Figures 11;, q-s; 13jj-kk; 14a-c, 8-10, 12-13), ARL (Figs. XXVIII, 5; XXIX, 53; ee-ff. XXXII, 3-5, 8; L, 13, 15, 18), RPC (Figs. li'-;'; 2i-j, y; 3h, z; 4p, r, w), RES (Figs. l 7b9; 7. Notching: As a decorative technique, notch­ 70al4-15; 70bll), REWA (Figs. 9g; 12a, d-e; ing involves making a V-shaped indentation into 16f-g; 18e; 24d), and JCG (Figs. 27i-m, o; 34t; a vessel edge, which may include castellated 36e; 77l-t, v; 79a-b; 136r-s; 145e-f). notching. At Edzna notching occurs only on or Illustration: Figures Sq-t; 6a-;; 16x; 3lgg-ii. near the edges of flanges, ridges, or medial or basal angles. Notching was always accomplished 9. Striation: This is a surface manipulation after slipping, and sometimes after firing. All technique which is "textured by stroking the types listed below exhibit notching in part. surface with a frayed twig, a bunch of reeds, or Types and Varieties: 0 Sierra Red: Chon Va­ a shell edge so as to produce a series of parallel riety; @Sierra Red: Unslipped-exterior Variety; scores" (POM: 39). At Edzna it occurred pri­ + Polvero Black: Polvero Variety; @Lechuga) marily on globular jar forms, occurring only Incised: Gouge-incised Variety; +Flor Cream: rarely on bowl or vase forms. Moreover, it was Variety Unspecified; @Escobal Red-on-buff: limited, except in the case of Yucatan Opaque Xtoc Variety; @Muna Slate: Notched Variety; Ware, to unslipped vessels or unslipped portions Akil Impressed: Akil Variety; @Tekit Incised: of slipped vessels. There was a clear-cut devel­ Tekit Variety; @Tieu) Thin-slate: Tieu! Variety; opment trend in the use of striation on Edzna @Xul Incised: Xu! Variety; @Solbul Composite: vessels. The earliest striation was very fine, al­ Solbul Variety; @Chencan Brown-on-orange: most brush-like, in execution; in time it became Compacted-surface Variety. heavier and coarser, resulting in a raked surface. Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Muralla. Types and Varieties: 0 Sapote Striated: Aflejo Comparisons: POM (Figs. 6l, n, v; 8p-n), Variety; • Sapote Striated: Rastro Variety; • Sa­ GWB (Figs. 35i-l; 45e22; 45e3; 46e3), MPS pote Striated: Unstriated-neck Variety; °Ciego (Figs. 16al; 20b[right], d, f; 21d), RES (Fig. Composite: Ciego Variety; + Kohen Composite: 77b3-4), and JES (Fig. 28!). Kohen Variety; + Tipikal Preslip-striated Red: Illustration: Figures l0rr; llb; 13r; 14t, Variety Unspecified; @Unto Preslip-striated z-aa; 270-p; 28t; 29jj; 30m. Black: Variety Unspecified; 0 Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety; +Chivic Composite: Chivic Va­ 8. Punctation: Punctation involves using a riety; @Batres Red: Variety Unspecified; pointed object to punch relatively deep points 0 Triunfo Striated: Dzicilia Variety; @Dzib or dots into the soft clay. It results in a series of Striated: Dzib Variety; @Holactun Black-on­ gouged dots on the surface of the vessel. This cream: Holactun Variety (in part); 0 Yakatzib DECORATIVE AND SURFACE FINISH MODES 169

Striated: Yakatzib Variety; @Muralla Special: luartes complex where they are associated with Striated Slateware. vessel rims and flanges. A single example of a Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Po­ button-like boss occurred on a Sihochac Dark­ deres,Agua Potable,Muralla. red-on-red vessel encountered in a burial in Ex­ Comparisons: For examples in the Northern cavation 646 (Map 12,Gl5) (see Gurr 1976: 97). Lowlands, see POM (Figs. 2; 3g, r-s; 10a, c; Types and Varieties: + Sierra Red: Chon Va­ 25b; 26a3), GWB (Figs. la2-3, 9-10; lb9-11, riety; @Ciego Composite: Ciego Variety; @Pol­ 18;2e;6al9; 8e; lld;12b; 14al8,23, 27; 14c25; vero Black: Polvero Variety; @Lechuga! In­ 2la2; 22a37-38; 37c3, 6, 20; 37d; 38a; 39e2, 5, cised: Gouge-incised Variety; @Sihochac Dark­ 10-11, 13-14; 39f7;4le3; 42g7; 63b8; 64b2-3; red-on-red: Sihochac Variety. 65a; 65bl-5, 17; 65d; 66i3, 6; 68a, d-e), JWB Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Agua (Figs. 2e-f, h-i, l; 36; 4a; 29d), FWN (Figs. 70a, Potable. d-e; 71b; 15a; 11d-f), WTS (Fig. 9al, 7-8, 10, Comparisons: RES (Figs. 1k; 16c9; 16f2, 5; 14, 17, 19, 21-33, 37), SMI (Figs. lc-f, i, v; 2la4-5; 10b9), JCG (Figs. 22a-c; 34cc-dd; 357; 3d-g), RPC (Figs. 8h, j-m, n; 10c), and ARL 36k),RTM (Fig. 23kk),and JES (Fig. 26p). (Figs. XXVI, 15; XXVIII, 48-53; XLVII, 31-41; Illustration: Figures 12t;13a, ff;24gg. XLVIII, 4, 15, 19, 25,35; LI, 21, 23-25,31-35, (b) Fillets: Fillets are narrow strips of clay 40,43, 48, 52). which usually encircle the vessel. These may be Illustration: Figures 12aa, cc-dd; 14g; 16f-j; plain or decorated, straight or wavy. No exam­ 20a-b, h-l, ff-gg; 2la-b,i; 35h, q. ples of undecorated fillets were encountered· in the Edzna collections. They were either im­ PLASTIC ADDITIONS TO pressed or incised. Both thumb- and stamp­ THE VESSEL SURF ACE impressed fillets occur at Edzna, although they are rare. Incised fillets occur only on the heavy­ incised variety of Tekit Incised. Technically, This decorative technique involves plastic vessel ridges may be considered to be fillets, but additions to the vessel surface for the purpose of since they are discussed elsewhere, they won't adornment. Additions, such as supports or be discussed here. flanges,which were applied for functional pur­ Types and Varieties: @Baluartes Special: poses only would not qualify as decoration. Other Sierra Ceramic Group-Unnamed Red However, it is often difficult to determine if Impressed; @Tekit Incised: Heavy-incised Vari­ such additions were merely functional in intent, ety; @Aki! Impressed: Aki! Variety; @Solbul or whether aesthetic considerations were also a Composite: Solbul Variety; @Muralla Special: factor. Other Hontun Ceramic Group-Unnamed 1. Applique: The term applique refers to "the Impressed. embellishment of a vessel by the application of Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Muralla. pieces of clay, [which are] fashioned by Comparisons: POM (Figs. 2q; 3b-d, g-h, m; hand ..." (RES: 48). Several different forms of St; 6h-i, n, t-w; 8r-t), GWB (Figs. 2cl2-19, appliqued decoration occur on Edzna vessels. 25-28, 36; 2e; 10g7; 14a27-28; 15al6; 33g6-7, These are (a) protuberances or bosses;(b) fillets; 9-12; 39e29; 45a; 46c39-40, 52; 46dl; (c) modeled figures; (d) flanges and ridges; and 46fl7-19; 57f, h; 58a-b, d, f; 58j), JCG (Figs. (e) appendages. Since the latter two categories 15a-c, q; 16j-k, o-q, t; 11b, d; 18a-d; 2lf-k, have been described elsewhere (see pp. o-p; 23; 24k, o-p, w; 42w; 46g-h; 41w; 160h-i, 150-164),they will not be treated here. m-o; 13li-j; 135k-l, o; 136t-w), REWA (Figs. (a) Protuberances and Bosses: These are pro­ lk; 2i), and RES (Figs. 18a2; 23a8, 18; 48a6, jections or prominences which project out from 8-9,11-12, 15-18; 73a2). the surface of the vessel and form a raised orna­ Illustration: Figures 16r-s; 21z-dd; 28r-v; mentation. They are also sometimes called 30k-m; 36dd. "adornos." Protuberances and bosses are rare at (c) Modeled Figures: Only one example of a Edzna and occur consistently only in the Ba- modeled figure appliqued to an Edzna vessel 170 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO was noted. This was a frog that hacl been at­ Comparisons: RES (Figs. 48a8-9, 11-12, tached to the rim of a Sierra Red vessel (see p. 15-18; 48b7, 13; 48c2; 49a5, 9, 15; 74p, u, w), 35). REWA (Fig. 59a-c), JCG (Figs. 137; 141), and Illustration: Figure llc. RTM (Fig. 41In. The types Suspiro Red and Pes­ ca Incised at Aguacatal (RTM: 47) have un­ slipped exteriors as well. ADDITIONS OF COLOR TO THE Illustration: Figures llb; 14ff; 17s; 25a,f. (b) Unsli d and Striated Exteriors: VESSEL SURF ACE ppe This form of surface finish is really only an elaboration of At Edzna there were two basic means of the above form in which striation was added to adding color to the vessel surface-slipping and the unslipped exterior. At Edzna this is a dis­ painting. These two techniques were often com­ tinctive surface mode. bined to create a more complex decorative ef­ Types and Varieties: °Ciego Composite: fect, which resulted in multichromy. Ciego Variety; + Kohen Composite: Kohen Va­ riety; 0 Nitan Composite: Nitan Variety; 1. Slipping: Slipping is the addition of a fine +Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety; @Batres suspension of clay to the vessel surface. This re­ Red: Variety Unspecified. sults in a relatively thin, fine surface which con­ Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Poderes. ceals the underlying paste. Slips often contrast Comparisons: JWB (Fig. 29d), GWB (Figs. in color with the underlying paste, although this 2e; 6al9; Be; lld). This mode also occurs at Dzi­ is not universally the case. Slipping thus con­ bilchaltun (JWB: 176; p.ob., IYAH). stitutes an "effective means of improving sur­ Illustration: Figures 12bb-dd; 14g; 20a-b, face color ..." (Shepard 1968: 191), whatever h-l. other effects it may have had. Slipping is thus (c) Slip Over Striation: This is very rare at both a decorative mode as well as a surface fin­ Edzna, but constitutes a distinctive mode in ish mode. It is also one of the most common Yucatan. Vessel exteriors were first striated and decorative techniques carried out on Edzna ves­ then covered with a red or black-firing slip. sels, as it is everywhere in the Maya area. Slip­ Types and Varieties: + Tipikal Preslip­ ping occurs in all of the ceramic complexes. The striated Red: Variety Unspecified; @Unto Pre­ slip may cover the entire vessel or only portions slip-striated Black: Variety Unspecified. of the vessel surface. This latter form of slipping Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. resulted in a number of specialized modes Comparisons: This mode occurs at Mani and which are discussed below. Mayapan (POM: 30) and Dzibilchaltun (LJM: (a) Unslipped Exteriors: This is a form of sur­ 50, 59; Ball 1974a: 20; p. ob., IYAH). face finish or decoration in which vessel interi­ Illustration: None. ors and sometimes a small portion of the exte­ rior near the lip is slipped, while the majority of 2. Painting: Painting involves the addition of the exterior was left unslipped. pigments to the vessel surfaces. This is clearly a Types and Varieties: + Sierra Red: Un­ decorative technique, since it serves no strictly slipped-exterior Variety; Flor Cream: Un­ utilitarian purpose. Although at least a few ex­ slipped-exterior Variety; @Mateo Red-on­ amples of painted decoration occur in every ce­ cream: Varieties Unspecified (in part); • Aguila ramic complex defined at Edzna, there are defi­ Orange: Tampak Variety (in part); 0 San Blas nite differences in the ratio of painted pottery Red-on-orange: Halal Variety (in part); +Hal­ to unpainted pottery in the various complexes. tunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen Variety For example, painting is rare on Baluartes com­ (in part); +Cui Orange-polychrome: Cui Varie­ plex vessels, and even rarer on those of the ty (in part); Carpizo Red: Carpizo Variety; Malecon complex. However, the incidence of • Agua Potable Special: Unnamed Orange Type. painting increases during the later facet of the Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Poderes, Baluartes complex, perhaps signaling the begin­ Agua Potable. ning of the trend that results in a marked in- DECORATIVE AND SURFACE FINISH MODES 171 crease in painted decoration on Poderes com­ royos Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified; plex vessels. In fact, the change from a +Chivic Composite: Chivic Variety; +Caldero predominantly monochrome tradition to one Buff-polychrome: Variety Unspecified; @Ya­ putting greater emphasis on painted decoration loche Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified; (dichromes and polychromes) marks one of the °Chimbote Cream-polychrome: Samula Varie­ major changes between the Baluartes and Po­ ty; + Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety; deres complexes. The emphasis on painted deco­ Moro Orange-polychrome: Resist Variety; ration seems to continue on unabated into the @Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome: Variety Un­ Agua Potable complex. Although our sample of specified; + Chocubul Gouged-incised: Chocu­ Agua Potable pottery is far from adequate, bul Variety; + Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Va­ therefore making a precise statement risky, it riety; @Mastun Red-on-black: Mastun Variety; may well be that painted decoration increased + Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety; + Es­ during this period. In the succeeding Muralla tela Red-on-orange: Estela Variety; + Haltun­ complex, the incidence of painted decoration chen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen Variety; clearly decreased, but was nevertheless not +Cui Orange-polychrome: Cui Variety; + Sagu uncommon. Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety; @Bobola Painted decoration can be subdivided into Black-on-red: Bobola Variety; @Sihochac Dark­ two basic types or forms, each of which can be red-on-red: Sihochac Variety; @Agua Potable further subdivided. Each is discussed below. Special: Other Charote Ceramic Group-Un­ (a) Positive Painting: This is the most common named Trichrome: @Agua Potable Special: form of painting at Edzna. It involves forming Other Charote Ceramic Group-Other Un­ the primary design(s) with the applied paint. It named Composite; @Agua Potable Special: contrasts with negative painting which involves Orange-polychrome Type(s); 0 Sacalum Black­ forming the primary design(s) in the underlying on-slate: Sacalum Variety; + Chumayel Red-on­ surface color(s) by forming the paint around the slate: Chumayel Variety; @Chencoyi Black-on­ background. Positive painted design elements thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety; Tekax Black-on­ are sometimes added to negative painted fig­ red: Tekax Variety; 0 Holactun Black-on-cream: ures, however. Two forms of positive painting Holactun Variety; @Provincia Plano-relief: Va­ occur at Edzna: prefiring positive painting and riety Unspecified; °Chencan Brown-on-orange: postfiring positive painting. Chencan Variety (?); + Chencan Brown-on­ (i) Prefiring positive painting: In this tech­ orange: Compacted-surface Variety (?); "Paxyan nique the pigment or paint was applied prior to Black-on-gray: Paxyan Variety; @Muralla Spe­ vessel firing. This generally creates a strong cial: Striated Slateware (in part); @Muralla Spe­ bond between the paint and the surface, al­ cial: Other Teabo Ceramic Group-Unnamed though this is not necessarily the case. The paint Plano-relief Type; @Muralla Special: Tumba was most commonly applied to slipped surfaces. Black-on-orange (?); @Muralla Special: Dolo­ However, examples of pigment added to un­ rido Cream-polychrome. slipped surfaces does occur on some Muralla Ceramic Complexes: Malecon (very rare), Ba­ complex vessels. luartes (rare), (Cepos), Poderes, Agua Potable, Types and Varieties: + Las Ruinas Red-on­ Muralla. cream: Las Ruinas Variety; + Repasto Black-on­ Comparisons: This type of painting is wide­ red: Repasto Variety (in part); + Escobal Red­ spread throughout the Maya Lowlands. on-buff: Xtoc Variety; + Caramba Red-on-red­ Illustration: All painted illustrations except orange: Variety Unspecified; @Baluartes Spe­ those listed below. cial: Unnamed Trichrome; @Baluartes Special: (ii) Postfiring positive painting: This is an Unnamed Usulutan-like; @Guacamallo Red-on­ extremely rare technique at Edzna. It is -limited orange: Variety Unspecified; + Ixcanrio to the Muralla Ceramic Complex. It consists of Orange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified; "San a series of red, blue, or blue-green circum­ Blas Red-on-orange: Halal Variety; + Boleto ferential bands applied to Xul Incised vessels Black-on-orange: Variety Unspecified; "Dos Ar- just above the basal break. Because the pigments 172 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO were applied after firing, they are strongly Edzrni, the paint was applied before firing. Al­ fugitive. though negative painting occurs in several ce­ Types and Varieties: + Xul Incised: Xul ramic complexes, it seems to have been very Variety. common on the painted pottery of the Agua Po­ Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. table complex. Comparisons: (JWB: 186). Types and Varieties: + Repasto Black-on­ Illustration: None. red: Repasto Variety (in part); @Baluartes Spe­ cial: Unnamed Negative Dichrome; °Chimbote (b) Negative Painting: "If there is a pre­ Cream-polychrome: Samula Variety; + Moro dominance of darker (color] values, or if normal Orange-polychrome: Moro Variety; Moro value relations are reversed and parts that are Orange-polychrome: Resist Variety; @Xbanil ordinarily light are dark and vice versa, the de­ Light Brown Polychrome: Variety Unspecified; sign is considered negative." (Shepard 1968: +Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety; +Cui 206). The two basic forms of negative painting Orange-polychrome: Cui Variety; @Sacalum are reserve-space and resist. So far as it is de­ Black-on-slate: Sacalum Variety (in part (very terminable from surface inspection, only the for­ rare]); @Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Variety mer occurs in our collections, although it is pos­ (in part [ very rare]). sible that a resist technique was used on some Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Agua Po­ Repasto Black-on-red vessels. It was apparently table, Muralla (very rare). used on a Muralla Complex Special as well (see Comparisons: RES (Figs. 16d4-5, 8; 35b20; p. 103). Reserve-space negative painting is car­ 39a9-10, 12; 40a8, 12-13, 16-17, 19-21), JWB ried out by painting the background surround­ (Figs. 18b-e; 2le-g; 22e-k, m-q; 27d-g), POM ing the principal designs, rather than forming (Fig. Bi), GWB (Fig. 9d9, 21), RPC (Fig. 6t-v, x), them directly with the paint. Often, however, and ARL (Fig. L, 25-26). details of design are added to the negative de­ Illustration: Figures 12f, p-q, s; 16y; 2lw-z; signs by positive painting. On all examples at 22a-h, i, v-x; 23o, t.

DESIGN MODES

The section that follows represents an at­ Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly- tempt to isolate the design elements or element chrome: Cui Variety. clusters used on Edzna pottery. Due to a lack of Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. time, and, in many cases, to the poor preserva­ Quantity: Moderate. tion of sherd surfaces, the analysis of the motifs Illustration: Figure 230, s; 24a. is not as complete as one would hope for. Nev­ ertheless, a number of such elements have been 2. Bracket: The bracket is a squared U-shaped defined, and are presented below. The overall element reminiscent of square brackets used in presentation follows that used by Smith (POM: mathematics as signs of aggregation. 48ff.); each element or element cluster is named Types and Varieties: Cui Orange­ and presented in alphabetical order. Moreover, polychrome: Cui Variety; Chocubul Gouged­ I have likewise followed Smith's method of des­ incised: Chocubul Variety. ignating the relative incidence of the motif. Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. That is, if there are 2-4 examples of the element Quantity: Rare. in our collection, it is designated as rare; 5-9, Illustration: Figures 22m; 23v. moderate; 10-15, well represented; and 16 or more, abundant. 3. Braid or Guilloche: Braid or guilloche is a 1. Arches or Yokes: Arches or yokes may occur carved stylized design resembling an inter­ in squared, rounded, or yoke-like forms. twined braid. DESIG MODES 173

Types and Varieties: Pocyaxurn Gouged- Ceramic Camplexes: Agua Potable, Muralla. incised: Pocyaxurn Variety. Quantity: Well represented. Ceramic Camplexes: Muralla. Illustration: Figure 23e; 21w-x; 3000. Quantity: Rare. 9. Cuadrito: Cuadritos are small squares located Illustration: Figures 3ljj; 32a. on the upper surfaces or lips of vessel rims. 4. Cell: The cell varies in size and shape, but They usually occur in groups of three or four consists of a squarish to oblong outline with a and almost invariably contain a central dot or central dot or element which gives the appear­ circle or a series of slashes. ance of a cell nucleus. Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly- Types and Varieties: Cui Orange­ chrome: Cui Variety. polychrome: Cui Variety; Chocubul Gouged­ Ceramic Camplexes: Agua Potable. incised: Chocubul Variety; Agua Potable Spe­ Quantity: Moderate. cial: Orange-polychrome Type(s). Illustration: Figure 23r, t. Ceramic Camplexes: Agua Potable. Quantity: Abundant. 10. Cursive "M": Cursive "M" is a widespread Illustration: Figures 22r; 23u; 25ii. motif particularly associated with Balancan Ce­ ramic Group vessels. It was carried out by 5. Chevron: The chevron is a V-shaped element incising. similar to a sargeant's stripes. Types and Varieties: Provincia Plano-relief: Types and Varieties: Dos Arroyos Orange- Variety Unspecified. polychrome: Variety Unspecified. Ceramic Camplexes: Muralla. Ceramic Camplexes: Poderes. Quantity: Rare. Quantity: Rare. Illustration: Figure 32gg. Illustration: None. 11. Dab: The dab motif generally forms a series 6. Circle-and-dot: The circle-and-dot is a com­ running along the rim of the vessel. It may be mon motif on painted Chimbote Ceramic semicircular in outline but often is irregular. Group vessels. Usually it is positive painted in Types and Varieties: Chencoyi Black-on­ the center of a negative painted circle or oval. thin-slate: Chencoyi Variety; Holactun Black­ Types and Varieties: Chimbote Cream­ on-cream: Holactun Variety. polychrome: Samula Variety; Moro Orange­ Ceramic Camplexes: Muralla. polychrome: Moro Variety; Moro Orange­ polychrome: Resist Variety; Sayan Red-on­ Quantity: Moderate. cream: Sayan Variety. Illustration: Figures 30a-c, i; 32c, j. Ceramic Camplexes: Agua Potable. 12. Dentate Blotches: The streaky, interrupted, Quantity: Well represented. dentate-like lines described in the type descrip­ Illustration: Figure 22c, w. tions are dentate blotches. Whether they were 7. Crescent: actually produced with a dentate applicator is Types and Varieties: Cui Orange- debatable. They may well have been produced polychrome: Cui Variety. with a paint that, although applied as a solid Ceramic Camplexes: Agua Potable. line, tended to congregate into blotches, giving Quantity: Rare. a dentate appearance. Illustration: Figure 23n. Types and Varieties: Chimbote Cream-poly­ chrome: Samula Variety; Moro Orange-poly­ 8. Crosshatching: The only form of crosshatch­ chrome: Moro Variety; Sayan Red-on-cream: ing that occurs at Edzna is crossing diagonal Sayan Variety. lines that form a diamond pattern. Ceramic Camplexes: Agua Potable. Types and Varieties: Plaza Black-on-orange: Plaza Variety; Tekit Incised; Tekit Variety; Quantity: Well represented. Becal Incised: Becal Variety. Illustration: Figures 2lw-y; 22d. 174 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

13. Dot, Disc, or Part-disc: Dots and discs vary Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. mainly in size. Part-discs represent truncated Quantity: Moderate. portions of solid painted discs. Illustration: Figure 32f. Types and Varieties: Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety; San Blas Red-on-orange: Halal 18. Glyph-like Elements: Variety; Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome: Vari­ Types and Varieties: Chocubul Gouged-in­ ety Unspecified; Haltunchen Brown-on-orange: cised: Chocubul Variety; Agua Potable Special: Haltunchen Variety; Cui Orange-polychrome: Orange-polychrome Type(s). Cui Variety; Chimbote Cream-polychrome: Sa­ Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. mula Variety; Moro Orange-polychrome: Moro Quantity: Rare. Variety; Moro Orange-polychrome: Resist Vari­ Illustration: Figures 22n-o, q, s; 25ee, gg, fi. ety; Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety; Sagu 19. Handbells: Two kinds of handbells, both Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety. previously described by Smith (RES, 64), were Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Poderes, noted on Edzna pottery. One of these is a hand­ Agua Potable. bell consisting of a partial disc. The other is Quantity: Abundant. triangular, Illustration: Figures 15p; 18q; 19a; 2lw-z; Types and Varieties: Dos Arroyos Orange­ 22a-d; 231, n; 24b, f-h. polychrome:· Variety Unspecified; Plaza Black­ 14. Dotted Cross: The dotted cross is a "plus on-orange: Plaza Variety. sign" with a single dot in each of the four zones Ceramic Complexes: Poderes, Agua Potable. marked off by the cross. Quantity: Moderate. Types and Varieties: Sagu Cream-poly- Illustration: Figure 23a. chrome: Sagu Variety. 20. Hatching: Hatching consists of zoned paral­ Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. lel diagonal lines. It may be painted or incised. Quantity: Rare. Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly­ Illustration: Figure 24b, g-h. chrome: Cui Variety; Chicxulub Incised: Varie­ 15. Dress Shirt: Smith (RES: 63-64) defined the ty Unspecified. dress shirt design as one "composed of two par­ Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable, Muralla. allel vertical stripes or bands, framing a vertical Quantity: Moderate. series of· dots which may diminish downward Illustration: Figure 32w-x. from a part disc." 21. Herringbone: The herringbone design was Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly- always carried out by preslip incision. chrome: Cui Variety. Types and Varieties: Noax Incised: Noax Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. Variety. Quantity: Rare. Ceramic Complexes: Malecon. Illustration: Figure 23x. Quantity: Rare. 16. Ellipse: Illustration: Figure 4ee. Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly­ 22. Multiple Parallel Lines, Straight or Wav : chrome: Cui Variety; Plaza Black-on-orange: y Multiple parallel lines, straight or wavy, may be Plaza Variety. either positive painted or incised. The painted Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. examples may have been applied with a mul­ Quantity: Moderate. tiple applicator device or by single strokes. Illustration: None. Types and Varieties: Repasto Black-on-red: 17. Fence Pattern: This design was formed by a Repasto Variety; Caramba Red-on-red-orange: combination of horizontal lines associated with Variety Unspecified; Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc trickle decoration. Variety; Baluartes Special: Unnamed Tri­ Types and Varieties: Holactun Black-on­ chrome; Baluartes Special: Unnamed Usulutan­ cream: Holactun Variety. like; Baluartes Special: Unnamed Negative Di- DESIGN MODES 175 chrome; Sagu Cream-polychrome: Sagu cised: Variety Unspecified; San Blas Red-on­ Variety; Agua Potable Special: Unnamed Or­ orange: Halal Variety; Dos Arroyos Orange­ ange-polychrome Types; Tekit Incised: Tekit polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Caldero Buff­ Variety; Xul Incised: Xul Variety; Becal Incised: polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Yaloche Becal Variety. Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Hal­ Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes, Agua Po­ tunchen Brown-on-orange: Haltunchen Variety. table, Muralla. Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Po­ Quantity: Abundant. deres, Agua Potable. Illustration: Figures 12l, o; 15d, g, k, p-q, Quantity: Abundant. bb-ff; 16t, v-w, y; 24b, h; 21v; 29ii; 30ll, nn. Illustration: Figures 6y, aa; l ll-o; 18t; 19e-g, k-m, p, u, bb-cc, jj; 20m,s-t; 23i-l. 23. Negative Circle or Oval: The negative circle or oval is a large circular or oval area 26. Percentage Sign: The percentage sign has a produced by painting or slipping which leaves central motif that resembles a percentage sym­ the circle or oval in the color of the bol-hence the name. background. Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly- Types and Varieties: Chimbote Cream-poly­ chrome: Cui Variety. chrome: Samula Variety; Moro Orange-poly­ Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. chrome: Moro Variety; Moro Orange-poly­ Quantity: Moderate. chrome: Resist Variety; Xbanil Light Brown Illustration: None (see Ball 1975: Figs. 1-2). Polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Sayan Red­ on-cream: Sayan Variety. 27. Platform Combinations: All platform com­ Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. binations are of the concentric type, consisting Quantity: Abundant. of from two to five concentric platforms. On Illustration: Figures 2lw-z; 22a-d, h, j, x. some examples the platforms occur upside down. 24. Paired Dashes or Arcs: Paired dashes or arcs Types and Varieties: Dos Arroyos Orange­ always occur as incised motifs, often on the sur­ polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Tekit Incised: faces of flanges. Tekit Variety; Tekit Incised: Heavy-incised Va­ Types and Varieties: Laguna Verde Incised: riety; Becal Incised: Becal Variety. Variety Unspecified; Laguna Verde Incised: Ceramic Complexes: Poderes, Muralla. Gouge-incised Variety; Hongo Composite: Quantity: Well represented. Hongo Variety; Lechugal Incised: Gouge-in­ Illustration: Figure 19k, m; 27r; 30mm. cised Variety; Baluartes Special: Other Sierra Ceramic Group-Unnamed Incised Mushroom 28. Rectangle: The rectangle may be either Stands. plain or solid, painted or incised. Some rec­ Ceramic Complexes: Baluartes. tangles have a central dot or tick mark. Quantity: Well represented. Types and Varieties: Dos Arroyos Orange­ Illustration: Figures llj; 13d, jj-kk. polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Caldero Buff­ polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Chimbote 25. Parallel Stripes and/ or Lines: Parallel Cream-polychrome: Samula Variety; Moro Or­ stripes and/or lines may be painted or incised. ange-polychrome: Moro Variety; Moro Orange­ In the former case, they often are formed by a polychrome: Resist Variety; Sayan Red-on­ combination of two colors, often red and black. cream: Sayan Variety; Cui Orange-polychrome: In other cases, parallel lines are of the same col­ Cui Variety; Sagu Cream-polychrome: Sagu Va­ or. In the second case, they are often found on riety; Agua Potable Special: Orange Poly­ tecomate rims or on the upper surface of chrome Type(s); Chicxulub Incised: Variety Un­ flanges. specified (in part). Types and Varieties: Noax Incised: Noax Va­ Ceramic Complexes: Poderes, Agua Potable, riety; Pechal Incised: Pechal Variety; Jerusalem Muralla. Incised: Jerusalem Variety; Laguna Verde In- Quantity: Abundant. 176 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Illustration: Figures 19g, l, m; 22v; 23p-q, x; Ceramic Complexes: Cepos subcomplex, 32w-x. Poderes. Quantity: Well represented. 29. Reverse Angle: The reverse angle is an an­ Illustration: Figure l 1b-c. gular S-pattern motif that may consist of a single line or a solid block. It may be painted or 34. Scroll, Bifurcate: Smith (RES: 66) called the incised. scroll, bifurcate, the "ram horn" scroll. It resem­ Types and Varieties: Dos Arroyos Orange­ bles a serpent's tongue in its bifurcation. polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Chumpic In­ Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly­ cised: Chumpic Variety; Chicxulub Incised: Va­ chrome: Cui Variety; Chocubul Gouged-incised: riety Unspecified. Chocubul Variety. Ceramic Complexes: Poderes, Muralla. Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. Quantity: Rare. Quantity: Moderate. Illustration: None (see POM: 57). Illustration: Figure 230, t. 30. Right Angle: The right angle is a simple de­ 35. Scroll, Simple Curvilineal: sign that may consist of a single line or a solid Types and Varieties: Provincia Plano-relief: block. Variety Unspecified. Types and Varieties: lxcanrio Orange-poly­ Ceramic Camplexes: Muralla. chrome: Variety Unspecified; Dos Arroyos Or­ Quantity: Rare. ange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified. Illustration: Figure 32gg. Ceramic Complexes: Cepos subcomplex, Poderes. 36. Solid Blotch: The solid blotch element con­ Quantity: Rare. sists of a blotch of solid color added to or pro­ Illustration: Figures l 1b-c; l9l. duced on the surface of a vessel. The outlines of the blotch vary from distinct to fuzzy and regu­ 31. Row of Dots: The row of dots element con­ lar to irregular. sists of a vertical or oblique row of solid painted Types and Varieties: Chencan Brown-on-or­ dots bordered on each side by a single solid line. ange: Chencan Variety; Paxyan Black-on-gray: Types and Varieties: Haltunchen Brown-on­ Paxyan Variety; Holactun Black-on-cream: Ho­ orange: Haltunchen Variety; Sagu Cream-poly­ lactun Variety. chrome: Sagu Variety. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. Quantity: Abundant. Quantity: Rare. Illustration: Figures 32f; 330, s; 35bb. Illustration: Figures 23l; 24f. 37. Spatter: Spatter is a form of decoration pro­ 32. Sausage: The sausage is a "hot dog"-shaped duced by causing pigment to be scattered on the element painted in solid colors. All Edzna exam­ vessel surface in droplets, presumably by giving ples are painted black. the brush or other applicator a quick snap of the Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly- wrist, thus causing droplets of paint to be chrome: Cui Variety. spattered. Ceramic Comlexes: Agua Potable. Types and Varieties: Chencan Brown-on-or­ Quantity: Moderate. ange: Chencan Variety; Paxyan Black-on-gray; Illustration: Figure 230, t. Paxyan Variety; Holactun Black-on-cream: Ho­ lactun Variety (rare). 33. Scroll, Angular: The scroll is a common de­ Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. sign motif throughout Mesoamerica. The angu­ Quantity: Abundant. lar type is produced by forming a series of right Illustration: Figures 330; 36a. angles which spiral in on one another. Types and Varieties: Ixcanrio Orange-poly­ 38. Squiggly Lines: Squiggly lines constitute a chrome: Variety Unspecified; Dos Arroyos Or­ rare motif on Edzna pottery. ange-polychrome: Variety Unspecified. Types and Varieties: Dos Arroyos Orange- DESIG MODES 177

polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Sayan Red­ 43. Triangles, Pendant: The triangles, pendant, on-cream: Sayan Variety. are triangles that hang like pendants from the Ceramic Complexes: Poderes, Agua Potable. rim or a rim band. The apices always point Quantity: Rare. downward. Illustration: None (see POM: 60). Types and Varieties: Haltunchen Brown-on- orange: Haltunchen Variety. 39. Star, Multipointed: The star, multipointed, motif is rare on the decorated pottery in the Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. Edzmi collections, but occurs frequently on pot­ Quantity: Moderate. tery from the Campeche coast. Illustration: Figure 23i-k. Types and Varieties: Cui Orange-poly- chrome: Cui Variety. 44. Trickle: Trickle decoration consists of pig­ Ceramic Complexes: Agua Potable. ment being applied in vertical stripes which Quantity: Rare. were produced, or perhaps more commonly Illustration: None (see ARL: Fig. LIV, 46). were made to appear to have been produced, by allowing paint to run or "trickle" down the sur­ 40. Step-fret: The only step-frets encountered at face of the vessel. On some examples, the design Edzna are of the angular type. was actually produced by trickling, but on Types and Varieties: San Blas Red-on-or­ others it was produced by painting. Smith ange: Halal Variety; Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ (POM: 62) has referred to this latter technique chrome: Variety Unspecified. as controlled trickle. Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. Types and Varieties: Sacalum Black-on-slate: Quantity: Moderate. Sacalum Variety; Chumayel Red-on-slate: Chu­ Illustration: Figure l8q. mayel Variety; Chencoyi Black-on-thin-slate: 41. Terrace or Half-Terrace: At Edzna the ter­ Chencoyi Variety; Holactun Black-on-cream: race or half-terrace motif occurs only in a solid Holactun Variety; Chencan Brown-on-orange: painted form. Chencan Variety; Paxyan Black-on-gray: Paxyan Types and Varieties: Dos Arroyos Orange- Variety. polychrome: Variety Unspecified. Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. Quantity: Abundant. Quantity: Rare. Illustration: Figures 27gg, ff; 28a, j-k, q; 30h; Illustration: None (see POM: 61). 32j-k; 33t, aa; 35bb; 36b. 42. Triangle: The triangle is one of the most common decorative design elements observed 45. U-shape: Dos Arroyos Orange- on Edzna pottery. It may be either painted or Types and Varieties: polychrome: Variety Unspecified. incised, and solid or hatched. Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. Types and Varieties: San Blas Red-on-or­ Quantity: Rare. ange: Halal Variety; Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ None. chrome: Variety Unspecified; Caldero Buff­ Illustration: polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Plaza Black­ on-orange: Plaza Variety; Haltunchen Brown­ 46. Wavy Line, Horizontal: The wavy line, hor­ on-orange: Haltunchen Variety; Tekit Incised: izontal element usually consists of a single Tekit Variety; Nohcacab Composite: Nohcacab wavy line bordered by straight parallel stripes Variety; Xul Incised: Xu] Variety; Solbul Com­ or lines. posite: Solbul Variety. Types and Varieties: Dos Arroyos Orange­ Ceramic Complexes: Poderes, Agua Potable, polychrome: Variety Unspecified; Caldero Buff­ Muralla. polychrome: Variety Unspecified. Quantity: Abundant. Ceramic Complexes: Poderes. Illustration: Figures 19h, u; 23a, e, l; 27q; Quantity: Moderate. 29jj; 301-m. Illustration: Figure 19g. 178 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

COLOR MODES

Under this heading I include those modes as­ Group (all types); °Flor Ceramic Group (all sociated with the primary or base color of ce­ types); + Escobal Red-on-buff: Xtoc Variety; ramic vessels. Out of the possible range of color @Yaloche Cream-polychrome: Variety Unspeci­ variation that vessels could take, given the fied; °Chimbote Ceramic Group (all types); Maya ceramic technology, certain base colors + Sayan Red-on-cream: Sayan Variety; + Sagu were of greater importance than others. Some Cream-polychrome: Sagu Variety; @Muralla of these were important primarily on vessels of Special: Dolorido Cream-polychrome. a particular ceramic complex. Others seem to Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Po­ have formed a tradition that continued through deres, Agua Potable, Muralla. various complexes, their importance waxing or 3. Gray: Gray slip color is important only dur­ waning through time. The color modes de­ ing Muralla complex times. Before that time it scribed below are general color categories, cov­ occurred only in the Baluartes complex in which ering a spectrum of Munsell readings. Color it always represented a minor slip color. Gray modes comprise two categories-that in which slips are associated with the slate wares of the the base color is formed by a slip and that in Muralla complex. Puuc Slate Ware is the major which the base color is the color of the un­ slipped ware of the complex and is abundant. It slipped surface. Only the slip color models are serves as an excellent marker for the Muralla treated in the following five categories. complex. It is possible that slatelike gray slips occurred in the Agua Potable complex as well. SLIP COLOR MODES A few slate-like examples were recovered from the few excavations where Agua Potable ceram­ Black-slipped vessels occur in all of 1. Black: ics were recovered in a distinguishable strati­ the ceramic complexes except the Muralla com­ graphic position. It is possible, therefore, that plex. They are most prevalent in the Preclassic the slate wares began to be made in Agua Po­ complexes, in which they are second only to table times. Unfortunately, the evidence for this red-slipped vessels in frequency. Black surfaces is not conclusive (see p. 98). were generally produced by smudging. Types and Varieties: 0 San Dimas Gray: San Types and Varieties: 0 Solguna Ceramic 0 Dimas Variety; @Baluartes Special: Unnamed Group (all types); Polvero Ceramic Group (all Red-and-gray Dichrome; 0 Agua Potable Spe­ types); +Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety; cial: Puuc Slate Ware (?); 0 Muna Ceramic @Unto Preslip-striated Black: Variety Unspeci­ Group (all types); 0 Ticul Ceramic Group (all fied; + Balanza Black: Variety Unspecified; types); @Muralla Special: Striated Slateware. + Tonanche Ceramic Group (all types). Ceramic Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Po­ Complexes: Baluartes, Muralla, pos­ sibly Agua deres, Agua Potable. Potable. 2. Cream or Buff: Cream-colored surfaces were 4. Orange: Orange slips were primarily limited likewise produced over a long period of time at to the gloss wares at Edzna. Although a few ex­ Edzna. They were most important in the Pre­ amples of orange slipped sherds occur in the classic complexes and again in the Agua Potable Paso Caballo Waxy Ware of the Baluartes com­ complex. In the former they occurred primarily plex, the bulk of the orange slipped pottery per­ as monochromes and simple dichromes, but tains to Peten Gloss Ware and Campeche Gloss thereafter were associated with polychrome Ware. painting. It is possible that the gray-colored Types and Varieties: @Malecon Special: slatewares were an outgrowth of cream-colored Fluted Orange; + Caramba Red-on-red-orange: slips, but I am here treating gray as a separate Variety Unspecified; @Aguila Orange: Variety color mode. Unspecified; @Guacamallo Red-on-orange: Va­ 0 riety Unspecified; + Ixcanrio Orange- Types and Varieties: El Llanto Ceramic PASTE MODES 179 polychrome: Variety Unspecified; • Aguila Ce­ later complexes. In fact, it practically dis­ ramic Group (all types); + Caldero Buff-poly­ appears in the Poderes complex, only to in­ chrome: Variety Unspecified; @Yaloche Cream­ crease in the Agua Potable complex. Red­ polychrome: Variety Unspecified; "Cui Ceramic slipped pottery constitutes a minor category in Group (all types); + Agua Potable Special: the Muralla complex. Orange-polychrome Type(s); @Altar Orange: Types and Varieties: °Chatel Ceramic Variety Unspecified. Group (all types); "Sierra Ceramic Group (all Ceramic Complexes: Malecon (extremely types); + Xuch Black-and-red: Xuch Variety; rare), Baluartes, Cepos subcomplex, Poderes, + Tipikal Preslip-striated Red: Variety Unspeci­ Agua Potable, Muralla (rare). fied; @Batres Red: Variety Unspecified; + Cha­ 5. Red: Red slipped vessels occur in all of the rote Ceramic Group (all types); "Teabo Ceram­ Edzna ceramic complexes. This is the pre­ ic Group (all types). dominant slip color during Malecon and Ba­ Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Po­ luartes times, but is much less important in the deres (rare), Agua Potable, Muralla.

PASTE MODES A detailed analysis of Edzna pastes has not terial; other times sherd temper is more been carried out. Consequently it is possible to important. describe here only the most obvious and macro­ Types and Varieties: Virtually all of the scopically visible paste modes. The term paste Edzna types and varieties with the exception of includes such characteristics as texture, aplas­ the fine paste wares. tics, color, and hardness. The modes listed below Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, Po­ pertain only to the first two categories. deres, Agua Potable, Muralla. Comparisons: Calcite is likewise a pre­ 1. Sherd Temper: Sherd temper, consisting of dominant tempering material in southern crushed potsherd added to the plastic clay, oc­ Mesoamerica. curs as an important form of aplastics only on Remarks: In actuality, there is probably slipped pottery of the two earliest ceramic com­ more admixture of various tempering materials plexes. Thereafter, it was apparently not used at than the foregoing analysis would indicate. all-with the single exception of Cahuich However, a more refined temper analysis was Coarse-cream Ware, which may have been im­ not possible in the Campeche laboratory. ported into Edzna. Often calcite particles are also observable in pastes which bear sherd 3. Fine Paste: Fine paste consists of pastes that temper. are untempered and fine textured. Fine pastes Types and Varieties: Paso Caballo Waxy are limited to the Muralla complex at Edzna Ware (all types except Repasto Black-on-red); and occur in two different wares-one a gray­ Holactun Black-on-cream: Holactun Variety. colored ware, and the other orange. In reality, Ceramic Complexes: Malecon, Baluartes, they are made from the same clay, the differ­ Muralla. ence in color being a result of firing Comparisons: Sherd temper occurs com­ atmosphere. monly in southern Mesoamerica. Types and Varieties: Fine Orange Ware (all types); Fine Gray Ware (all types). 2. Calcite Temper: This kind of temper occurs Ceramic Complexes: Muralla. in virtually all Edzna ceramic complexes, and is Comparisons: Fine paste wares occur the most common kind of temper at the site. It throughout much of the Maya area. The center doubtless occurs in a variety of forms. Some­ of such pastes seems to have been in the Ta­ times calcite temper is the primary aplastic ma- basco-Veracruz area. 5. THE CERAMIC COMPLEXES

A ceramic complex consists of the total ce­ development of Maya ceramics. ramic content of an archaeological unit or The following discussion represents a de­ phase. The diagnostic content of a complex con­ scription of the diagnostic content of each of the sists of those types, varieties, and modes that dis­ ceramic complexes. They are presented in tinguish it from other similarly defined units. chronological order from earliest to latest. This Five ceramic complexes have been defined at discussion necessarily emphasizes the modal Edzna. One of these, the Agua Potable Ceramic Complex, is a tentative complex that, it is content and shifts or changes of the complexes, hoped, future investigation will confirm or since the typological content is presented in deny. Still another complex (Poderes) has been tabular and descriptive form in chapter 3. Stra­ subdivided into a full complex and the Cepos tigraphic content, as it relates to typological Subcomplex. The latter has been separated on units, may be derived by consulting the ceramic the basis of the presence of a number of types table in Matheny et al., Volume 1, Part 1, of this and modes which, though relatively few in num­ Paper. The presentation format for this section ber, are diagnostic of a particular stage in the follows Ball (1977a).

THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX

Stratigraphic Evidence: Unmixed deposits of class of slipped pottery consists of vessels Malecon complex ceramics occur in isolation in slipped an orange-red color (Chatel Ceramic Excavation 434-TPl (Map 7, Kl3), sealed below Group), followed in frequency by black (Sol­ floors 3 and 4, and in Excavation 434-TP2 (Map guna Ceramic Group) and then cream slipped 7, Kl3; mislocated on map as 448-TP2 [Kl3]) examples (El Llanto Ceramic Group). Varie­ below floors 3, 4, and 5. Both of these test pits gated and mottled brown examples also occur, are located near one another in the plazuela but it is not clear whether these are the result of east of the so-called "ball court." The Malecon poorly controlled firing or intentional produc­ deposits are overlain in both pits by ceramics of tions. The principal vessel forms are wide the Baluartes complex. Malecon ceramics were everted rim dishes or bowls, with the everted also found in Excavations 507-TPl and 505-TPl rim either horizontal or angling downward (Map 12, Jl3) in the basal strata of these pits. (Figs. 3a-l, z; 4z), dishes or bowls with double Again they were overlain by unmixed deposits bolstered rims (Fig. 3q-u, aa), thickened rim of Baluartes complex ceramics. cuspidors (Fig. 3m-p), flaring-walled plates or dishes with direct rims (Fig. 3bb-dd), dishes or Other Evidence: In addition to the stratigraphic plates with interiorly thickened rims (Fig. evidence, the lack of prominent and diagnostic 3ee-ii), and tall and short-necked independent Baluartes complex modes reinforces the dis­ restricted jars (Fig. 3ff-nn, rr). A minor, but im­ tinctiveness of the Malecon complex in com­ portant, feature of this complex is the presence parison to its successor. It seems clear from the of thin-walled tecomates (Fig. 3oo-qq, ss), often Edzna data, however, that Baluartes ceramics bearing one or two incised lines encircling the developed out of the earlier Malecon complex rim. The thinness of the tecomate walls (2-5 ceramics without apparent discontinuity. mm) is a distinctive characteristic of these ves­ General Discussion: The Malecon Ceramic sels. There is often a slight thickening of the lip Complex is the earlier of two Preclassic com­ portion of the tecomate, which creates a taper­ plexes represented at Edzna. Malecon ceramics ing effect away from the rim. A basket-shaped are characterized by the predominance of waxy vessel (see RES: 31, and WBGG, Fig. 184a) also slipped monochromes. By far the most abundant occurs in moderate amounts. A number of the

181 182 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\.,CAMPECHE, MEXICO handles from this form were found in the Male­ remains of pink stucco decoration. This trait con materials. Also rare is the presence of un­ also occurs at Altar de Sacrificios (REWA: 82; bridged, red slipped spouts. These presumably Fig. 6d) and Uaxactun (Ricketson and Ricketson form part of a jar form. 1937: 221). Moreover, an example of a red-and­ Decoration was primarily executed utilizing buff resist sherd, very similar to Chiapa de Cor­ techniques involving penetration of the vessel zo Nicapa Orange-resist: Nicapa Variety, also surfaces. The most common form of decoration occurred in the Malecon materials. was incising in two distinct modes. The most In addition to the monochromes, a few ex­ frequent kind of incising is U -shaped in cross amples of red-on-cream dichromes (Las Ruinas section and medium (1-3 mm) in width. This Red-on-cream) also pertained to this complex. form of incision contrasts with the '"'\../"-shaped Exteriors were slipped cream, while interiors grooving so characteristic of the succeeding Ba­ were slipped red or vice versa. The red slip, luartes monochromes. The other kind of incision whether applied to the interior or exterior, usu­ was postslip, fine-line incision, quite distinct ally extended up over the lip of the vessel and from the preslip mode. The most common mo­ 2-3 mm down the other side. Thus the di­ tifs were single or parallel lines encircling vessel chrome effect was produced by combining two orifices or on everted rims, and hatched slipping effects on the same vessel. A somewhat triangles (see RES: Fig. 14cl4). A minor but dis­ different red-on-cream effect was commonly tinctive motif was the double-line break with produced by the application of a red band on both lines breaking to the edge of the rim (see the lip of an otherwise cream slipped vessel. REWA: Fig. lgg, hh). Other forms of decoration While there is a continuity of finish and include fluting and gadrooning. Fluting also oc­ form between the succeeding Baluartes complex curred in two separate modes. The most com­ ceramics and the Malecon complex, the latter mon form consisted of relatively broad, deep, lacks modes that characterize the former com­ spaced flutes in either a horizontal pattern en­ plex. There is virtually a total absence of flanges circling the vessel exterior or a vertical pattern (labial, medial, or lateral), lateral angle vessels, running perpendicular to the vessel base. A less wavy rims, and appliqued rim protuberances prevalent form of fluting consisted of very nar­ which mark later Preclassic materials. Notice­ row, extremely shallow, closely spaced flutes ably absent are the single and multiple '-,/­ that are so fine and shallow as to be scarcely vis­ shaped groove incisions on everted or bolstered ible. Both forms of fluting were executed prior rims. In addition, in comparison to the later Pre­ to the application of the slip, which was pol­ classic ceramics, Malecon ceramics demonstrate ished to a high luster. Gadrooning on the body a much narrower range of variation in terms of of the globular jars was rare, but distinctive, giv­ ing a gourd-like appearance to the vessels. vessel form and rim modification. Although dec­ oration is not numerically common, it occurs Another minor but very distinctive mode of decoration was a form of zoned punctation in more frequently in this complex than on Ba­ which the area of punctation was outlined by luartes ceramics. Moreover, decorative motifs postslip incision. This invariably occurred on tend to occur more commonly on vessel bodies polished black slipped vessels (Chumpa Incised­ than on everted rims, which is the case with Ba­ punctated), especially on thin-walled tecomates. luartes ceramics. Furthermore, handle and spout modes are, in general, more common on Male­ The effect is reminiscent of Chepa Grayish­ con pottery than on Baluartes vessels. brown from Chiapa de Corzo (Chiapa IV), and perhaps San Diego Zoned Punctated from Altar In the unslipped pottery, globular indepen­ de Sacrificios (REWA: 46). Punctation also oc­ dent restricted jars with low to medium necks curs rarely on red slipped vessels, but this is not are the principal form. The bodies of these ves­ zoned and therefore lacks incising. No examples sels bear scratchlike brushing or striation, while of painted decoration were noted (except per­ the necks are generally, but not invariably, left haps in the red-on-cream dichromes). However, smoothed and plain. These striations are ex­ one polished black sherd was found that bears tremely thin and shallow. This form of decora- THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 183 tion, if it is decorative in intent, contrasts sharp­ as double or single strands (see Ricketson and ly with the wide, deeper striation of later Ricketson 1937: Fig. 152d, f for similar handle periods. Handles are rare, but do occur, either forms).

THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX

Stratigraphic Evidence: Unmixed deposits of reds, however, tend toward a slightly deeper red Baluartes complex deposits are common at color than the Chatel Ceramic Group reds. The Edzna, both in natural and structural contexts: red monochromes are again followed in impor­ Excavation 326-TPl (Map 8, LlO), Levels 5-10, tance by black (Polvero Ceramic Group) and and Excavation 276-TPl (Map 7, Ll3), Levels cream (Flor Ceramic Group) slipped mono­ 4-15, are representative of the former, and Ex­ chromes. cavation 447-TPl (Map 7, Kl3; mislocated on Dichromes, which occurred in the Malecon map as 448-TPl [Kl3]), Levels 9-11, and Exca­ complex only in a red-on-cream type, and then vation 749-TPl (Map 16, 14/15 C), Levels only rarely, appear as minor features in the Ba­ 9-12, are representative of the latter. Excava­ luartes complex. However, they are numerically tions 434-TPl (Map 7, Kl3) and TP2 (mis­ prominent in neither complex. The most com­ located on Map 7 as 448-TP2 [Kl3]) demon­ mon dichromes are black-on-red (Repasto strate that Baluartes materials immediately Black-on-red), red-on-cream (Mateo Red-on­ overlie Malecon pottery, while Excavation 699- cream), red-on-red-orange (Caramba Red-on­ TPl (Map 12, Fl5), Pit 1 (Gurr 1976: 151), and red-orange), and red-and-black (Xuch Black­ Excavation 696 (Map 12, Fl5), Pit 3 (Gurr 1976: and-red)-the latter accomplished by means of 67), suggest that Baluartes pottery underlies Po­ differential firing on exteriors and interiors. The deres complex ceramics. red-on-cream and red-on-red-orange dichromes occur in the late facet of this complex, as does a The Baluartes complex con­ Other Evidence: rare but distinctive waxy multichrome pottery tains the following horizon markers defined by that combines cream, red, and red-orange (and the 1965 Guatemala City Conference (WCA: in one case, black as well) colors on one vessel. 295-6) as characteristic of the Chicane! or Late Some of the dichromes imitate Usulutan-like Formative horizon: pottery through the use of positive multiple Sapote Striated wavy lines painted over the slip. True Usulutan Sierra Red technique ceramics have not been noted. Polvero Black Another minor feature of Baluartes ceramics Flor Cream is the "red-on-natural" effect (LJM: 16) in parallel grooving Repasto Black-on-red which vessel interiors and everted rims were labialflange slipped red while the exteriors were left un­ Usu/utan-derived types sli pped and striated in the Baluartes mode &cabal Red-on-buff (Ciego Composite). This form of surface finish medial flange also occurs in a black slipped type (Kohen Com­ grooved-hooked lip posite), but more rarely than it does in the red General Discussion: This complex represents a slipped examples. continuation of the preceding Malecon com­ With respect to vessel form, this complex is plex. The predominant slipped pottery is a dark characterized by labial-flange bowls (Baluartes red monochrome (Sierra Ceramic Group), flanges are often impressed in such a manner as which, in all respects, is directly related to the to form a wavy effect, or occasionally bear ap­ widespread Chicane! horizon. The Baluartes red pliqued rim protuberances) (Figs. 8m-p; llh-f, monochrome materials are closely related to the p-r), medial-ridge bowls (Figs. Ba-e; l3x-y), lat­ Malecon reds as well, and are undoubtedly a de­ eral-flange or ridge dishes or bowls (Figs. 8q-t, velopment out of the earlier pottery. Baluartes aa), wide everted rim dishes with multiple 184 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNi\,CAMPECHE, MEXICO

grooving on the everted rim (Figs. 8g, k; 14m), the site. Vessel spouts, not uncommon in the as well as many other forms. Among these other Malecon collections, are very rare in the Ba­ forms are large tecomates with or without labial luartes materials. Those which do occur are flanges, incurved rim bowls, composite sil­ small and squat in contrast to the taller Malecon houette vessels, thickened, bolstered, or everted examples. Likewise, vessel handles are uncom­ rim bowls and dishes, and short- to medium­ mon, and those that do occur are of a special necked jars (Figs. 9b, d, f-k). Mushroom stand kind arising out of a labial or medial ridge or forms begin (or continue?) in the Baluartes com­ flange and connecting to the vessel wall below plex. These are invariably red slipped on the (Figs. 9v, aa; lOkk, oo). The handle aperture is vessel body. The upper curved surface of the characteristically small and thus would not stands was intentionally left unslipped and then serve for grasping with the fingers, but would impressed (Hongo Composite). An important be an ideal appendage on which to tie a cord or characteristic of the Baluartes complex is the string for suspending the vessel. tremendous range of form and shape exhibited. In unslipped pottery the independent re­ The diversity of vessel and rim form, although stricted jar continues to predominate (Sapote remaining within recognizable patterns or stan­ Ceramic Group). Other forms are rare, but do dards, is unequaled in any other ceramic com­ occur. The jar form is most commonly marked plex at Edzna. The number of different vessel by striation on the body portion of the vessel, shapes is noticeably great, and the range of rim while the neck portion is left plain (Sapote modification and variation seemingly endless. Striated: Unstriated Neck Variety). However, The Baluartes complex, like its counterparts striation on the neck portion does occur as well throughout the Maya Lowlands, seems to repre­ (Rastro Variety). The Malecon form of scratch­ sent a period of great ceramic elaboration. like striation continues into the early facet of The most prominent form of decoration con­ the Baluartes period, but a somewhat deeper, sists of single or multiple preslip grooving on heavier form of striation occurs more com­ the upper surfaces of thickened and everted monly. Even this heavier execution is relatively rims, and constitutes a virtual diagnostic for the closely spaced and shallow in penetration. It is complex. Also diagnostic is the characteristic only with the advent of the Poderes Ceramic ----V,---shaped cross section of this grooving. Complex that the deep, broad striation occurs Other decorative modes include fluting (both which can be characterized as raking. horizontal and vertical), incising (including both gouge-incising, usually on wide labial or medial EARLY FACET flanges, and sharp incising, primarily on vessel exteriors), notching (especially on flanges and Stratigraphic Evidence: What has tentatively ridges), and impression of flanges and everted been identified as early facet Baluartes complex rims creating the undulating or wavy effect. pottery was recovered in a sealed context below Rare decorative techniques include negative Floor 3 of Excavation 699-TPl (Map 12, Fl5) painting in black, Usulutan-like parallel, wavy (Gurr 1976: 148-52). The ceramics immediately line positive painting, and differential firing re­ above the floor also pertain to the Baluartes sulting in red interiors and black exteriors or complex, but are closely within the more gener­ vice versa. The bases of dishes and bowls are al range of Baluartes ceramics than is the pot­ characteristically flat and unslipped. This base tery below the floor. Early facet sherds have form contrasts with the Malecon base form on also been identified in the lower levels of Exca­ which slightly indented bases prevailed. Vessel vation 339-TPl (Map 8, L12) (levels 14-19) and supports are not common, but the most promi­ in mixed deposits from Excavation 646 (Map 12, nent are solid cylindrical or nubbin tripods (see Gl5), Pit 4, Trench west (Gurr 1976: 106ff). RES: Fig. 16j5). Two examples of a ringstand base were noted in the type Polvero Black, but Other Evidence: The early facet material is also this constitutes an extreme rarity in view of the marked by the high occurrence of the labial large number of Baluartes bases encountered at flange, an early Chicane) trait. THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 185

Discussion: The early facet Baluartes ceramics flanges first appear on early Baluartes pottery represent a transitional component out of the and often bear decoration in the form of notches preceding Malecon complex. First of all, the slip or broad impressions, the latter technique creat­ characteristics of the early facet Baluartes pot­ ing a wavy effect on the flange. These tech­ tery seem to be intermediate between the Male­ niques continue throughout Baluartes times. con ceramics and the fully developed Baluartes complex pottery, thus attesting to ceramic con­ LATE FACET tinuity between the two complexes. However, at the same time, early facet Baluartes pottery Stratigraphic Evidence: Structure 190 (Map 9, evidences the introduction of new vessel modes N4), situated on a platform near the southern that continue into and are elaborated on in full edge of the Fortress, originally was a small facet Baluartes times. structure faced with roughly-hewn stone. This Red monochromes of a highly polished structure was later modified and expanded. The orange-red color continued to dominate the modification of the structure resulted in the ad­ slipped pottery. Likewise, black and cream dition of a stone facing of carefully worked and slipped waxy pottery continued. However, cer­ cut stones to the western side of the structure. tain changes are noted in the cream slipped ce­ Within the original structural unit was a series ramics. Malecon creams tended to be more of five superimposed floors, below each of whitish, almost milk white, with considerable which was encountered considerable cultural liquid marking discernible. Early facet Baluartes debris. This cultural material represented un­ creams, on the other hand, range from a mixed deposits of Baluartes complex ceramics, yellowish-cream to pinkish-cream color, and are leading us to the conclusion that the original not usually liquid marked to any great extent. structure had been built and utilized during Ba­ Red-on-cream vessels, often fluted (Xcampeu luartes times. This was reinforced by the fact Composite), become much more numerous than that the excavations in the portion of the struc­ in the preceding period. Whereas Malecon red­ ture that was a later addition and associated on-cream vessels were generally thin-walled, di­ with cut stone masonry yielded a mixture of Ba­ rect rim, flaring-walled vessels, early Baluartes luartes and Poderes ceramics. This suggests that examples tend to be large dishes or bowls with the building was more or less continuously occu­ wide labial flanges. Vessel interiors are slipped pied from Baluartes times into Poderes times. orange-red. Exteriors are slipped cream from This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that a the rim to the edge of the flange. The remainder midden of unmixed Poderes ceramics was en­ of the exterior is either unslipped or slipped or­ countered immediately behind Mound 190 (Map ange-red. On other vessel forms the interior is 9, N4), where debris had been thrown off the red-orange and the exterior is cream with the edge of the platform. This ceramic and struc­ red extending a few millimeters over onto the tural sequence forms one of the primary bases exterior. For this reason, fluted examples always for the definition of the late facet Baluartes bear the flutes on the cream slipped side (i.e., pottery. the exterior). Diagnostic forms that seemingly occur in Other Evidence: In addition, the late facet Ba­ early Baluartes times are deep dishes or bowls luartes ceramics exhibit the following late with wide labial flanges (Fig. 14ff-kk), dishes or Chicane! horizon markers (WCA: 296): bowls with labial ridges (Fig. l lb, d-g), and mushroom stands, which may occur earlier, but Escobal Red-on-buff if so, are very rare (Fig. 13d). Usulutan-derived types Caramba Red-on-red-orange In terms of decorative techniques, fluting is grooved-hooked lip the only form known. Fluting, both horizontal and vertical, or both combined, occurs on mon­ Discussion: The late facet of the Baluartes com­ ochrome red vessels, but is most frequent on plex is marked by the continuation of such char­ red-on-cream ceramics. In addition, vessel acteristic Chicane! horizon types as Sierra Red, 186 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Polvero Black, Flor Cream, Sapote Striated, and slip is clearly different from the glossy orange related types. It is also marked, however, by the slip of the Poderes complex. introduction of new minor types, as well as the Late facet Baluartes ceramics fall clearly appearance of some new modes. New types in­ within the range of late Chicanel horizon pot­ troduced at this time are Escobal Red-on-buff tery from more southerly areas of the Maya and Caramba Red-on-red-orange, both Lowlands such as Altar de Sacrificios, Tikal, Usulutan-derived types. New modes include Seibal, and, to a lesser degree, Barton Ramie. grooved-hooked lips, multiple, positive painted Lacking at Edzmi, however, is an indication of parallel lines (wavy or straight), the basal angle transitional forms between late facet Baluartes dish or bowl with triangular rim bolster, solid pottery and Poderes ceramics, unless one wishes nubbin tri- or tetrapodal supports, and lateral to regard Caramba Red-on-red-orange as such. flanges. Dichrome decoration becomes more Certainly no examples of such modes as mammi­ prominent than previously, although it still rep­ form supports or polychrome painting on an or­ resents a minority treatment. Perhaps significant ange based slip were found in our late facet col­ is the introduction of an orange based slip in the lections, as was the case at Altar de Sacrificios, type Caramba Red-on-red-orange, although this Seibal, Tikal, and Becan.

THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX

Stratigraphic Evidence: Clear-cut stratigraphic Other Evidence: The Poderes Complex contains evidence for the Poderes complex was difficult the following Tzakol horizon markers (WCA: to locate at Edzna. The evidence from Mound 298): 190 (Map 9, N4) on the Fortress has been de­ Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome group scribed previously. In addition, Poderes complex ring base, basal-flange, polychrome bowls ceramics were found overlying Baluartes com­ rounded Z-angle form plex pottery in a structure (566d [Map 14, G4]) General Discussion: First, as an introduction to excavated by Hauck (1973b: 81-87) in the a description of the full Poderes complex, some­ southwestern sector of the site. The Baluartes thing should be said about the Protoclassic pottery was recovered from above and below a manifestation at Edzna. A small number of or­ stucco floor. Overlying the Baluartes materials ange slipped dichrome and polychrome sherds was a stratum consisting primarily of Poderes with large mammiform pods have been found in pottery, but mixed with some Baluartes ceram­ the Edzna deposits (Cepos Subcomplex). More­ ics. Moreover, Structure 697 (Map 12, FIS) over, backhoe excavations in a house mound in (Gurr 1976: 81-83; also see Table 12) on the the Northeast Sector (387 [Map 7, L17)), northwestern periphery of the ceremonial cen­ brought to light a Protoclassic cache. This con­ ter attests to the general succession of Baluartes sisted of a polychrome vessel with mammiform ceramics by those of the Poderes complex. Po­ tetrapods which was filled with shells. This ves­ deres complex ceramics were very weakly rep­ sel and its contents were in turn covered by a resented in excavations undertaken in the cere­ monochrome orange plate. The tetrapod vessel monial center proper. In stratigraphic context is practically identical in form to Ixcanrio Or­ these materials were only found in small num­ ange-polychrome illustrated by Willey and Gif­ bers and were mixed with other materials. Exca­ ford (1961: Fig. 5, form l; see also WBGG: Fig. vations in other parts of the site, however, have 204d for a similar form). Unfortunately, only indicated a substantial Early Classic occupation. traces of the slip and decoration still adhere to It remains to be determined why the Poderes the vessel, so that its decorative effect is not Complex is so much more restricted than the known. When this vessel was removed from the preceding Baluartes occupation. very dense and adhesive clay matrix (it had also THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 187 been hit by the backhoe scoop), the majority of invariably applied before the orange slip. The the slip adhered to the clay rather than to the orange dichromes and polychromes bear geo­ vessel. Other examples of this material, how­ metric designs in red-on-orange, black-on­ ever, are identical to Ixcanrio examples, in­ orange (rare), and black-and-red-on-orange with cluding painted blobs on the swollen section of the main decoration primarily found on vessel the pods (see REW: Fig. 27). At least one such exteriors. In addition to basal flange and S-Z­ polychrome vessel like those at Edzna has been angle bowls (Fig. l8o-q, t), basins or bowls also reported from the island of Jaina on the Camp­ have direct, thickened, or bolstered rims (Fig. eche coast (Martin Widdified Gallery 1957). In 18j-k); there are also shallow plates with hollow terms of slip characteristics and paint colors, the cylindrical supports (Fig. 19q), basal-angle dish­ Edzna examples do not differ greatly from the es or bowls (Fig. l9k-m), and globular jars with full Poderes polychromes. The decorative motifs tall cylindrical necks and exteriorly bolstered are clearly related to the later Classic style rims (Fig. 18r-s). On basin forms the orange slip rather than Preclassic ones. It is perhaps also was often limited to the vessel interior and rim, significant that no clear-cut Protoclassic ele­ while the exterior was left unslipped. Often the ments or traits have been found on Baluartes top of the lip was painted red. types. Decoration in slipped ceramics is limited to Due to the paucity of this material I hesitate painting, with only a few exceptions. On orange to form a separate ceramic complex. Never­ slipped monochrome and dichrome basins or theless, it should be borne in mind that vessels bowls the unslipped exteriors were sometimes marking the so-called Protoclassic period at striated. This constitutes a continuation of the other sites were found at Edzna and thus are Baluartes "red-on-natural" striated effect into evidence that ceramic ideas and modes per­ Poderes times, but on orange slipped vessels. In taining to this horizon were reaching the site. the Poderes complex, however, the striation is For this reason I have chosen to classify this ma­ much deeper than that which occurred on the terial into a subcomplex, the Cepos Sub­ slipped ceramics of the preceding period. More­ complex, which is a part of the larger Poderes over, the vessel forms on which this effect was Ceramic Complex. It may well be significant produced vary significantly between the two that the Edzna Cepos ceramics represent the complexes. Painting on orange slipped vessels largest known collection of Protoclassic-like consists of geometric designs such as the angular pottery from a single site in the Northern Low­ scroll with or without the step (see RES: 64-67 lands (Ball, p. com.). Although no technical tests for examples of this and subsequent motifs), have been made, their occurrence outside of the hand bells (RES: 64), parallel stripes framing a ceremonial center would not seem to suggest wavy line (RES: 65, form b), reverse angle (RES: anything other than local manufacture. 65), joint inverted triangles (RES: Fig. 28b6, 8), The Poderes Ceramic Complex proper is and others. Design elements are located on ves­ marked by a now familiar reorientation in ce­ sel exteriors on the wall and upper surface of ramic types and modes. The waxy wares of the the basal flange. Vessel interiors are normally preceding complex were completely replaced orange slipped with one or two narrow (1-2 by double-slipped gloss ware vessels (Peten mm) black lines encircling the vessel. A red Gloss Ware). These are primarily orange slipped band normally found on the exterior and rim mono-, di-, and polychrome basal-flange and S­ top characteristically carries over onto the inte­ and Z-angle bowls with ringstand bases, all of rior lip a short distance (see RES: Fig. 28bl-4 which relate to the Early Classic Tzakol Ceram­ for similar effects). Other effects that might be ic Sphere. These vessels were generally first considered decorative characterize other poly­ coated with a cream to pink firing slip, and in chrome types. In some cases, zones on the vessel tum covered with an orange firing slip to pro­ exteriors were covered with a cream-colored duce the characteristic colloidal gloss of the ce­ slip, sometimes in addition to orange slipped ramics. According to Shepard (1962: 253), how­ zones (Yaloche Cream-polychrome). Occasion­ ever, the underlying primary slip was not ally areas of the vessel surface were left un- 188 .W.A.F. PAPEH No. 46. FORSYTH: JNVESTIGATIO SAT EDZ A.,CAM PECHE, MEXICO slipped, but were well polished, leaving a buff­ Group). The striation is deep and wide, quite colored zone (Caldero Buff-polychrome). These distinctive from Preclassic striation. Some of techniques are rare compared to those used for these examples leave some space between the orange slipped pottery overall, but are com­ striations in which some of the original surface monly used on ceramics from other sites in the of the vessel is left between them. On other ex­ Maya area (Shepard 1962: 253; RES: Figs. 26a3; amples the striations are closely spaced, but just 29q). as deep and wide, leaving none of the original surface unmodified. The latter kind of striation, Noticeably rare in this complex, however, when found on body sherds without are the red slipped and black slipped gloss ware rim or neck portions, is indistinguishable from that of sub­ ceramics that occur at more southerly sites, such as Uaxactun (SC: 171) or even Becan QWBB: sequent periods. Striation covers the globular bodies of jar forms and reaches only to the ves­ 131). Very little in our collection is even vague­ ly reminiscent of the Early Classic red sel shoulder; the necks are invariably unslipped and plain. slipped pottery that occurs in the Peten, for ex­ A handful of weathered rim sherds (Fig. ample. Also absent are the cylinder tripod vases collected from associated with Early Classic ceramics in the 20bb-ee) the surface of house Peten (RES: Fig. 6i-p; also see Ball 1974b for an mounds in the ortheast Sector are similar in form and probably finish to Brainerd's (GWB: example from Becan). The black slipped Ba­ Figs. 83f7, 10-13; lld, fl-4, 6-7, 10-11) Re­ lanza Ceramic Group is represented in our col­ gional Redware or Oxkintok Coarse Mon­ lections, but is less common than at more south­ ochrome or both. This corresponds to Smith's erly sites. (POM: 31-32) Yucatan Gloss Ware. Several ex­ The Poderes complex unslipped pottery con­ amples from Edzna bear traces of a brownish­ sists mainly of exteriorly striated globular jars red slip (Batres Red). Several of these sherds with tall cylindrical or hyperboloid necks with bear exterior striations below the sublabial exteriorly bolstered (Figs. 20gg; 21a, ;-k) or flange. In light of Brainerd's findings, they prob­ grooved (Fig. 2lc-f, l-m) lips (Triunfo Ceramic ably pertain to the Poderes Ceramic Complex.

THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX

Stratigraphic Evidence: Agua Potable ceramics figure-painted polychrome have not been recovered in pure deposits at tripod basal-ridged plate flat-based cylinder Edzna. However, Agua Potable materials mixed incurved rim bowl with traces of earlier Baluartes complex pottery dress shirt design were recovered from below Floor 2 in Excava­ tion 507-TP2 (Map 12, }13). These deposits General Discussion: This is a tentatively de­ were overlain by deposits containing Muralla fined complex related to the Tepeu 1 and 2 ho­ complex pottery. A similar situation obtained in rizons as evidenced by the occurrence of Chim­ Excavation 507-TPl (Map 12, }13) adjacent to bote Ceramic Group materials QWBB: 139), 507-TP2 (Map 12, }13). Both of these pits were which are identical to Bejuco phase ceramics at excavated near the northeast end of the "ball Becan, Campeche. These vessels were first court." At present these are the only excava­ slipped with a primary glossy cream slip. A sec­ tions which have yielded concrete evidence for ondary reddish-orange slip was then added, of­ the stratigraphic placement of the Agua Potable ten leaving reserve areas in the primary cream complex. slip. On other examples no reserve designs were Other Evidence: The Agua Potable complex left in the cream slip. Then a tertiary red slip contains the following Late Classic horizon was added, often leaving reserve designs in the markers (WCA: 300): secondary red and/or primary cream slips. THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 189

Areas covered by all three slips attained a dark uralistic, with stylized animals and perhaps hu­ red-brown or maroon color. Occasionally simple man figures not uncommon. Design elements in­ positive-painted red designs were added to the clude arch-shaped motifs (ARL: Fig. L, 25-26; vessel. Chimbote Ceramic Group vessels at FWN, Fig. 81a), brackets (RES: 62), simple cur­ Edzmi occur mainly as thin-walled hemispheri­ vilinear scrolls (RES: 66), dress shirt motifs cal bowls (Fig. 2lw-aa). (RES: 63), solid discs within a crescent or arc, a Another pottery type pertaining to this pro­ cell motif (ARL: Fig. L, 43; FWN: Fig. 81!), posed complex is Sayan Red-on-cream. This is a and inverted pendant triangles (see GWB: Fig. dichrome type that occurs to the south at Becan 16h19 for a similar motif). The most common (JWBB: 62) and to the north at Dzibilchaltun vessel form is a flaring-walled dish with slightly (B&A: 233). It is apparently a derivative of the everted and thickened rims and hollow, oven­ Chimbote Ceramic Group ceramics. At Becan shaped supports (see ARL: Fig. L, 25-30, and the Chimbote and Moro polychrome types oc­ FWN: Fig. 82 for similar forms). The vessel ex­ cur only in the Tepeu 1 and early Tepeu 2-re­ teriors were usually, but .not invariably, un­ lated Bejuco phase, while Sayan Red-on-cream slipped and smooth, while the interiors bore occurs only in the late Tepeu 2-related Chintok black and red designs on an orange background phase. At Dzibilchaltun, Sayan Red-on-cream (Cui Orange-polychrome). Similar vessels occur also occurs in a late Tepeu 2-related phase at other sites in the Northern Lowlands (see Ball (B&A: 233, Table 1). At Edzna this type was 1975: 34; B&A: 232-233). Due to the fragmen­ found only in mixed deposits; thus no such tem­ tary nature of sherd remains, it is usually not poral distinctions like those at Becan or Dzibil­ possible to perceive the overall design pattern chaltun can as yet be made. However, it is not on the vessel interior. However, there are found in unmixed Muralla deposits. It therefore enough partially restorable pieces to indicate seems reasonable to consider the type to be a that the majority of these sherds fit into a dis­ part of the Agua Potable Ceramic Complex. tinctive motif pattern which is apparently char­ Also represented in the Agua Potable mate­ acteristic of the Campeche-Yucatan area. The rials is a positive painted cream-polychrome principal design is a stylized polychrome bird type (Sagu Ceramic Group). This consists of red deity always located on the floor of the bowl. and black design elements painted on the cream On the interior walls are usually represented exterior of the vessel. Interiors on these vessels two stylized reptiles opposing one another and bear a polished orange slip on which closely which are also painted in polychromy. spaced parallel, vertical, red streaky lines were Black-on-orange (Plaza Black-on-orange) produced. These red lines usually have blurred and brown-on-orange (Haltunchen Brown-on-or­ or hazy outlines, presumably due to the spread­ ange) vessels also occur in this ware. The former ing out of the pigment beyond the line of occurs rarely in a distinctive small jar form with application. a hooked rim, presumably for receiving a lid A minor but distinctive pottery bears a black (Fig. 23a-b; also see GWB: Fig. 3b2 for an iden­ slip with a brilliant luster on thin-walled vessels tical shape). Interiors are unslipped. The brown­ (Tonanche Ceramic Group). These vessels occur on-orange vessels are similar in shape to the either in plain, gouge-incised with glyphlike ele­ polychrome bowls, but bear geometric designs ments, or red or cherry-on-black types. Another (primarily inverted pendant triangles at the rim minor type is also thin walled and bears glyph­ and from one to three narrow lines encircling like gouged-incised designs, but these occur on the vessel body) on vessel interiors in a red­ cream slipped vessels with maroon bands at the brown color. That the red-brown color is in­ rim (Chocubul Gouged-incised). tentional is evidenced by its frequency, and by Orange slipped gloss ware (Cui Ceramic the fact that such vessels occur at other sites in Group) vessels continue into this period, but in the central Campeche area. In terms of slip different forms and bearing a design style dis­ characteristics, Haltunchen Brown-on-orange is tinctive from the Poderes ceramics. Designs are like that of Cui Orange-polychrome. not only geometric, but also curvilinear and nat- Also pertaining to this complex is a glossy 190 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO red slipped pottery (Charote Ceramic Group) other pottery of the Agua Potable complex. It is which is characterized by a number of decora­ perhaps significant that the slate ware shapes tive modes. These include incision, both me­ most commonly found in association with Agua dium-line and groove incising (Pixoyal Incised), Potable pottery are more similar to the slate vertical fluting (Ulumal Fluted), and dichrome ware pottery of the Chenes region (FWN: 104; painting (Bohola Black-on-red and Sihochac p. ob., BYU, IYAH). This is significant because Dark-red-on-red), as well as a number of rare there were stratigraphic indications that the composite modes. A red slipped type (Carpizo Chenes variant underlies more typical Puuc Red) occurring primarily in basin forms, with an slate pottery at Dzibilnocac (GWB: 76; see interiorly bolstered rim and an unslipped exte­ FWN: Figs. 98c-f, 100 for typical Puuc style rior, probably should be classified in the Agua slate ware vessels). This would suggest that Potable complex. much of the slate pottery found at Dzibilnocac Finally, small amounts of what appears to be and SRX may antedate slightly the better Puuc Slate Ware or a closely related ware also known slate ware of Uxmal and Muralla com­ occur in this complex. This slate ware differs plex Edzrni. This is further suggested by form slightly from the Muralla complex slate ware in and color similarities to Oxkintok slate as in­ rim form (interiorly bolstered rim basins, in­ dicated by Brainerd (GWB: Fig. 43, caption). curved bolstered rim basins, and interiorly be­ Unfortunately, neither the data from Edzna nor veled rim bowls) and surface characteristics Dzibilnocac are sufficient in quantity or stra­ (somewhat lighter and browner and less likely to tigraphic differentiation to substantiate or ne­ bear purple dentritic marks). It may be that re­ gate this hypothesis. It is, however, strengthened curved and tapered neck jar forms may also oc­ by the fact that a slate type with similar surface cur in an Agua Potable context as well, but this finish characteristics (interior slipped, exterior is not clear. Given the small size of relatively unslipped) and form occurs in the Chintok com­ pure Agua Potable samples, it is difficult to as­ plex at Becan (JWBB: 37; Fig. 8bb). sess the exact relationship of this slate pottery to

THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX

Stratigraphic Evidence: Muralla deposits are Other Evidence: The Muralla complex is widespread and abundant at Edzna. Usually this marked by the following Cehpech horizon pottery is encountered above the uppermost markers (JCG: 328-329): floors of plazas and structures. Unmixed deposits of this material have been recovered from Exca­ Thin Slate Ware vation 341-TP2 (Map 8, L12), Level 1 (above Puuc Red Ware Balancan-Altar groups of Fine Orange Ware Floor 1), and Excavation 507-TP2 (Map 12, hemispherical bowls with direct or bead rim and Jl3), Level 1 (above Floor 1). This pottery also flat base, ring stand base, or solid nubbin makes up the great majority of the pottery re­ tripod supports covered from the fill of the outermost (i.e., lat­ restricted orifice bowls and ooses with direct or est) construction phase of the structure on the bead rim with fiat or ringstand bases tripod dishes with hollow oven-shaped or cylin­ !Outhwest comer of Complex 7. Usually Muralla drical feet pottery is encountered in heavy concentrations gouged-incised designs in the upper levels of most of our excavations, guill,oche motif mixed with small percentages of pottery from earlier complexes. The stratigraphic placement General Discussion: The Muralla Ceramic of the Muralla complex as the last prehistoric Complex probably represents the Yucatecan ceramic complex represented at the site is Pure Florescent period at Edzna. The ceramic therefore unequivocable. repertoire closely parallels that of the Cehpech THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 191 complex from Uxmal and Kabah as well as from Ruz (ARL: Fig. LI, 22) illustrates a sherd that other Yucatecan sites. All of the ceramic wares may be of this type. In terms of vessel form, listed by Smith (POM: 134) from this complex there is a similarity to Chichen Slate Ware ba­ occur at the Campeche site. Represented in sins (POM: Fig. 15), but the Edzna vessels are large quantities are Puuc Unslipped Ware and definitely not slipped. Another ceramic entity Puuc Slate Ware. Puuc Red Ware and Thin that is not well known from other localities out­ Slate Ware occur in moderate amounts, as does side the Edzna area consists of opaque brown or Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware. Moreover, both orange unslipped vessels that often bear dark Balancan and Altar Ceramic Group components brown blotched areas on the vessel surface of Fine Orange Ware are present in very minor (Chencan Ceramic Group). The most frequent amounts. Puuc Unslipped Ware is represented forms are globular jars with distinctive high el­ primarily by a local striated type (Yakatzib lipsoid necks (Fig. 33o-s), and incurved rim Striated) which occurs in somewhat different bowls or basins (Fig. 35t-x). Neither the un­ shapes than those common to the northern sites slipped trickle-painted vessels, nor the opaque (Fig. 35a-s; cf. POM: Fig. 2). Edzna also has an orange paste ceramics have been found at such unslipped, unstriated type that pertains to this Campeche sites as Xcalumkin (Holactun), Dzi­ ware (Acapulquito Unslipped). Puuc Slate Ware bilnocac, or Santa Rosa Xtampak. They have occurs in the types Muna Slate, Tekit Incised, been found, however, at sites within the Edzna Sacalum Black-on-slate, Chumayel Red-on-slate, locality and at Jaina. Akil Impressed, and Nohcacab Composite Another ware that occurs at Edzna is Moxa (POM: 27-28; Figs. 4-6), while Ticul Thin-slate, Gray Ware. It also occurs at a number of other Xul Incised (POM: 29-30; Fig. 7), and Chencoyi sites in the Campeche area. One whole vessel of Black-on-thin-slate occur in Thin Slate Ware. this ware from Santa Helena, Yucatan, I noted Teabo Red, Becal Incised, Tekax Black-on-red in the IYAH. Morever, Pina Chan (RPC: lam. (POM: 27; Fig. 8), as well as a number of un­ lg') illustrates a sherd that may pertain to this named minor specials, represent Puuc Red ware, since it definitely occurs at Jaina (p. ob., Ware. Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware occurs in IYAH). The most common vessel form is a vase the type Holactun Black-on-cream. Fine Orange or beaker form with very slightly flaring walls Ware is rare, but Provincia Plano-relief and Al­ and a flat to slightly convex base. Edzna exam­ tar Orange occur. In addition, Fine Gray Ware ples usually bear variant forms of tripod sup­ (POM: 18) also occurs in small quantities and ports. Other forms are hemispherical bowls (Fig. probably pertains to this complex. Ruz (ARL: 31f-g) and flaring-walled basal break or Z­ Fig. L, 1-3), Berlin (1956: Fig. 4m), Pina Chan angle dishes (Fig. 31m). Several different types (RPC: lam. li-f; 2w-y), and Brainerd (GWB: within the ware have been recognized, includ­ Fig. 28g31-33) illustrate vessels similar to Edzna ing plain (Hontun Gray), incised (Chumpic In­ examples. cised), fluted (Homobo Fluted), and incised­ In addition to the above ceramics, the Mu­ punctated and gouged-incised (Niop Incised­ ralla complex also possesses some apparently lo­ punctated, Pocyaxum Gouged-incised) types. cal ceramics. The most prominent of these is an Vessel surfaces were very well smoothed and unslipped type that bears decoration in the form compacted, but do not normally attain a luster. of black trickle painting (Paxyan Black-on-gray). These vessels bear some resemblance to Fine The most common vessel form is a large basin Gray Ware vessels. However, they are usually with an exteriorly folded rim (Fig. 35t-aa). thinner walled than Edzna Fine Gray examples However, an independent restricted jar form and are definitely tempered. The paste color (Fig. 36b) also occurs. The trickle paint most ranges from gray, to gray-brown, to black. commonly occurs on basin interiors, but often is There is also some similarity to Thin Slate Ware found applied to the exterior as well. These ves­ vessels (POM: 29-30), although surface and slip sels form part of the local Puuc Unslipped Ware characteristics are dissimilar. One example of materials, but no similar examples have appar­ this ware bears a carved decoration almost iden­ ently been reported from other sites. However, tical to that of a Thin Slate Ware vessel illus- 192 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO trated by Smith and Gifford (1965: Fig. 12c). the central regions of Campeche (Fig. 36q-aa). There is also similarity with respect to vessel Although Ruz (1945: 61) indicates that he wall thickness and vessel form. In fact Moxa encountered fragments of Sotuta horizon Fine Gray Ware seems in many respects to be a cross Orange Ware sherds (Silho group) in surface between Fine Gray Ware and Thin Slate Ware. collections at Edzn:i, we encountered nothing Moxa Gray Ware is not numerically prominent that could definitely be classified as post-Mu­ at Edzn:i, but it is a readily recognized marker. ralla. Some of the weathered Fine Orange Ware It is apparently limited to the Muralla Ceramic material recovered from the surface might per­ Complex. tain to the Silho group, but this is not demon­ Finally, there is a minor unslipped type (Ni­ strable since this material is badly weathered lum Unslipped) that seems to be restricted to and consists of body sherds. 6. COMPARATIVE DISCUSSION

In this chapter I compare the content of the Acanceh, Santa Cruz, Mayapan, Uxmal, Mani, Edzna ceramic complexes to that of the defined and Oxkintok. All of these site collections were complexes from other sites in the Maya Low­ examined at IYAH. When appropriate to the lands to determine the degree of similarity or discussion, comparative data from Edzna and dissimilarity (see Fig. 38). Comparisons are these sites will be presented in this section. Pub­ made first on a typological level and second on lications consulted for these sites include GWB a modal level. Obviously, in some cases the sim­ and POM. ilarities between two complexes may be entirely modal, due to the fact that they do not share Xcalumkin: Comparison is based primarily on any common types. In other cases there will be the examination of the ceramics recovered from high content similarity with respect to both the site by the NWAF in 1968. I examined a types and modes. sample of this material stored at BYU on various occasions. The remainder of the material was examined in Campeche at the NW AF lab. This PROCEDURE collection is now at the Merida Regional Center of I AH. I compare systematically the Edzna com­ plexes to defined ceramic complexes or phases Chenes (Santa Rosa Xtampak [SRX], Dzibilno­ from other sites in the Maya Lowlands and bor­ cac): A small ceramic collection from Brainerd's dering areas. Below I present the sites or areas SRX excavations is now stored in IYAH, where I to which the Edzna complexes are compared, examined it. My perusal of this collection forms their order of presentation, and the basis on the basis of comparison. Published material is which the comparison is made. For each succes­ lacking except for Brainerd's (1951) summary sive complex I make the comparisons as follows: article. Ceramic collections from SRX were also Dzihilchaltun: Comparison is based on first­ recovered by the NWAF in 1969, but, except hand observation of a ceramic collection from for a very small sample now in IYAH, these the site originally examined at the Quinta were not available to me for study. MARI, Merida, and later examined in IYAH af­ (Dzibilnocac): I have examined Brainerd's ter its transfer to that location. It is also based small collection now in IY AH and the much on my discussions with E. Wyllys Andrews V larger collections recovered from the site by the and Joseph W. Ball and on information contain­ NWAF in 1969. Part of this latter material is ed in Leroy Joesink-Mandeville's Ph.D. dis­ stored at BYU while the bulk of it has now been sertation (LJM) and in two of Ball's publications turned over to the Merida Regional Center of (JB, JWBB). INAH. Published references are Brainerd (1951) and FWN. Very recent evidence from excavations at Komchen, Yucatan, carried out by MARI, sug­ CampecheCoast: Under this heading are includ­ gests that the Dzibilchaltun Formative sequence ed a number of sites on or near the coast of as presently described is seriously flawed (p. Campeche from which there are small ceramic com., Ball 1981). The reader should of course samples at IYAH and a larger sample from Jaina take this into account when studying the com­ in INAH. Sites included in this section are Jaina, parisons between Edzna and Dzibilchaltun for Huaymil, Canbalam (Punta Arena), La Joya (on the Formative complexes. the Campeche-Champoton road), and Caya! In addition to my observations at Dzibilchal­ (the latter is a site about 20 km south of Edzna). tun, I have examined small sherd collections In addition a small collection of pottery types from such Yucatecan sites as Coba, Yaxuna, from Eaton's (1978; Ball 1978) coastal survey

193 ALTAR DE .... PERIODS EDZNA DZIBILCHALTUN DZIBILNOCAC BECAN UAXACTUN TIKAL BARTON RAMIE :f SACRIFICIOS

Late .-- 1400 z Chechem Lobo New � - Postclassic ;,. -- '."'1 . 12()0 ------"" Early Town > Zipche - ::0� Post classic - Xcocom Caban z .- 1000 ? Terminal ------Jimba Copo 2 Spanish � - Eznab "fj Classic Muralla Tepeu 3 Boca 0 800 ---- ::0 - Lookout Late Agua IV Chintok Tepeu 2 Pasion Imix � Copo 1 -l - Classic Potable ::r: Bejuco Tepeu 1 Chixoy Ik Tiger Run - 600 -- -- z Veremos < Sabucan t"l - Early � Piim III Tzakol Manik Hermitage 0 - 400 Poderes Ayn > Classic Chacsik -l ..... - - - 0 - ---- z Cer,os - V, 200 -- Cimi > - Protoclassic - -- - Salinas -l � - -- -- t"l - Xculul k 0 AD N Late Cauac z - BC Pakluum Chicanel ?-· Baluartes Plancha 3>Mount Hope ("l - II > Komchen ::: ---- 200 Preclassic Chuen Barton Creek � ------("l ::r: - _t"l Malecon San Felix Tzec ::: 400 Middle Jenny t"l - I Hamom I----?--- Nabanche Acachen >< n - 0 - Creek - 600 Preclassic -- -- Eb Xe

Figure 38. A PROPOSED CORRELATION OF EoZNA CERAMIC COMPLEXES WITH THOSE OF OTHER SITES OF THE MAYA U)WLANDS THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 195

was examined at IYAH. Relevant publications ate, comparative statements may be made about for the coastal sites are ARL, RPC, and S&P. this material in this section. Altar de Sacrificios: The type-variety type col­ Aguacatal: This site is located in extreme south­ lection stored at PM I also examined in 1975. western Campeche near Ciudad del Carmen. Also utilized was Adams' ceramic report The Aguacatal collection was thoroughly exam­ (REWA). ined at BYU, where it is now in storage. RTM is the only relevant publication dealing with the Seibal: A sample of the ceramics from Seibal, ceramics. sorted into type-variety units, I examined in 1975 at PM. The relevant publication is JAS. Becan: The Becan collection, now stored at Barton Ramie: The ceramics from this site I ex­ IYAH, I examined on several occasions. On one amined on various occasions at the Anthropolo­ of these, Joseph W. Ball, the Becan ceramicist, gy Lab, TU. Relevant publications are WBGG showed me the collections and we discussed and JCG. them at length. Published data include JWB, JWBB,and JB. San Jose: I examined a small ceramic collection from San Jose, Belize, in 1975 at PM. The only Uaxactun: The ceramics from Uaxactun, Guate­ published information on this material is JES. mala, analyzed by R. E. Smith (RES), I studied Coro7.al District (Belize): I have not examined in 1975 at PM. This collection is a type collec­ this material. All comparisons are based on tion from the site brought to the U.S. I have not type-variety designations and illustrations in examined the collections in storage in Guate­ DCP. I have also relied on Pring (1976b). mala City. Ceramic publications used in the comparative sections include RES, Smith 1936a, Quintana Roo: Ceramics from the sites of Kan­ and 1936b. tunil, Tancah, as well as a number of other sites I also examined small collections of material (WTS) and Isla Cancun (MPS), were examined from the Guthe collection from Tayasal (Flores), in IYAH. Ceramics from Coba in Quintana Roo Peten, Guatemala, and another sample from were also examined in IYAH. Where appropri­ Flores collected by the Cowgills, as well as ma­ ate, comparisons between Edzna and these sites terial from Yaxha and . When appropri- will be made.

THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX

Dzihilchaltun: Typological correspondence be­ overlap between the Malecon complex and that tween Dzibilchaltun and Edzna seems to be of a of late Nabanche and early Komchen. limited nature. Examples of what appear to be It is clear, however, that there are signifi­ Chatel Orange-red (some Komchen Orange-red, cant differences as well. For example, none of some Nabanche Red-orange-brown, and some the types of the Solguna Ceramic Group occurs Nabanche Red-orange-brown Thin Wall (LJM: at Dzibilchaltun. On the other hand, Edzna 35-36, 52-53]) occur in the Dzibilchaltun type lacks such Dzibilchaltun types as Komchen Pre­ collection in IYAH. Moreover, Ball (p. com.) slip Striated and Komchen Unslipped Plain states that what I have called El Llanto Cream (LJM: 49-50, 52). It also lacks most of the late and Las Ruinas Red-on-cream have close equiv­ Nabanche dichromes (e.g., Nabanche alents at Dzibilchaltun. It is difficult to specify Red/orange, Orange/buff, and Red/black [LJM: the degree of relationship on the typological 36-37]). Comparison of the two sites is also level at this time due to the smallness of the hampered by the fact that the type collection Dzibilchaltun collections in IY AH. My overall for the Dzibilchaltun Formative material is so impression is that of some degree of typological small and by the fact that the available informa- 196 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO tion on the structural and ceramic data indicate this (Matheny and Berge 1971). After looking few unmixed deposits within the structural lev­ over the Holactun material in IYAH and BYU, els, raising the question as to how the ceramic as well as Roberts' notes and diary from the site content of thephases was distinguished (e.g., see (p. ob., PM), I have concluded that a Formative LJM: Chapter VII, Tables 1-5). Perhaps when complex does not occur at Xcalumkin, although more detailed analyses of the structural contexts a few water-bottle fragments (GWB: 24-25) do and the associated ceramic data are available, occur. Ball (p. com.) is of a similar opinion. and when the Dzibilchaltun pottery has been analyzed in type-variety units, it will be possible Chenes (SRX): Brainerd's collections from SRX to ascertain exactly the degree of typological (IYAH) are small, but it is clear that at least six similarity between the two sites. sherds of the type Chatel Orange-red are in the On the modal level there are close relation­ collection (Case XXVl-1, Lot 201-F). No other ships between the two sites. With respect to sur­ Malecon complex types were noted, but this is face-finish modes the overall emphasis on red, undoubtedly due to the smallness of the sample black, and cream slipped monochrome pottery and the vagaries of sample selection for the is shared by the two sites as is the presence of sherd collection. very fine striation on unslipped jars. The Male­ On the modal level the SRX examples repre­ con complex also shares with Nabanche 2 such sent everted rim dishes or bowls with wide hori­ form modes as thin-walled tecomates, dishes or zontal or downturned rims and flaring sidewalls. bowls with a downturned everted rim, and Also represented are thin-walled tecomates with spouted jars. It shares with Komchen pottery medium-line preslip incising identical to those dishes or bowls with a wide horizontal everted of the Malecon complex. Incising in the Male­ rim, and dishes or bowls with double-bolstered con mode also occurs on the everted rim of one rims. merd. The sample is very small and thus judg­ Decorative modes shared by the two sites in nents based on it may be premature, but my elude fine-line postslip incision (generally on impression is that there is considerable sim­ downturned everted rims), fluting (both vertical ilarity between Edzna and SRX on this horizon. and horizontal), zoned punctation, gadrooning, (Dzibilnocac): With respect to Dzibilnocac, and painted rim bands (limited to red-on-cream there are also a number of shared features. The at Edzna). Similar design motifs include incised closest similarities are between the Malecon parallel lines on tecomate and everted rim ves­ complex and what Nelson (FWN: 81-86) has sels, hachured triangles, incised-punctate ele­ called the Dzibilnocac I phase. Nelson has di­ ments, and the minor occurrence of the double­ vided the slipped wares from Dzibilnocac into line break (LJM: 32-34). Dissimilarities between two separate wares-a waxy ware and an the two sites included the total absence at opaque ware. This he has done on the basis of Edzna of the very wide U -shaped grooving Smith's (POM) similar distinction at Mayapan, on wide everted rims (Nabanche), preslip stria­ believing that a legitimate distinction did exist tion, and trickle painting, the latter two appar­ (Nelson, p. com.). My own view, in light of what ently characteristic of the Komchen phase or is now known about the waxy versus opaque complex (JB: 115-116) at Dzibilchaltun. Again, wares concept, and in light of my own exam­ given the difficulties listed above, my own im­ ination of the Dzibilnocac pottery, is that this pression is one of considerable overall similarity, distinction is not valid or useful at that site. The the differences perhaps being due to regional distinction between the two proposed wares variation, sampling error, and slight chronologi­ seems to be that the Xtampak Waxy Ware has cal nonalignment of the respective complexes. well-preserved, lustrous surfaces, while Hope­ lchen Opaque Ware does not. However, in the Xcalumkin: Although Brainerd (GWB: 32-34) latter case this seems to me to be a matter of reports that considerable amounts of Formative differential erosion of surfaces or of mottling of pottery occurred at this site, excavations carried these surfaces. If the two proposed wares were out in 1968 by the NWAF failed to demonstrate combined as one they would thus represent the THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 197 usual degree of variation of surface finish found Campeche Coast: A single example of Chatel in a ceramic complex. For this reason I argue Orange-red and one of El Llanto cream occur at that only one slipped ware is represented in La Joya, a site on the Campeche-Champoton Dzibilnocac I. road, which was surface-collected by Shook and Examples of Chatel Orange-red, Noax In­ Prouskouriakoff (S&P). The Chatel sherd is a cised (Monte and Xtucumbil groups), Solguna thin-walled tecomate, while the El Llanto is a Black (Cosalche and Mook groups), and Las flaring-walled dish with a downturned everted Ruinas Red-on-cream (Lubna group) or closely rim. related types are present at Dzibilnocac, as is Aguacatal: The earliest ceramic complex at Sapote Striated (Kich group). The overall im­ Aguacatal (Pinzon) is related to the Edzna Ba­ pression is of considerable similarity, but with luartes complex. Nothing at Aguacatal is there­ significant differences as well. This is due, I be­ fore indicative of Malecon comparisons. lieve, to the fact that Dzibilnocac I probably represents a ceramic situation antedating Becan: The Acachen materials at Becan appar­ slightly the Malecon complex. That is, Malecon ently pertain to Flores Waxy Ware and are asso­ is a complex that is transitional between Dzi­ ciated more closely with the ceramics of the Pe­ bilnocac I and II. As a result, there are speci­ ten. None of the types established at Edzna mens in the Dzibilnocac collections (p. ob., occur there with the exception of Sapote BYU) that, if found at Edzna, would be in­ Striated: Anejo Variety. distinguishable from Malecon examples. Other Modal similarities include the predominance specimens would be recognized as unusual. of monochrome slipped pottery in red, black, and cream colors, light stria�ion on unslipped A number of modal ties link Malecon and vessels, and the predominance of flaring-sided Dzibilnocac I ceramics. These include sim­ dishes or bowls. Also shared are thin-walled ilarities in vessel form (thin-walled tecomates, tecomates, double-bolstered rims (JWBB: Fig. flaring-sided bowls or dishes, vessels with Sb), cuspidor-shaped vessels (JWBB: Fig. Sa), double-bolstered rims, and interior-thickened­ medium-line preslip incision (JWBB: Fig. rim plates or dishes), decorative effects (incising 49q virtually duplicates the form and motif of Edzna in both medium-line preslip and fine-line post­ incision), and horizontal fluting (which Ball re­ slip forms, with the former more frequent, and fers to as chamfering). horizontal and vertical fluting [FWN: Figs. 58e; 6la]), and surface finish (both have highly lus­ Overall, the similarities and differences be­ trous finishes). The Dzibilnocac I finish is par­ tween the two sites indicate a close horizon-lev­ ticularly noticeable in this respect. In some el connection, but typologically the two sites cases this luster almost attains a metallic sheen. are divergent. Moreover, it appears that the However, the general range is similar to that of Malecon complex represents a ceramic picture Malecon. The red-on-cream ceramics from the perhaps on a horizon intermediate between Be­ two sites are practically identical, with the same can's late Acachen and early Pakluum. That is, forms (thin-walled, flaring-sided bowls or dishes) the Malecon complex probably represents a and decorative modes ([l) red interior and slightly later slice of the ceramic continuum cream exterior or vice versa and [2] red band on from the Mamom horizon into the Chicane) ho­ the lip of an otherwise cream slipped vessel). rizon. Clearly, I think, the Malecon complex Moreover, unslipped Kich Ceramic Group represents the work of potters who were partici­ (FWN: 85-86) sherds are almost identical to pating in a ceramic tradition common to the Malecon unslipped striated ceramics. The stria­ Maya Lowlands, but with significant regional tion is very fine and light. variation, as well as some chronological differentiation. Brainerd's Dzibilnocac (IYAH) collection is small, but an example of a red slipped basket Uaxactun: On the typological level, there is suf­ handle, identical to Chatel Orange-red at ficient difference between Uaxactun and Edzna Edzmi, is present. ceramics to warrant classification into separate 198 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO types. However, as I have suggested earlier, I 3 parallel incised lines) near tecomate orifices believe that Malecon slipped ceramics (and un­ and on everted rims, and arranged in design pat­ slipped pottery for that matter) pertain to the terns on vessel exteriors. Shared incised motifs same ware as the ceramics from several other are hatched triangles (RES: Fig. 14cl4) and the Maya Lowland sites including Uaxactun. I have double-line break (p. ob., PM), the latter rare at already stated (p. 17) my objection to the both sites. Also occurring in both complexes is Flores-Paso Caballo Waxy Ware separation. At postslip fine-line incision on rims, but this trait any rate, Malecon types, as I have classified seems to be more com.mon at Uaxactun (p. oh., them, do not occur at Uaxactun and vice versa. PM). Horizontal fluting also occurs at both sites. This should not be misconstrued, however, to Another shared characteristic is differential red imply that the two sites are widely divergent in and cream slipping resulting in cream exteriors ceramic content. Such is not the case. The mod­ and red interiors or vice versa (p. ob., PM). Rare al linkages are many and varied. It should be re­ modes shared by the two complexes include membered that the Malecon complex probably boot-shaped everted rims on slipped low- to represents a ceramic horizon transitional be­ medium-necked jars (RES: Fig. 14c13) and tween the Mamom and Chicane! horizons. Thus slightly upturned rims on thin-walled tecomates it contains modes which at Uaxactun have been (see Fig. 4ff-gg). Finally, a further link between thought of as belonging primarily to two sepa­ Malecon and Mamom is the presence of very rate ceramic complexes. This situation is essen­ fine brushlike striation on the unslipped pottery tially analogous to that of the Tzec complex at of the two sites. Although Smith's description Tikal (Culbert 1977: 29-30). (RES) and the type-variety names given to Ma­ With respect to slipped pottery the two sites mom complex unslipped pottery do not suggest share the predominance of red, black, and this (SG: 170), a considerable number of Ma­ cream waxy-surfaced vessels. In terms of vessel mom unslipped ware body sherds (labeled Ma­ form, the Malecon complex slipped pottery mom UnslippedJars-Raked Body Sherds at PM) shares a number of specific shapes with the Ma­ bear very slight striation virtually in­ mom complex. These include flaring-sided dish­ distinguishable from that found on Sapote es or bowls with wide horizontal everted rims Striated: Aiiejo Variety vessels at Edzna. Ex­ (RES: Fig. 14al5-16; p. ob. of numerous exam­ tremely rare at both sites is the occurrence of ples in PM), cuspidors (RES: Fig. 14b2-7, 9-11), polished black slipped artifacts or vessels with short- to medium-necked jars (RES: Fig. pink stucco decoration (RES: 54). 14c9-13), flaring-sided plates or dishes with di­ Differences between the two complexes in­ rect rims (RES: Fig. 14al-3, 6, 8, 12), flaring­ clude slip divergences (Mamom slips are gener­ walled dishes or bowls with slightly everted rims ally thinner and more mottled or fire clouded) (RES: Fig. 14a4, 9-11, 13-14), thin-walled teco­ and differences in decoration (Malecon pottery mates (RES: Fig. 15bl-3; 77al, 5), and interior­ lacks the single and multiple wide U -shaped ly thickened rim plates or bowls (RES: Fig. grooving found on many Mamom vessels; it also 77a3). Moreover, both complexes yield clear lacks cross-hatching and true chamfering in evidence of basket handles, virtually in­ which the vessel walls are cut away in distinguishable from one another, indicating clapboard fashion). Moreover, there is nothing some form of basket vessel (see RES: 31). In the that even vaguely resembles Mars Orange Ware unslipped pottery the two complexes share the at Edzna. wide-mouthed, low- to medium-necked jar form Modal similarities between the Malecon (RES: Fig. 15a, c). Rarer, but definitely present complex and Uaxactun's Chicane! complex are at Uaxactun, are flaring-walled dishes or bowls fewer and more general. That is, Malecon pot­ with everted downturned rims, often bearing tery lacks diagnostic Chicane! horizon attri­ circumferential incised lines (p. ob., PM). With butes. However, Edzna slip characteristics seem respect to decorative effects the two complexes to be slightly closer in terms of thickness and share preslip, medium-line U -shaped incision, color range to Sierra Red than to Joventud Red. often as circumferential lines (in groups of 1 to Also shared are flaring-walled dishes or bowls THE MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX 199 with everted horizontal rims. Differences be­ common pottery tradition, but with consid­ tween the two complexes are great, however. erable regional variation. Most of the characteristic Chicane! markers Seibal: The site of Seibal is closely related ce­ such as ridges, flanges, wavy rims, groove-in­ ramically to Altar de Sacrificios and thus the cision on everted rims, and rim or flange pro­ similarity of the Seibal Escoba Ceramic Com­ tuberances are lacking in Malecon. plex which shares many of the same modes with All in all, the modal similarities between the the Malecon complex that the San Felix com­ two sites are close, suggesting participation in a plex does. Especially noteworthy are thin­ common ceramic tradition, but regionally dis­ walled tecomates and flaring-sided dishes or tinct from one another. bowls with highly everted rims. Escoba also shares medium-line preslip incision and the very Altar de Sacrificios: As was the case at Uaxac­ fine, almost imperceptible, fluting found on the tun, the relationship between the Malecon com­ shallow-fluted variety of El Hular Fluted. This plex and Altar de Sacrificios is on the modal lev­ mode is rare at both sites, however. The Escoba el rather than the typological level. The complex contains a considerable amount of re­ Malecon and San Felix complexes share a pre­ sist decorated vessels (Tierra Mojada Resist). ponderance of red-colored vessel surfaces in The Malecon complex deposits produced only slipped pottery, followed by black and cream one such sherd, which is, however, quite similar slipped surfaces. Slip color and luster of Altar to the Seibal examples. examples of the Joventud and Chunhinta Ce­ Barton Ramie: Similarities between the ceram­ ramic Groups are closer to Malecon reds and ics of Barton Ramie and Edzna are far less com­ blacks than were the Uaxactun examples. Shared pelling than similarities to ceramics at sites pre­ forms between the two complexes include flar­ viously discussed. There are some general ing-sided dishes or bowls with wide everted hor­ horizon-level similarities between the late Jenny izontal (REWA: Fig. 9 , lOd) or downturned p u; Creek and Malecon complexes, such as pre­ (p. ob., PM) rims, thin-walled tecomates ponderance of red, black, and cream slipped (REWA: 85; Fig. 9bb), short to medium-necked monochromes and the presence of very fine jars (REWA: Fig. 9c), and the cuspidor (REW A: striation on the exterior bodies of unslipped ves­ Fig. 9w, y). Shared decorative attributes include sels. But differences are numerous as well. preslip medium-line incision (REW A: Figs. Edzna lacks red painting and appliqued thumb­ l2h-j; 13a), postslip fine-line incision (REWA: impressed bands on unslipped pottery. Mars Or­ Figs. 9j), zoned-punctation (REWA: Figs. 9g; ange Ware is totally absent at Edzna. Sim­ 12a, horizontal fluting (classified as cham­ d-e), ilarities in vessel form are rare, since similar fering by REWA: p. ob., PM), the double-line forms are limited to short-necked to medium­ break (REWA: Fig. 9p, also see REW A: Fig. u; necked jars (JCG: Fig. 28t-x) and flaring-sided lgg-hh; 7i), and striation on unslipped jar exte­ bowls with direct (JCG: Fig. 29a-d) or everted riors (late San Felix at Altar, REWA: 120). downturned rims (JCG: Fig. 30a-b). Jenny Modes that are apparently common at Altar Creek seems to be far more distinct from the but lacking or rare at Edzna are mushroom Malecon complex than the Peten or Pasion stands, although these occur in the Mamom col­ drainage sites. This may be due in part to the lections from Uaxactun (p. ob., PM, labeled Ma­ earlier chronological placement of Jenny Creek, mon Red sharp shoulder-angle jars), flanges, true but is probably a result of regional differen­ chamfering (clapboard), resist techniques (al­ tiation as well (see JWBB: 152). though one example of a resist vessel similar to Tierra Mojada Resist vessels does occur at San Jose: Based on the sherd collections from Edzna), cross-hatching, unstriated surfaces on San Jose at PM and Thompson's publication unslipped jars, and potlids. (JES), it would appear that San Jose had no ce­ As with Uaxactun, the modal similarities are ramic complex equivalent to the Malecon com­ of such a nature as to indicate participation in a plex at Edzna. 200 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIONS AT EDZ A., CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Corozal District: Based on Pring's (Pring 1976b: Malecon complex, definitely occurs in the Lo­ 17-24) discussion of the Lopez Ceramic Com­ pez complex (DCP: Fig. 37d). Slipped spouts plex, there are a number of modal similarities are also shared by the two complexes (DCP: with the Malecon complex. These include the Figs. 37r-s; 42;) as well as double-strand handles presence of thin-walled tecomates (DCP: Figs. on unslipped pottery (these are rare at Edzna) 34a-e, g-i; 40d, i, ;), flaring-walled vessels with (DCP: Fig. 50b). There are a number of differ­ everted downturned (DCP: Figs. 340-p, t; 35c; ences between the two complexes as well. In 39;, k; 43d, g, w; 45c) or horizontal rims (DCP: Belize, these include a lack of striation on un­ Figs. 35ih; 42h-i; 43e-j), flaring-walled dishes slipped vessels, a slipped type with unslipped with direct rims (DCP: Figs. 33t, v; 35n-p; exteriors, appliqued elements (DCP: Figs. 36a-n; 38d, f-l, n-v), vessels with double-bol­ 41f-g; 50a, d), impressing, as well as buff- and stered rims (DCP: Figs. 360; 48e, g), and short­ orange-colored slips (Machiquila and Chicago necked to medium-necked jars (DCP: Figs. groups respectively). 36v-y; 37b; 43q-r; 46b-c). Decorative sim­ There are also form similarities to Cocos ilarities include preslip medium-line incision complex vessels in the wide everted rims on (DCP: Figs. 38b-e, g-h, l; 40g-k [Fig. 40k is dishes and bowls (DCP: Figs. 53a; 54a, d-e). practically identical in decoration and form to However, most of the Cocos forms are similar to Edzmi examples]), rare postfiring incision (Pring Baluartes complex shapes. 1976b: 20), zoned punctation (DCP: Fig. Again it can be said that the similarities re­ 4la-b10), horizontal fluting-classified as cham­ flect close horizon-level contact and influence, fering by Pring-(DCP: Fig. 401, n), and the in­ but with considerable regional differentiation. cised double-line break motif (DCP: Fig. 38b-c, Quintana Roo: No equivalent ceramic complex e, h). The bottle form, which may pertain to the occurs in the Quintana Roo collections in IYAH.

THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX Dzibilchaltun: Two of the Dzibilchaltun com­ con and Baluartes. At any rate, it does not seem plexes relate to the Baluartes complex at Edzna. to me, based on the Komchen sample that I It is clear that at least part of the Komchen have examined, that Komchen and Baluartes complex shares a number of distinctive modes share the same types. Therefore, although the with Baluartes, suggesting partial contempo­ Komchen slipped ceramics are closer to Ba­ raneity. The bulk of the Baluartes complex, luartes examples on this level than are the Xcu­ however, surely aligns with Dzibilchaltun's Xcu­ lul ceramics, they are typologically distinct. lul complex (see Fig. 38). However, examples of Komchen Preslip Striated Of the two complexes at Dzibilchaltun, the (LJM: 49) in the IYAH collections from Dzibil­ Komchen complex seems to be closest to the Ba­ chaltun are similar to the Baluartes types Tipik­ luartes complex on the typological level. The al Preslip-striated Red and Unto Preslip-striated slipped pottery bears a thin, well-bonded pol­ Black, and probably represent the same types. ished slip quite distinct from that of the suc­ Nevertheless, these types are apparently domi­ ceeding Xculul slipped ceramics. For the most nant in the Komchen complex (LJM: Tables part, I am inclined to consider Komchen slipped 1-5; p. com., Ball), while they are very rare at pottery as Paso Caballo Waxy Ware, although Edzna. Komchen Orange-red also bears some re­ Ball considers it to be Yucatan Opaque Ware as semblance to Sierra Red, but is, in my opinion, defined by POM (see JB: 115; p. com., 1975). closer to Chatel Orange-red than Sierra Red. However, it seems to me that Komchen slipped The similarities between Komchen and Ba­ pottery, in terms of surface finish, is more close­ luartes (especially the early facet of the latter) ly related to the Malecon complex types than to may be greater than I have indicated. But again, the Baluartes types; this is probably a reflection the smallness of the Komchen type sample of the fact that the alignment of the Komchen makes this difficult to determine. complex is perhaps intermediate between Male- On the modal level, Komchen witnesses the THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 201 introduction of a number of new attributes pikal Preslip-striated Red and Unto Preslip­ which, although rare, would serve as Baluartes striated Black. The overall impression is of two markers at Edzna. These include wavy everted typologically distinct complexes, one of which rims (LVJ: Figs. 30A k; 61a-b; LJM: 17), labial (Xculul) contains a minority of Baluartes com­ and lateral flanges and ridges (L JM: 17; Fig. plex types. 7n-o; LVJ: Fig. 81), and rim or flange pro­ Modal comparison, on the other hand, shows tuberances (LJM: 17). that there are striking similarities between Xcu­ The Xculul complex is represented by types lul and Baluartes complexes. Dominant vessel that are clearly distinct from Baluartes types. forms that are shared include medial ridge or Indeed, I concur with Ball (JB: 117) that the flange bowls (LVJ: Fig. 20B, F; LJM: Fig. 8d, f), bulk of the Xculul slipped pottery is best classi­ everted rim dishes or bowls with circumferential fied as a ware different from that found at more preslip groove incision (LVJ: Fig. 350-p, s), la­ southerly sites. Xculul slips exhibit a strong ten­ bial flange dishes or bowls (LVJ: Figs. 15g, p, r; dency to flake off from the body, as indicated 35g, n, t; 102c, e; LJM: Fig. 9k-l), lateral ridge by Andrews IV (1965c: 41). This tendency to­ plates or dishes (LVJ: Figs. 14v; 17a, o-p), labial ward flaking led Brainerd (GWB: 49) to call this ridge dishes or bowls (LVJ: Figs. 14i, aa, cc; material Formative Flaky Redware. Ball (JB: l5aa), incurved rim bowls (LJM: Fig. Ba), short­ 117) has suggested considering it to be Usil Red necked to medium-necked jars with various rim Ware. This ware was originally defined by forms (LVJ: Fig. 40A f-h), deep bowls or vases Smith (POM: 30-31) to encompass Brainerd's with slightly flaring sides (LJM: Figs. 8c; l0a), (GWB: 49-50) Regional Flaky Redware (see mushroom stands (JB: ll8), and hooked-rim GWB: Chart 1). Smith classified Brainerd's For­ bowls (LJM: Fig. lla-b, h, i). Shared vessel ap­ mative Flaky Redware (see GWB: Chart 1) as pendage forms include flanges, ridges, and pro­ part of his Yucatan Opaque Ware (POM: 32), tuberances. Also shared, although rare, are solid arguing that the waxy versus flaky distinction on teat pods. Other modes include �shaped pre­ Formative pottery was not significant. It seems slip rim grooving, wavy rims, the "grooved­ that Ball (JB: 118) is arguing for the validity of hooked" rim mode, notching on the edges of Brainerd's original proposal. In other words, in ridges and flanges, incising on the upper sur­ the Late Formative period a class of pottery faces of flanges, unslipped exterior surfaces was produced at Dzibilchaltun with a recogniz­ bearing striation (interiors and rims were ably flaky slip in forms and bearing modes diag­ slipped), and exterior striation on unslipped util­ nostic of the late Chicane! horizon. Further­ ity jars. Thus modally the Baluartes complex is more, this ware continued to be produced in as closely related to Dzibilchaltun as to more different forms and bearing different modes, southerly sites, if not more so. But on the type into the Yucatecan Early Period I (i.e., Early and ware level they are for the most part Classic). Because of my own examination, I con­ separate. cur with this. It should be noted, however, that Examples of pottery similar to that at Dzi­ black slipped examples of this ware occur, thus bilchaltun (including Paso Caballo Waxy Ware paralleling the Sierra-Polvero distinction in Paso and/or Usil Red Ware) appear in collections Caballo Waxy Ware. from other Yucatecan sites such as Chichen Itza, The bulk of the Xculul slipped pottery thus Kabah, Mani, Mayapan, Yaxuna, Soblonke, pertains to the red Xanaba Ceramic Group and Quintana Miraflores, Dzab-na, Sayil, and X­ an as yet unnamed black slipped group. How­ kukican (POM: 32; JB: 118; Ball 1977c: 8). ever, as Ball (JB: 118) points out, such Chicane! Xcalumkin: Based on the 1968 NWAF in­ Sphere types as Sierra Red, Polvero Black, Es­ vestigations at this site, it is concluded that cobal Red-on-buff, as well as (see JWBB: 155) there was no complex there comparable to the Repasto Black-on-red and Ciego Composite Baluartes complex. No Formative sherds occur (Xculul Red-on-natural-incised), do occur at in the IYAH collections from this site (p. ob., Dzibilchaltun. These latter types are shared by IYAH), and only a few occur in the BYU collec­ the Xculul and Baluartes complexes, as are Ti- tions (p. ob., BYU). 202 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Chenes (SRX): Although the collections I have preslip groove incision on everted rims, the seen are small, it is clear that types of the Sierra, grooved-hooked lip or rim mode, parallel posi­ Polvero, and Flor Ceramic groups occur at SRX, tive-painted wavy lines, postslip gouge-incision as does Sapote Striated. According to DeBloois on flanges, fingernail impression (on Hongo (1970: 108-109), the Late Preclassic pottery Composite vessels), and light striation on un­ from SRX is similar to that from Dzibilnocac. If sli pped body sherds (Nelson's Muc Ceramic this is indeed the case, it would seem that SRX Group). and Edzrui share the same major ceramic groups Campeche Coast: A box of red slipped sherds and types. from Eaton's coastal survey (labeled Sierra Red) On the modal level, it is more difficult to are indistinguishable from Sierra Red: Chon Va­ specify exact similarities and differences due to riety (p. ob., Another box, labeled Sa­ the smallness of the samples I have observed IYAH). pote Striated, is the same as Sapote Striated at (DeBloois illustrates no Formative pottery). Edzna. Although the exact proveniences of However, the SRX material does contain such these sherds are not known to me, the indication common Chicane! horizon markers as labial, is clear that the Campeche, and perhaps Yucate­ medial, and lateral ridges or flanges, wavy rims, can, coasts witnessed occupations typologically and everted rims with multiple circumferential related to the Baluartes complex. Ruz (ARL: preslip grooving. 107ff.; Fig. 23-37) indicates the pres­ (Dzibilnocac): The relationships between the XXXIV, ence of w red slipped ceramics from Tixchel, Baluartes complex and Dzibilnocac II are very axy a site just to the northeast of the Laguna de Ter­ close. Both complexes share the majority of minos. This material exhibits such Baluartes their major types. Nelson's (FWN: 87, 89) Itur­ modes as everted rims, labial flanges (ARL: Fig. bide W Ware and Mankish Opaque Ware axy XXXIV, 35), and wavy rims (ARL: Fig. XXXIV, are really Paso Caballo Waxy Ware. The Chon 36-37). and Kayal Ceramic Groups pertain to the Sierra Ceramic Group. The Cach and Tohcok groups Aguacatal: Typologically the Pinzon Ceramic pertain to the Polvero Ceramic Group and the Complex consists of types and wares that are Chencoy, Rejon, and Euan groups are actually different from those of the Baluartes complex. Flor Ceramic Group vessels. As I stated in dis­ However, the Xicalango Ceramic Group is per­ cussing the comparison of Malecon and Dzi­ haps as close to the Sierra Ceramic Group as bilnocac I slipped pottery, I do not believe the possible without being considered essentially distinction between waxy and opaque slipped equivalent. Notably lacking at Aguacatal are pottery at Dzibilnocac is a valid one. All of the black and cream slipped ceramics which gener­ Late Formative slipped pottery I have seen ally accompany the dominant red slipped pot­ from this site is Paso Caballo Waxy Ware. By tery of the Chicane! horizon. Moreover, Isla the same token Campeche Unslipped Ware I Aguada Striated and Cenote White-striated, al­ would classify as Uaxactun Unslipped Ware. though sharing modal similarities to Sapote The basic difference between the two com­ Striated, are distinct types. plexes is that Dzibilnocac II includes a some­ Modal similarities are many, including most what earlier portion of the Formative ceramic of the Chicane! horizon markers. Also shared is sequence than the Baluartes complex. Some the practice of leaving vessel exteriors un­ specimens classified as Dzibilnocac II would slipped, although the Aguacatal examples (Sus­ probably be classified as Malecon complex ves­ piro Red, Pesca Incised) are either plain or in­ sels at Edzna (see especially FWN: Figs. 63l, t; cised rather than striated. 64c). The bulk of this pottery, however, is essen­ On the whole there seems to be, as Ball tially identical to Baluartes ceramics. (JWBB: 155) indicates, "a general affinity" to Modal linkages are many. Most of the major Chicane! ceramics, but there are very noticeable Edzmi forms also occur in Dzibilnocac II, as do and probably significant differences, suggesting labial, medial, and lateral flanges and ridges, considerable regionalization on the south­ wavy everted rims, rim protuberances, multiple western coast of Campeche. THE BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX 203

Becan: The Pakluum complex at Becan corre­ amples, but in general tend to be slightly grayer sponds closely to the Baluartes complex. The in color. Another modal distinction is that pre­ two complexes share the majority of their major slip rim grooving on everted rims on Altar ves­ types, the major exception being that Edzna sels, as is the case at Uaxactun, tends to have a lacks Zapatista Trickle-on-cream-brown, and more V -shaped cross section in contrast to even shares minor types such as Ciego Compos­ the "'\./-shaped section of Baluartes vessels. ite, Hongo Composite, Escobal Red-on-buff, Ca­ By and large the two complexes are essen­ ramba Red-on-red-orange, and Xuch Black-and­ tially equivalent, the differences being minor red (classified as Special: Red and Black di­ modal ones. However, during the late facets of chrome at Becan). Minor Baluartes types such as the two complexes there is some clear differen­ Kohen Composite, Xcampeu Composite, and tiation, although even here there is overlap as San Dimas Gray are apparently lacking at Be­ witnessed by the common occurrence of Ca­ can. However, the similarities are of such a na­ ramba Red-on-red-orange. ture that if the two collections were mixed to­ Seibal: As was the case with Altar de Sacrificios gether separation would present considerable there is close typological parallelism between difficulties. Seibal's Cantutse complex and Baluartes. Once Uaxactun: Here again there is high content sim­ again there is a high degree of homogeneity ilarity on the typological level between the with respect to the major ceramic groups repre­ Chicanel complex and the Baluartes complex. sented at the two sites. The principal typolog­ The two sites share the majority of their major ical differences are the occurrence of Iberia Or­ types, although varietal distinctions are some­ ange and Sacluc Black-on-orange at Seibal. times present. As is usually the case, some dif­ Apparently lacking at Seibal is Escobal Red-on­ ferences exist with respect to minor types. Nev­ buff and a number of other minor Baluartes ertheless, the only significant differences appear types. Caramba Red-on-orange does occur at to be the lack of true Usulutan types of the Sar­ Seibal however (p. ob., PM); Sabloff (JAS: teneja Ceramic Group and of Paila Unslipped at 97-98) classified this type as Other Unnamed Edzna. Usulutan Group: Unnamed Red-on-orange. A small collection of Preclassic sherds from Modally the similarities are many. Differ­ Tayasal, Peten, Guatemala (Guthe collection) ences include statistical variation in the occur­ contains examples of Sierra Red, Polvero Black, rence of certain vessel forms and diversity with F1or Cream, and Caramba Red-on-red-orange respect to minor forms. Yet, given the distance that are practically indistinguishable from between Edzna and the Guatemalan sites, such Edzmi examples (p. ob., PM). Virtually identical differences seem minor. One would expect con­ material occurs in small collections from Yaxha siderably more regional •ariation than there ac­ and from the Cowgill Flores collection (p. ob., tually is. Moreover, the differences there are PM). seem to be greatest during the late facets of these complexes. Altar de Sacrificios: There is close typological correspondence between the Plancha and Ba­ Barton Ramie: Similarities between Edzna and luartes complexes. The two complexes share the Barton Ramie are closest in the Baluartes and majority of their most important types-those Barton Creek complexes. There is a high degree pertaining to the Sierra, Polvero, Flor, and Sa­ of typological equivalence here, although the pote Ceramic groups. Minor differences include modal differences are more prominent between the lack of such late facet Altar types as San An­ Barton Ramie and Edzna than they are between tonio Golden Brown, Sacluc Black-on-orange, Edzna and the Peten complexes. Barton Creek and Metapa Trichrome. and Baluartes share the major types of the Modal differences include a slightly browner Sierra, Polvero, Flor, and Sapote Ceramic hue to the Sierra Group red surfaces, although groups. However, Edzna lacks representatives this distinction is statistical rather than absolute. of the Hillbank Ceramic Group (which are very F1or Group slips clearly overlap with Edzna ex- similar to the Sierra Ceramic Group, but occur 204 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO in simple forms), the Paila Ceramic Group and they do appliqued-impressed bands reminiscent such types as Happy Home Orange, Correlo In­ of Jenny Creek Sayab Daub-striated at Barton cised-dichrome, Iguana Creek White, and Never Ramie (see JES: Figs. 22a-f, h-f, q; 23a, d). San Delay Impressed-black. Regionalization on the Jose I also contains examples of Escobal Red-on­ typological level seems more pronounced be­ buff (called Buff-on-red in the PM collections), tween the Barton Creek Complex and the Ba­ although this type is apparently rare (JES: 85; luartes Complex than between the Baluartes Fig. 35). complex and complexes of the Guatemalan sites Modally, San Jose I leaves no doubt regard­ and Becan. ing its affiliation with the Chicane! horizon. On the modal level, the Barton Creek exam­ However, the lack of such important ceramic ples tend by and large to be badly weathered (p. groups as the Polvero and Flor suggest a region­ ob., TU). Whether this is a characteristic of Be­ al differentiation of some magnitude. lize ceramics or only a result of poor preserva­ Corozal District: Similarities between the Cocos tion at Barton Ramie is not yet clear. With re­ complex and the Baluartes complex are of con­ spect to vessel form, the two complexes share a siderable interest. There are significant corre­ large number of "classic" Chicane! forms as can spondences at this time. Northern Belize shares be readily seen in the Barton Ramie illustrations with Edzna the preponderance of types of the (JCG). However, here again differences are Sierra and Polvero ceramic groups. Moreover, greater in this respect between Barton Ramie one of Pring's (n.d.: 23) varieties of the type and Edzna than between Edzna and the Gua­ Matamore Dichrome (the one with red interiors temalan material discussed previously. and black exteriors or vice versa) may corre­ My impression of Barton Creek is that it spond to what I have called Xuch Black-and-red bears considerable similarity to the Baluartes at Edzna. On the other hand, Northern Belize complex, although it evidences greater ceramic apparently lacks types of the Flor Ceramic heterogeneity than do other Chicane! Sphere Group. Present, however, are a buff slipped complexes. group (Cockscomb) and an orange slipped one With respect to the Mount Hope complex, (Chicago). A further difference includes the ap­ similarities between Barton Ramie and Edzna parent rarity of striated unslipped pottery in the are greatly reduced. The only type shared by Cocos complex compared to the more frequent the two complexes is Escobal Red-on-buff. The occurrence of plain unslipped pottery (Pring sites are linked on a modal level, however, by 1976b: 22). It would appear, therefore, that on the common occurrence of hooked-rim bowls the typological level, while "Northern Belize is (JCG: Figs. 48c, d, g; 50i-i), basal-angle dishes more closely integrated within the Lowland or bowls with triangular rim bolsters (JCG: Fig. Maya ceramic scene now than at any other 52g), and dishes or bowls with labial, medial, or time" (Pring 1976b: 32), there was still consid­ lateral flanges or ridges (JCG: Figs. 510-p; 531, erable regional diversity between Belize and 54f-h, m). Other modal similarities include n-q; other parts of the Maya Lowlands. parallel wavy line positive painting and striation On the modal level, Pring (1976b: 27, 33) on the exteriors of unslipped jar forms. All in all, has noted that flanges are rare in Northern Be­ however, Mount Hope is quite distinct from the lize at this time. Other differences include two Baluartes complex. different varieties of Sierra Red based on surface San Jose: San Jose I shares with the Baluartes characteristics, the scarcity of striation on vessel complex the possession of types of the Sierra exteriors, and the introduction, towards the end Ceramic Group as the preponderant slipped of the Cocos complex, of such modes as mammi­ group at the two sites. In this respect, San Jose form feet and Z-angle vessels (Pring 1976b: 28). and Edzna are quite close. On the other hand, Quintana Roo (Isla Cancun): Typologically the San Jose apparently lacks types of the Polvero Isla Cancun slipped pottery (MPS) seems more and Flor Ceramic groups and the unslipped closely related to the Xculul complex of Dzibil­ striated vessels are somewhat distinct, bearing as chaltun than to the Baluartes complex, although THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 205 there is considerable difference between Can­ shared. Cancun vessels are generally much cun and Dzibilchaltun as well (MPS: 180). This thicker walled than Baluartes examples, how­ single occupation site is probably representative ever, and give the impression of being less com­ of a regional Quintana Roo variant of Chicane! petently made. horizon ceramics. (Tancah): The Preclassic ceramics from this On the modal level there is considerable site are, for the most part, more closely related similarity, especially with respect to vessel to the Northern Yucatan sites (Komchen-Xculul form, particularly the everted rim dishes or related) than to Edzna. However, a number of bowls and labial flange vessels. The rim groov­ examples of sherds similar to those found at ing on everted rim vessels is like that on Ba­ Edzna indicate some contact with more south­ luartes rims. Flange and ridge notching is also ernly oriented sites.

THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX

A brief discussion of the Cepos Subcomplex sels have a distinct yellowish to brownish slip and its relationship to other Lowland Maya sites color. Due to what little has been recovered is first necessary to set the background for a from Early Period I contexts at Dzibilchaltun, comparative discussion of the Poderes complex. little else can be said about ceramic com­ Types and modes pertaining to the Cepos Sub­ parisons at the site. complex are fairly restricted at Edzna in the nu­ At other sites in Yucatan, it is clear that merical sense. Nevertheless, they occur in suf­ there was some sharing of ceramic inventory, al­ ficient quantity to indicate relationships on both though the degree of similarity is difficult to as­ the typological and modal level with Pro­ sess due to the smallness of the samples in­ toclassic complexes at other Maya sites. Wheth­ volved. On the typological level, examples of er these examples of Protoclassic vessels are a Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome and San Blas result of trade or actual production at Edzna is Red-on-orange have been reported from Merida not clear at this point. It does, however, in­ (Ball 1974a: 45). A few pieces of the former dicate some minimal participation in the devel­ type are reported from Yaxuna, Mayapan, Acan­ oping ceramic pattern emerging from the Late ceh, Yaxcopoil, Kabah, and Mani (Ball 1974a: Formative ceramic complexes. Because of the 45). The latter site also produced an example of restricted nature of the subcomplex, a site-by­ Caldero Buff-polychrome (Ball 1974a: 45). site comparison will not be necessary here. The Timucuy Orange-polychrome, apparently following comparative discussion applies, there­ Smith's (POM: 32) name for Andrews IV's fore, to the full Poderes Complex. (1965b) Chae Polychrome, plus an assortment of Dzibilchaltun: The Poderes complex at Edzna miscellaneous polychromes (see Ball 1978: 108), corresponds to the poorly known and poorly is similar in its base color and polychrome ef­ represented Piim complex at Dzibilchaltun. Ap­ fect. Timucuy Orange-polychrome, however, parently the latter site was abandoned until the seems to be limited to a single jar form. Vallado­ late fifth century AD (Ball 1974a: 46). None of lid Incised Dichrome (POM: 31, 32; also see the types that characterize the Poderes complex GWB: Fig. 64) is modally related to Poderes apparently occurs at Dzibilchaltun. Tituc Or­ vessels in vessel form and base color, although ange-polychrome: Cachimin Variety, which oc­ often the base color is much browner than the curs at Dzibilchaltun (B&A: 231-232), shares a base color of Edzna oranges. Valladolid Incised number of modal similarities with Dos Arroyos Dichrome itself does not occur at Edzna. Orange-polychrome. These include red and Besides the sites already mentioned, other black positive painting on an orange slip, the sites bearing orange monochrome, dichrome, or basal-flange bowl form, and annular bases. The polychrome vessels (which are typologically re­ two types are quite distinct, however. Tituc ves- lated to the Northern Plains, but similar to 206 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Edzna pottery with respect to general decora­ spondences. However, it is possible that SRX tive effect and vessel form) and pertaining to suffered a significant decline in population at the Early Period include Dzab-Na and Kantunil, this time similar to that experienced at the latter a site in Quintana Roo (p. ob., IYAH). Dzibilnocac. Rare examples of Batres Red at Edzna and at (Dzibilnocac): Several types that occur in Caya! indicate contacts with Northern Plains the Poderes complex are also found in the Dzi­ sites such as Yaxuna, Chichen Itza, Acanceh, bilnocac III complex as reported by Nelson and Mayapan (POM: 32). (FWN: 95-100). After examining examples of It is clear that the areas to the north of Nelson's Dzul Ceramic Group, both Ball (p. Edzna were participating in the ceramic devel­ com.) and I agree that these are actually Dos opments of the Early Classic period. However, Arroyos Orange-polychrome. Other examples of the overall ceramic inventories at many of these this type occur in Brainerd's (1951) Dzibilnocac northern sites are clearly divergent from more collections (p. ob., IYAH). Moreover, examples southernly complexes (e.g., the importance of of Nelson's (FWN: 99-100) Kakal Ceramic the Batres and Maxcanu groups in the Northern Group are in some cases identical to Nitan Plains complexes). This divergence is suffi­ Composite and Chivic Composite. The latter ciently great to indicate a strong ceramic dis­ type is even represented by striated handles continuity between Edzna, the Chenes (see be­ identical to Edzna examples. The Uayum Ce­ low), and the areas north and northeastward. ramic Group also bears some resemblance to This discontinuity is bridged by modal sim­ Triunfo Striated in its grooved or beaded rim, ilarities and probably by some trade wares. But but the exact relationships cannot be specified by and large, the differences seem significant. at this time due to the smallness of the Dzibilno­ cac sample. It is perhaps noteworthy that some Xcalumkin: Only a single sherd comparable to of these sherds are mammiform pods reminis­ sherds in the Poderes complex occurs in the cent of Protoclassic vessels. An orange slipped NW AF collections from this site. Moreover, no mammiform pod occurs in Brainerd's Dzibilno­ sherds occur in the IYAH collections (p. ob., cac collections. IYAH). With respect to both SRX and Dzibilnocac, Chenes (SRX): DeBloois (1970: 109) reports that the ceramic remains comparable to the Poderes nothing corresponding to the Early Classic peri­ complex are meager. This makes it difficult to od was represented at SRX. However, this is un­ specify to what extent the two areas shared ce­ doubtedly due to the fact that the analysis of ramic characteristics. It may be that the two SRX ceramics was patterned on and followed Chenes sites were only sparsely occupied at this closely Nelson's (1970; FWN) analysis of Dzi­ time. Or it may be that, as was the case at bilnocac ceramics. At the latter site Early Clas­ Edzna, more extensive digging would yield evi­ sic ceramics were not recognized until later dence of a significant, albeit reduced, occupa­ (compare Nelson 1970: 189 and FWN: 95-100). tion. It is clear on present evidence, never­ That is to say that such ceramics are undoubt­ theless, that the two sites shared some tjpes in edly present in the NW AF collection from s·RX, common, and that these are southern in but were not recognized as such. In a small type affiliation. collection from this site which I examined in In addition to SRX and Dzibilnocac, exam­ Campeche (now housed in the Merida Regional ples of types pertaining to the Aguila Ceramic Center) a single example of a Dos Arroyos Or­ Group have been recovered from surface collec­ ange-polychrome basal-flange bowl was noted. tions (obtained by F. Richard Hauck 1975: 109, There are also a number of sherds representing 114) of sites in the general Chenes region. These the same type in Brainerd's (1951) collections include Dzibalchen, Komchen (a site on the from SRX. Although the representation is small, Hopechen-Dzibalchen road), and a site just it indicates that SRX and Poderes shared at least north of San Juan Sahcabchen. one type in common. More extensive work at Campeche Coast: Evidence of ceramics relating SRX might reveal a number of other corre- to the Poderes complex is very meager on the THE PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX 207

Campeche coast. One sherd from a Dos Arroyos The overall impression is one of similarity in Orange-polychrome basal-flange bowl occurs in major ceramic characteristics, but with signifi­ Pina Chan's Jaina collections (p. ob., INAH). cant regional variation. Eaton's (1978) coastal survey collection also Uaxactun: Similarities in typological content contains some examples of Dos Arroyos Orange­ between the Poderes and Tzakol complexes in­ polychrome (p. ob., IYAH), but since no prove­ clude the occurrence of Aguila Orange, San Blas nience is given, it is not possible to determine if Red-on-orange, Dos Arroyos Orange-poly­ these examples come from the coast of Cam­ chrome, Boleto Black-on-orange, Caldero Buff­ peche, Yucatan, or Quintana Roo. polychrome, Balanza Black, and Triunfo Aguacatal: Typologically Aguacatal's Peninsula Striated. However, Poderes lacks the less com­ complex and the Poderes complex are quite dis­ mon Uaxactun types represented by the Fama, tinct. No types are shared by the two sites. Pucte, Japon, Discordia, and Ratones Ceramic On the modal level, however, there are sim­ Groups. More significantly, perhaps, Poderes ilarities of a horizon nature. Aguacatal's Puerto also lacks Actuncan Orange-polychrome and Ceramic Group parallels Edzna's Aguila Ceram­ Dos Hermanos Red. Once again it appears that ic Group in bearing an orange base slip (RTM Edzna is closely linked ceramically to a South­ calls it red since the Munsell Charts use the ern Lowland site on the typological level, but term light red or reddish yellow rather than or­ exhibits far less ceramic variety and diversity ange), either plain or decorated with red and than Uaxactun. black paint. Thus Ensenada Red is an analog of Modal linkages between the two complexes Aguila Orange as Puerto Orange-polychrome is are many, as one would expect when two com­ of Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome. In terms of plexes are linked closely on the typological lev­ vessel form, the two complexes share the basal­ el. Shared form modes include basal-flange flange bowl (RTM: Figs. 34m; 36f-h), Z-angle bowls, sharp and rounded Z-angle vessels, and dish or bowl (RTM: Fig. 347-l), basal-angle dish tall-necked jars with exterior rim bolster. Vessel or bowl (RTM: Fig. 35a-f), basal-angle plate or appendages include basal flanges and ringstand dish with hollow pod supports (RTM: Fig. 35s), bases. Decorative or surface finish similarities and the tall-necked jar with exterior rim bolster consist of polychrome painting, the prevalence (RTM: Fig. 36bb). Also shared are the ringstand of an orange base color on slipped pottery, and base and hollow pod supports. striation on unslipped vessels. Uaxactun modes These correspondences link the Peninsula which are absent or rare at Edzna are cylinder complex to the Tzakol horizon, but Peninsula tripods, slab supports, lids, and decoration by and Poderes are quite distinct in their ceramic surface penetration. inventory. Examples of types pertaining to the Aguila Becan: The Poderes complex at Edzna is Ceramic Group were also noted in small collec­ aligned with both the Chacsik and Sabucan tions from Yaxha and Topoxte in the Peten (p. complexes at Becan. Major types shared by ob., PM). these complexes include Triunfo Striated, Altar de Sacrificios: At Altar, as at Uaxactun, Aguila Orange, San Blas Red-on-orange, and there is an overall similarity between the Po­ Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome. Balanza Black deres complex and a southern complex, in this also occurs at both sites, but is not a major type case the Ayn and Veremos complexes. A num­ at Edzna. Although a few examples of Batres, ber of major types are shared, but other, prob­ and perhaps Maxcanu, Ceramic Group vessels ably local, types are not shared. The local types occur at Edzmi, no examples of the Becan types distinguish Ayn and Veremos not only from Po­ occur there. On the typological level the Po­ deres, but from other Southern Lowland sites as deres complex seems to lack the variety of the well (excluding perhaps Seibal). Becan complexes, with a smaller inventory of types. On the other hand, Becan seems to lack Seibal: The Seibal Junco complex is not well the unslipped striated exterior types of Edzna. represented at that site, a fact that makes com- 208 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

parative statements difficult. A number of types presence of tall-necked jars (JES: Fig. 36a-l), are shared between Poderes and Junco, includ­ but their typological association is not clear. A ing types of the Triunfo, Aguila, and Balanza significant component of San Jose II is, how­ ceramic groups. However, Poderes lacks the ever, a red slipped type (JES: Figs. 38-41). Red types of the San Martin and Caribal Ceramic slipped vessels are very rare in Poderes contexts. Groups. Modally, however, these red slipped vessels are On the modal level, a number of differences clearly related to the Tzakol horizon (e.g., see seem evident. Seibal's unslipped jars are short­ JES: Fig. 38). necked in contrast to Edzna's tall-necked speci­ Corozal District: Illustrations and type-variety mens. Moreover, the striation on unslipped jars designations for the Nuevo (Tzakol horizon) at Seibal seems somewhat lighter in execution complex in northern Belize are not available to than Poderes striation. Furthermore, in the or­ me. Pring's (1976b: 41-42) summary of the com­ ange slipped types at Seibal, there is a lack of plex stresses modes primarily. As at other Belize unslipped striated exteriors. The latter is true of sites, there is a heavy emphasis on red slipped virtually all of the Southern Lowland sites, how­ vessels, although black and orange slipped types ever, indicating that this mode is probably re­ apparently occur also, for Pring (1976b: 42) lated to the Northern Lowlands. states that the Nuevo° complex "suggests a fairly Barton Ramie: Similarities between the Hermi­ straightforward Early Classic complex." Basal­ tage complex and Poderes seem less marked flange and Z-angle bowls are clear modal links than similarities between Poderes and com­ to the Poderes complex and the Tzakol horizon. plexes of the Peten sites. The two areas share At the site of San Estevan in northern Belize types of the Aguila Ceramic Group (classified as (Bullard 1965) a similar situation seems to pre­ Aguila and Dos Arroyos groups at Barton vail in the Barklog complex. Polychrome ves­ Ramie) as well as the type Balanza Black. Po­ sels, probably Dos Arroyos Orange-polychrome, deres lacks Actuncan Orange-polychrome, how­ are rare. The major slipped type is a mon­ ever, as well as types of the Pucte and Dos Her­ ochrome red. Modal similarities include poly­ manos groups. Many of the Barton Ramie chrome painting in black and red on an orange groups are clearly distinct from anything at ground, Z-angle and basal-flange vessels, tall­ Edzna. These include the , Fowler, Mo­ necked jar forms, and striation on unslipped pan, Socotz, and White Cliff groups. bodies. Modal similarities include polychrome Quintana Roo: Similarities between Poderes painting, the basal-flange bowl, basal-angle dish­ complex vessels and those found at Coba have es or bowls (JCG: Fig. lOOb, e), and ringstand been noted in the IYAH collections from that bases. Poderes lacks Hermitage's cylinder tripod site. Brainerd (GWB: 51; Fig. 2) classified a class form. of Regional (i.e., roughly corresponding to the As was the case in the preceding Chicane! Early Period on the Northern Plains or Classic horizon, there seem to be significant regional period in the Peten) slipped pottery as Regional differences between Edzna and Barton Ramie at Coarse Redware and Regional Medium Red­ this time despite the shared content in deco­ ware. While much of this pottery does bear a rated pottery. red slip, numerous examples in storage bear a San Jose: Thompson's (JES) San Jose II, which lustrous orange slip similar to that found on Po­ corresponds to the Poderes complex, shares a deres vessels (p. ob., IYAH, UM). Some of the number of correspondences with Edzna. These Coba examples are clearly double slipped with a include the presence of Aguila Ceramic Group creamy to white thin underslip and an orange types, principally polychromes (JES: Figs. overslip. The only form noted for these orange 44-45 [ some of these are Actuncan Orange­ slipped vessels was a basin form with an exterior polychrome]) and Balanza Black (San Jose II thumb-impressed applique fillet (see GWB: Fig. Black Ware). San Jose II Unslipped Ware jars 2e for this form). The interior was slipped or­ are modally related to Triunfo Striated in the ange as was the top of the lip. The exterior was THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 209 left unslipped and then striated below the appli­ them. The discussion of similarities and differ­ qued fillet. On some examples the top of the rim ences provided under the Dzibilchaltun heading surface was painted red forming a red rim band. is therefore applicable here. Coastal Quintana These vessels closely resemble orange slipped Roo materials are scarce, and as a result our basins at Edzna, except that no Edzna vessels knowledge of the area is meager. bear the impressed fillet. In overall treatment, Apparently there is a strong Tzakol related however, they seem to represent a common ce­ ceramic complex in southern Quintana Roo (Fry ramic tradition of monochrome and red-on-or­ 1972: 488). Characteristic modes include red­ ange basin manufacture on the peninsula. and-black-on-orange polychromy, red-on-orange The Early Classic decorated ceramics from and black-on-orange dichromy, basal-flange Tancah and Kantunil (WTS) are closely related bowls with ringstand bases, sharp and round Z­ to Northern Plains types, if not identical to angle bowls, vertical-neck jars, and basin forms.

THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX

Dzibilchaltun: The post-Formative ceramics lip slipped, exterior unslipped), and color (red) from this site are still in the process of analysis similarities between vessels of Celestun Red and description. As a consequence, only a rough Ware and Carpizo Red. Moreover, vessels in comparison to other complexes can be made at IYAH labeled Teabo Red: Fluted Orange Vari­ this time. The ceramic similarities that exist be­ ant, but which may be Simmons' (Simmons and tween Agua Potable and Dzibilchaltun are with Brem 1979: 87) Dzilam Fluted Orange, bear the latter's Copo 1 complex. Typologically, the fluting identical to that found on Ulumal Fluted two complexes seem distinct. They share a num­ (p. ob., IYAH). ber of decorated types, however, all of which At other Yucatecan sites a few examples of are regarded as imports at Dzibilchaltun (B&A). Agua Potable types occur in extant collections. These include Chimbote Cream-polychrome, Brainerd's Acanceh material (p. ob., IYAH) con­ Moro Orange-polychrome, Cui Orange-poly­ tains fragments of Cui Orange-polychrome and chrome, and Sayan Red-on-cream. Moreover, in Haltunchen Brown-on-orange. Examples of IYAH a vessel from Dzibilchaltun belonging to what may well be Haltunchen Brown-on-orange the Charote Ceramic Group bears exterior flut­ occurred at Oxkintok (GWB: Fig. 13i6, 12, ing as well as incising that is essentially the 14-16, 21). Certainly there is a form linkage to same as that on several Agua Potable Special: Agua Potable at Oxkintok, since several of Brai­ Charote Ceramic Group sherds. By and large, nerd's (GWB: Fig. 13d, f) whole vessel illustra­ however, the differences are more significant tions duplicate those at Edzna, as do most of the than the similarities. Edzna lacks entirely profiles (GWB: Fig. 13i) including the pod form. Copo's Dzibilchaltun Ware, Yucatan Chalky No examples of ring bases or perforated slab Ware, which is apparently more diagnostic of feet occur at Edzna, however. A fragment of Copo 2 than Copo 1 (p. com., Andrews V), Ce­ Haltunchen Brown-on-orange reportedly from lestun Red Ware, Nimun Brown Ware, and Holactun (GWB: Fig. 16h19) is probably not Puuc Red Ware. There may be some similarity from that site. between the slate ware of Agua Potable and Xcalumkin: There is no ceramic complex repre­ that of Copo 1, but this is not clear at present. sented at this site comparable in ceramic con­ E. Wyllys Andrews V (p. com.), however, sug­ tent to Agua Potable unless the Haltunchen gests that there is no essential difference be­ Brown-on-orange sherd illustrated by Brainerd tween the slate wares of Copo 1 and 2, which (GWB: Fig. 16h19) is actually from Xcalumkin suggests some possible significant differences be­ (i.e., Holactun). But given the fact that the rest 1 tween Copo and Agua Potable slate. of the pottery illustrated in this figure is not On the modal level there are form (interiorly from this site, it is doubtful whether this sherd is bolstered rim basins), decorative (interior and either. 210 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Chenes (SRX): According to DeBloois (1970: La Mensura, a site about 5 km south of San Juan 108), who worked with Nelson on the SRX and Sahcabchen, and from Dzibalchen. Dzibilnocac ceramics (FWN: 4), the ceramics It seems clear, therefore, that there was a recovered from SRX are essentially similar to good deal of ceramic homogeneity between those at Dzibilnocac. In fact, DeBloois lists the Edzna and the Chenes region at this time. same wares for SRX as Nelson's Dzibilnocac Campeche Coast: At least three sites from the wares. Examination of Brainerd's SRX collec­ Campeche coast have yielded sherds belonging tions in IYAH and a small sample from the to types that pertain to the Agua Potable com­ NW AF excavations (now in IYAH) confirms plex at Edzna. A small collection from Huaymil this. Present in these collections (all based on p. (p. ob., IYAH) contains examples of Cui Orange­ ob.) are Moro Orange-polychrome, Chimbote polychrome, Haltunchen Brown-on-orange and Cream-polychrome, Sagu Cream-polychrome, a Charote Ceramic Group sherd similar to the Cui Orange-polychrome, Plaza Black-on-or­ composite type described on pp. 97-98. Ruz ange, Charote Red, Pixoyal Incised, Ulumal (ARL: Fig. L, 25-26, 28, 43) illustrates clear-cut Fluted, and Dzib Striated. Agua Potable slate examples of Cui Orange-polychrome from the pottery may also be similar to that of SRX, but site of Campeche. The site of Jaina has also this is not yet clear. yielded a number of Agua Potable types. A (Dzibilnocac): Dzibilnocac IV and Agua Po­ small collection in IYAH (p. ob.) contains Cui table share a number of types in common. These Orange-polychrome, Haltunchen Brown-on-or­ include Chimbote Cream-polychrome (part of ange, Ulumal Fluted, and another Charote Nelson's [FWN: 108] Linas Ceramic Group), Group partial vessel like Bohola Black-on-red, Cui Orange-polychrome (part of FWN's but also bearing flutes like those on Ulumal [104-105] Tic group), Haltunchen Brown-on-or­ Fluted on the interior vessel wall. In Pina ange (p. ob., Brainerd's coll., IYAH), Plaza Chan's (RPC) collections (p. ob., INAH) are ex­ Black-on-orange (FWN's [105-106] Plaza amples of Chimbote Cream-polychrome (some group), Estela Red-on-orange (FWN's [107-108] of Policromo sobre fondo blanco), a good many Estela group), Sagu Cream-polychrome (part of Cui Orange-polychrome, and one sherd of Hal­ FWN's [108] Linas group), Sayan Red-on-cream tunchen Brown-on-orange. Unfortunately, I was (part of FWN's [108] Yakal group), and Dzib not able to examine all of this Jaina material, or Striated (FWN's [101-102] Dzib group and per­ perhaps a greater number of similarities might haps Manuario group). Moreover, it is possible be apparent. It is not possible to say to what de­ that the Agua Potable slate ware is typologi­ gree these coastal sites were similar ceramically cally related to some of the Dzibilnocac slate to Agua Potable at Edzna, due to the smallness pottery. At any rate, some recurved neck jar of the samples from the coast and to the lack of fragments in Brainerd's Dzibilnocac collections chronological control. It is clear, however, that (p. ob., IYAH; see FWN: Fig. 94c for a similar the two areas shared a number of types common form) are very similar in form and surface finish to Central Campeche from the Chenes to the to Edzrni specimens that may belong to the coast. It is perhaps significant that Pifla's Jaina Agua Potable complex. Finally, there is a good collections contain many examples of an orange­ deal of similarity between some of Nelson's polychrome type, decorated with � elements (FWN: 104-105) Tic Ceramic Group pottery on vessel walls (see ARL: Figs. LIV, 26-27; and Edzna's Agua Potable Special: Orange­ LXXIII; RPC: Fig. 5r-s), which don't occur in polychrome type(s) (see particularly FWN: Fig. our Edzna collections. 81i, 0- All of this suggests a very high degree of Aguacatal: Similarities between Agua Potable similarity between the two complexes on the ty­ and Conchada at Aguacatal are few and limited pological level. to the modal level, particularly vessel form. The In addition, several examples of the type flaring-walled dish or bowl form (RTM: Fig. Haltunchen Brown-on-orange have been recov­ 43i) is similar to examples of Charote Group ered in surface collections (Hauck 1975) from vessels, and Punta Unslipped jars with short THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMICCOMPLEX 211 everted necks (RTM: Fig. 42cc-hh) are similar dress shift motif (RES: Figs. 55al-7, 9-10; to Dzib Striated forms. Ceramically Edzrni and 6lal-17), pseudo glyph bands (RES: Fig. 4la2), Aguacatal have very little in common on this reserve circles with positive painted central ele­ horizon. ments (RES: Figs. 35b20; 40a9, 20-21; 59h; 62b8-9, 11, 15), sausages (RES: Fig. 54b-d, f-l, Bejuco and Chintok share with Agua Po­ Becan: n), multipointed stars (RES: Fig. 62a4-5), table only types belonging to the Chimbote and brackets (RES: Fig. 62al-3; 62b4-5, 13), and Sayan ceramic groups. These include Chimbote medium-line preslip incision (RES: Fig. 5lcl). Cream-polychrome, Moro Orange-polychrome, The similarities thus indicate a horizon level Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome, Chocubul linkage, but the two areas are ceramically dif­ Gouged-incised, and Sayan Red-on-cream. The ferentiated to a significant degree. Thus Edzna, relationship of Tancachacal Slate and Pixtun which had been participating in the same ce­ Trickle-on-gray to the Agua Potable slate ware ramic spheres as Uaxactun, separated unequivo­ is not yet clear, but there is at least a modal cally from the Southern Lowlands at this time, linkage in vessel form and- decorative effect. linked with Uaxactun perhaps only on a ceramic Aside from Chimbote Group types sim­ system level. ilarities between Becan and Edzna are of a gen­ Altar de Sacrificios: Here again the similarities eral nature involving modal similarities. These between Agua Potable and Altar's Chixoy and include the presence in both complexes of thin­ Pasion complexes are of a horizon level nature, walled round-sided dishes or bowls (JWBB: Figs. indicating a clear divergence in the ceramics of 22l-p; 21a-i; 29b-d, f-g), cylindrical vases the Pasion drainage and those of the Northern (JWBB: Figs. 28b-c; 29a), lateral or basal ridge Lowlands. dishes (JWBB: Figs. 8h-i; 28a), and interiorly Seibal: Modal linkages between Seibal's Tepeji­ thickened rim basins (JWBB: Fig. 8bb). Other lote Complex and the Agua Potable complex are similarities include figure-painted polychromy, essentially similar to those indicated for Uaxac­ and the use of the dress shirt motif (JWBB: Fig. tun. The two complexes are typologically 29b). distinct. Uaxactun: The Tepeu 1 and 2 complexes at Ua­ Barton Ramie: Barton Ramie is even more di­ xactun are typologically distinct from the Agua vergent from the Agua Potable complex than Potable complex. It is possible that types of are the Peten sites. This probably reflects the in­ what I have classified as the Charote Ceramic creasing regionalization of this period. Sim­ Group may correspond to at least some types of ilarities are of a very general horizon level Smith's (SC: 172) Nanzal Ceramic Group, as nature. Smith (POM: 271) indicates its presence at San Jose: What has been said of Barton Ramie is Edzna. I have not been able to verify this, also true of similarities between San Jose III-IV however. and Agua Potable. Only general horizon level Similarities that link Uaxactun and Agua Po­ markers link the two sites. Typologically they table on the modal level are, however, numer­ are quite distinct. ous. These include thin-walled, round-sided Coro7.al District: No assessment of Agua Potable dishes or bowls (RES: Figs. 32b8-16; 73a2; and Santana complex comparisons can be made 13h10), vases (RES: Figs. 38b; 39-41), lateral or at this time due to the fact that little informa­ basal ridge tripod dishes, often with slightly tion is available on the content of the Santana everted rims (RES: Fig. 36), interiorly thickened complex. rim basins or bowls (RES: Fig. 48bl-3, 7-11), Quintana Roo: Nothing in the collections from flaring-walled plates or dishes with flat or con­ coastal Quintana Roo suggests a ceramic com­ vex bases (RES: Figs. 54g; 55a5, 8; 55bl), and plex comparable to the Agua Potable Complex oven-shaped pods (RES: Figs. 36b6; 42all). In at Edzna. Inland at Coba there are horizon level terms of decoration the complexes share orange­ similarities with respect to orange-polychrome polychrome figure painting, numerous design figure painting and round-sided bowls (GWB: motifs, the most important of which are the Fig. 3a). THE AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX 211 everted necks (RTM: Fig. 42cc-hh) are similar dress shift motif (RES: Figs. 55al-7, 9-10; to Dzib Striated forms. Ceramically Edzna and 6lal-17), pseudo glyph bands (RES: Fig. 4la2), Aguacatal have very little in common on this reserve circles with positive painted central ele­ horizon. ments (RES: Figs. 35b20; 40a9, 20-21; 59h; 62b8-9, 11, 15), sausages (RES: Fig. 54b-d, f-l, Bejuco and Chintok share with Agua Po­ Becan: n), multipointed stars (RES: Fig. 62a4-5), table only types belonging to the Chimbote and brackets (RES: Fig. 62al-3; 62b4-5, 13), and Sayan ceramic groups. These include Chimbote medium-line preslip incision (RES: Fig. 5lcl). Cream-polychrome, Moro Orange-polychrome, The similarities thus indicate a horizon level Xbanil Light Brown Polychrome, Chocubul linkage, but the two areas are ceramically dif­ Gouged-incised, and Sayan Red-on-cream. The ferentiated to a significant degree. Thus Edzna, relationship of Tancachacal Slate and Pixtun which had been participating in the same ce­ Trickle-on-gray to the Agua Potable slate ware ramic spheres as Uaxactun, separated unequivo­ is not yet clear, but there is at least a modal cally from the Southern Lowlands at this time, linkage in vessel form and- decorative effect. linked with Uaxactun perhaps only on a ceramic Aside from Chimbote Group types sim­ system level. ilarities between Becan and Edzna are of a gen­ Altar de Sacrificios: Here again the similarities eral nature involving modal similarities. These between Agua Potable and Altar's Chixoy and include the presence in both complexes of thin­ Pasion complexes are of a horizon level nature, walled round-sided dishes or bowls (JWBB: Figs. indicating a clear divergence in the ceramics of 22l-p; 21a-i; 29b-d, f-g), cylindrical vases the Pasion drainage and those of the Northern (JWBB: Figs. 28b-c; 29a), lateral or basal ridge Lowlands. dishes (JWBB: Figs. Bh-i; 28a), and interiorly Seibal: Modal linkages between Seibal's Tepeji­ thickened rim basins (JWBB: Fig. Bbb). Other lote Complex and the Agua Potable complex are similarities include figure-painted polychromy, essentially similar to those indicated for Uaxac­ and the use of the dress shirt motif (JWBB: Fig. tun. The two complexes are typologically 29b). distinct. Uaxactun: The Tepeu 1 and 2 complexes at Ua­ Barton Ramie: Barton Ramie is even more di­ xactun are typologically distinct from the Agua vergent from the Agua Potable complex than Potable complex. It is possible that types of are the Peten sites. This probably reflects the in­ what I have classified as the Charote Ceramic creasing regionalization of this period. Sim­ Group may correspond to at least some types of ilarities are of a very general horizon level Smith's (SC: 172) Nanzal Ceramic Group, as nature. Smith (POM: 271) indicates its presence at San Jose: What has been said of Barton Ramie is III-IV Edzna. I have not been able to verify this, also true of similarities between San Jose however. and Agua Potable. Only general horizon level link Similarities that link Uaxactun and Agua Po­ markers the two sites. Typologically they table on the modal level are, however, numer­ are quite distinct. ous. These include thin-walled, round-sided Coro7.al District: No assessment of Agua Potable dishes or bowls (RES: Figs. 32b8-16; 73a2; and Santana complex comparisons can be made 13h10), vases (RES: Figs. 38b; 39-41), lateral or at this time due to the fact that little informa­ basal ridge tripod dishes, often with slightly tion is available on the content of the Santana everted rims (RES: Fig. 36), interiorly thickened complex. rim basins or bowls (RES: Fig. 48bl-3, 7-11), Quintana Roo: Nothing in the collections from flaring-walled plates or dishes with flat or con­ coastal Quintana Roo suggests a ceramic com­ vex bases (RES: Figs. 54g; 55a5, 8; 55bl), and plex comparable to the Agua Potable Complex oven-shaped pods (RES: Figs. 36b6; 42all). In at Edzna. Inland at Coba there are horizon level terms of decoration the complexes share orange­ similarities with respect to orange-polychrome polychrome figure painting, numerous design figure painting and round-sided bowls (GWB: motifs, the most important of which are the Fig. 3a). 212 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIO SAT EDZNJ\,CAMPECHE, MEXICO

THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX

Dzibilchaltun: The Copo 2 complex at Dzibil­ and Nohacal Unslipped Ware. Fine Gray Ware chaltun is closely related to the Muralla com­ is rare in both areas (see GWB: Fig. 28e-g; 53f, plex. The two sites share types belonging to n). It is clear, therefore, that Muralla Edzna is Puuc Slate Ware, Thin Slate Ware, Puuc Red closely linked to the Puuc sites to the north on Ware, Fine Gray Ware, Fine Orange Ware, this horizon. Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware, and Puuc Un­ Xcalumkin: It is only during Muralla times that slipped Ware. Different types are represented there is any indication of a ceramic complex at in the latter ware, however. Differences be­ Xcalumkin. This complex, as yet unnamed, tween the complexes include the absence of shares the diagnostic content of the Cehpech-re­ Yucatan Chalky Ware (Brainerd's [GWB: 52) lated complexes (i.e., it contains characteristic Red on Thin Grayware and Smith's [SMI: types of Puuc Unslipped Ware, Puuc Slate 262-263) Lustrous Streaky Brown ware) and Ware, Thin Slate Ware, Puuc Red Ware, Thin Black Ware (GWB: 17, 51-52). Copo 2 Cahuich Coarse-cream Ware, and Fine Orange lacks Edzmi's Moxa Gray Ware (although there Ware. However, there is a significant difference are close modal similarities), Hoxa Unslipped between Xcalurnkin and Edzna with respect to Ware, and Nohacal Unslipped Ware. the frequency of various types at the two sites. Examples of Fine Gray Ware incised and First of all, unslipped types at the two sites are fluted types are identical in vessel form and dec­ different, Xcalumkin being represented primari­ oration to Chumpic Incised and Homobo ly by several varieties of Yokat Striated. More Fluted, indicating that identical ceramic ideas important, perhaps, is the fact that Cahuich were being utilized in two different wares. Coarse-cream Ware is by far the dominant Despite locally produced types of some im­ slipped ware at the site, while Puuc Slate Ware portance at both sites, it is clear that both share is much less common. This situation is reversed a majority of their most important types. Many at Edzna, and at the Puuc sites as well. Whether other sites in Yucatan, such as Chichen Itza and this difference reflects regional or chronological a host of others, have yielded pottery essentially variation (or both) is not clear at this point, but similar to that of the Muralla complex (see POM I suspect that regional variation is most impor­ for a list of sites in Yucatan where Cehpech pot­ tant. Whatever the explanation may actually tery occurs). turn out to be, there can be little doubt that The Puuc: The major types associated with the Edzna and Xcalumkin shared a majority of their Muralla complex are those that are best known most common types. from the major Puuc sites of Uxmal and Kabah. Indeed, excavation at these sites have yielded Chenes (SRX): Present in the NW AF collections only fragmentary remains from either earlier or from SRX are examples of such Muralla markers later material (POM: 144; GWB, 26). Sayil and as Muna Slate, Chumayel Red-on-slate, and Labna also share essentially the same types Sacalum Black-on-slate, in forms identical to (GWB: 26; p. ob., E. Thompson's Labna coll., many of those at Edzmi, Ticul Thin-slate, and PM). At Uxmal and Kabah this complex is called Becal Incised. This suggests at least some over­ the Cehpech Ceramic Complex. Its diagnostic lap with the Muralla complex at Edzna, al­ content consists of types of Puuc Unslipped though the temporal range for SRX may be Ware, Puuc Slate Ware, Thin Slate Ware, Puuc somewhat earlier than Edzna's Muralla com­ Red Ware, Fine Orange Ware, and Cahuich plex. Lacking in this small collection are exam­ Coarse-cream Ware. All of these are present at ples of Fine Orange Ware and Cahuich Coarse­ Edzna, although Puuc Unslipped Ware at cream Ware. Edzna is represented by types different from (Dzibilnocac): The Dzibilnocac IV complex those of the Puuc examples. The Puuc sites also shares a number of important types with the lack Moxa Gray Ware, Hoxa Unslipped Ware, Muralla complex. These include (p. ob., IYAH, THE MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX 213

BYU) Muna Slate, Tekit Incised, Sacalum Black­ Aguacatal: There is little similarity between on-slate (FWN: Fig. 98c-e), Chumayel Red-on­ Muralla and Aguacatal's Conchada complex. slate (FWN: Fig. 100), Aki! Impressed (FWN: Both sites have yielded small amounts of Balanc­ Fig. 89a), Nohcacab Composite, Teabo Red an Ceramic Groups sherds of Fine Orange (FWN: Fig. 98b), Becal Incised, Tieu! Thin­ Ware. Other than this, the two sites are quite slate, and Xu! Incised. Represented wares are distinct, both typologically and modally. This is Puuc Slate Ware (FWN's Dzibiltun and Tor surprising since Los Guarixes (ARL), located on groups), Puuc Red Ware (FWN's Hun group), the northern end of Isla Carmen, yielded exam­ and Thin Slate Ware (FWN's Tienda group). ples of Puuc Slate Ware (ARL: Fig. XXXIXl-4), However, no examples of Cahuich Coarse­ Fine Gray Ware (ARL: Fig. XXXIX, 24-55, 58) cream Ware or Fine Orange Ware were en­ (some Fine Gray Ware was recovered from countered at Dzibilnocac. Moreover, some of Aguacatal [p. ob., BYU]), Balancan Group Fine the pottery classified as belonging to the Dzi­ Orange Ware (ARL: Figs. XXX-XXXI), perhaps bilnocac IV complex corresponds to Edzna's Puuc Red Ware (ARL: Fig. XXXIX, 6-8), foot Agua Potable complex. Consequently, it is prob­ pods identical to those on Puuc Slate Ware and able that there is only a partial overlap with the Puuc Red Ware examples (ARL: Fig. XXXIX, Muralla complex at Edzna. The fact that there 56-57), and perhaps Thin Slate Ware (ARL: is considerable differentiation in slate ware Fig. XXXIX, 9; also see JWBB: 165). forms may reflect regional or temporal differ­ ences or both. Becan: Muralla correlates with the early facet of the Xcocom complex at Becan. It was during Campeche Coast: Although adequate ceramic Xcocom times that Becan was apparently sub­ complexes have not been worked out for the ject to ceramic influences from the north coast as yet, a number of types common to those (JWBB: 173). This is indicated by the presence at Edzna occur at coastal sites. Although I have of a number of types and ceramic groups char­ not seen the actual sherd material, it is clear acteristic of the Puuc area and the Muralla com­ from Ruz's (ARL) illustrations that the following plex as well. These include Muna Slate, Tieu! types occur at the site of Campeche: Nilum Un­ Thin-slate, Xu] Incised, Chencoyi Black-on-thin­ slipped (ARL: XL VII, 10, 16, 23), various types slate (classified as Balantun Black-on-slate by of Fine Gray Ware, some virtually identical to Ball), Teabo Red, Tekax Black-on-red, Provincia Edzna examples (ARL: Fig. L, 1-20), Sacalum Plano-relief, Altar Orange, Dolorido Cream­ Black-on-slate (ARL: Fig. XLVIII, 83), Tekit In­ polychrome (extremely rare at Edzna), and cised (ARL: Fig. LXVIII, 88), and perhaps Tea­ Chicxulub Incised (extremely rare at Edzna). bo Red (see ARL: Fig. XLIX, 40-43). If the ac­ These linkages clearly indicate strong Yucatecan tual collections had been examined, it is influences at Becan. On the other hand, types probable that other Edzna types would have belonging to the Achote, Tinaja, and Cambio been recognized as well, but this must await fu­ groups link Becan with the Peten (SG: ture assessment. On the island of Jaina the fol­ 172-173). None of these groups occurs at lowing types or wares have been noted: Puuc Edzna. The Traino Ceramic Group is apparent­ Slate Ware (ARL: Figs. LIii, 49; LIV, 1-15; ly a locally produced pottery which does not oc­ RPC: Fig. lOd-f), Holactun Black-on-cream cur at Edzna. However, there is a modal sim­ (ARL: Fig. LI, 56-57; p. ob., INAH), Fine Gray ilarity between Traino Brown basins (JWBB: l0hh-;;, ll-rr) Ware (RPC: Figs. 1-2; p. ob., INAH, IYAH), Fig. and Acapulquito Unslipped Paxyan Black-on-gray (ARL: Fig. LI, 22), Bal­ incurved rim basins. Thus the ceramic linkages, ancan Ceramic Group (RPC: Fig. 7n-u), Hon­ both typological and modal, between Edzna and tun Gray and Chumpic Incised (p. ob., IYAH), Becan at this time are significantly close. How­ Yakatzib Striated (p. ob., INAH), and Chencan ever, as might be expected, given the distance Brown-on-orange (RPC: Fig. 10n). Examples of between the two sites, regional differences are Nilum Unslipped occur in a small collection greater than those between Edzna and the Yu­ from Huaymil (p. ob., IYAH). catecan sites. 214 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZN/\,CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Uaxactun: The trend towards ceramic diver­ ridges and notched ridges or skirts (REWA: gence noted for Uaxactun and Agua Potable Chart 10-4bl; Figs. 58g; 60c), hemispherical continues into Muralla times. Typological link­ bowls (REWA: Fig. 66e), restricted orifice, ages between Tepeu 3 and Muralla are very beaded rim vessels (REWA: Fig. 66p), and a jar rare and are undoubtedly a result of trade. form like those found on Puuc Slate Ware ves­ These include the presence at Uaxactun of sels (REW A: Fig. 64!). Decorative similarities Chablekal Gray (RES: Fig. 75b4), Chicxulub In­ include impressed designs at jar neck-body junc­ cised (RES: Fig. 75b9), and Sacalum Black-on­ tures (rare at Edzna) (REWA: Fig. 59d-f), and slate (RES: Fig. 24b8). Also occurring are rare anthropomorphic faces on hollow foot pods examples of Altar Group Fine Orange Ware (REWA: Chart 10-4bl; Fig. 60d3). (RES: 28-30) and Teabo Ceramic Group sherds All in all the differences between Altar and (SC: 173). The rarity of such linkages only Edzna are marked at this time. The two sites are serves to emphasize the essential difference be­ really only linked by a small set of Terminal tween the two complexes. Classic horizon markers. Modal linkages include the presence of red Seibal: Essentially the same ceramic linkages slipped hemispherical bowls with direct rims can be seen between Muralla and Seibal's Te­ (RES: Fig. 50a7-9), restricted orifice bowls with pejilote-Bayal and Bayal complexes as between direct (RES: Fig. 50a22-33) or beaded (RES: Altar's Boca and Jimba complexes. Both Altar Fig. SOal0-14) rims, and flaring-sided, basal­ and Seibal were closely related ceramically at break dishes with tripod supports, sometimes this time. Other than in fine paste wares, the with notched basal ridges or skirts (RES: Fig. linkages are essentially modal. 51b, d). Also occurring are bowls or vases with exterior groove-incising much like that found on Barton Ramie: The latter part of the Spanish Chumpic Incised vessels (RES: Fig. 42b5; 43a6 T�ookout complex probably correlates in time 15; 75b9) and double-bottomed vessels (RES vith the Muralla complex. However, ceram­ Fig. 75bl). ically there is a virtual absence of similarity ex­ The basic differences between the two areas cept with respect to a few modal linkages. Even reflect the fact that Edzna is now closely linked examples of trade wares are lacking between to the Yucatecan ceramic zone, while Uaxactun them. The rare modal similarities include did not participate in these developments. notched basalbreak dishes (rare at Edzna) (JCG: Figs. 139e, h; 164b, d, h, ;-l), bowls with slightly Altar de Sacrificios: Altar's Boca and Jimba divergent sides (JCG: Fig. l 73l), finger and complexes probably correspond in time to the thumb impression (JCG: Figs. 146c-f, h-i, k, m Muralla complex at Edzna. There are few ty­ and 153x respectively), slab feet (JCG: Figs. pological correspondences between the two 161b, f; 164c; 173;, k), and solid truncated con­ sites, and those that do exist are rare at one site ical feet (JCG: Fig. 171g). Otherwise the two or the other. Two sherds of Xul Incised (REWA: complexes are virtually distinct. 45; Fig. 65b, e) occurred at Altar. Likewise, ex­ San Jose: San Jose V and Muralla are as distinct amples of Altar Orange, Provincia Plano-relief, from one another as are Barton Ramie and and possibly Tumba Black-on-orange, all char­ Edzna, except that San Jose reveals a few Fine acteristic of Altar's Jjmba complex, occur at Orange trade pieces and vessel shapes reminis­ Edzna although they are very rare. Both sites cent of fine paste wares (JES: Figs. 83-85). Other yielded examples of Fine Gray Ware, but the modal linkages are the presence of tripod dishes types involved are different. These similarities with basal ridges, often castellated, hollow probably reflect either trade or influence in oven-shaped pods (JES: Fig. 80c), and anthropo­ both areas from still a third area, probably the morphic face decoration on pods (JES: Fig. Tabasco or southwesternCampeche coast. 80e-f). Modal linkages include everted rim, hyper­ boloid neck striated jars (REWA: Chart 10-la; Corozal District: The Rancho complex in Fig. 58a), tripod dishes with sharp Z-angle Northern Belize, which apparently correlates CERAMIC SPHERE ASSOCIATIONS OF EDZNA CERAMICS 215 with Muralla, is poorly known at this time, and (177c: 21) states that Tancah pertained to the Pring (1976b: 43-45) has provided only a sum­ Cehpech Ceramic Sphere at this time. mary statement concerning it. It is clear that On Cozumel, Connor has defined a tentative imported Yucatecan slate ware (Pring 1976b: complex consisting of Puuc Slate Ware (1975: 44) occurs in small quantity, and apparently a 118, Figs. 28-31), Thin Slate Ware, Puuc Red local imitation slate pottery as well. Also, dur­ Ware, Regional Polychrome, and Vista Alegre ing the Rancho complex trickle decoration, so Striated. The latter two classes of pottery appar­ characteristic of the Muralla complex, appeared ently have no analogs in the Muralla complex, in Northern Belize. Further evidence of ceramic but the first three wares are diagnostic of the linkages between the two areas will have to Edzna complex. The exact significance of this await a more detailed examination of the Ran­ pottery at Cozumel remains to be worked out. cho complex pottery. But it seems clear that coastal Quintana Roo was related rather closely to northern Yucatan Quintana Roo: The San Miguel complex on the Quintana Roo coast contains examples of what at this time. are typical Puuc Slate Ware and Thin Slate Inland at Caba, Puuc Slate Ware also occurs Ware types (WTS: Fig. lla). Several types and (GWB: Fig. 49m) and Ball (1977c: 21) reports varieties obviously occur. Puuc Slate Ware was that a Cehpech-like complex occurs there. recovered from Tancah, El Diez, KM 14, San In southern Quintana Roo, Fry (1972: Miguel and Vista Alegre, all sites examined by 489-490) indicates that both Puuc Slate Ware Sanders (WTS). Thin Slate Ware was recovered and Thin Slate Ware occur in some quantity. from Tancah, San Miguel, and Calderitas. Aside Although there are locally produced wares as from this there are few apparent linkages to the well, Fry suggests that southern Quintana Roo coastal sites. But since the material is poorly pertains to what Ball (1971: 22-23) defined as known, it may well be that future excavations the Capo Ceramic Sphere (now Cehpech will yield evidence of greater similarity. Ball sphere; see Ball 1977c: 20-21).

CERAMIC SPHERE ASSOCIATIONS OF EDZNA CERAMICS

The concept of Ceramic Sphere has been de­ carried out in the Northern Lowlands have re­ fined on page 9. It was defined at the 1965 sulted in the preliminary definition of several Guatemala City Conference (WCA) to provide different spheres, principally by Ball (1971: some mechanism for specifying the degree of 22-24; 1977c: 8; JCG: 328-329). These include relationship between ceramic complexes at vari­ the Komchen sphere (as yet merely named, but ous sites. Thus sites with high content similarity not defined-Ball 1977c: 8), the Capo sphere would be members of the same sphere. Those (JCG: 328), the Chintok sphere (JCG: 328), the with only slight or no content similarity would Cehpech sphere (JCG: 328-329), and the Sotuta not belong to the same sphere. At the confer­ sphere (JCG: 329-330). ence (WCA: 308-311) ten such spheres were de­ With respect to ceramic sphere affiliations it fined for the Maya Lowlands: Xe, Mamom, is not clear that all of the Edzna complexes can Chicane!, Floral Park, Tzakol, Tepeu, Eznab, be neatly fitted into existing spheres as presently Spanish Lookout, Boca, and New Town. The ce­ defined. It may well be that extensive cramming ramic complexes from each of the sites whose or pigeonholing would be necessary to do so. ceramic analysts were represented at the confer­ And in fact, this may already have taken place ence were then assigned to these spheres (see in some instances (e.g., see Ball [in JCG: WCA: Fig. 2). Since that time a number of in­ 325-326) for the Mount Hope complex). It vestigations have made it necessary to extend should be recognized that there may have been the geographical extent of various of these much more ceramic heterogeneity in the Maya spheres (JCG: 325). Moreover, ceramic studies Lowlands than has yet been recognized explicit- 216 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

ly (see Ball 1977c: 5-6 for a similar caveat). the issue of ceramic sphere affiliation to be re­ Lowe (p. com.) makes a similar argument for solved later. Chiapas. On the other hand, it is clear that some of the Edzna complexes fall squarely within the BALUARTES CERAMIC COMPLEX: definitions of already defined spheres. Thus it is CHICANEL CERAMIC SPHERE not as yet possible to assign every ceramic com­ plex to a definitive sphere membership. In some cases such is possible, however. It is now evident that the Chicane! sphere A further problem in utilizing the ceramic had an areal extent much greater than was real­ sphere concept is that it provides for only two ized when it was first defined (WCA: 308-309). possibilities-high content similarity and low The Baluartes complex represents a ceramic as­ content similarity (WCA: 306). In the real semblage that participates fully in this sphere. It world, however, ceramic content similarities thus represents a class 1 relationship as defined may vary on a continuum, not in neat presence­ by Ball (JCG: 323). Given this undeniable fact, absence, high-low categories. The creators of and reinforced by the fact that it is true of both the concept were not unaware of this fact and Dzibilnocac and SRX (p. ob., NWAF coll., IYAH), thus argued for full discussion of similarities and it is apparent that the Chicane! sphere differences (WCA: 306-307). Ball (in JCG: encompassed much of the Northern Lowlands. 323-324) has taken this step further and at­ Although hard evidence for this is lacking for tempted to categorize sphere membership into the area between the Chenes and Becan, it is degrees of similarity based on percentages of suggested that this is merely a reflection of the content similarity. While this is perhaps not a fi­ fact that this area has not been investigated. nal solution, it is a step in the right direction, Southern Quintana Rao also apparently is en­ and I follow his usage. compassed by the Chicane! sphere (Fry 1972: 488). Indeed, Ball (in JCG: 325) has suggested that at one point virtually all of the Northern MALECON CERAMIC COMPLEX: Lowlands should be included in this sphere. The NO CERAMIC SPHERE ASSOCIATION ceramic evidence at Edzna indicates that the Baluartes occupation at the site was a large one, The relationship of the Malecon complex to thus reinforcing the conclusion that this was a the thus far defined ceramic spheres for the time of significant expansion in the Maya area. Maya Lowlands is as yet problematical. It does not seem to fit well into either the Mamom or Chicane! Ceramic Spheres, although there are PODERES CERAMIC COMPLEX: close and numerous linkages with both on the ATTENUATED TZAKOL CERAMIC SPHERE horizon level. The situation with Malecon is es­ sentially similar to that of the Tzec complex at Tikal, which is transitional between the Mamom The Poderes complex at Edzna consists al­ and Chicane! horizons (Culbert 1977: 29). It most entirely of types diagnostic of the Tzakol may be that Malecon would fit into the Kom­ Ceramic Sphere. Varietal level differences dis­ chen Ceramic Sphere (Ball 1977c: 8). But the di­ tinguish some of these types from the southern agnostic content of this sphere has not yet been sites, but these are not critical. What does seem defined. Moreover, the differences between the important is that types common at other sites, Malecon complex at Edzna and the Komchen such as types of the Balanza Ceramic Group, complex at Dzibilchaltun seem significant are rare, or in other cases lacking, at Edzna. For enough to me to question this assignment of the this reason I have considered the Poderes com­ two complexes to the same sphere without a plex to be a somewhat attenuated member of great deal more analysis. Suffice it to say that the Tzakol sphere. the closest similarities to Malecon ceramics are The Cepas subcomplex bears a relationship with late Mamom and early Chicane!, leaving to Floral Park sphere ceramics, but this material CERAMIC SPHERE ASSOCIATIONS OF EDZNA CERAMICS 217 is far too rare to warrant including Edzmi in mation is available on the ceramics of central that sphere. Campeche, it may become necessary to define a separate ceramic sphere for Agua Potable-like AGUA POTABLE CERAMIC COMPLEX: pottery. Certainly the closest relationships to NO CERAMIC SPHERE AFFILIATION Agua Potable pottery are found in the Chenes sites. It is during Agua Potable times that Edzna ceramics diverge significantly from those of the MURALLA CERAMIC COMPLEX: south. Agua Potable is definitely not a member CEHPECH CERAMIC SPHERE of the Tepeu Ceramic Sphere. It is not possible at this time to specify a ceramic sphere affilia­ The Muralla complex contains virtually all tion. This is due in part to the fact that Agua of the diagnostic content of the Cehpech Ce­ Potable is perhaps the most poorly known com­ ramic Sphere as defined by Ball (JCG: 328-329). lex at Edzna. It is also due, I am sure, to the fact Thus it represents a class 1 situation (JCG: 323). that the ceramics of this period have not re­ A number of local types were also produced at ceived the kind of detailed analytical and distri­ Edzna or nearby at this time, but this is not sur­ butional study they merit. This in turn is due to prising given the nature of the Cehpech phe­ the dearth of archaeological work in the Central nomenon (see }CG: 329). One of the local types, Campeche region. There are clearly ceramic Paxyan Black-on-gray, is, in terms of vessel form relationships with both Dzibilchaltun's Copo 1 and trickle decoration, reminiscent of a Sotuta complex (JCG: 328) and Becan's Bejuco and sphere type, even though the Edzna type lacks a Chintok complexes with respect to polychromes slip and the circumferential rim grooving so and other decorated types (Chimbote and Sayan common on Balantun Black-on-slate (see POM: ceramic groups). It may well be that Agua Po­ Fig. 15i-j). This similarity is not surprising, how­ table will turn out to be more closely related to ever, if we accept the "partial overlap hypoth­ Copo 1 at Dzibilchaltun than it seems to be at esis" suggested by Ball (1977c: 29-30). present. On the other hand, when more infor- 7. DATING THE EDZNJ\ CERAMIC SEQUENCE

In order to adequately date the Edzna se­ The first thing to note about these dates is that quence, an attempt was made to locate and re­ they are all calendar round dates. Thus the asso­ cover as many radiocarbon samples as possible ciated Long Count dates are reconstructions within the context of our excavations. As a re­ based on the fact that only certain Long Count sult, a total of 12 radiocarbon samples were re­ dates are possible with any given calendar covered and analyzed by Teledyne Isotopes. Un­ round date. The basis for the above Long Count fortunately these samples yielded results that dates is thus the comparative evidence of stylis­ were neither internally consistent nor consistent tic similarity with Long Count inscriptions and with their expected time frame based on cultur­ stela art in other areas where the dates are more al context. An exception was a date of 1895 ± 80 secure (Andrews 1969: 123). Although this pro­ B.P. (A.O. 55) (all dates use the 5568 half-life and cess may seem an involved one to the unini­ are uncorrected) for a charcoal sample from be­ tiated, it is considered to be a reliable one (Pro­ low the lowermost floor of Mound 3 on the skouriakoff 1950: 8-13). These dates thus give Quadrangle. On the basis of ceramic content, us some indication of the period of occupation this mound was known to have been constructed of the site assuming the 11.16.0.0.0 correlation during Baluartes complex times, particularly of the Maya and Christian calendars. However, during the late facet of that complex. Thus the none of our excavations were carried out,in the radiocarbon date fits the expected pattern based areas where the dated stelae were located, and on comparative criteria. Unfortunately four thus we have no direct association between other samples from within the same structure them and the ceramic complexes. Ruz (1945: 61) and with a similar cultural context yielded dates did carry out excavations below the locations of which ranged from 1410+80 B.P. (A.O. 540) to Stelae 18 and 19 and indicated that the ceramics 310+80 B.P. (A.o. 1640). A single date taken on probably pertained to a late Tzakol or early charcoal recovered from clearing operations Tepeu time horizon. Given the dates on the carried out by Raul Pavon A. on Structure 20 of stelae, the latter would seem most likely. How­ the Large Acropolis yielded a date of 1025 + 80 ever, I have not seen these ceramics and do not B.P. (A.O. 925) which is consistent with its late know exactly where they would fit into the Muralla context. Nevertheless, we have been presently defined sequence, although the Agua unsuccessful in tying the Edzna ceramic com­ Potable complex would be the best guess. Even plexes to a consistent set of radiocarbon dates, if this were known, however, there would still thus necessitating other methods of plugging the be problems of interpretation since Ruz doesn't complexes into a chronological framework. provide any detailed data on the contextual Another source of help in dating the Edzna relationship between the stelae and the sequence consists of five dated stelae from the ceramics. site. In view of the caveats that follow, these Given the above facts it should be clear that dated stelae give us some control over the dat­ the primary means of placing the Edzna com­ ing of the later portion of the sequence. These plexes into a chronological framework based on five dates are deciphered as follows (Ruz 1945: the Christian calendar rests primarily on typo­ 59-60): logical and modal comparison to other more firmly dated ceramic sequences in the Maya Stela 18 9.12.0.0.0 10 Ahau 8 Yaxkin (A.O. 672) Stela 19 9.13.0.0.0 8 Ahau 8 Uo (A.O. 692) Lowlands. The assumption here is that similar Stela 2 9.15.0.0.0 4 Ahau 13 Yax (A.O. 731) types and aggregates of modes are generally Stela 5 9.18.0.0.0 11 Ahau 18 Mac (A.O. 790) contemporaneous with one another within rea­ Stela 9 9.19.0.0.0 9 Ahau 18 Mo! (A.O. 810) sonable limits. The dates thus provided are only

219 220 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNJ\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

approximate, and should be regarded as such. our sample. The Muralla complex dates from The Edzna complexes and their estimated time about A.o. 700 or A.o. 750 to A.o. 900 or A.o. periods are presented graphically in Figure 38 950. Stela 9, in a style clearly non-Classic in ori­ along with suggested alignments with other gin, probably dates to the early portion of this Lowland Maya complexes. period. I have chosen an earlier date for the end The earliest ceramic complex at Edzna, the of this Cehpech related complex than is general­ Malecon, seems to be most closely related to the ly accepted for this period, primarily on the late Nabanche and early Komchen pottery of basis of architectural data. Dzibilchaltun. As I have stated previously, it The major architecture of the outermost contains modes seemingly transitional between constructions at Edzna lacks the mosaic stone the Mamom and Chicane! horizons. However, work of the Puuc related Cehpech horizon. the fact that it lacks the diagnostic content of Only one small structure on the northwest cor­ the Baluartes Chicane! related horizon strongly ner of Complex 7, which gives every indication suggests a date prior to or coincident with the of being a late addition, has yielded remains of beginning of the Chicane! horizon elsewhere. Puuc-like stone mosaic work. Will Andrews (p. Consequently a date of 250 B.c. for the end of com., 1977) argues that the standing Edzna ar­ the complex is probably a good estimate. This is chitecture is most closely similar to early Puuc consistent with the Dzibilchaltun data as well. architecture .before the introduction of complex With respect to a beginning date, little in the stone mosaic. The juxtaposition of slab corbeled ceramic content suggests great antiquity. There­ vaults with Puuc-style veneer faced vaults with­ fore, I have chosen about 400 a.c. as a conserva­ in the same Cinco Pisos structure also suggests tive estimate. an early dating (also see Andrews V 1972: 5-6). The succeeding Baluartes complex may span Given the architectural data, then, we are faced a period of about 350 to 400 years from about with three possibilities. One is that at Edzna a 250 B.C. to approximately A.O. 100 or perhaps distinct, or perhaps merely earlier, architectural A.O. 150. This complex can be divided into early style continued to be utilized throughout the and late facets, but there is little basis for at­ period contemporaneous with the Puuc devel­ tempting to place approximate dates on these opment and was largely uninfluenced by it. The facets. The Poderes complex, particularly the second is that major architectural activity Cepos Subcomplex, may have begun around A.O. ceased at Edzna early in the Florescent period, 150, but the evidence for this is tenuous at best. but the site continued to be occupied by a sub­ Based on comparative evidence from a number stantial population utilizing public structures of Maya sites, the full Poderes complex prob­ constructed at an earlier time. Lastly, it can be ably began around A.o. 250 or A.o. 300 and may argued that the rarity of developed Puuc archi­ have continued until around A.o. 600. The Agua tecture at the site indicates a decline or aban­ Potable complex, which follows the Poderes donment of the site before the developed Puuc complex, may have been a relatively short-lived architectural style could be integrated into the period, dating from perhaps A.o. 600 to A.O. 700 Edzna architecture. My own opinion is that the or A.O. 750. Three of the dated monuments, latter is the most reasonable hypothesis. Stelae 18, 19, and 2, fall into this time span. No clear evidence of a post-Muralla occupa­ This is interesting since the Agua Potable com­ tion was found, excluding of course modern plex was the one most weakly represented in remains. 8. CULTURE-HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDZNA

This chapter represents the conclusions that mounds on the northern periphery, it would I have drawn concerning the development of seem that the occupation was not a large one. culture at Edzna. It is based not only on ceram­ Of course, considering the small-scale nature of ic data per se, but also on other archaeological our excavations and perhaps sampling error as data recovered from the site. Moreover, when­ well, it may be that the Malecon occupation ever possible, I have attempted to place the de­ was larger and more extensive than here sugges­ velopment of Edzna into the overall context of ted. Nevertheless, based on current evidence, the central Campeche region and the Northern the occupation was probably not large in con­ Lowlands as a whole. This has often proved dif­ trast to what followed. ficult due to the paucity of data for many parts It may be assumed, although there is no di­ of these regions. Moreover, our operations at rect evidence to support it, that the Malecon Edzna were small and for the most part avoided community was based on a subsistence strategy major architecture. Consequently many of the of slash-and-bum horticulture, a subsistence sys­ conclusions drawn in this section may need con­ tem well adapted to the ecological potential of siderable modification in the future when more the area under relatively low population den­ is known about the site. It should also be kept in sities. However, it is possible that a house-gar­ mind that, due to the synthetic nature of this den horticultural technique may have been chapter, it is more subjective than the analytic more important (Harris 1973: 399-402). and integrative sections preceding it. No clear architectural remains of this period The earliest ceramic remains recovered at were encountered. The Malecon ceramic re­ Edzna belo�g to the Malecon complex. Given mains on the surface of a few small structures on their limited numbers and distribution across the the northern periphery, however, suggest that site, it is probable that they are the result of a simple house platform construction may have relatively small population which first entered begun by this time. the Edzna Valley, perhaps in the terminal The ceramics fall into a now familiar pattern Middle Preclassic period. Where they came of monochrome slipped and unslipped pottery, from is unknown, but they brought with them a principally in jar forms. Vessels slipped red pre­ developed, if not sophisticated, knowledge of dominate, although black and cream occur. The ceramic manufacture. This earliest pottery is by slips are characterized by polishing and a no means crude, and is hardly what one would "soapy" or "waxy" feel, a trait which continues expect of novice potters. This is of course hardly into the following complex. surprising, since a similar beginning situation With respect to non-ceramic artifacts, a to­ seems to have occurred at other Lowland Maya tal of 12 obsidian blades or fragments were re­ sites. Why these early pioneers should have cho­ covered from Malecon contexts. These were sen the area around Edzna for settlement can analyzed by means of X-ray fluorescence spec­ only be speculated. But perhaps the water re­ trometry to determine their source of origin us­ tention properties of the clayey soils of the val­ ing trace element composition. All of the Male­ ley made this area attractive, especially during con samples came from San Martin Jilotepeque the dry season when the aguadas may have in Guatemala (Nelson 1977: 5). Based on data been a critical resource. from other sites in the Maya Lowlands, it ap­ Since evidence of this ceramic complex was pears that Edzna was participating in a wide­ recovered only from restricted areas of the site, spread trading network in the lowlands. Sites principally from the area near the "ball court" such as Tikal, Seibal, Barton Ramie, and Dzi­ and in surface collections from isolated small bilnocac also seem to have relied almost ex-

221 222 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO elusively on obsidian from San Martin Jilote­ of behavioral activity associated with those peque during this same period (Nelson 1977: 6). functions. As population increases in a given It seems likely, then, that Malecon people community, we would expect a proportional in­ occupied a pioneer community not unlike other crease in the level of pottery production. Corre­ early sites in the Maya Lowlands such as Dzibil­ spondingly, we would expect ceramics to de­ chaltun and Becan, Edzna's closest neighbors. cline as overall population declines-reflecting a The succeeding Baluartes complex seem­ decrease in the overall activity level of the ingly witnessed dramatic changes in the Edzna population as more and more people abandon community. At the beginning of the period the the community. This same principle states that life-style may have been quite similar to that of a site was abandoned (i.e., that there was total Malecon times-that is, a relatively small, homo­ population decline) when cultural artifacts geneous horticultural community with little so­ ceased to be produced or used. Thus it can be cial or economic specialization. By the end of argued that changes in the quantity and distri­ this period, however, it appears that the Edzna bution patterns of artifacts or features at a site community underwent a series of changes, many are reliable indicators of demographic change. of them probably related to rapid growth. Evi­ Quantity and distribution patterns are im­ dence derived primarily from ceramic distribu­ portant because the increase (or decrease) in ce­ tion strongly suggests that the site experienced ramic consumption coincident to population in­ tremendous population growth at this time. Vir­ crease (or decrease) may be reflected in two tually every area of the site examined by us fundamental ways. We would expect a greater yielded remains, often substantial, of Baluartes quantitative concentration of pottery remains if pottery; this includes excavations and surface population increase resulted in settlement ag­ collections from small structures on the north­ glutination (as defined by Lanning 1967: ern, western, and southern peripheries of the 33-34)-i.e., if more and more people were liv­ site. Indeed it appears that the western per­ ing within a relatively constant area. On the iphery, especially that portion of the savannah other hand, if the increase resulted in dispersion called "La Vieja," may have been occupied only of the growing population into previously unoc­ during Baluartes times. cupied areas, then one would expect a greater The contrast between the distribution and areal extension of potsherds than had previously density of Baluartes ceramics and those of the been the case. A third and most likely alterna­ preceding Malecon and the succeeding Poderes tive is a combination of agglutination and great­ complexes is dramatic. Although the Baluartes er extension. In the case of population decrease complex represents a somewhat longer span of we would expect a decrease in both ceramic time than the Malecon complex, this alone is concentration and extension. Edzna during Ba­ clearly insufficient to explain the tremendous luartes times exhibits both kinds of increase, amounts of Baluartes pottery found. The Ba­ which is evidence of significant population luartes complex thus clearly denotes a demogra­ growth. Part of this increase may be a result of phic peak. There are dangers, of course, in at­ greater consumption (i.e., an increase in vessel tempting to draw conclusions about use per capita), but this alone would not ac­ demographic shifts in a site or region from pot­ count for the explosive increase noted in ceram­ tery remains alone. Nevertheless, two arguments ic quantity and areal extension. tend to corroborate the reliability of the present The second argument for sherd-defined pop­ conclusion; one is logical, the other empirical. ulation shifts is that the pattern seemingly ob­ First, as a general rule ceramic and other cultur­ taining at Edzna is not unique. Many other sites ally produced remains serve as a reliable index in the Maya Lowlands are claimed to have ex­ of relative population growth and decline. Pot­ perienced demographic changes according to tery and other culturally produced artifacts and significant changes noted in cultural products. features are manufactured to fulfill culturally Thus at such sites at Dzibilchaltun (Andrews IV defined functions; therefore, the level of ceram­ 1965c; B&A), Becan (Ball 1974a: 59, n. 21), and ic production and consumption reflects the level Seibal GAS) we see a pattern of demographic CULTURAL-HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION 223 peaks and troughs indicated by the evidence of by scooping out the soil and using it to form the increases and decreases in such cultural remains core of the mound. Often a number of small as architecture, ceramics, and other artifacts. In­ mounds are associated with a single reservoir. terestingly enough, both Becan and Seibal are Thus this procedure resulted in dual benefits­ considered to have reached demographic peaks creating, or perhaps merely enlarging, depres­ at a time roughly contemporaneous with the Ba­ sions that would catch and retain rainwater, and luartes complex, to be followed by a trough of providing an elevated structure undoubtedly for decline (substantial at Seibal, but much less dra­ habitation purposes. Many of these reservoirs matic at Becan). Dzibilchaltun, on the other were linked to a system of canals which carried hand, was by late Baluartes times already in a water into the ceremonial center (see Matheny clear state of decline. It would appear therefore 1976 for a more detailed description of the hy­ that Edzna was sharing a widespread demogra­ draulic system). phic pattern in the centuries around the time of Moreover, based on ceramics recovered Christ. from cuts in the "moat," the Fortress was con­ With respect to the causes behind this phe­ structed in late Baluartes times as well (Math­ nomenon, a few speculations may be in order. eny 1976: 642). This constituted a massive exca­ Obviously, any overall explanation(s) must take vation project resulting in a moatlike feature. It into account not only local factors, but also is possible that the 12 km long canal was exca­ those to which all appearances led to popu­ vated at this time as well, but this cannot be de­ lation increase and cultural elaboration through­ termined without excavation in the canal itself, out much of the area. Prior to the Mamom hori­ away from the Fortress. Thus the large popu­ zon the Yucatan peninsula had few inhabitants, lation buildup attested to by the ceramic data so that the overall pattern of growth attested to coincides with the construction of a massive hy­ by the archaeological record has the appearance draulic system to provide the site with the wa­ of an adaptive radiation (see JB: 123). At Edzna ter resources necessary to maintain and elabo­ relatively fertile soil undoubtedly formed the rate the system. natural basis for this growth. However, a critical The first undeniable evidence of archi­ factor in permitting and sustaining this growth tecture appears in Baluartes times, although may well have been the development of an ade­ small-structure architecture probably occurred quate water storage system. There are no ce­ in Malecon times. Most of the known Baluartes notes at Edzmi and chultuns are rare (note the architecture consists of small platforms sur­ large number of chultuns found at SRX, some of mounted by either structures of perishable ma­ which are Late Preclassic in date [DeBloois terial or by those whose walls consisted of 1970: 84]) and probably are late. Thus a critical rough-hewn stone laid in a mud mortar. Struc­ factor in sustaining the population through the ture 190 (Map 9, N4) on the Fortress was one dry season would have been some adequate such structure. In addition to the numerous means of storing water. Our work at Edzna in­ small structures of this kind, which probably dicates that this need was met by the construc­ served a residential function, there is evidence tion of aguadas, reservoirs, and channels which that Baluartes peoples were building large, per­ collected rain in the rainy season. In this re­ haps nonresidential, structures as well. Structure spect, the association of numerous small struc­ 191 (Map 9, NS) on the Fortress, a large mound tures (commonly assumed to be house mounds) about 10 m high and approximately 150 m in di­ with these hydraulic features became readily ameter, was apparently built in Baluartes times. apparent during our investigations on the north­ At least the only ceramics recovered from this ern periphery. Surface collections from the mound, which appears to have been built using small structures as well as pitting of a few of the clayey soil excavated from the "moat," be­ them indicate occupation for most at least by longed to the Baluartes complex. Baluartes times. Studies of the soil in this zone The mound into which Excavation 656-TPl (Hauck 1973b) and profiles of the mounds sug­ (Map 12, Fl6) was excavated was also apparent­ gest that the mounds and aguadas were formed ly built at this time. All of the ceramics recov- 224 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNI\, CAMPECHE, MEXICO ered from the test pit pertained to the Baluartes supplies from San Martin Jilotepeque in the complex. This mound is considerably larger than Guatemala highlands. The majority of obsidian the numerous small mounds already discussed samples now came from the El Chaya! source, and may reflect some sort of social or functional however (Nelson 1977: 5), while a small number differentiation with respect to architectural came from Ixtepeque, again in Guatemala. This forms. continued to follow the pattern noted at other Matheny (p. com.) has hypothesized that lowland sites: El Chayel became the principal Structure 641 (Map 12, Gl4), known locally as supplier of obsidian and remained so for several "La Vieja," may have originally been built dur­ centuries (Nelson 1977: 6). ing Baluartes times. This is based primarily on Ceramically the Baluartes complex is closely the fact that it is situated apart from the rest of linked to other sites in central Campeche and to the ceremonial center and is located in a Pre­ the more southerly sites of southern Campeche classic area of the site. Moreover, its orientation and in the Peten. The complex is dominated by is different from that of the other structures in the Sierra Ceramic Group in slipped pottery the site center (see Steggell 1977: 286-287 and and by the Sapote Ceramic Group in unslipped Gurr 1976: 218). This is only a supposition at pottery. The Baluartes complex thus partici­ present, however. The structure at the top of pates in one of the most widespread and rela­ the pyramid features cut stone masonry (p. ob.) tively uniform ceramic spheres in the Lowland and is probably of later date than Baluartes Maya area-the Chicane! Sphere. The ceramic times. homogeneity of the lowlands during this period Finally, the excavations in Excavation 507- suggests considerable interaction among popu­ TPl (Map 12, Jl3) suggest that at least one lations spread over a wide area. Just what the large foundation or platform was laid down in mechanism of such interaction may have been, I this period. The uppermost levels of the stone am not prepared to say. Certainly trade, as evi­ fill yielded Baluartes complex ceramics exclu­ denced by obsidian procurement practices, was sively, while the lower levels yielded Malecon an important factor. At any rate, the con­ complex pottery. It is possible, therefore, that catenation of ceramic similarity, population architectural elaboration of some sophistication buildup, and other evidence for cultural elabo­ and size was taking place. In fact, if excavation ration at sites throughout much of the Maya were carried into the interiors of the larger Lowlands indicates that this was a period of dy­ Edzmi mounds, it is likely that much more sub­ namic and significant growth. The inhabitants stantial Baluartes architecture would be located. of Edzna were participating fully in this pro­ Pina Chan (p. com., 1975) has informed me that cess. However, the site's inhabitants were not the innermost structure of Structure 23 (abutted able to sustain that growth into the succeeding on the southwest corner of Cinco Pisos) on Poderes phase. Complex 7 (see Map 8, L12) is Preclassic in By comparison to what went before it, the date, as it contained only Preclassic pottery. Al­ Poderes occupation was greatly reduced in though I have not been able to check the field terms of size and areal extent. Poderes ceramics situations, I have observed a considerable quan­ are much rarer than Baluartes ceramics, and are tity of Baluartes pottery in the Pina Chan col­ seemingly limited to the peripheral areas of the lections from Edzna (Museo Nacional, INAH). site. Most of our evidence for a Poderes occupa­ In addition to buildings, floor areas in both large tion comes from small mound structures on the and small rooms and plaza areas were covered southern and northern peripheries of the site. with lime plaster floors (often with underlying Structure 190 (Map 9, N4) on the Fortress was stone rubble foundations) during this period. originally constructed during the late facet of Such floor construction in plaza areas in the site the Baluartes complex. During Poderes times, center might suggest public functions of some however, this structure was modified, evidenced sort. by the association of remnants of an outer wall With respect to obsidian procurement, the addition made of cut stone in association with inhabitants of Edzna continued to receive some Poderes ceramics. Moreover, the platform on CULTURAL-HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION 225

which Structure 190 (Map 9, N4) rests was faced cause(s) of such a decline were is difficult to as­ (or perhaps refaced) at this time, again using cut certain. Perhaps Ball's (JB: 130) suggestion that stone facing. Large amounts of almost exclu­ expansion and contraction is characteristic of so­ sively Poderes pottery was found in association cial and political organization at the level of the with this platform wall. chiefdom applies here, provided one accepts the Another small mound occupied during Po­ argument that Edzna was actually organized on deres times was located approximately 1 km that level in Baluartes times. However, one west of the Fortress. This structure, 566d (Map must ask if something more widespread was tak­ 14, G4), was situated on the west bank of a 300 ing place here. If we look at the more thorough­ m long by 50 m wide canal which connected ly investigated sites in the Northen Lowlands with a large reservoir (Hauck 1973b: 81). Test (and there are not many), a pattern of Early pits placed in this mound indicated that the Classic ( or Early Period I) decline seems to be original occupation of the structure had taken emerging in a number of areas. Dzibilchaltun place in Baluartes times. Baluartes ceramics (Andrews IV 1965c: 51-52), where decline be­ were sealed below the lowermost stucco floor. gan in the preceding Xculul phase, Dzibilnocac Overlying this floor, and in some cases sealed (FWN: 136-137), and SRX (DeBloois 1970: below another, were quantities of Poderes com­ 109), as well as Edzna seem to have suffered se­ lex pottery mixed with a few Baluartes examples vere setbacks at this time after considerable (Hauck 1973b: 87), suggesting that the habita­ growth and elaboration in the Preclassic. More­ tion of the mound continued into Poderes times over, the site of Becan seems to have undergone just as it had at Structure 190 (Map 9, N4). a slight contraction at this time (Ball 1974a: n. On the northern periphery of the ceremonial 21), although it was much less pronounced than center itself, salvage operations revealed consid­ that at the above mentioned sites. Moreover, erable Poderes pottery. One small structure, 696 Seibal (JAS) on the Rio Pasion w1derwent a sim­ (Map 12, FIS) (Gurr 1976: 8lff), exhibits a pat­ ilar decline. This may well have been the case in tern similar to that of Structure 190 (Map 9, N4) northern Belize as well (Pring 1976b: 41), al­ on the Fortress-a Baluartes structure modified though this is not yet clear. On the other hand, a in Poderes times utilizing cut stone masonry and number of sites in both the Northern and South­ plaster surfacing. The same was true of Struc­ ern Lowlands were undergoing considerable ture 646 (Map 12, G 15), but this structure lacks growth at this same time. I suspect that the stone walls (Gurr 1976: 120). growth of certain sites and the decline of others The evidence for Poderes architecture is is related to some general process(es) taking thus limited to relatively small structures. How­ place in the Lowlands. Hammond's (1974) argu­ ever, given the lack of excavation in archi­ ment that this may be a result of population tectural contexts, this generalization may be pressure is one possible suggestion. misleading. Certainly the lack of Poderes ce­ While Edzrni was clearly in a relative state ramics in our test pits in the ceremonial center of decline, the significance of this fact should and in Pina Chan's collections from Structure 23 probably not be overstated. Ceramic and obsi­ (the structure abutted on the southwest comer dian data indicate that the site was still partici­ of Cinco Pisos) on Complex 7 (see Map 8, 12L) pating in a cultural pattern closely related to suggest that occupation was not significant at southern Campeche and the Peten. Moreover, this time. Walsh (1971: 112ff.) argues that the Eric Von Euw (p. com., 1975) found at least one inner structures of Structure 23 on Complex 7 Early Classic sculpture at Edzna. This suggests were built in Early Classic times. But this is that Edzna was still a site of some importance at doubtful, since the ceramic collection (Museo this time. Nacional, INAH) contains almost no Poderes ce­ Data from Nelson's (1977) obsidian studies ramics among considerable amounts of Muralla indicate that Edzna's inhabitants were still rely­ complex ceramics (i.e., the slate wares). ing on El Chayel as their primary source during It would thus appear that Edzna was in a the Poderes phase. However, some obsidian state of decline at this time, although what the from central Mexican sources also was traded 226 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO into the site; a few samples were from Pachuca nity consumption. This model does not fit the in Hidalgo. This is the earliest demonstrable oc­ Edzna situation as well as it does the Becan currence of non-Guatemalan obsidian at Edzna. data. The distribution of the slipped gloss ware Again this follows the pattern reported from pottery, including polychromes, is high in the other lowland sites which also began to receive debris of small mounds which probably repre­ small quantities of Mexican obsidian in the Clas­ sent residential structures associated with the sic period (Nelson 1977: 6-7). lower social levels of , suggesting The slipped ceramics of the Poderes com­ that much of this pottery was utilitarian. This is plex represent a significant reorientation in sur­ especially so inasmuch as Edzna lacks anything face characteristics. The red monochromes that analogous to the regionally confined slipped dominated previous complexes disappeared and wares found at Becan. Thus, given the quantity, were replaced by a gloss ware with an orange distribution, and varietal distinctions of the base color, often decorated in dichromy or poly­ Edzna ceramics, I doubt that much of this mate­ chromy. Although this change is dramatic, it fol­ rial represents interregional trade (JWBB: 169), lows a pattern already well established for other but rather intraregional or even local produc­ Maya sites. The transition is bridged by a num­ tion. This may be a reflection of the marginal ber of modal continuities, such as the use of position of central Campeche with respect to flanges (see Rands 1961) and the continuation of the Tzakol sphere. the unslipped and striated exteriors on otherwise The Agua Potable complex has been the slipped vessels. Thus, on the typological level most difficult to isolate and control in our exca­ the ceramic alignment is clearly toward the vation data. It is therefore difficult to make south and the Tzakol sphere rather than toward many generalizations about the occupation of the north and the "northern plains-centered the site during Agua Potable times. Ceramic Piim sphere" (JCG: 327). Only very minor data indicate that the small platform group on amounts of Northern Plains types, such as Batres the southern edge of the Fortress, Structure 190 Red, occur in our Edzna collections. This is sug­ (Map 9, N4), was occupied at this time, and one gestive of contact with the north, if not overly of the small mounds on that platform may have strong ceramic influence. Some modal sim­ been constructed then. Scatterings of Agua Po­ ilarities to more northerly complexes are noted, table pottery occur in surface collections and especially in the appearance of the basin as an mixed in the upper levels of some cuts in the important form for the first time in the Edzna site center. They also occur sporadically on the sequence. Interestingly, however, Poderes ves­ peripheries of the site. It is also found in small sels totally lack the trickle decoration which quantity in the fill of the outermost structures characterizes some of the Early Classic ceramics on Complex 7. Altogether, the ceramic data in­ of the Rio Bee area (JWBB: 170). dicate that this was a relatively short-lived and The reorientation of surface finish noted for weak occupation. This conclusion, however, is Poderes complex slipped pottery did not in­ difficult to reconcile with the sculptural and ar­ fluence the unslipped, presumably domestic, chitectural data which suggest that the period pottery. Although there were variations in ves­ represented by Agua Potable ceramics was a sel form, surface treatment and decoration form strong and dynamic one. Three of the dated a smooth continuity from Baluartes into Poderes stelae (18, 19, 2) pertain to this phase, or at least times. This may reflect a binodal system of ce­ fall within the dates that I have assigned to it on ramic manufacture and distribution as suggested the basis of ties to other sites. Moreover, if An­ by Ball (JWBB: 169), or merely the fact that the drews V (p. com.) is correct in his assessment of utilitarian nature of the unslipped pottery made the Edzna architecture, some of the standing ar­ it less prone to elaboration. The binodal model chitecture may have been erected during this postulates separate, specialized artisans produc­ phase. However, given our lack of chronological ing for extra-community markets, while another control and of controlled excavation in major group of perhaps part-time potters produced architectural contexts, it is impossible to assess utilitarian or domestic pottery for intra-commu- reliably the relationship of the architectural, CULTURAL-HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION 227 sculptural, and ceramic data at this time. One have on monumental architecture comes from possibility that might guide future research is Complex 7 and especially the Cinco Pisos struc­ that the presently defined Agua Potable com­ ture. Ruz did carry out some preliminary work plex is really an early facet of the Muralla com­ in the so-called ball court area and Piiia Chan plex, in a manner analogous to Copo 1 and 2 at did further work in the same area in 1975. But Dzibilchaltun (see JCG: 328). I have separated little information on this structure is available. these as two separate complexes on stratigraphic Suffice it to say that Kuniaki Ohi, Pina Chan's evidence in Excavations 505-TPl (Map 12, Jl3), assistant, argues that this structure was definite­ 507-TPl (Map 12, Jl3), and 507-TP2 (Map 12, ly not a ball court (p. com., 1975). I will not Jl3). Ruz (1945: 61) apparently found a similar treat the architecture here since we were not di­ situation. However, this evidence is the weakest rectly involved with it in our project and in­ we have for all of the Edzmi complexes and may asmuch as it has been described by others (An­ have to be reassessed when better data are drews 1969, 1975; Ruz 1945). However, as available. Andrews (1975: 254-255) has pointed out, we It is perhaps significant that with the Agua still lack an adequate study of architectural se­ Potable ceramic complex, Edzna pottery is no quencing on the Acropolis, as well as elsewhere. longer related typologically to the ceramics of Andrews V (p. com., 1977) has suggested that the Peten. And even though a number of types the outer structures are early Puuc in style and are still shared with southern Campeche (e.g., at probably date to a transitional period when Becan), Edzna was definitely participating in a both corbeled- and veneer-type vaults were regional ceramic development now clearly sepa­ being constructed. In fact, both types of vaults rate on the typological level from the more occur in the Cincos Pisos structure. At any rate, southernly areas. Ceramically the Agua Potable ceramics recovered from clearing operations on complex thus represents an orientation away Structure 20 on the Acropolis indicate a Muralla from Peten-inspired types and toward northern complex placement for the outermost structure. or Yucatecan types. Actually, the center(s) of Two of the dated Edzna stelae fall within production of this pottery may well have been the temporal range assigned to the Muralla in central and/or southern Campeche, as it is complex (Stelae 5 and 9). Stela 5 is in the Clas­ found at most of the sites which have been in­ sic tradition (Proskouriakoff 1950: 158), while vestigated in that area. However, it also occurs Stela 9 is altogether foreign to that tradition in sites of the northern plains. The causes be­ (Proskouriakoff 1950: 159). Stela 8, an undated hind this fact cannot be specified at this time. sculpture, is very similar to Stela 9 and probably But by Late Classic times most of the Northern dates to the same period. The date on Stela 9 Lowlands was outside of the Peten ceramic or­ has been read as 9.19.0.0.0 (A.O. 810). This is the bit. Thereafter central Campeche was under the latest dated monument recovered from the site influence of ceramic ideas centered in the to date. Proskouriakoff (1950: 158-159) consid­ northern portion of the peninsula. ers a number of undated stelae (12, 15, 16) to The Muralla complex ceramics are plentiful postdate 9.19.0.0.0 on stylistic grounds and this and widespread across Edzna. The western per­ is probably the case. A radiocarbon date run on iphery of the site seems to be the single excep­ charcoal recovered in clearing Structure 20 on tion to this generalization. The quantity and dis­ the Acropolis yielded a date of A.o. 925 ± 80. tribution suggest that there was another This probably marks a date near the end of the demographic and cultural peak at Edzna at this occupation of the site. time. Not a great deal can be said about the ar­ Ceramically the Muralla complex is closely chitecture other than that on Complex 7. Pavon connected to the now well-known Cehpech Abreu has restored the front of a structure just sphere (see JCG: 328-329). It is marked by the off the northwest comer of this acropolis and predominance of the slate wares in slipped pot­ small exploratory excavations were carried out tery and by a number of other slipped wares on the long mound facing the Large Acropolis. which generally are associated with the slate But virtually all of the other information we wares. This pottery is found over much of the 228 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Northern Lowlands at this time. Muralla is also plex. No examples of definitely identifiable pot­ marked by the virtual disappearance of poly­ tery relating to a later horizon were recovered. chrome pottery and by the appearance of con­ Ruz (1945: 61) reported Sotuta period Fine Or­ trolled trickle decoration, although it is possible ange fragments on the surface, but I am that this latter trait may have begun in the Agua dubious. Fine Orange Ware pieces recovered Potable complex. All of this again fixes the Mu­ from the surface by BYU-NW AF were either ralla complex securely in the Cehpech sphere. Cehpech related (Altar Ceramic Group) or were Nevertheless, there are a number of local types so badly weathered as to be unidentifiable. found at Edzna, mostly in the unslipped cate­ Edzna thus seems to have suffered the same fate gory, which are known only from nearby sites as numerous other sites in the Northern Low­ and from a few sites along the Campeche coast. lands which were abandoned around this time. These are probably wares and types produced Edzna has yielded no evidence of post-Muralla locally or regionally and their limited distribu­ occupation, intermittent or otherwise, until tion reflects this fact. I suspect that when we modern times. The 1300-year history of occupa­ have more ceramic data from a larger number tion at Edzna thus came to an end somewhere of sites in the Northern Lowlands, and when we in the tenth century. Just what happened to the have better chronological control over these Edzna people and where they went is a matter data, we will find considerable variation in the of conjecture (see Thompson 1970; Ball 1974a; ceramic inventory of sites and regions which un­ 1977c; Sabloff 1977 for general explanations of derlies the similarities of the Cehpech sphere. the Florescent collapse). But one real possibility This may take the form of local types as at is that there was a major demographic shift at Edzna, or of significantly varying percentages of this time oriented away from the interior and diagnostic Cehpech types as seems to be the toward the coasts (Sabloff 1977; Andrews 1977). case at Xcalumkin (p. ob., BYU). Wherever they went, they did not return, and The ceramic evidence indicates that Edzna thus the ceramic sequence at Edzna came to an was abandoned at the end of the Muralla com- end. 9. THE TYPE:V ARIETY-MODE APPROACH AND THE ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY

The preceding chapters have been con­ JCG: 20). In this regard, surface treatment is the cerned primarily with an analysis of the ceram­ basis of the T:V-M system because it is most in­ ics from Edzna using the Type:Variety-Mode dicative of cultural phenomena (Phillips and Approach. As stated in Chapter 2, this approach Gifford 1959: 27-28; JCG: 17). was developed in order to meet certain basic 7. A study of modes should be integrated with needs in Maya (and other) ceramic studies. The T:V-M analyses in order to yield a com­ system has now been utilized in a number of ce­ prehensive ceramic picture (Smith, Willey, and ramic studies from various regions of the Maya Gifford 1960: 331). Lowlands and its peripheries. Given this state of It is my intent to examine these issues criti­ affairs, it is perhaps time to evaluate how well cally in order to determine how well the T:V-M the T:V-M approach has met the needs for approach in actual use has indeed carried out which it was developed. Below is a list of func­ the above stated functions. That is, have ceram­ tions which, at one time or another, the T:V-M ic analysts using the T:V-M system actually system has been claimed to carry out: been able to attain the above goals? What diffi­ 1. The T:V-M approach produces comparable culties and problems have arisen, and how have analytic units from analysis to analysis (WCA: they been met or unmet? Naturally, this critique 290; JWBB: 2). will rely most heavily on my own experience in 2. The T:V-M approach avoids the tendency to analyzing the archaeological ceramics from "pigeonhole" pottery-thought by some (see Edzna. However, it will also draw on the expe­ Wright 1967: 99) to be characteristic of typolo­ rience and results of others who have commu­ gical approaches (Sabloff and Smith 1969: 283). nicated their views to me either in published 3. The T:V-M approach is useful as a mecha­ form or in personal communication. nism for establishing a temporal sequence of ce­ ramic types, grouped into complexes, which can 1. The T: V-M approach produces comparable be utilized to date, at least relatively, other ar­ analytic units from analysis to analysis. chaeological features and contexts (Smith, There can be little doubt that on the lower Willey, and Gifford 1960: 330; JCG: 11, 20; levels of analysis (i.e., the level of types and va­ JWBB: 3). rieties) analysts using the T-V system in the 4. The T:V-M approach is characterized by Maya Lowlands have achieved considerable flexibility and fluidity which allows for the shift­ comparability with respect to ceramic units. ing of previously defined units on the basis of This is especially so if viewed in comparison to new ceramic information GCG: 6, 20). classificatory approaches which were used prior 5. The T:V-M approach offers a viable mecha­ to the T-V approach. The use of the concept of nism for assessing the degree of cultural sim­ ceramic variety has made it possible to take into ilarity, divergence, or interaction (at least with account minor differences between pottery from respect to ceramics) from site to site and region two different sites or regions, while at the same to region (Willey 1970: 315; Sabloff and Smith time recognizing the essential similarities of the 1969: 283-284; Rice 1976: 538). pottery on the typological level. The failure to 6. Types defined using the T:V-M approach are do this, thus treating all variants as separate the result of cultural values that impinge upon types, despite the degree of divergence between and influence the behavior of the manufacturers them (e.g., in the Southwest), was an important and users. Pottery types (and varieties) are thus factor which led to the development of T-V representative of real cultural phenomena (i.e., (Wheat, Gifford, and Wasley 1958: 35). Sur­ are discovered) (Gifford 1960: 341; RTM: 141; veying the T-V analyses of the Maya Lowlands

229 230 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO to date, it seems clear that on the typological complex at Dzibilchaltun as varieties of well­ level this first function has been met very well. known types of the Mamom complex, while I It seems clear that a high degree of ceramic unit regard them as distinct types, but with a consid­ comparability has been achieved. Sabloff alludes erable degree of modal similarity. Perhaps prob­ to this in his ceramic report on Seibal. lems of this kind will never be overcome satis­ factorily. But they do raise a question about the On the whole, one of the main ad­ comparability of analytic units in the type­ vantages of the type-variety system is variety system. Nevertheless, compared to the that it is easy to work with in analyzing difficulties encountered at higher levels of ab­ ceramics from a previously unstudied straction in the system, these are relatively mi­ site such as Seibal. Ideally, the com­ nor problems. bination of written descriptions and il­ One of the major, and as yet unresolved, lustrations of ceramics from one site problems of the T-V approach is concerned should enable an archaeologist working with the integrative concept of "ware." T-V at another site to recognize, without analysts have not as yet achieved any agreement too much difficulty, whether or not the on what the ware concept represents, on how it described types are present or absent at should fit into the T-V system, or on its useful­ his site. In fact, generally speaking, the ness in ceramic analysis. At least three major po­ type-variety system does seem to have sitions have been taken by ceramicists who have brought about recognition of distinctive used or are now using the type-variety ceramic attribute clusters (types) which approach. appear to have widespread lowland The traditional view of ware is that it repre­ range (JAS: 3). sents "a hierarchical concept above the level of the type and ceramic group" (WCA: 304). This It should be stressed, however, that this holds view has been most cogently expressed by such true primarily on the typological level. It will analysts as Sabloff and Smith (1972), but their be seen that at higher levels of abstraction there view corresponds to that of Gifford (JCG: Fig. is considerable variability in analytic units from 1), Matheny (RTM: 21), and Sharer (1978: 76). analysis to analysis. Even on the typological lev­ In this view, wares consist of ceramic groups, el there remain a few difficulties with respect to types, and varieties which share certain charac­ comparability of analytic units. The venerable teristics of paste composition or surface finish problem of the splitters versus the lumpers has (Sabloff and Smith 1972: 98). This view prob­ never been adequately solved. This results in sit­ ably represents the majority opinion with regard uations where one analyst may see the differ­ to the concept of ware (Sabloff 1965: 12). Nev­ ences between pottery from different sites or re­ ertheless, with the exception of Sabloff's Seibal gions as sufficiently great to warrant the study (JAS: 27ff.) wares have been all but ig­ definition of a new type; another analyst may nored by T-V analysts. regard the differences as merely indicative of a A contrary view of the ware concept has separate variety. As an example, R. E. W. been presented by Ball (JWBB: 3). Ball denies Adams considers the monochrome red ceramics that ware is useful as a hierarchical unit above of the Pinzon Ceramic Complex at Aguacatal, the level of the type and group. Campeche (see RTM, 36ff) to be areal varieties of the widespread Preclassic type, Sierra Red ... I have found that although the tech­ (Adams 1970: 1514). Matheny, on the other nological criteria definitive of a ware hand, insists that there are sufficient differences are encompassed among the attributes between the Aguacatal pottery and that of the defining a type or variety, they do not Southern Lowlands to warrant the type designa­ themselves include the stylistic, manip­ tion Xicalango Red (p. com.). I have a similar ulative, or formal criteria which define disagreement with Ball (JB: 104). The latter re­ types and varieties as they would if a gards much of the pottery of the Nabanche genuine hierarchical taxonomic rela- THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH AND THE ANALYSIS 231

tionship existed. Thus, not only is it style, pottery tradition, ceramic system, and ce­ typologically more correct to abstract ramic sequence (i.e., my ceramic series) have wares from types, but it is tax­ been used very little. (See, however, JCG: 317, onomically conceivable that variety dif­ and Sharer and Gifford 1970: 458 for brief ex­ ferences within a type could be of tech­ amples of ceramic series from the Maya area.) nological (ware) magnitude, i.e., that a On a still higher level of abstraction (see single type could crosscut two or more JCG: Fig. 3) the ceramic sphere is the only con­ wares via two or more technologically cept as yet defined in the T-V approach (see distinguishable varieties. WCA: 306ff.). This analytic unit is coming into general use among T-V analysts, and has pro­ Thus, rather than being an encompassing cate­ duced comparable units at this level. gory as in Sabloff's view, ware is a crosscutting Overall, then, it would seem that the T-V category, which, in Ball's view, is of "minimal system has been relatively successful in produc­ analytic value" GWBB: 3). Ball has thus ignored ing comparable analytic units from analysis to wares also, but for very different reasons. analysis. However, the units for which this is Still another opinion of the ware concept is true (types, varieties, ceramic complexes, ce­ that it is at present too broadly defined and is ramic spheres) seem to be those most useful for therefore imprecise and inconsistent (Rice purposes of chronology and for areal com­ 1976). Rice argues that the two classes of varia­ parison on a general level. Modal analysis has tion represented in the definition of ware-paste been by and large neglected on every level. composition and surface treatment-are "tech­ Problems with the ware concept, as discussed nologically independent" of one another. She above, suggest the possibility of much less com­ suggests that the concept of ware be redefined parability of analytic units with respect to these so as to be based solely on attributes of surface other concepts when and if they are used. treatment. Attributes of paste composition would then be treated as a separate analytic 2. The T-V approach avoids the tendency to "pi­ unit on the modal level (Rice 1976: 541). geonhole" pottery. Given this diversity of viewpoint, it is hardly By and large the type-variety system of clas­ surprising that the ware concept has been used sification has been successful in avoiding the pi­ infrequently in T-V studies. This is one area geonholing that results from placing in strictly where comparable analytic units have not been defined categories pottery that exhibits consid­ produced from analysis to analysis. Moreover, it erable variation beyond the diagnostic content seems unlikely that this difficulty will be over­ of the category. This is primarily because T-V come in the future. analysts have been able to express such variation In surveying the work done to date utilizing on the varietal level, while at the same time the type-variety system, it is notable that the stressing the similarities on the type level. The use of analytic units, other than ware, on the design of the T-V system so as to allow this kind level of integration have all but been ignored. of approach has therefore ameliorated the ten­ The one notable exception to this is the ceramic dency toward pigeonholing that has occurred in complex which has been utilized by most, if not other classifications. As an example, it is now rec­ all, of the T-V analysts. This is probably because ognized that the type designated as Sierra Red most analysts regard the complex as the most had a widespread distribution in the Maya Low­ useful unit for making areal comparisons (WCA: lands. However, this type is not uniform over 293). Other integrative units or concepts have the whole area of distribution. Rather, as would not been utilized to any significant degree. It is be expected, there is considerable variation true that at the 1965 Guatemala City Confer­ from site to site and region to region with re­ ence (WCA) a series of "horizon markers" (see spect to some minor attributes. These differ­ JCG: 14) were defined for the Maya Lowlands; ences have been expressed at the varietal level, but no one has made an attempt to define hori­ however, resulting in the definition of at least zon styles GCG: 14). The concepts of design five varieties-the Sierra (SC: 170), Society Hall 232 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZ A, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

(JCG: 90), Xaibe (DCP: 4), Big Pond (DCP: 4), tinuing and modifying the blended character­ and Chon (present study) varieties. istics (this fact is indeed what makes it possible This same approach operates at higher levels for the biological systematist to avoid the above of abstraction as well. That is, specimens can be problem), pottery is not so limited. Therefore, placed in the appropriate higher level category such blendings can be elaborated upon, making on the basis of the diagnostic content of the cat­ classification all the more difficult. To date, egory, while nondiagnostic differences can be however, such problems seem to be minor ones stressed at lower levels. However, because T-V that have not reduced to any significant degree is what Rouse (1972: 53-54) calls a taxonomic the utility of the T-V approach. It would ap­ classification, it does not evade the problem of pear, therefore, that the multi-level structure of pigeonholing altogether. A taxonomic classifica­ T:V-M has made it possible to overcome many tion is one in which the population being classi­ of the problems exhibited by previous typolo­ fied is broken down into categories, each one of gical approaches. which is then subdivided again, and so on, each subdivision representing a different level of ab­ 3. The T-V approach is useful as a mechanism straction. This type of classification is most fa­ for establishing a temporal sequence of ceramic miliar to us in the branching type of classifica­ types, grouped into compl£xes, which can be uti­ tion used by biologists in categorizing plant and lized for dating purposes. animal populations. At each level the diagnostic This represents one of the major functions of characteristics of each subcategory are mutually virtually all of the T-V analyses of Maya ceram­ exclusive. For example, the general category of ics to date (e.g., see REWA: 3). Every in­ slipped pottery might be subdivided into two vestigator must establish a chronology for a site subcategories-those bearing a red slip and those or region in order to proceed with higher level bearing a black slip. This in fact is the main dis­ interpretations. It is hardly surprising therefore tinguishing characteristic between the Sierra that T-V analyses have been utilized for this and Polvero ceramic groups. However, this purpose, or that, by and large, they have been form of taxonomic approach ignores the possi­ successful. A few cautions are in order, bility of both conditions on a single specimen. however. For example, both Duncan C. Pring (1976b: 31) First, although it is true that the T-V system and I (p. 55) have noted the existence of vessels is useful for establishing chronological sequences that bear a red slip on the exterior or interior that can be used for other purposes, the T-V ap­ and a black slip on the opposite vessel surface. proach is not unique in this respect. Previous These vessels thus exhibit the diagnostic content classifications had the same major goal and were of both the Sierra and Polvero groups. also successful. In fact, problems of chronology Given this situation, the analyst is forced to brought pottery classification into prominence, pigeonhole such specimens into one category or and not the other way around (Petrie 1899; the other, or else to define a third and separate 1901; Kroeber 1916; Nelson 1916). The question category into which such examples can be therefore arises: Is the T-V system in some man­ placed. This latter alternative is not altogether ner more efficient in the establishment of tem­ satisfying, however, because it makes the new poral sequences than other potential classifica­ category equivalent to the original mutually ex­ tory systems? The originators of the system clusive categories. It is thus analogous to the believed that it was. By including temporal vari­ status of the mule in biology. It must either be ation as one of the characteristics that can be classified in the category of the horse (Equus ca­ used for the establishment of different varieties, ballus) or the donkey (Equus asinus), or else be the T-V system allows for more finely tuned classified as a separate species. But since the chronological analysis than was the case with mule is sterile, it is not a true species and thus previous analyses using only the level of the not of equal standing to the category horse or type. Moreover, a modal analysis, theoretically donkey. However, whereas in biology the hy­ an integral part of the T-V approach, would en­ brid of this type is sterile and incapable of con- hance the potential for temporal discrimination. THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH AND THE ANALYSIS 233

In actuai practice, however, it is difficult to de­ With the exception of Sharer (1978: 105, termine if T-V analyses have yielded more fine­ 107), others have been less explicit, but impli­ ly tuned pottery sequences than would have citly operate on the above assumption. As an ex­ been the case with previous classifications. ample, one only need look at the total separa­ While some T-V analysts apparently feel that tion of types, ceramic groups, and (with the they can make such fine discriminations, the as­ exception of Uaxactun Unslipped Ware) wares sumptions underlying these distinctions are of­ between Gifford's (JCG: 51) Mount Hope and ten questionable (see Sharer 1973: 259). Floral Park complexes. Evidence from Northern Further, modal analyses, which might illumi­ Belize, however, suggests very strongly that nate matters of chronology, have been all but types and varieties pertaining to the earlier nonexistent. In the only cases where they have Chicanel-related complex occur together in been carried out (POM; Sharer 1978; the pres­ stratified midden deposits with those normally ent study), modal studies have not been utilized defined as belonging to Floral Park-related com­ for finely tuned temporal discriminations; the plexes (Pring 1976b: 33ff.). This suggests consid­ only chronological data presented is that of the erable contemporaneity of at least some of the ceramic complexes (i.e., associated with particu­ types and varieties of two different complexes. lar phases). This is hardly any different from Of course, the tendency toward separation may what has been done in North American archae­ in part be a result of the nature of many archae­ ology for many years now. Nevertheless, the po­ ological deposits. Well-stratified midden depos­ tential for such studies is there, given appropri­ its are relatively rare, requiring most analysts to ate archaeological contexts. The T-V approach paste together a sequence based on evidence therefore probably has more potential for this from many different contexts-a process admi­ kind of thing than alternative approaches. The rably illustrated by the Carnegie Institution's concept of ceramic facet, which is a temporal work at (Kidder 1961). Where subdivision of a ceramic complex (WCA: 304), if well-stratified deposits are found, however, in­ more regularly utilized, is an example of this tergrading seems to be a common situation (see potential. Sharer 1978: 105ff., for example). The establishment of tightly controlled It is here suggested that the dividing of the chronological analysis may well be hindered by ceramic sequence into complexes, which then assumptions that seem to have become integral become the primary units for dating purposes, to T-V analysts, although not unique to them. often distorts the actual ceramic situation, and The primary mechanism for establishing a tem­ militates against finer chronological distinctions, poral sequence of types has been a higher level particularly at the boundaries between defined concept called the ceramic complex. The ce­ complexes. I am not suggesting here that the ramic complex by definition is "a culturally concept of ceramic complex be abandoned. meaningful unit composed of types, varieties, Rather, I am suggesting that the concept be uti­ and modes with special regard to a delineated lized in such a way as to maximize its strengths interval of time and space (JCG: 11; italics with regard to chronological questions, but also mine). Such a definition assumes that ceramic to minimize its weaknesses. By and large, T-V complexes are in some manner real or natural analysts have failed to do so, although Sharer units or at least that they have relatively clear­ (1978: 105-107) is a notable exception. cut boundaries. The latter portion of this view is Despite the above caveats, there can be made explicitly by Ball (JWBB: 3). little doubt that the T-V approach has provided a useful mechanism for chronological control Types are combined into ceramic which has facilitated archaeological inter­ complexes on the basis of consistent pretation both within and between sites contextual association. I view these (REWA: 3; JAS: 2; Rice 1976: 538). complexes as ceramic aS):;emblages with 4. The T-V approach is characterized by flex­ specific temporal, spatial, and cultural ibility and fluidity which allows for shifting of integrity and boundaries. previously defined units. 234 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Any classificatory system purporting to deal phases. For the two Preclassic ceramic com­ effectively with complex archaeological phe­ plexes, Mamom and Chicane!, Smith and Gif­ nomena over a wide area must, of necessity, be ford (SC: 170) defined two separate slipped sufficiently flexible to allow modification in wares-Flores Wavy Ware and Paso Caballo light of new evidence. This is because as new Waxy Ware respectively. A number of in­ evidence turns up, old conclusions and per­ vestigators, including the author, have noticed ceptions are often seen to be inconsistent with that in reality there is almost no difference be­ the newly recovered information. It is not un­ tween them (JAS: 30; Rice 1976: 541). In fact, usual that a classification or analysis carried out the only difference listed by Sabloff (JAS: Fig. in the early stages of investigation in an area 20) is that Paso Caballo Waxy Ware contains yields a clear, convenient picture of culture in some vessels with multicolored surfaces, while that area. But as more and more information 'be­ Flores Waxy Ware doesn't. Seen in terms of the comes available, such simple classifications are Uaxactun data, moreover, even this distinction often inadequate for expressing the complexities doesn't hold up, since Muxanal Red-on-cream, a brought to light by more and better data. Such member of Flores Waxy Ware (SC: 170), is a di­ is the case in Chiapas, for example, where ten to chrome. Despite the fact that nearly everyone fifteen years ago it was thought that the pre­ recognizes this, the distinctions continue to be historic sequence of the area could be readily made, as if a definition, once made, is forever summarized on the basis of data from Chiapa de carved in stone, never to be modified. Perhaps Corzo. As much more data were recovered over not as obvious or clearcut, but nevertheless just· the intervening years, however, it became clear as significant as an indicator of classificatory that there was tremendous diversity in this fossilization, is the example of Joventud Red area-so much that a leading authority has de­ versus Sierra Red. (These two types were classi­ clined to even attempt to make a general sum­ fied as members of Flores Waxy Ware and Paso mary (Lowe, p. com.). Caballo Waxy Ware respectively, and thus rep­ resent a similar problem on a lower level of ab­ Because of such realities, the T-V system, if straction). These two types defined by Gifford it is to be useful over any length of time, must (SC: 170) differ only slightly from one another, be sufficiently flexible to incorporate data based vessel form variation being the most diagnostic on new evidence. The originators of the ap­ difference. The similarities are such that at Al­ proach were aware of this problem and pur­ tar de Sacrificios Adams was inclined to classify posely attempted to design it in a way that them as temporal varieties of the same type would allow for modification and for com­ (JWBB: 6). However, he was dissuaded by prehension of the "most complex ceramic situa­ others who felt that this would be too much of a tion" (REWA: 7). That the design of the system break with tradition (Ball, p. com., 1974). does allow for such flexibility, I do not deny. My My point here is not to argue for or against criticism with respect to this issue is that in ac­ the Joventud-Sierra separation, but only to illus­ tual practice T-V analysts have not always taken trate the fact that too often such issues are de­ advantage of the system's flexibility. On the termined not by examination of the data, but by contrary, there has been a tendency toward fos­ "traditional" usages. A similar situation obtains silization of early types and higher level cate­ with respect to the Saxche-Palmar types of or­ gories even in the face of contradictory ange-polychrome (SC: 172). Adams was clearly information. aware of the problems presented by the original A few examples will suffice to illustrate the definition with respect to these two types, and point. The original type-variety designations es­ apparently thought about them a good deal tablished in the Maya Lowlands were the result (REWA: 30). He attempted to resolve the prob­ of reworking Robert E. Smith's Uaxactun mate­ lem by means of stylistic analysis based on motif rial in terms of the then new system (SC). The , categories. Having done this, he proceeded to ceramic complexes defined in this study. corre­ place the various "style groups" defined into the spond to Smith's (RES: 2lff.) earlier defined same two type categories (each with several va- THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH AND THE ANALYSIS 235 rieties) defined by Smith and Gifford. Nowhere has led to a level of comparability unknown are the reasons for defining two types specified, previously. As pointed out in chapter 3, this was nor are the criteria for distinguishing the two one of the major problems in Maya ceramic types presented. The descriptions of each of the studies. It must be pointed out, however, that seven varieties certainly do not clarify this the fact that the T-V approach makes intersite point. For example, the description of Palmar comparison easier than would be the case if ana­ Orange-polychrome: Curro Variety states: lysts used different schemes is not unique justifi­ "Same as Saxche [Orange-polychrome]: Acul cation for the system. As Dunnell (1971a: 115) [Variety] plates but motifs and forms reduced in has pointed out, virtually any system of classifi­ size." (REWA: 38). That is, the only difference cation, if used by all analysts, makes such com­ between two different varieties of two distinct parison possible. types is motif and vessel size, both of which are The real issue is whether the T-V approach probably quite variable categories. Perhaps the is a better tool for dealing with various levels of reason that no statement of the distinguishing comparison than alternate approaches already criteria is given for the two types is that the di­ in use. 1n fact the T-V system makes it possible vision was made on chronological grounds not only to determine whether the same types rather than on the basis of attribute com­ or varieties are present or absent at two or more binations. Adams (REW A: 34) states that "the sites, but also to assess the degree of similarity style-groups were combined into types and vari­ or divergence of the sites with respect to the eties, the principal criterion in setting up types whole ceramic inventory. This is done through and varieties being chronological significance." the concept of ceramic sphere. However, this But this is precisely the same basis used by concept presents certain difficulties. One of Smith and Gifford, which Adams (REWA: 30) these is that spheres represent discontinuous or had earlier criticized. Here again, the intent is discrete entities, whereas the actual ceramic sit­ not to argue for one, two, or more types, nor to uation may represent variation along a contin­ berate the conclusions of previous analysts. My uum. For example, one ceramic complex may own experience has familiarized me with the be excluded from membership in a particular kinds of problems inherent in ceramic analysis, sphere because it lacks the diagnostic content of and my own errors are probably greater than the sphere definition. Another complex may be those of others. Nevertheless, this example is il­ excluded on the same grounds. The former com­ lustrative of the tendency to use old categories, plex may differ much less significantly from the rather than deriving the categories from the sphere than the latter, however. In fact, the two data base. spheres may well represent different points The type-variety approach does allow for along a continuum. Yet the concept of ceramic considerable flexibility and fluidity. The large sphere divides this continuum into more or less number of defined types and varieties attests to arbitrary discrete units. the general sufficiency of the method in this Of course, it is possible that sphere bound­ matter. A few problems in actual usage remain aries may correspond to actual ceramic bound­ to be worked out, however. aries, since continuous variation in any cultural trait or industry is not obligatory. But such is 5. The T-V approach is a useful tool for assess­ not always the case (see, for example, Phillips, ing intersite ceramic relationships. Ford, and Griffin 1951: 66-68). Ball (in JCG: Along with chronological ordering, intersite 323-324) has attempted to deal with the prob­ comparison has been one of the major functions lem of variation within a sphere, but the issue of for which the T-V system has actually been uti­ intersphere variation has not been treated by T­ lized. Virtually all type-variety studies have in­ V analysts. Moreover, since sphere membership cluded comparative data from other sites, al­ is based on the occurrence of the same types in though Matheny (RTM) and Sabloff GAS) do so significant numbers at two or more sites, the is­ in a very rudimentary way. The use of a com­ sue of where to draw the line between one type mon classificatory approach by various analysts and another is raised here. At what points along 236 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO a geographical or temporal continuum are dif­ resulted from it is an indication of what can be ferences sufficiently great to warrant a typo­ done in this area. As Rands (1974: 53) has put it: logical separation rather than merely a varietal one. Again the Joventud-Sierra separation is ... the technological approach present- indicative. ed new opportunities and challenges, Virtually everyone is agreed that the types leading to the investigation of trade represent a developmental continuum. Yet how wares, to the problems of manufac­ does one decide where to divide them and on turing and redistribution centres, and, what basis, typological or varietal. If it is to be inevitably, to the socio-economic impli­ done on a chronological basis, as seems to have cations of these data. been the case for the original type-variety desig­ Other T-V analysts by and large have ig­ nations (SG; but see REW A: 30), then the sys­ nored this approach, and it remains to be seen tem automatically biases itself against ceramic how Rands will incorporate his data into the T­ configurations of long duration, since the units V analysis of the pottery of the Palenque region. are divided on temporal criteria rather than on This will present an interesting problem because perceptibly differing ceramic traits. Admitt dly, � the analysis of paste characteristics and those of since the sphere definition is based on sharmg a vessel form are generally treated as modes in set of common types, differences of this kind for the T-V system (when treated at all). Yet in fact a particular type may not be particularly impor­ each of these areas can be treated as typologies tant. But if an analyst were consistently to make in themselves. The T-V approach, by forcing typological distinctions where another might see them into modal analysis, may well limit their only variety level separations, difficulties with usefulness. It should not be forgotten that one of ;espect to sphere affiliation would emerge. Such the most useful tools for reconstructing trade problems have already emerged in the Tikal se­ patterns has resulted from technological analysis quence where types of the Tzec complex are of obsidian. Nor should it be forgotten that this closely related to the Uaxactun Mamom com­ has been a typological approach, the constituent plex (Culbert 1977: 29-30), while the typolog­ trace elements defining each source constituting ical designations for Tzec complex types are a type. Archaeological specimens are then clas­ those of the Chicane! complex (p. ob. of Tikal sified into their appropriate category (type) on type list, TU, Culbert, p. com., 1978). the basis of their particular trace element con­ Still another problem centers on the fact tent. The distortion of data using the traditional that the T-V approach stresses characteristics of T-V approach has led one analyst familiar with surface finish. Thus the evaluation of the degree the system to advocate using three typologies­ of ceramic similarity or diversity is also based historical types (types based primarily on sur­ primarily on criteria that emphasize surface face treatment), paste types, and form types as a treatment. Consequently it tends to ignore rela­ means of delineating both intrasite and intersite tionships that might be reflected in other char­ relationships (Bruce Warren, p. com.). acteristics of pottery. As an example, paste anal­ ysis has gone practically unused as a method of In light of the foregoing, it is argued, not so determining intersite relationships. Sabloff's much that the T:V-M approach is not useful for QAS: Appendix) work with fine paste ceramics intersite and interregional comparison, but that certain kinds of data that might be useful are from Altar and Seibal remains the lone excep­ consistently overlooked by analysts except tion-an exception concerned with a rather T-V in the most obvious cases. Furthermore, it may well-known and distinctive paste category. well be that the T-V approach is poorly adapted Rands (1974: 51-53), on the other hand, has for some other kinds of study, such as paste used characteristics of paste and vessel form as a analysis or other technological studies, but this primary means of such comparison. Admittedly, remains to be seen. Rands was forced into this by the eroded nature of the pottery itself. But the amount of informa­ 6. Pottery types (and other units) are representa­ tion concerning intersite relationships that has tive of real cultural phenomena. THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH A D THE ANALYSIS 237

This issue is one about which there has been the entire mass of pottery in question, a general debate among archaeological tax­ these basic units (varieties, types, and onomists for many years now. It centers on the modes) are usable in a flexible sense as nature and meaning of classification in archae­ indicators of the time and space factors ological and cultural studies. This debate has re­ associated with archaeological cultures. sulted in the emergence of two fundamental po­ They also have the added potential of sitions. One of these is that classification, while being useful in the documentation and a useful analytic tool, is always arbitrary in that causal exploration of cultural processes it is a construct of the analyst. Therefore, it is and change. not a reflection of the cultural values of the makers of the artifacts to be classified (Brew For Gifford the types and varieties defined 1946; Ford 1954; Dunnell 1971a). The other is by the analyst represent the "material manifes­ that the goal of the analyst is to "discover" clas­ tations of the regularities of human behavior," sificatory categories inherent in the data. This provided, of course, that the analyst has done an view presupposes that the analyst is capable of adequate job in his analysis (Gifford 1960: 342). isolating units that were conceptualized by the This is true, Gifford believed, not only of types makers or users of the artifacts (Krieger 1944; and varieties, moreover, but also of higher level Spaulding 1953). The question here is simply categories which were, for him, representative whether classificatory units correspond in some of regularity at higher levels of cultural in­ degree to behavioral reality or not. tegration. Thus, such units as ceramic system, It is not my intent to rehash this issue here. tradition, and horizon style also represent "real" The essential viewpoints have already been categories, but at a higher level of abstraction stated by others, as indicated above. My goal, (Gifford 1960: 342). Based on these premises, rather, is to see to what degree T-V analysts Gifford argued that ceramic varieties represent have agreed on these issues and to examine the results of individual or small group variation some related issues. (Gifford believed that he could sometimes pick Of all of the T-V analysts to date, James C. out the work of individual potters in his work Gifford GCG: 5-6) has been the most explicit on the Barton Ramie ceramics [Carol Gifford, p. and the most insistent that the units of the sys­ com.]) while types represent the regularities of tem must be recognized rather than created by larger cultural patterns. They are, therefore, the analyst. "meaningful from the standpoint of cultural in­ terpretation" (Gifford 1960: 342). There follows a premise that, logically Matheny (RTM: 141), in his analysis of the and philosophically, is fundamental to Aguacatal ceramics, has subscribed to Gifford's the derivation of theoretical implica­ views that analytic categories must be cultural tions from the analysis of pottery and categories if classification is to be in any way other artifacts found in prehistoric con­ meaningful. texts. If, in the study of prehistoric pot­ tery, the analyst by intent creates and The type-variety concept, as it has imposes basic ceramic units of analysis been developed, is a classificatory sys­ on the data, these same units cannot, tem whereby ceramics can be orga­ except by chance, reflect ancient cul­ nized into units that conform to group­ tural values or phenomena. If, on the ings the aboriginal potters and pottery contrary, the analyst consciously en­ users might themselves recognize (Gif­ deavors throughout his analyses to al ford 1960: 342). This is true because the low himself to recognize ceramic units analyst recognizes and describes what that are suggested by the nature of the the ceramic norms were for a particular pottery through viewing and handling ancient society. The idea behind this the ceramic material itself, then as fac­ kind of classification is not only to be tual knowledge increases concerning able to subdivide a pottery collection 238 N.W.A.F. PAPER No. 46. FORSYTH: INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO

into units well suited for dating pur­ Phillips 1958: 13) has taken an intermediate po­ poses (Smith, Willey and Gifford 1960: sition on this issue with respect to classification 331), but to arrive at some under­ in general. This is probably his viewpoint with standing of the cultural processes that respect to the T-V categories as well. Never­ caused the pottery to be made the way theless, it would appear that there is some dif­ it was (Gifford 1963a: Fig. 2). Further­ ference of opinion among T-V analysts con­ more, if pottery analyses are to be use­ cerning the degree to which T-V concepts ful to the archaeologist both as an ar­ represent cultural phenomena. The majority, chaeologist and as an anthropologist, however, probably take a moderate position the system must be of a kind that will with respect to this controversy, corresponding permit intersite comparisons not only to the view of Willey (Willey and Phillips 1958: for dating purposes but for the docu­ 13) earlier alluded to. mentation and understanding of pre­ historic cultural changes. Hopefully the Our attitude is that these opposing type-variety system can serve these views are not completely antagonistic. capacities. We maintain that all types are likely to possess some degree of correspondence Not all T-V analysts have subscribed to Gif­ to this kind· of [behavioral] reality and ford's and Matheny's views. Unfortunately, how­ that increase of such correspondence ever, none of the dissenting analysts have under­ must be the constant aim of typology. taken a critical review of why they disagree. The actual procedure of segregating Adams (REWA: 14) states only that he departs types is therefore a more complex oper­ "from Gifford on his view of types and varieties ation than is suggested simply by such as actual cultural units.... " A similar, but also words as "design" or "discovery," and brief, view has been expressed by one of Adams' is in effect a painstaking combination students, Joseph Ball (JWBB: 3) in his study of of both. Becan ceramics. Ball (1977d: 662), in a recent review, has ex­ This report treats types and varie­ pressed a similar view. ties strictly as artificial and arbitrary If indeed there is some general consensus constructs, defined on the basis of attri­ that T-V units do conform, to a greater or lesser bute clusterings found to be con­ degree, to real cultural categories, a number of sistently recognizable and useful in questions are raised. The T-V system, both in making chronological, areal, or cultural design and practice, stresses attributes of surface evaluations. While there can be little finish or treatment as the prime diagnostics in doubt that these constructs reflect the defining classificatory units, at least in the ty­ ceramic conceptualizations of ancient pological realm. Characteristics of form and potters to a certain extent, I believe paste, while not totally ignored, have received that it is unrealistic to view them as ac­ lesser emphasis in delimiting typological units. curate, one-for-one· equivalencies for That surface treatment was purposely selected those conceptualizations. The types for this role is made explicit by Gifford QCG: here described should therefore be re­ 17; cf. Phillips and Gifford 1959: 27-29). garded as artificially devised tools rather than as cultural realities. Surface treatment mirrors the ceramic value orientations prevalent in cultural Other T-V analysts such as Smith (POM), Sab­ configurations that caused prehistoric loff OAS), Culbert, Warren, and Willey (1970) pottery to be made and used. It is over­ have not addressed this issue in print, although ridingly important because it involves they may have done so in private. Moreover, it the only ceramic attributes or features should be pointed out that Willey (Willey and that, insofar as we have been able to THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH AND THE ANALYSIS 239

observe, can generally be said to be al­ arbitrary. The intent is, rather, to study the be­ most "purely cultural" as to original in­ havior of past peoples as that behavior was spiration. Kluckhohn (1951) has defined regulated by culture. If, for example, vessel those elements of culture which are form is less indicative of arbitrary values than "purely cultural" and derived solely surface treatment because form is more closely from value orientation in the following constrained by function (Phillips and Gifford way: "They, like the phenomena of 1959: 28-29), it does not alter the fact that in linguistics, are culture at its purest be­ the minds of the users of the pottery the func­ cause they involve the maximum ele­ tion of the vessel, and hence its form, may be a ment of convention, of arbitrary selec­ much more important concern (i.e., value orien­ tion and emphases." I do not wish tation) than the aesthetic qualities of the sur­ necessarily to imply that other attri­ face. Recent ethnographic studies of modem In­ butes in pottery do not, in varying de­ dian potters of Guatemala, for example, have grees, reflect their cultural contexts or indicated that categories of vessel form are also the value orientation of the potter. It is very important in the native classification of merely that surface treatment seems pottery (Ruben Reina, 1976, p. com.). consistently, at all times and in all This issue points out a basic problem with places where pottery occurs, to display the assumptions, implicit or otherwise, of the T­ cultural and individual ceramic value V approach. By emphasizing characteristics of orientations more clearly than do other surface finish, T-V analysts ignore the fact that ceramic features. In this respect, then, native classifications differ, not only from so­ surface treatment, wherever we may ciety to society, but also with respect to the find pottery in a pre-industrial cultural same cultural phenomena. As an example, mod­ matrix, appears to be most directly de­ em Americans classify automobiles in a number termined by values. "Values designate of different ways on the basis of different cri­ preferences that cannot be derived sole­ teria and for different purposes. They may clas­ ly from the existence of needs... ; sify them by make (i.e., Chevrolet, Ford, Chrys­ they take distinctive forms in different ler), by functional classes (sedan, limousine, cultures, tend to persist tenaciously station wagon, van, pickup), or by year (i.e., through time, and are not mere random 1926, 1975, etc.). All three of these are cultural outcomes of conflicting human desires" classifications in the sense that they are recog­ (Kluckhohn 1958: 26-27). When our nized and used by modem Americans. But they aim is to examine cultural processes are quite different, emphasizing as they do, mat­ through the study of prehistoric pot­ ters of manufacture, function, and chronology tery, those attributes that tell us the respectively. If the task of the analyst is to "rec­ most about prehistoric values deserve ognize" inherent (i.e., cultural) classes, the ques­ to receive maximum typological tion follows: Which inherent classes are to be attention. emphasized? That is, which of the various po­ tential "cultural" classifications should the ana­ The argument here is that attributes of sur­ lyst regard as most important and therefore em­ face finish are more purely cultural (i.e., arbi­ phasize? The point is that by building an trary) than other attributes such as form or emphasis on surface finish into the system, the paste. Moreover, it is assumed that this is uni­ system more or less predetermines the answer­ versally true-"at all times and in all places." the one most amenable to surface treatment Many prehistorians would take exception to analysis. such an assertion. However, even if surface It may be argued that by making modal treatment were more arbitrary, and thus more analysis an integral part of the T-V approach, cultural, than other attribute clusters, archae­ the above problems can be overcome, at least in ologists are not content to merely study those part. An analysis of form modes, for example, areas of past societies considered to be the most might yield evidence for the importance of this 240 N.W.A.F. PAPER o. 46. FORSYTH: I VESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA., CAMPECHE, MEXICO characteristic in the prehistoric pottery collec­ poral and some distributional information. With tion. But this does not solve the problem, how­ the exception of Sharer's (1978) exemplary ever, because modal analysis stresses vessel attri­ treatment of the Chalchuapa ceramics, none of butes, while typological analysis stresses vessel the above studies attempt to utilize modes in a classes. As indicated earlier, form and paste comparative or integrative way to extract infor­ characteristics can be treated typologically also. mation about function, trade, intersite relation­ By treating elements of surface finish typologi­ ships, etc. (see REWA: 141-142 for one excep­ cally and other elements modally (e.g., see JCG, tion, albeit a most brief one). Almost nowhere 11) the system itself biases the classification in a do T-V authors utilize the higher order units of particular direction. This is not necessarily modal analysis (i.e., tradition, horizon style) in a wrong. For the purposes with which T-V ana­ manner analogous to that used for ceramic com­ lysts have been primarily concerned-site chro­ plexes and spheres (but see Rands 1961 and nology, intersite comparison, reconstruction of Sharer 1978: 115-123). culture history-the T-V approach has played an All in all, T-V analysts do not seem to be in­ important and usefol role perhaps precisely be­ terested in the study of modes. This is probably cause it emphasizes surface treatment. That is due to the fact that modal analysis is less ser­ probably why so many of its users are generally viceable for the problems that most analysts are satisfied with it. But as archaeologists become concerned with. This would suggest that for increasingly concerned with such problems as most analysts the study of modes is superfluous process, trade, function, intergroup relation­ to their research problems. Those who would ships, etc., it may well be found that the T-V argue that they would like to do modal analyses, system is not necessarily well adapted to the in­ but that the constraints of time and money do vestigation of these issues. At least, other ap­ not permit doing everything, are really just proaches may be called for as well. saying that the value of such studies does not warrant the effort. Nevertheless, one T-V 7. A study of modes should be integrated with analyst GAS: 4) is well aware of the kinds of use­ T-V analyses. fol information that a modal study can produce. Ever since Rouse (1960) pointed out the dif­ ferences between analytic (modal) and tax­ A pottery classification which em­ onomic (typological) classification, T-V analysts phasizes individual attributes or modes have included an almost pro forma statement (significant attributes) as the main clas­ that modal analysis should be carried out as an sifying criteria can have several impor­ integral part of T-V analysis (Smith, Willey, and tant advantages (see Rouse [ 1939) for a Gifford 1960: 331; Sabloff and Smith 1969: 283; general discussion of modal analysis). REWA: 7; RTM: 140; JAS: 4; JCG: 11). 1n real­ Modal or attribute analysis can be quite ity, however, modes have been all but ignored usefol since, as Wright (1967) has point­ in T-V studies. The only significant exceptions ed out, they are consistent, invariable, are Sharer's (1978) Chalchuapa report, Smith's and accurate, and clearly show the con­ Mayapan study (POM), the present work, and tinuity of ceramic trends through time. Fry's (1972: 487) Quintana Roo work, although Moreover, modal analyses help to pre­ no data are yet available from the latter study. serve ceramic data by presenting de­ A number of studies do provide information on scriptions on a lower hierarchical level the attributes that define types, varieties, or of analysis than type-variety descrip­ other typological units. But these are not, tions, and so, information about individ­ strictly speaking, modes, since modes are ceram­ ual modes can be saved. In relation to ic attributes of a significance beyond that of de­ areawide analyses, if someone is inter­ fining types or varieties (JCG: 47). ested in studying incision in Preclassic Even the modal studies listed above are es­ pottery, for example, and wants to re­ sentially descriptive with additional catalog­ work the data presented in published ing-and that is about all it amounts to-of tern- ceramic reports, he will probably find THE TYPE:VARIETY-MODE APPROACH AND THE ANALYSIS 241

it easier to work with a modal study. In In this chapter I have attempted to point addition, when working with eroded out some of the difficulties of the T:V-M ap­ sherds, one often has only individual proach both in theory and, especially, in the ac­ modes which can be used for com­ tual practice of classifying archaeological ce­ parative studies or for classification. Fi­ ramics. Inevitably my views are colored by my nally, a modal study and presentation own experience in analyzing the Edzmi ceram­ can more easily be coded for computer ics, and in previous work with Southwestern analysis than a type-variety study, since pottery. As a result, I have reached certain con­ it is individual attributes or modes clusions about the T:V-M Approach. First, this which almost invariably are coded and method is a more efficient tool for achieving the which give more useful information basic and traditional goals of ceramic analysis about significant clustering than can (i.e., intersite comparison) than were the ap­ analyses run on preformed attribute proaches used by previous analysts in the Maya clusters (see also Wright [1967) for a area. Second, the system is capable of yielding clear discussion of the merits of attri­ much more, but as yet untapped, information bute analysis). concerning the behavior of past peoples than is suggested by T-V analyses to date, including the present one. Finally, I can only concur with After making this statement, however, the ana­ Willey (1970: 315) that "The type-variety sys­ lyst makes no attempt to utilize modes (as dis­ tem is not the only way to classify pottery nor, tinct from diagnostic attributes of types) in his in my opinion, the only 'right way.' The system study. This is but another indication that Ball has both advantages and drawbacks." Other (1977d: 663) is clearly correct in suggesting that ways of classifying Maya ceramics may be use­ T-V analysts still have a long way to go before ful for specific purposes, but the type-variety modal analysis reaches the same degree of elab­ method gives every indication of being around oration, and therefore utility, that typological for some time, both in the Maya Highlands and analysis has attained. in the Lowlands. REFERENCES

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WRIGHT, J. V. WILLEY, GORDON R., AND JAMES C. GIFFORD 1967 Type and Attribute Analysis: Their Application 1961 Pottery of the Holmul I Style from Barton Ramie, to Iroquois Culture History. In Iroquois Culture, British Honduras. In Essays in Precolumbian Art History and Prehistory; Proceedings of the 1965 and Archaeology, edited by Samuel K. Lothrop Conference on Iroquois Research, edited by Elisa­ and others, pp. 152-170. Harvard University beth Tooker, pp. 99-100. New York State Mu­ Press, Cambridge. seum and Science Service, Albany. (list of NW AF papers continued from back cover) 26. THE ARTIFACTS OF CHIAPA DE CoRzo, CHIAPAS, MEx1co, by Thomas A. Lee, Jr. 1969. 231 pages, 149 figures, color frontispiece. $8.00. 27. THE CERAMICS OF AGUACATAL, CAMPECHE, MEx1co, by Ray T. Matheny. 1970. 155 pages, 53 figures. $3.50. 28. MouND 20, M1RADOR CHIAPAS, MEx1co, by Pierre Agrinier. 1970. 84 pages. 107 figures. Color frontispiece. $2.50. 29. JMETIC LUBTON: SoME MODERN AND PRE-HISPANIC MAYA CEREMONIAL CusTOMS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Thomas A. Lee, Jr. 1972. 28 pages, 12 figures. $1.50. Papers 30, Parts 1 and 2 sold only as a set. $25.00. 30. lzAPA ScuLPTURE, PART l: ALBUM, by V. Garth Norman. 1973. 3 pages introduction, 64 plates. 30. lzAPA ScuLPTURE, PART 2: TEXT, by V. Garth Norman. 1976. 360 pages, 245 figures, 26 tables, index. 31. lzAPA: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE Ru1Ns AND MONUMENTS, by Garaeth W. Lowe, Thomas A. Lee, Jr., and Eduardo Martinez E. 1980. 349 pages, 181 figures, including 5 maps, 9 tables. $20.00. 32. THE OLMEC RocK CARVING AT Xoc, CmAPAS, MEx1co, by Susanna Ekholm-Miller. 1973. 28 pages, 18 figures. $2.00. 33. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT DzIBILNOCAC, CAMPECHE, MEXICO, by Fred W. Nelson, Jr. 1973. 142 pages, 107 figures. $5.00. 34. MouND 4 ExcAVATIONS AT SAN IsmRo, CHIAPAS, MEx1co, by Thomas A. Lee, Jr. 1974. 88 pages, 58 figures. $4.00. 35. THE OLMEC RocK CARVINGS AT P1JIJIAPAN, CH1APAS, MEx1co AND OTHER OLMEC P1ECES FROM CHIAPAS AND GUATEMALA, by Carlos Navarrete. 1974. 26 pages, 25 figures. $2.00. 36. THE LINGUISTIC, GEOGRAPHIC, AND DEMOGRAPHIC POSITION OF THE ZOQUE OF SOUTHERN MEXICO, by Norman D. Thomas. 1974. 52 pages, 45 figures. $3.00. 37. MouND IA, CH1APA DE CoRzo, CmAPAS, MEx1co, by Pierre Agrinier. 1975. 43 pages, 37 figures. $2.50. 38. THE EARLY PRECLASSIC BARRA PHASE OF ALTAMIRA, CHIAPAS; A REVIEW WITH NEW DATA, by Gareth W. Lowe. 1975. 39 pages, 20 figures. $2.00. 39. MouNDS 9 AND 10 AT MmADOR, CmAPAS, MEx1co, by Pierre Agrinier. 1975. 104 pages, 89 figures. $4.50. 40. MESOAMERICAN COMMUNICATION RouTES AND CuLTURAL CONTACTS, edited by Thomas A. Lee, Jr. and Carlos Navarrete. 1978. 20 symposium papers by various authors, 265 pages, 36 figures, 19 tables. $12.50. 41. THE CHANTUTO PEOPLE: AN ARCHAIC PERIOD SOCIETY OF THE CHIAPAS LITTORAL, MEXICO, by Barbara Voorhies. 1976. 147 pages, 80 figures, 27 tables, $7.50. 42. A SACRIFICIAL MASS BURIAL AT MIRAMAR, CHIAPAS, MEx1co, by Pierre Agrinier. 1978. 52 pages, 39 figures. $3.00. 43. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS OF CH1NKULT1C, CHIAPAS, MEx1co, by Joseph W. Ball. 1980. 132 pages, 63 figures. $7.50. 44. PAMPA EL PAJ6N, AN EARLY MIDDLE PRECLASSIC ESTUARINE SITE, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Maricruz Failles H. 1980. 119 pages, 66 figures. $7.00. 45. EL M1RADOR, PETEN, GuATEMALA: AN INTERIM REPORT, edited by Ray T. Matheny. 1980. 4 papers by various authors, with Spanish translation of primary paper, 99 pages, 51 figures. (out of print) 46. INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEXICO, VOLUME 1, PART 1: THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM, by Ray T. Matheny, Deanne L. Gurr, Donald W. Forsyth, and F. Richard Hauck. 1983. 239 pages, 172 figures, 143 tables and charts, 2 appendixes. 46. INVESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEx1co, VOLUME 1, PART 2: MAPS, by Ray T. Matheny, Deanne L. Gurr, Donald W. Forsyth, and F. Richard Hauck. 1983. 17 three-color maps, folded and boxed. 46. INvESTIGATIONS AT EDZNA, CAMPECHE, MEx1co, VOLUME 2: CERAMICS, by Donald W. Forsyth. 249 pages, 38 figures, table. Paper 46, Volumes 1 (1 and 2) and 2 sold only as a set. $25.00 Orders for and correspondence regarding the publications of The New World Archaeological Foundation should be sent to DIRECTOR OF LIBRARIES, BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY, PROVO, UTAH 84602. PAPERS OF IBE NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION 1. THE CHIAPAS PROJECT, 1955-1958, REPORT OF THE F1ELD DIRECTOR, by Gareth W. Lowe. 1959. 21 pages, 12 figures. 2. AIICHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE UPPER GRIJALVA R1vER, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Ga­ reth W. Lowe. 1959. 112 pages, 64 figures. 3. ExPLORATION AT SAN AGUSTIN, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Carlos Navarrete. 1959. 16 pages, 10 figures. 4. A BRIEF REcoNNAISSANCE IN THE REGION OF ToNALA, CHIAPAS, MEx1co, by Carlos Nav­ arrete. 1959. 10 pages, 8 figures. (Papers 1-4 bound together; out of print) 5. CERAMICS FROM Two PRECLAss1c PERIODS AT CHIAPA DE CoRzo, CHIAPAS, MExico, by Keith A. Dixon. 1959. 52 pages, 55 figures. (out of print) 6. THE CARVED HUMAN FEMURS FROM TOMB 1, CHIAPA DE CORZO, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Pierre Agrinier. 1960. 28 pages, 17 figures. (out of print) 7. AflCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE REGION OF THE FRAILESCA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Carlos Navarrete. 1960. 43 pages, 49 figures. (out of print) 8. MouND 1, CHIAPA DE CoRzo, CH1APAS, MEXICO, by Gareth W. Lowe and Pierre Agrinier. 1960. 105 pages, 67 figures, 39 plates. 9. MouND 12, CHIAPA DE CoRzo, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by J. Alden Mason. 1960. 44 pages, 23 figures, 12 plates. 10. MouND 13, CHIAPA DE CoRzo, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Frederic Hicks and Charles E. Ro­ zaire. 1960. 22 pages, 15 figures, 2 plates. 11. THE TERRACE TO NORTH OF MOUND 13, CHIAPA DE CORZO, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by J. Al­ den Mason. 1960.12 pages, 3 figures, 2 plates. (Papers 8-11 bound together, not sold separately; $5.00) 12. Mound 5 and Minor Excavations, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico, by Gareth W. Lowe. 1962. 114 pages, 46 figures, 34 plates. $2.50. 13. CERAMIC STRATIGRAPHY AT SANTA CRuz, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by William T. Sanders. 1961. 81 pages, 60 figures, 11 plates. $2.00. 14. THE SANTA MARTA RocK SHELTER, OcozocoAUTLA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Richard S. MacNeish and Fredrick A. Peterson. 1962. 46 pages, 5 figures, 6 plates. $1.50. 15. SoME CERAMICS FROM M1RADOR, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Fredrick A. Peterson. 1963. 126 pages, 183 figures. $3.00. 16. THE ARcHEOLOGICAL BURIALS AT CHIAPA DE CoRZo AND THEIR FURNITURE, by Pierre Agrinier (with a conclusion, "Burial Customs at Chiapa de Corzo," by Gareth W. Lowe). 1964. 76 pages, 131 figures. (out of print) 17. ExcAVATIONS AT SANTA RosA, CHIAPAS, MEx1co, by Agustin Delgado. 1965. 84 pages, 73 figures. 18. AflCHEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN THE REGION OF TEHUANTEPEC, OAXACA, MEXICO, by Agustin Delgado. 1965. 35 pages, 27 figures. (Papers 17-18 bound together, not sold separately; $3.00) 19. THE CERAMIC H1sTORY OF THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by T. Patrick Culbert. 1965. 91 pages, 38 figures. $3.00. 20. ALTAMIRA AND PADRE PIEDRA, EARLY PRECLASSIC SITES IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Dee F. Green and Gareth W. Lowe. 1967. 133 pages, 97 figures. $3.00. 21. THE CHIAPANEC, HISTORY AND CuLTURE, by Carlos Navarrete. 1966. 111 pages, 102 fig­ ures. $3.00. 22. AflCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE LOWER GRIJALVA RIVER REGION, TABASCO AND CHIAPAS, by Roman Pina Chan and Carlos Navarrete. 1967. 52 pages, 100 figures. $2.00. 23. THE CERAMIC HISTORY OF SANTA RosA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Donald L. Brockington. 1967. 74 pages, 51 figures. $2.50. 24. ExcAVATIONS AT SAN ANTONIO, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Pierre Agrinier. 1969. 63 pages, 96 figures. $2.00. 25. MOUND 30a AND THE EARLY PRECLASSIC CERAMIC SEQUENCE OF lzAPA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO, by Susanna M. Ekholm. 1969. 102 pages, 78 figures. $3.00. (continued inside cover)