IEEE 802.22 Applications

Home , Band IV

Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR) Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks

Point of Contact

Dr. Apurva N. Mody, Chair, IEEE 802.22 Working Group Chairman, WhiteSpace Alliance® www.ieee802.org/22 www.WhiteSpaceAlliance.org [email protected], +1-404-819-0314

EEE This presentation was compiled by the Participants of the IEEE 802.22 802 Working Group as well as the Participants of the WhiteSpace Alliance.

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 1 Disclaimer…

“At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individual rather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IEEE.”

http://standards.ieee.org/ipr/disclaimers.html

This presentation was compiled by the Participants of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group as well as the Participants of the WhiteSpace Alliance. EEE 802 Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 2 • IEEE is world’ s IEEE Standards Association Hierarchy largest professional organization with a mission of Courtesy, Paul Nikolich, Advancing Chair, IEEE 802 Technology for the Humanity.

• IEEE SA has more than 350 standards working groups

802.11 802.15 802.22 EEEWLAN WPAN WRAN 802Wi -Fi™ ZigBee™ Wi-FAR™

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 3 IEEE 802.22 WG on Cognitive Radio Based Spectrum Sharing and Wireless Regional Area Networks ISO Approved IEEE 802.22 WG is IEEE 802.22 Standard – Wireless Regional Area Networks: the recipient of Cognitive Radio based Access in the IEEE SA TV White Spaces Emerging IEEE 802.22 Standard for IEEE SA awards Technology Award Operation in Bands that ceremony Allow Spectrum Sharing

802.22.1 – Std for 802.22.2 – Std for 802.22a – 802.22b Enhanced Recommended Enhanced Enhancement Interference Practice for Management for Broadband Protection using Deployment of Information Base Services and beaconing 802.22 Systems and Management Monitoring Plane Procedures Applications 802.22.1a – P802.22.3 - Advanced Spectrum Standard Completed Beaconing Characterization EEE and Occupancy Work Ongoing Sensing (SCOS) 802 Task Group Work about to Begin

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 4 IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 Published Standard Title and Scope

Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Specific requirements - Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Policies and Procedures for Operation in the TV Bands

Scope: This standard specifies the air interface, including the cognitive medium access control layer (MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of point-to- multipoint wireless regional area networks comprised of a professional fixed base station with fixed and portable user terminals operating in the VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz to 862 MHz.

The IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 was approved by the ISO/ EEE JTC1 / SC6. This new standard will be referred to as the 802 ISO/IEC/IEEE Std. 8802-22:2015 - Press Release

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 5 P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and Monitoring Applications

Scope: This standard specifies alternate Physical Layer (PHY) and necessary Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) enhancements to IEEE std. 802.22-2011 for operation in Very High Frequency (VHF)/ Ultra High Frequency (UHF) TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and 862 MHz to support enhanced broadband services and monitoring applications. The standard supports aggregate data rates greater than the maximum data rate supported by the IEEE Std. 802.22-2011. This standard defines new classes of 802.22 devices to address these applications and supports more than 512 devices in a network. This standard also specifies techniques to enhance communications among the devices and makes necessary amendments to the cognitive, security & parameters and connection management clauses. This amendment supports mechanisms to enable coexistence with other 802 systems in the same band

P802.22b Amendment in its Final Stages of Approval EEE within the IEEE. Planning to Forward this Standard to 802 ISO for Consideration through the PSDO Process

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 6 IEEE Std. 802.22a-2014 Amendment: Management and Control Plane Interfaces and Procedures and enhancement to the Management Information Base (MIB)

Scope: This amendment defines a new clause for Management and Control Plane Interfaces and Procedures to the existing IEEE Std 802.22- 2011 for operation in VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and 862 MHz. The Management Information Base (MIB) structure enhancements include changes to comply with the ASN.1 format and support for the new clause. Modifications to the existing clause on Primitives for Cognitive Radio Capabilities to align it with the content in the MIB clause and the new clause are also defined.

The IEEE Std. 802.22a-2014 Approved by the IEEE in EEE 2014. Planning to Forward this Standard to ISO for 802 Consideration through the PSDO Process

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 7 IEEE Std. 802.22.1-2010 and the Advanced Beaconing (Revision)

Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements Part 22.1: Standard to Enable Spectrum Sharing using Advanced Beaconing

Scope: This standard specifies methods for spectrum sharing using advanced beaconing. The beacon specifies a format that facilitates its detection at low Signal to Noise Ratios. It contains information about a system that requires interference protection and is willing to share the spectrum with other systems. The Standard defines Physical Layer (PHY) and Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) for advanced beacon operation in High Frequency (HF), Very High Frequency (VHF), Ultra High Frequency (UHF) (3MHz to 862 MHz) and the S-Band (2 GHz – 4 GHz). Enhanced security features, spectrum management, self- organizing network and relay capabilities are included in the beacon specification. The beacon supports spectrum sharing with licensed wireless microphones, radars, fixed and transportableEEE space to earth receiver stations and other services. This standard supports802 mechanisms to enable coexistence

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 8 IEEE Std. 802.22.2-2012 – Recommended Practice for Installation and Deployment of 802.22 Systems

Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Specific requirements - Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22.2: Recommended Practice for the Installation and Deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems

Scope: This document recommends best engineering practices for the installation and deployment of IEEE 802.22 systems to help assure that such systems are correctly installed and deployed.

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 9 IEEE P802.22.3 – (New) - Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy Sensing (SCOS) Task Group

Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Specific requirements - Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22.3: Standard for Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy Sensing

Scope: This Standard defines a Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy Sensing (SCOS) System. It specifies measurement parameters and device behaviors. It includes protocols for reporting measurement information that enable coalescing the results from multiple such devices. The standard leverages interfaces and primitives that are derived from IEEE Std. 802.22-2011, and uses any on-line transport mechanism available to achieve the control and management of the system. Interfaces and primitives are provided for conveying value added sensing information to various spectrum sharing database services. This standardEEE specifies a device operating in the bands below 1 GHz and a second802 device operating from 2.7 GHz to 3.7 GHz.

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 10 Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR) Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 11 Providing cost-effective RURAL broadband is a significant opportunity • Today, 70% of the people in the world (5.1 Billion people) do not have access to high speed (> 1Mbps) internet. More than half the population in the world live in rural areas with hardly any access to broadband. • It is expensive to lay fiber / cable in rural and remote areas with low population density. Wireless is the only solution. Backhaul / backbone internet access for rural areas is very expensive (50% of the cost) • Traditional wireless carriers have focused on urban areas with high populations density (faster Return on Investment) using licensed spectrum •EEEThis has created a DIGITAL DIVIDE / OPPORTUNITY 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 12 The Connectivity Challenge

“The Digital Divide continues to be the Development Divide” Irina Bokova, Director General - UNESCO “The Marketplace has not solved this digital divide between 2000-2015, and it likely won’t solve it between 2015-2030 without a new approach”

EEE LDCs = Least Developed Countries (48 countries) 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 13 The Reality of the Affordability & Reach Challenge

(Source: Richard Thanki, University of Southampton, from UN & ITU Data)

Billions of People on Average Annual Income Affordable monthly Earth (pa) communications spend

1st Billion $29,206 $205 2nd Billion $12,722 $53 3rd Billion $5,540 $23 4th Billion $2,987 $12 5th Billion $1,771 $7 6th Billion $1,065 $4.4 7th Billion $540 $2.25

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 14 Spectrum is currently underutilized

Spectrum allocation ~100% Spectrum utilization ~6.5%

Unused spectrum exists from … time to time, & location to location EEE TV Whitepaces (TVWS) is the first step – Spectrum 802 Sharing in Other Bands is next

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 15 TV Band WhiteSpaces: Can help Alleviate Digital Divide

Legend Southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada Available TV channels None Many Channels 1 Available in 2 3 Rural Areas 4 5 6 7 Urban Areas 8 9 TV Channel Availability for Broadband 10 and + Source: Gerald Chouinard, CRC and Industry Canada

• VHF / UHF bands traditionally have highly favorable propagation characteristics. Penetrating through foliage and structures, they reach far and wide

• Rural areas and developing countries have significant un-used TV Band ChannelsEEE also known as the White Spaces.802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 16 TV WhiteSpace Availability in the United States

Peter Flynn, Texas Instruments, White Space - Potentials and Realities

Today, more than 30 TV Channels (180 MHz) are Available in Rural United States which may be used for Broadband EEE Internet Access. This un-used or under-utilized spectrum is 802 called the WhiteSpace.

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 17 UHF Band-IV (470-590MHz) Utilization in India

IIT-Bombay analysis reveals that at least 100MHz unused in UHF Band-IV from 470 MHz – 585 MHz Band Characteristics Primary user: Doordarshan 1 373 transmitters overall

15 channels of 8MHz 2 each At any place at least 12 3 out of 15 channels are always available Better propagation 4 characteristics than existing unlicensed band Potential for providing 5 affordable rural EEE * Using protection/pollution viewpoint broadband 802 [Mishra-Sahai’09]

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 18 The Magic of TV White Space

. It has 3 to 5 times broader coverage and range of microwave

. Fewer access points = greatly reduced cost . This opens up a vast clean spectrum at no cost

19 Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Applications

BEFORE

Now

Rural Broadband and Backhaul

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 20 TVWS Regulations in Various Countries

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 21 Availability of TVWS

TV broadcast area

TV White Space

The calculation of radio propagation is based on the FCC regulation. TV data in Japan is taken from a data book. EEE Many TV Channels are available in Rural Areas. IEEE 802.22 is 802 Designed for Rural Areas and Developing Countries

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 22 IEEE 802.22 Applications

Triple play Cellular offload Critical infrastructure monitoring

Border protection

Environment monitoring

EEE Emergency broadband 802 infrastructure

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 23 IEEE 802.22 Applications

Archipelago and marine broadband service. Servicing oil rigs • TVDB = (TV Database) • LC- CPE = Low Complexity CPE Remote medical service

EEE 802 C. W. Pyo, Use Cases for IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) Smart Grid and Critical Infrastructure Monitoring Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 24 IEEE 802.22 Enables Cognitive Machine to Machine Communications

IEEE 802.22 is applicable to Smart Grid Applications

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 25 IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Summary

• First IEEE Standard for operation in Television Whitespaces • First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and regional area broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide • First IEEE Standard that has all the Cognitive Radio features • IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) provides Broadband Wireless Access to Regional, Rural and Remote Areas Under Line of Sight (LoS) and Non Line of Sight (NLoS) Conditions using Cognitive Radio Technology (without causing harmful interference to the incumbents). • Cognitive Radio technology added to a simple and optimized OFDMA waveform (similar to the OFDMA technology used in other broadband standards • Meets all the regulatory requirements such as protection of incumbents, access to the database, accurate geo-location, control of the EIRP etc. • LargeEEE regional area foot print can allow placement of the Base Station closer to802 the area with cheaper internet backhaul / backbone.

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 26 Overview of the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Standard

• Core Technology - Cognitive radio technology Cognitive radio based unused to co-exist with and protect the primary licensed usage, ideally users (incumbents). suited for rural broadband wireless access MAC provides • Representation – Commercial industry, compensation for long round trip Broadcasters, DoD, Regulators, and Academia delays • Membership – 30 on an average (over 5 years) • CONOPS - VHF and UHF band operation allows long range propagation and cell radius of 10 – 30 km, exceptionally extensible to 100 km in favorable conditions with only 4 Watts of PHY optimized to tolerate long Transmit Power. channel response • PHY - Optimized for long signal propagation and frequency selective fading distances and highly frequency selective fading channels (multipath with large excess delays). • MAC – Provides compensation for long round trip delays to provide service to up to 100 km.

• Unique features introduced for Cognitive Radio • Portability – IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) allows based operation: database access, spectrum portability (nomadic use). In case the rules do EEEsensing, spectrum management, incumbent change, IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) PHY is protection, coexistence, geo-location and designed to support mobility of up to 114 km/h (no 802security hand-off is included in the current version).

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 27 IEEE 802.22 CONOPS

Omni-directional Sensing and Tx / Rx Antenna at GPS Antennas the Base Station

Broadband Internet Connectivity Directional Tx / Rx Antenna at the using TV WhiteSpaces Subscriber

• Operation in the VHF / UHF Un-used or Under-utilized Spectrum also known as the WhiteSpaces. • Network Topology – Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) or Point to Point (PtP) for Middle Mile and Backhaul. • Max EIRP and Cell Radius – Fixed BS and Fixed Subscribers using 4W EIRP, Cell Radius 10 – 30 km, exceptionally extensible to 100 km under favorable conditions. 802.22 protocol has been Optimized for long signal propagation distances. (Higher power BS allowed in countries outside the USA) • Portable Subscribers Supported. • Tx / Rx antenna – BS uses sectorized or omni-directional antenna. At the subscriber Tx /Rx antenna is directional with 14 dB of front-to-back lobe suppression, • Sensing antenna requires horizontal and vertical polarization sensitivities to sense TV and microphone signals, and omni-directional pattern. •EEEGeo-location - GPS based geo-location is mandatory, and high resolution terrestrial geo-location 802(triangulation) is embedded in the standard

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 28 IEEE 802.22 Cognitive Node: Reference Architecture (Clause 5)

IEEE 802.22 Provides Three Mechanisms for Incumbent Protection • Sensing • Database Access • Specially Designed Beacon Security Sub-layers are introduced to protect non- cognitive as well as cognitive functions

Cognitive Plane is used to control the Cognitive Radio Operation. Security Sublayer 2 is introduced for EEEprotection against Cognitive 802 Threats

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 29 IEEE 802.22 – Cognitive Radio Capability (Clause 10)

Channel Set Management Subscriber Station Policies Registration and Tracking

Spectrum Manager

Geo-location Self Co-existence Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)

TV Channel X Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 … Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 … Cell 2 Cell 3 …

time Data Frames Coexistence Beacon Windows

Incumbent Database Spectrum Sensing

RF sensing performance Service 100.0%

10.0%

Energy - 1dB Pfa=10% 5 ms Energy - 0.5dB Pfa=10% 5 ms EEE Energy - 0dB Pfa=10% 5ms 1.0% Thomson-Segment Pfa=10% 4 ms Incumbent I2R Pfa=0.1% 4ms I2R Pfa= 1% 4ms

Probability of misdetection(Pmd) I2R Pfa=10% 4 ms Qualcomm Field Pfa=10% 24 ms Qualcom Field Pfa=1% 24 ms Thomson Field Pfa=10% 24 ms Thomson Field Pfa=1% 24ms Database 0.1% 802 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 SNR (dB)

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 30 IEEE 802.22 – PHY Features (Clause 9)

• PHY Transport - 802.22 uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as transport mechanism. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is used in the Upstream • Modulation - QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM supported • Coding – Convolutional Code is mandatory. Either Turbo, LDPC or Shortened Block Turbo Code can be used for advanced coding. • Pilot Pattern - Each OFDM / OFDMA symbol is Data Rates in NLOS Conditions divided into sub-channels of 28 subcarriers of which 4 are pilots. Pilot carriers are inserted PHY capacity Mbit/s bit/(s*Hz) PHY performance: SNR (dB) Mod. Rate CP= 1/8 Mod. Rate SNR once every 7 sub-carriers. Pilots cycle through 1/2 3.74 0.624 1/2 4.3 2/3 4.99 0.832 2/3 6.1 all 7 sub-carriers over 7 symbol duration. No QPSK QPSK 3/4 5.62 0.936 3/4 7.1 frequency domain interpolation is required 5/6 6.24 1.04 5/6 8.1 because of low Doppler spread in TV bands. 1/2 7.49 1.248 1/2 10.2 2/3 9.98 1.664 2/3 12.4 16QAM 16QAM • Net Spectral Efficiency - 0.624 bits/s/Hz – 3.12 3/4 11.23 1.872 3/4 13.5 5/6 12.48 2.08 5/6 14.8 bits/s/Hz 1/2 11.23 1.872 1/2 15.6 2/3 14.98 2.496 2/3 18.3 EEE 64QAM 64QAM • Spectral Mask - IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) 3/4 16.85 2.808 3/4 19.7 PHY802 flexible to meet Spectral Mask 5/6 18.72 3.12 5/6 20.9 Note: includes phase noise: -80dBc/Hz at 1 kHz requirements in various countries and 10 kHz and -105 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 31 TV Channel Modeling – IEEE 802.22 Supports Large Multi-Path Delay Absorption for Long Distance Communications (Clauses 7 and 9) • Long distance communication in the VHF/ UHF Band needs to deal with severe multipath and delay spread conditions • Frequency selective with large excessive delay – Excessive delay (measurements in US, Germany, France*) • Longest delay: >60 μsec Profile C • 85% test location with delay spread0 ~35 μsec

– Low frequency (54~862 MHz) -5 – Long range (up to 100 km) -10 – Slow fading -15 • Small Doppler spread

• (up to a few Hz) -20 Relative attenuation (dB) -25 * WRAN Channel Modeling, EEE IEEE802.22-05/0055r7, Aug 05 -30 Information provided by TV -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Excess delay (usec) 802 Broadcasters

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 32 IEEE 802.22 – Frame Structure (Clause 7)

• Time Division Duplex (TDD) frame structure Super-frame: 160 ms, Frame: 10 ms • OFDM/ OFDMA Transport • QPSK up to 64 QAM modulation supported • Convolutional codes and other advanced codes supported • Throughput: 22-29 Mbps per TV channel WITH NO MIMO. MIMO and channel bonding increase the throughput • Spectral Efficiency: 0.624 – 3.12 bits / sec / Hz • Distance: 10 km minimum. Upto 30 km and even 100 kms • MAC supports Cognitive Radio features Co-existence Beacon Protocol (CBP) burst used for 802.22 self co-existence • Self-coexistence Window (SCW): BS EEE and terrestrial geo-location commands subscribers to send out 802 CBPs for 802.22

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 33 Concept of IEEE 802.22 Frame Operation (Clause 7)

The allocation of burst Long distance From BS could be based on CPE Do distance of CPE from BS wn S tre am

Bu Home Cell Coverage in order to compensate the rs ts Up S tre Short distance From BS am propagation delay under Bu CPE rs overlapping cells ts S CW Neighbor Cell Coverage

T=0

Fr am Neighbor e N Cell CPE Contention

BS for all CBP transmitters IEEE 802.22The propagation systems time for are T=10ms CPEs beyond 30km will designedbe accommodated to accommodate by Neighbor BS scheduling of late propagationupstream bursts delays and channel delay spreads of EEE up to 100 km. 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 34 IEEE 802.22 – Geo-location (Clause 10)

X Signal Processing Flow for ... Satellite-based geo-location Frequency the Terrestrial Geo-location OFDM carrier set PN-sequence • Requires GPS antenna at each terminal 2048 carriers BPSK I Q modulated by PN-sequence

I Q • NMEA 0183 data string used to report to BS IDFT Carrier phase reversal I Q based on the PN-sequence Y/X

I Q

Time Terrestrially-based geo-location: ... 2048 time domain samples I Q Frequency Frequency domain response of a • Normal BS-CPE ranging process: provides Dirac pulse distorted by channel 2048 carriers I Q coarse ranging to an accuracy of 147.8 ns Time Cyclic prefix IDFT Signal transmitted I Q (44.3 m) to terminal 2 I Q

Channel impulse response Convolution with the relative to the sampling time channel impulse response I Q Real • Extended ranging process: augments the 2048 I&Q samples at sampling Sampling times period (i.e., every 180 degrees) Imaginary I Q

accuracy of the ranging process to 1 ns (0.3 m) 1 Time I τ 1 0 by a more accurate scheme using the complex 2048 samples Real Complex Q correlation Signal received I Q -1 by the user terminal 1 0 Imaginary - channel impulse response 1 Precise time sample 2048 x 180 I&Q samples High resolution band DFT limited impulse response I Q at every degree (e.g., every 1 degree) I Q Amplitude Delay τ2 1 1 Amplitude2 Delay2 τ3 Amplitude Delay Y τ 3 3 • Off-line geo-location calculation: All the 1 Amplitude Delay ... Channel impulse response 4 4 etc... Frequency relative to the sampling time

OFDM carrier set List of echo amplitudes and delays information acquired at the CPEs is transmitted distorted by channel relative to the terminal 2 sampling time to the BS which can delegate the calculation of 2048 carriers I Q Resolution= sampling period / 180 Signal sent back to terminal 1 the CPE geo-location to a server. EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 35 IEEE 802.22 – Self Co-existence (Clause 7)

Requires that information on Spectrum Etiquette operating, backup and candidate On Demand Frame (Enough channels available) channels of each cell is shared Contention amongst WRAN cells: exchanged by CBP bursts. (Two or more cells need to co-exist on the same channel)

Primary user appears

Number x – represents operating channel Number y – represents backup channel Self-coexistence Number z (double underline) – represents candidate channel window (SCW) does not have to be allocated at each frame.

Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)

TV Channel X Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 … Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 … Cell 2 Cell 3 …

EEE time 802 Data Frames Coexistence Beacon Windows

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 36 IEEE 802.22 Security Sub-layer Architecture (Clause 8)

Security Sub-layer 1 Architecture for Data / Control and Management Plane • Provides traditional security – PHY / MAC Layer Security

Security Sub-layer 2 Architecture for Cognitive Functions

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 37 IEEE 802.22 Chipset and Device Makers

• Saankhya Labs, an Indian Fabless Semiconductor company – Providing IC/Modules for building next generation 802.22 (Wi-FAR) networks • Carlson Wireless, an internationally recognized Device Manufacturer of the WhiteSpace Radios

• Hitachi / NICT TVWS field experiments using IEEE 802.22 and IEEE 802.11af. • Successful downstream and upstream data transmission at 12.7 km distance between IEEE 802.22-based base EEEstation and customer premises 802equipment, at a speed of 5.2 Mbps and 4.5Mbps, respectively: Link Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 38 IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Products being Released

• IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR) Spec compliant • Features Base Station – Long range upto 20 Km – Frequency band: 300MHz to 700 MHz – Configurable bandwidth: 1 to 8MHz – Modulation Scheme:: OFDMA with coding support from BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM & 64-QAM with

configurable code rate – Max link rate: 30Mbps per 8-MHz channel – Receiver sensitivity: -98dBm for QPSK • Highlights – RF Power: Upto 30dBm conducted – Non-Line of Sight connectivity power – Point-to-Point & Point to Multi-point topology – Adjacent & alternate channel blocker immunity – Wireless Back-Haul for long-range P2P links – Integrated PoE – TDD (Time Division Duplex) or FDD EEE (Frequency Division Duplex) modes 802 – Encryption and authentication

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 39 P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and Monitoring Applications

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 40 P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and Monitoring Applications

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 41 IEEE P802.22b Usage Cases

Category Usage Cases Properties A1) Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering • Low capacity/complexity CPEs A2) Agriculture/Farm House • Very large number of monitoring Monitoring CPEs • Fixed and Potable CPEs A) Smart Grid A3) Critical Infrastructure/Hazard • Real time monitoring & Monitoring Monitoring • Low duty cycle A4) Environment Monitoring • High reliability and security A5) Homeland Security/Monitoring • Large coverage area • Infrastructure connection A6) Smart Traffic Management and Communication B1) Temporary Broadband • Fixed and Portable CPEs Infrastructure • Higher capacity CPEs than (e.g., emergency broadband Category A) B) Broadband infrastructure) • High QoS, reliability and security Service • Higher data rate than Category B2) Remote Medical Service Extension A) • Easy network setup B3) Archipelago/Marine Broadband • Infrastructure and Ad hoc Service connection EEE C) Combined C1) Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring • Category A) and B) 802 Service and Broadband Service

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 42 Smart Grid, Monitoring and Broadband Services on P802.22b

Usage Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering by Low Capacity/Complexity CPEs (LC-CPEs) such as smart meters Properties 1) Low capability/ complexity CPE (LC- CPE) 2) Large number of fixed LC-CPEs 3) Low duty cycle, high reliability and security 4) CPEs may provide an infrastructure backhaul for LC-CPEs as well as perform monitoring Topology Fixed Infrastructure mode Fixed Point-to-Multipoints Communications EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 43 P802.22b Amendment Considerations

• P802.22b standard – considers to support low energy consumption and low complexity CPEs – considers to support ad hoc connection (such as peer-to-peer connection, multi-hop connection) among portable CPEs for emergency broadband infrastructure – considers to support very large number of CPEs with low energy and complexity for monitoring a regional area – considers to support high reliability and QoS for critical applications such as medical service, hazard monitoring, etc – considers to support real time monitoring system with low latency. – considers CPEs with multiple operation modes [eg. low and high capabilities] – considers supporting interface with various sensors – considers supporting higher data rate by channel aggregation. EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 44 P802.22b - System Overview

PHY Layer PHY Modes PHY Operation Mode PHY Operation Mode 1 2 Channel bandwidth 6, 7, or 8 MHz Payload Modulation QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, MD- TCM Multiple Access OFDMA FFT Size 2048 1024 Data Rate Up to 513 Mbps Up to 404.39Mbps MIMO 2 x 2 and 4 x 4 MAC Layer Communications Direct connection and Relay connection Supported devices Up to 8192 CPEs Device categories Advanced BS (A-BS), Advance CPE (A- CPE), Subscribe CPE (S-CPE) EEE Multi-channel Select unused TV bands from WSDB 802 operations

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 45 802.22b Relay-Frame Format

802.22b Relay enhances connection reliability, reduces the network management overhead, and could extend the service coverage of A- WRAN.

Relay Frame Access An access zone is Zone operated for A-BS and all other CPEs directly. Relay Zone A communication zone between any A-CPE and an S-CPE or A-BS. A relay zone is operated as one of the following two relay zones - centralized relay zone (CRZ) and distributed EEE relay zone 802 (DRZ).

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 46 P802.22b - Multi-channel Operation

The multi-channel operation can improve the individual A-CPEs throughput 1. by decreasing the total number of associated A-CPEs per operating channel, or 2. by increasing the number of operating channels assigned to the associated A- CPEs

EEE 802

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 47 IEEE 802.22 Revision will Incorporate Various Amendments and Specify More Generic System for the Bands that Allow Spectrum Sharing

IEEE 802.22 Revision Project has been Approved. It will Start in Q1 of 2015

Title: IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 22: Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the Bands that Allow Spectrum Sharing where the Communications Devices may Opportunistically Operate in the Spectrum of the Primary Service

Scope: This standard specifies the air interface, including the cognitive radio medium access control layer (MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of point-to-multipoint and backhaul wireless regional area networks comprised of a professional fixed base station with fixed and portable user terminals. The standard specifies operation in the bands that allow spectrum sharing where the communications devices may opportunistically operate in the spectrum of the primary service, such as 1300 MHz toEEE 1750 MHz, 2700 MHz to 3700 MHz and the VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between802 54 MHz to 862 MHz.

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 48 Conclusions • IEEE 802.22 Working Group has created Cognitive Radio and Spectrum Sharing Technologies that are applicable to Television Band White Spaces as well as Other (e. g. Radar) Bands • IEEE 802.22 defines the First IEEE Cognitive Radio Standard for operation in Television Whitespaces • IEEE 802.22 is the First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and regional area broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide • IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) provides Broadband Wireless Access to Regional, Rural and Remote Areas Under Line of Sight (LoS) and Non Line of Sight (NLoS) conditions without causing harmful interference to the incumbents. • Other IEEE 802.22 supporting technologies such as the IEEE 802.22.1 Advanced Beaconing and new IEEE 802.22.3 Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy Sensing (SCOS) Study Group will create enabling technologies for spectrum sharing.

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Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards Page 49 References • IEEE 802.22 Working Group Website – www.ieee802.org/22 • Apurva Mody, Gerald Chouinard, “Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Standard on Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) and Core Technologies” http://www.ieee802.org/22/Technology/22-10-0073-03-0000- 802-22-overview-and-core-technologies.pdf • WhiteSpace Alliance: www.WhiteSpaceAlliance.org • Get Completed IEEE 802.22 Standards Here: http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.22.html

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