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Political Participation and Alienation of Racial Minorities in Africa: the Kenya Asiai

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Political Participation and Alienation of Racial Minorities in Africa: the Kenya Asiai POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND ALIENATION OF RACIAL MINORITIES IN AFRICA: THE KENYA ASIAN COMMUNITY EXPERIENCE (1963-2012) BY WILLIS OTIENO MAGANDA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE IN MASTERS OF ARTS (MA) IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI AUGUST, 2012 University of NAIROBI Library 0404729 6 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Date: 14 U Sign: WILLIS OTIENO MAGANDA This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as university supervisor. a Sign: D DR. ADAMS R. OLOO DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my wife Judith Adhiambo Ng'ani, my late mother, Mrs. Joyce Atieno Maganda, my late grandparents; Mrs. Angelina Ogolla Owende and Mr. Alexander Owende Mbara; and my late uncle, Mr. Augustine Riwa Abiero to whom I owe so much for my life and education. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude is expressed to the University of Nairobi (UoN) and family members for providing me the opportunity to further my education and complete this thesis. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor. Dr. Adams Oloo for his invaluable professional input, critical comments and guidance. In addition, I offer my appreciation to the Department of Political Science and Public Administration (DPSPA), UoN for their permission, guidance and support during my M.A studies programme. Particularly, my deepest appreciation goes to the Chairperson of Departmental Committee on Postgraduate Studies (DCPGS), Dr. Penina Ogada and the Chairman of DPSPA, Dr. Phillip Nyinguro (2003-2008). Further, I offer special thanks to Dr. George Gona of the Department of History and Dr. Fred Jonyo of DPSPA for their moral support, encouragement and inspiration. Thanks to the Board of Postgraduate Studies (BPS) and the British Institute in Eastern Africa (BIEA) for their sponsorship and financial support, without which I could not have conducted the research interviews and completed the study. Finally, I sincerely thank all those who devotedly offered assistance in the interviews, data collection and compilation of this thesis, particularly, Mr. Michael Odongo Riwa and Mr. Danish Onyango. I am profoundly grateful for the contribution of the African and Asian respondents in providing data and sharing their personal knowledge and experiences during the interviews. Special thanks go to Prof. Dharam Ghai, Prof. Michael Chege. Dr. Vijoo Rattansi, Hon. Joseph Kamotho. Mr. Prabhudas Pattni, Mr. Mohamed Aslam Khan. Mr. Irshad Sumra, Mr. Salim Lone, Mr. Sunny Bindra, Mr. Zahid Rajan. Mrs. Zarina Patel and Mrs. Rasna Warah. Last but not least, I am particularly grateful to my late parents and uncle to whom this dissertation is dedicated. To all of you, I shall forever be grateful, without which this thesis would have never been completed. iii ABSTRACT The rapid expansion of the study of political participation in the last fifty years reflects the growing relevance of government and politics for citizens in modern societies and the crucial significance of citizens' involvement in democratic decision-making. Nonetheless, the immediate post-independence period in Africa and subsequently the introduction of multiparty politics in the 1990s, although hailed as a critical turning point for democratization process negatively heralded unprecedented era of disillusionment and marginalization of racial and ethnic minorities in politics. In East Africa, the 'Asian or Indian Question' has been a significant theme and a controversial issue in the colonial and post-colonial politics. In Kenya, the Asian community's political participation and representation has been minimal and steadily declining, despite significant historical and contemporary contribution in the political, economic and social development. It is against this background that this study broadly examined and focused on three analytical questions in relation to Asian minority community political participation. Firstly, to what extent have the Asian community participated and been represented in Kenya's politics? Secondly, what are the obstacles to political participation of the Asians in Kenya? And thirdly, what are the strategies and measures that can and have been pursued to increase Asian political participation in Kenya? The study utilized participatory democracy theory and also incorporated representative, liberal and deliberative democracy theories to explicate the various aspects of political participation. Through purposive and snowballing sampling techniques, supplemented by secondary literature, the study found out that the Asian community political alienation is due to existing conditions of colonial and historical legacy, structural, institutional, constitutional, legal, social, cultural, iv economic and external barriers in the political system that have resulted into poor and declining Asian political participation in Kenya. The conclusion proposes both long and short term interventions to ensure political participation and representation through political reforms, racial integration, equality and inclusivity. v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AAFS- Afro-Arab Friendship Society AAHT- Asian African Heritage Trust AATO- Afro-Asian Trade Organization AEMO- African Elected Members Organization APG- Asian Professional Group AUM- Association for the Unification of Minorities AWF- African Workers Federation BEAA- British East African Association BEAA- British East African Asians BEA1- British East African Indians BEAIA- British East African Indian Association BEAP- British East African Protectorate BIEA- British Institute in Eastern Africa CSOs- Civil Society Organizations CGD- Center for Governance and Development CKRC- Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CNC- Coalition of National Convention DP- Democratic Party of Kenya EAA- East African Association vi EAA- East African Asians EACA- Eastern Action Club for Africa EAC- East African community EAI- East African Indians EAIC- East African Indian Congress EAINC- East African Indian National Congress EALA - East African Legislative Assembly EALTU- East African Labour Trade Union EAP- East African Protectorate EARC- East African Royal Commission EATUC- East African Trade Union Congress EATUF- East African Trade Union Federation EAWF- East African Workers Federation ECK- Electoral Commission of Kenya EEMO- European Elected Members Organization FPTP- First-Past-the-Post FORD- Forum for the Restoration of Democracy GDP- Growth and Development Party GOPIO- Global Organization of People of Indian Origin HCK- Hindu Council of Kenya vii IBEACO- Imperial British East African Company IA- Indian Association IYL- Indian Youth League IBRC- Interim Boundaries Review Commission ICP- Indian Communist Party IEBC- Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IED- Institute for Education in Democracy IEMO- Indian Elected Members Organization IIBC- Interim Independent Boundaries Commission INC- Indian National Congress IPPG- Inter Parties Parliamentary Group ITU- Indian Trade Union KABL- Kenya Asian Business League KACSA- Kenya Asian Civil Servants Association KAF- Kenya Asian Forum KCA- Kikuyu Central Association KACC- Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission KADU- Kenya African Democratic Union KADDU- Kenya African Democratic and Development Union KAM- Kenya Association of Manufacturers viii KANU- Kenya African National Union KAU- Kenya African Union KASU- Kenya African Study Union KAWC- Kenya African Workers Congress KCA- Kikuyu Central Association KEC- Kenya Economic Commission KEC- Kenya Episcopal Conference KEDOF- Kenya Elections Domestic Observation Forum KENDA- Kenya African National Democratic Alliance KEPSA- Kenya Private Sector Alliance KFP- Kenya Freedom Party KFRTU- Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions KIA- Kenya Indian Association KIC- Kenya Indian Congress KILTU- Kenya Indian Labour Trade Union KINC- Kenya Indian National Congress KNA- Kenya News Agency KNA- Kenya National Archives KNBS- Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KPU- Kenya People's Union ix KTUC- Kenya Trade Union Congress KUR- Kenya- Uganda Railway Legco- Legislative Council LNCs- Local Native Councils LSK- Law Society of Kenya LTUEA- Labour Trade Union of East Africa LTUK- Labour Trade Union of Kenya MCA- Muslim Central Association MEA- Ministry of External Affairs MIA- Mombasa Indian Association MIAS- Murumbi Institute of African Studies MNCs- Multinational Corporations MP- Member of Parliament NARC- National Rainbow Coalition NCCK- National Council of Churches of Kenya NCEC- National Convention Executive Council NCIC- National Cohesion and Integration Commission NDP- National Development Party NIA- Nairobi Indian Association NKG- New Kenya Group x NMK- National Museums of Kenya NAMLEF- National Muslim Leaders Forum NRI- Non- Resident Indians ODM- Orange Democratic Movement PIO- Persons of Indian Origin PNU- Party of National Unity PR- Proportional Representation PWP- Progressive Workers Party RAU- Railway Artisan Union SDP- Social Democratic Party SEMA- Specially Elected Members Association SID- Society for International Development SMCs- Single Member Constituencies SUPKEM- Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims TUCM- Trade Union Committee of Mombasa U-JFRO- Ufungamano Joint Forum of Religious Organizations UKP- United Kenya Party UNESCO- United Nations Education, Scientific, Social and Cultural Organization WPSK- Workers Protectorate Society of Kenya YKA- Young Kikuyu Association xi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii ABSTRACT iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vi
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