1998 Schwarze "Alices" Auf Dem Weg Zur Herausgabe Eines

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1998 Schwarze 1998 Schwarze "Alices" auf dem Weg zur Herausgabe eines "Wörterbuchs", in dem die Definitionen unserem Wissen vom Wesen des Menschen entsprechen und im Einklang mit den allgemein verbindlichen Menschenrechten stehen Norman Elrod Langston Hughes schrieb eine grundsätzlich neue Art von Versen -- er erzählte von Freuden und Kummer, von Prüfungen und Triumphen der durchschnittlichen Schwarzen in der für sie typischen Sprache und mit echter Liebe zu ihnen. Arnold Rampersad und David Roessela GESTERN UND HEUTE Oh, ich wünsche, dass gestern, gestern heute wäre! Gestern warst du hier, heut bist du's nicht mehr. Du fehlst mir, Lulu, du fehlst mir so sehr weiss nicht, wie ich dich aus meinem Kopf rausbring. Gestern war ich voll Glück, du auch, dachte ich. Weiss nicht, wie du dich heut fühlst, aber mir, Schatz, ist jämmerlich. Langston Hughesb a Rampersad und Roessel (1994b, S. 4). b Hughes (1947a), übersetzt von Christiane Agricola, 1998, in: Elrod (2002, S. 569). ABENDDÜSTER Wandern im Dämmer, hin und wieder verlierst du dich drin und hin und wieder nicht. Du hämmerst mit Fäusten gegen die Mauer, hin und wieder brichst du dir die Knochen, gegen die Mauer aber hin und wieder nicht. Mauern, weiss man, sind schon gefallen, Abenddüster wird Morgendämmer Und Ketten schwinden! Langston Hughesa Lewis Carrolls Darstellung eines zentralen Machtverhältnisses im All- tags- und Sonntagsleben könnte in Beziehung mit einigen hoch aktuellen, politischen Spannungsfeldern gebracht werden.b Tun wir das, suchen wir "Alice" und "Hampti Dampti" in sehr problematischen, realhistorischen Situationen der Gegenwart, so finden wir "Alice" als Beduinenfrau ver- körpert, die unter israelischer Herrschaft wohnt und arbeitet. "Hampti Dampti" ist in diesem Fall der Staatsapparat Israels, der eine Kultur schafft und schützt, die vom Dialog mit der beduinischen Bevölkerung abhält.c Ähnliche soziale Konstellationen finden wir vermutlich in Nord- irland mit "Hampti Dampti" in London und im Baskenland mit "Hampti Dampti" in Madrid. a Hughes (1936), übersetzt von Christiane Agricola, 1998, in: Elrod (2002, S. 349). b Siehe Carroll (1872, S. 99). c Siehe Isabella Werenfels (1998). 2 Ganz sicher scheint mir die Möglichkeit einer Studie der Machtver- hältnisse zwischen Mann und Frau auf der Basis von Carrolls Einsicht zu sein. Denken wir an die Stellung des Mannes in Afghanistan vor der Re- volution, die in der zweiten Hälfte von April 1978 stattfand. Damals thronte der Mann ganz gewiss oben. Als Folge der Revolution bewegten sich die Frauen in Afghanistan auf eine neue Art und Weise, vor allem vermutlich in Kabul. Sie stellten nicht mehr nur Fragen wie Alice an die- jenigen Männer, die über ihnen standen. Die Frauen des Hindukusch fin- gen an, die Sprache, die sie mit den Männern teilten, neu zu pflegen. Sie erwähnten, wenn auch nur tastend-indirekt, ihre Bedürfnisse und Interes- sen, liessen gewisse Urteile, die sie selbst fällten, ins Gespräch fliessen.a Zur Zeit (1998) ist die Lage nach den Zeitungsberichten, die ich lese, und den Radiosendungen, die ich höre, völlig anders! Die kleine, nur im An- satz existierende Beachtung der allgemein verbindlichen Menschenrechte der Frau, die ein paar Jahre nach der Revolution festzustellen war, ist im Moment vom ideologischen Staatsapparat gelöscht. Das Vorrecht des Mannes, der hinter der gegenwärtigen Regierung steht, der afghanischen Taliban-Miliz, ist gesichert, d.h., die Frau wird genötigt, ausschliesslich die Anweisungen des Staates, die ihr der Mann weitergibt, zu befolgen. Zur Definition der Worte, die sie im zwischenmenschlichen Verkehr braucht, hat sie nichts oder fast nichts beizutragen. Es ist keine Rede von Eigenständigkeit der Frau im gesellschaftlichen Miteinandersein in den a Manfred Wibich und Urs Winter (1986, S. 101). 3 Strassen Kabuls. Was das eine oder andere zu bedeuten hat, bestimmen die Männer, die die politische Macht in der Hand haben. Aber unabhängig von krassen politischen Umwälzungen wie in Israel und Afghanistan seit 1945, ist die Alice-Hampti Dampti-Dialektik zwi- schen Mann und Frau nicht zu übersehen. Ich denke an die Befreiungsbe- wegung der Frau in den USA seit Ende des 2. Weltkriegs, z.B. an die un- aufhaltsame Entstehung der "Gender-Psychologie". Obwohl die "Alices" in den USA erst seit 1920 im Besitz des Wahlrechts auf Bundesebene sind, können wir feststellen, dass sie bereits im 19., ja im 18. Jahrhundert dabei waren, sich nicht bloss als Empfängerinnen von durch die männli- chen "Hampti Damptis" für sie angefertigten Definitionen zu bestätigen. Ich selbst möchte Carrolls Szene in Alice im Spiegelland benutzen, um möglichst optimal das weiterzugeben, was ich mit "Bedeutung neh- men" und "Sinn geben" über die Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie hinaus meine. Ich denke, ein sehr anschauliches Beispiel für den Versuch, die Bedeutung der Worte so zu bestimmen, dass die, die unten sind, auch mit der einen oder anderen Definition einverstanden sind, weil sie eben an der Festlegung der Bedeutung mitgewirkt haben, ist in der Geschichte der Afroamerikanerinnen und Afroamerikaner in den USA zu sehen. * Als Eröffnung der folgenden Präsentation dient uns sehr gut, denke ich, David Walkers (1785-1830) Werk "Appeal in Four Articles Together With a Preamble to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, 4 and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America", das er 1829 und 1830 herausgeben liess. Es ist nach Herbert Aptheker "der ers- te erhaltene schriftliche Angriff auf Sklaverei und Rassismus von einem schwarzen Mann in den USA".a Walker erkannte, dass die Schwarzen mit realitätsbezogenen, vernünftigen Argumenten bei ihrem Bestreben nach Mitbestimmung der Definition der Worte vorgehen müssten. Ideologie, z.B. die Behauptung einer angeborenen Überlegenheit der Menschen mit weisser Haut, war nicht mit Gewalt, sondern mit Denken und logischem Argumentieren zu entkräften. Und angezeigt war eine Debatte mit den wirklich starken Vertretern der Vorherrschaft der Angloamerikaner. Einer dieser Ideologie-Schaffenden -- allerdings kein Hampti Dampti im Sinne Carrolls -- war Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), der in seinem Werk "Notes on the State of Virginia" einige Seiten über das Wesen der schwarzen und weissen Menschen schrieb. Jefferson, der sich sehr um Objektivität bemühte, gab sich in keiner Weise wie Hampti Dampti in Alice im Spiegelland: "Ich äussere also nur als Verdacht, dass die Schwarzen, gleichviel ob von Ursprung an als eine [von den Weissen] unterschiedliche Rasse oder unterschiedlich gemacht durch Zeit und Umstände, den Weissen unterlegen sind sowohl in körperlichen als auch in geistigen Gaben."b Walker antwortete unter anderem: "... wir [die Schwarzen] sind Menschen so gut wie sie [die Weissen]. Es hat Gott a Aptheker (1965, S. 54). Allerdings schreibt Jennifer Fleischner (1996, S. 16), dass bereits im Jahre 1760 ein ehemaliger Sklave eine Autobiographie verfasste. b Jefferson, zitiert in Walker (1829-1830, S. 90); vergleiche Jefferson (1781-1785, S. 665). 5 gefallen, uns zwei Augen zu geben, zwei Hände, zwei Füsse und in den Köpfen einigen Verstand, genauso wie ihnen."a Jefferson, so nahm Walker an, ahnte diese Entgegnung voraus und bestritt nicht die Tatsache, dass die Schwarzen Menschen waren, nur seien sie von Natur aus minderwertige Menschen, Sklaven aus biologischen Gründen, nicht wegen der Umstände, wie das z.B. der Fall unter den Römern war, wo hervorragende Sklaven der weissen Rasse als grosse Kulturproduzenten und Kulturträger wirkten.b Zu dieser Unterscheidung zwischen "Natur" und "Umständen" erwiderte Walker in seinem Aufruf: Der Mensch ist in allen Zeitaltern und allen Nationen der Erde derselbe. Der Mensch ist ein eigentümliches Geschöpf -- er ist das Abbild seines Gottes, obwohl er der elendsten Bedingungen auf Erden unterworfen sein mag, doch Geist und Gefühl, die das Geschöpf Mensch ausmachen, können aus seiner Brust nie ganz getilgt werden, weil Gott, der ihn nach seinem eigenen Bild schuf, sie ihm ins Herz gepflanzt hat; er kann sie nicht los wer- den.c So betrachtet, waren die Schwarzen nicht sprechende Affen bar eines Intellekts, unfähig, sich geistig zu entwickeln, sich Erkenntnisse hoch komplexer Art anzueignen. Und es gab immer wieder schwarze Menschen, die zweifellos intellektuelle Fähigkeiten zeigten, wie wir das aus einem Lied der Schwarzen entnehmen können: a Walker (1829-1830, S. 74). b (S. 78). c (S. 127). 6 Der Nigger ging nicht zur Armenschul und auf keine andre mehr, und alle Weissen wundern sich: Was der weiss, wo hat er's her? Die ganze Bibel verschlang er, spuckt aus nun, was er frass, und geht's ans Disputieren, ja, da ist er ein Ass!a Nein, meinte Walker, bei den schwarzen wie bei weissen Sklavinnen und Sklaven müsste man von historischen Prozessen, Umständen und Machtverhältnissen -- von ideologischen Positionen -- reden, nicht von Unterschieden in der Natur der verschiedenen Rassen. Wie es in einem anderen Lied der Schwarzen in den USA heisst: Weisser Mann studiert, Nigger 's Feld bebaut. Weisser lernt, wie man liest und schreibt, Nigger, wie man klaut.b a Christiane Agricola (1984, S. 247). b (S. 155). Einiges muss zur Darstellung von Jeffersons Position in seiner Schrift "Notes on the State of Virginia" betreffend die Schwarzen gesagt werden. Zunächst ist zu erwähnen, dass er nicht davon ausging, die letzte Wahrheit über das Wesen der Schwarzen zu besitzen. Er schrieb klar und deutlich, dass er sich mit seinen Äusse- rungen auf eigene Beobachtungen stützte. Er verwendete das Wort "Mutmassung" und warnte vor "einer allgemeinen Schlussfolgerung"
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