Art Work

of

CLEVELAND

Published in Twelve Parts

THE GHAVURE ILLUSTRATION COMPANY, CHICAGO 1911 SCENE IN WADE PAKE.

Cleveland, Ohio

Until May, 1800, the vast area lying west of Penn­ serve by boat from Buffalo on the fourth of July of sylvania and Virginia, bordered by the Great Lakes on that year. General Cleaveland proceeded to the mouth the north, the Mississippi on the west and the Ohio of the Cuyahoga Eiver, reaching here July 22. Here river on the south, was known as the Northwest terri­ he built a cabin on the hillside south of St. Clair street tory. The first state carved out of the Northwest ter­ and on the 16th of September began the first survey of ritory was Ohio. But, the State of Connecticut claim­ the city of Cleveland. All the town lots, two hundred ing exclusive right of jurisdiction and pre-emption un­ and twenty of them, were numbered and these numbers der her charter of 1662 of a tract of land 120 miles are found on all titles flowing from this source. west of the border line of Pennsylvania, caused surveys The city of Cleveland was incorporated by an act to be made of her Western Eeserve and September 2, of the legislature March 5, 1836, the boundary lines 1795, sold the same to private parties for $1,200,000. extending east to Perry street and south to the Cuya­ These purchasers formed the Connecticut Land Com­ hoga river, the river also formed the western boundary pany which, in 1796, sent out the first surveying party and Lake Erie the northerly. March 22, 1850, an area under the command of General Moses Cleaveland of nearly twice as great as that of the original city was Canterbury, Wyndham County, who entered the Be- annexed extending the boundary eastward to Willson l r-i

RESIDENCE OF H. C. WICK.

RESIDENCE OP L. C. HANNA. GORDON PARK. ROSEWOOD—RESIDENCE OF WM. GREIF.

ADAR—RESIDENCE OF F. W. STECHER. ROSENEATH—RESIDENCE OF ALEXANDER WINTON

ELMHURST—RESIDENCE OF CHARLES L. F. WIEBER. BRIDGE—EDGEWATER PARK. EUCLID CLUB, EUCLID HEIGHTS.

CLIFTON CLUB. CLIFTON PARK. KOSSUTH MONUMENT.

HANNA MONUMENT. avenue and south as far as Kingsbury run. Ohio City, It was surveyed from Huron street to the Public built on the west bank of the Cuyahoga river, was an­ Square in 1815, and this stretch was opened the fol­ nexed April 3, 1854. Further annexations followed lowing year. It is sometimes stated that it extended from time to time until now there is every warrant for through the southeast section of the Square to Superior believing that Cleveland, in 1912 the sixth city, with street, but none of the plats show this. Probably in 650,000 inhabitants, will in 1920 extend from Nine the pioneer days, the ox teams and stage coaches, as a Mile creek on the east to Rock river on the west and short cut, were driven diagonally across the Square to south as far as Olmsted-Middleburg-Parma-Independ- Superior street, but no formal street was laid out be­ ence-Bedford-Solon tier of townships with more than a yond the line of the Square. million of people. At first Euclid was not an important road. It was The principal streets radiate from the center of not as much traveled the first decades as Broadway to the city like a fan with a dozen ribs. The most im­ Newburgh and Pittsburgh, or even Kinsman road. But portant of these is Euclid avenue. It is one of the few as the settlements increased at Doan's corners, Colla- streets of this country that have become world famous mer and Euclid, it became the most frequented road. for their beauty, and it formerly ranked with Unter Moreover, it was the great thoroughfare to Paines- Den Linden, the Champs Elysee, and Commonwealth ville, Erie, and Buffalo, and was known as the Buffalo avenue. road as late as 1825. Stage coaches, carriages and When the first surveying party landed in the Re­ wagons joined the farmers' ox carts, and by 1830 it serve, they soon learned that the hardships to be en­ was the most important highway along the lake shore. dured were so unusual that they demanded more pay Its natural advantages early attracted those who than they had originally stipulated. General Cleave­ wished a pleasant site for their homes near the growing land, at Conneaut, in July, 1796, made an informal town. At first the stretch between the Square and Erie agreement which was later made more definite when street was lined with the stately square homes with the party reached the Cuyahoga, stipulating that the classic porticos of the early period. About 1837 Tru­ forty-one men of the party should be given a township, man P. Handy built one of the first residences, "way at one dollar per acre, each to have an equal share, on out of town" near Erie street; the home was subse­ condition that they pledge themselves to remain in the quently used by the Union Club, the Hippodrome now services of the company to the end of the year and occupying the site. When the town crowded the homes that they make settlement in the township, so that by beyond Erie street, the wealthier residents began the 1800, forty-one families should have settled in the town­ custom of building their houses back from the street, ship. They wisely selected the township next east of providing ample lawns that sloped gracefully to their Cleveland township and named it in honor of the great doors. By 1860, the street as far as Willson avenue mathematician who founded their science, Euclid. When was virtually a park, each home surrounded by spacious those arrived whose lot it fell to settle in. the township grounds. It was the show place of the city and in its the following year, they began at once to build a new golden days its fame was deserved. Distinguished vis­ roadway from the new metropolis to their possessions. itors in these years have left glowing accounts of its It was surveyed by Warren as the "Center Highway." stately beauty, and even today, after the advent of the He says in his notes, "The land admits of an excellent factory age with its clouds of smoke, its noxious, leaf highway to the middle of number 24, and then of a destroying gases, and its crowding commercialism, large good cartway north of the swamp to the one hundred stretches of the famous avenue refuse to be robbed of acre lots; the soil is preferable to that of the city, timber, their pristine glory. oak, hickory, chestnut, box." For several miles along It has been a street of pageantry. Not a noted the line of this road, nature had provided a true high­ event in the past seventy years but Euclid avenue has way in the ridge that marked the ancient shore line of borne an important part therein. The completion of the lake. This ridge became Euclid road. the Cleveland & Pittsburgh railway, made it the gate- GARFIELD MONUMENT. RESIDENCE OF W. D. B. ALEXANDER.

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RESIDENCE OF W. P. PALMER. VIEW AT ROCKY RIVER. SCENES IN ROCKEFELLER PARK. ROCKEFELLER PARK. RESIDENCE OF EDWIN H. JANES, SHAKER HEIGHTS.

RESIDENCE OF 0. P. & M. J. VAN SWERINGEN, SHAKER HEIGHTS. SCENES IN BROOKSIDE PARK. ADELBERT COLLEGE.

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CASE SCHOOL. RESIDENCE OF HENRY TRENKAMP, SR.

RESIDENCE OF OTTO I. LEISY. way through which the notables of the land have been avenue the northwest and southwest section. The east welcomed to our city. Down its broad and sheltered and west thoroughfares retain their names and are isles were borne the remains of Lincoln, Garfield, Hay, called avenues, while all north and south streets lose and Hanna. Its stately mansions viewed the pageantry their names, and are numbered. The house numbers of honor to Grant, to Sherman, and the soldiery of the are controlled by the numbers of the streets, each block great war. Notable conventions sent their parades past beginning with the one hundred corresponding to the its broad lawns, and great festivals, national and local, number of the street at which the block commences, have shared their gaiety and throngs with this street of and the numbers are continuous. Diagonal thorough­ splendor. fares are called roads; the north and south alleys, or Euclid avenue in the early days and a long time lanes are called places, and those running east and west afterwards, was by no means a popular highway stretch­ are called courts. This plan became effective December ing along at the southerly side of the ridge. It was the 1, 1906. The change was made at the sacrifice of many receptacle of all the surface waters of the region above fine historic names and the conglomeration of short it, and during much of the time was covered with streets made the numbering almost ridiculous. But water, and for the rest of the year was too muddy for after the confusion incident to the change passed away, ordinary travel. the new order seemed to respond to the real needs of The street was early planked from Perry street to the city better than was thought possible, and the at­ the city limits. Logs had been used for "Corduroy," tempts made by merchants to repeal it were finally in the swampy places near Willson avenue when it had abandoned. been made a state road. In 1853 the city council un­ After twenty years of preparation the Superior dertook to repair it, and the hope was expressed that street viaduct was completed at a cost of $2,170,000 and "the misery of a wilderness corduroy may never again opened December 27, 1878. The bridge, at the time, fall upon Euclid street." was one of the notable engineering feats of the country. There was for years no plan in the naming of the Its total length is three thousand, two hundred and streets and in numbering the buildings. As each addi­ eleven feet; its width, exclusive of the draw, sixty-four tion was plotted, the streets were named by the owners feet, the roadway being forty-two feet and the sidewalk according to their individual tastes. The names of the eleven feet in width. The draw is three hundred and principal streets are either of geographical significance, thirty-two feet long and forty-six feet wide, its road­ or are those of pioneers or other personages. The orig­ way being thirty-two feet, and its walks seven feet. The inal streets of the village had names of geographical draw is seventy feet above high water mark. The import. The numbering of the buildings was hap­ western end of the bridge is supported by ten stone hazard. In 1855 the city council was asked to pass an arches, eight of eighty-three feet span and two of ninety- ordinance providing for the proper numbering of houses seven and one-half feet span. In the foundation, seven and to put up street signs. "Not a street in the city is thousand, two hundred and seventy-nine piles were properly numbered," said the papers of that date. used, eighty thousand, five hundred and eight perches Several attempts were made in recent years to de­ of stone in the masonry, and fifteen thousand, five vise some plan for systematizing the numbering of the hundred yards of gravel filling. The pile foundations houses and the naming of the streets. Put the chaos bear an approximate weight of one hundred and forty into which the individualism of allotments had led the thousand tons of the ten great arches, and twelve thou­ streets was not easily resolved into orderliness. Finally, sand, five hundred tons of the iron work, while the draw in 1904-5, a plan was promulgated by the Chamber of piers support six hundred and ten tons. In 1905 the Commerce, and adopted by the city. It divides the city swing span was widened from thirty-two to thirty-six into four sections. Ontario street is the meridian be­ feet, and in 1908 the Superior avenue approach was tween the east and west divisions. Euclid avenue widened and a shelter platform erected for passengers divides the northeast and southeast sections, Lorain waiting for street cars. Since then the county has TRINITY CATHEDRAL. ^*«RY^%:?

SCENES IN FOREST CITY PARK. RESIDENCE OF MRS. JOHN HAY.

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EESIDENCE OP SAMUEL MATHER. WADE PARK. •??*!

RESIDENCE OF W. E. BIGALOW, SHAKER HEIGHTS.

RESIDENCE OF W. R. JEAYONS, SHAKER HEIGHTS. COUNTRY CLUB—LAKE SHORE BOULEVARD. . Hrs.- " S-, ^~, #„

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SHAKER LAKES, SHAKER HEIGHTS. RESIDENCE OF J. A. WIGMORE, CLIFTON PARK.

RESIDENCE OF MRS. L. D. HOLDEN, BRATENAHL. issued bonds in the amount of $3,000,000 for the super­ in 1870 by Colonel Whittlesey and Judge Baldwin. session of the viaduct by a high level thoroughfare, ob­ But Andrew Freese, upon whose land it was located, did viating any further interruption to travel by reason of not wish it demolished, so the openings were slight. navigation. A few implements were found. The mound was five feet high, forty feet long, twenty-five feet wide. The The demands of the south side for better access to land on which it stood was later owned by J. G. Hobbie, the city are met by the Central viaduct reconstructed who had married the daughter of Mr. Freese. In Janu­ in 1912, while the southernmost reaches of the Cuya­ ary, 1909, he had the mound opened and the ground hoga valley are spanned by two bridges, at Clark ave­ leveled. Professor Mathews of Western Reserve Uni­ nue and Denison avenue, and providing for direct east versity, and Mr. Cathcart and Mr. Dyer, of the His­ and west travel for that growing part of the city. torical Society, were present. Only a few implements There are numerous evidences in the Cuyahoga were found and they were placed in the Historical valley that the Moundbuilders haunted these regions. Society. 'When the Woodland cemetery was laid out Their coming and going is shrouded in silence. Not the mound found there was preserved. even a tradition lingers to point the way to the solution There are numerous ancient forts or embankments of their origin or fate, though scientists now generally in the river valley to the south of the city. They were hold that they were the ancestors of the Indians. Ohio systematically surveyed by Colonel Whittlesey in was one of their favorite hunting grounds. The re­ 1869-70, with the help of Dr. J. H. Salisbury, Dr. mains of their structures are abundant on the Musk­ Elisha Sterling and Judge C. C. Baldwin, of the His­ ingum, the Sciota and the Ohio, and along the southern torical Society. Some years previous to this Colonel shore of Lake Erie. But there is a marked contrast Whittlesey had surveyed the two forts in Newburg between the nature of their work in the northern and township. They are now in the city limits. The first southern parts of the state. In the southern portion was on the old Newburg road, on land formerly owned the ruins are on a magnificent scale, Those at Marietta, by Dr. H. A. Ackley. It consisted of two regular Zanesville and Portsmouth especially appeal to the imag­ parallel embankments about two feet high, thrown ination, with their vast enclosures of many acres and across the neck of a narrow peninsula that juts into the their fantastic shapes. But in our neighborhood the river valley with deep ravines on either side. A mound ruins are insignificant in size. They are mostly circles, near this embankment was, in 1847, ten feet high but mounds, and on the pointed tongues of land that pro­ much plowing has virtually demolished it. The other ject into the Cuyahoga valley are found the remains of fort in Newburg township is located on the right bank ridges and trenches. The mounds are burial places and of the river about one and a half miles below Lock 8, the embankments are fortifications. on the canal. It is the smallest of the fortifications in Colonel Charles Whittlesey made a careful survey the valley. "In 1850 it had not been long under culti­ of these remains in the Cuyahoga valley. His valuable vation and the elevation of the wall above the bottom of work is preserved in the "Smithsonian Contributions," the ditch varies from four to six feet." volume 3, and in numerous tracts of the Western Re­ The only rock inscription in this vicinity is the serve Historical Society. His map shows four mounds famous sculptured rock at Independence. It has not in the city limits. "About the year 1820 one which been determined whether it is of Indian or Mound- stood on the lot of the Methodist church, at the corner builder origin. The stone was discovered about 1853, of Euclid and Erie streets (now the Cleveland Trust and it was suggested by W. F. Bushnell, a deacon of Company), was partially opened by Dr. T. Garlick and the Presbyterian church of that place, that it be placed his brother Abel." Only a few implements of polished for preservation in the wall of the church then being slate was found. built. This was done and its markings remain clear Another mound was on Sawtell avenue (East 53d and well defined. It was described in 1869 by Dr. J. H. street), near Woodland avenue. It was partially opened Salisbury, of Cleveland, an authority on western archsel- LAKE IN WADE PARK. THE HICKORIES—RESIDENCE OF R. R. RHODES.

RESIDENCE OF THEO. KUNDTZ. SCENES NEAR NORTH BOULEVARD. SCENE IN EDGE WATER PA UK. RESIDENCE OF C. W. BINGHAM. BRATENAHL

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RESIDENCE OF WM. G. MATHER, LAKE SHORE BOULEVARD. SCENE AT ROCKY RIVER. SCENE ON OVERLOOK ROAD FROM EUCLID BOULEVARD.

RESIDENCE OF KENYON V. PAINTER—SHAKER HEIGHTS. MANAVISTA—RESIDENCE OF LUCIEN B. HALL, CLIFTON PARK.

PIERCELEIGH—RESIDENCE OF STEPHEN L. PIERCE. CLIFTON PARK. ogy and rock inscription. A photograph and drawing 1805. The following letter by Abraham Tappan, of were made at the same time. Unionville, gives the details of this final treaty. "Cleveland was designated as the place for holding the With its purchase of Western Reserve from the treaty. The Indians to the west having claims to the state of Connecticut the new settlers came into posses­ land in question were invited to attend in council at sion of an Indian reservation comprising Wyandots, that place." The Indians residing in western New York, Delawares, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawattomies and having some claim to the land, sent a deputation of not Sacs. The state wisely assumed no liability as to the far from thirty of their number to attend the treaty at validity of any Indian claims that might be raised Cleveland. They arrived at the place in June, accom­ against the purchasers. The directors of the company panied by Jasper Parish, their interpreter. The treaty foresaw what might happen and in their instructions to was to be held under the auspices of the United States Moses Cleaveland, gave him authority "to make and Government. Commissioners from the different parties enter into friendly negotiations with the natives who interested in the treaty were promptly and in season are on said land, or contiguous thereto, and may have at the contemplated treaty ground. For some cause the any pretended claim to the same, and secure such Indians living to the west and interested in the subject friendly intercourse amongst them as will establish matter of the treaty refused to meet the commissioners peace, quiet and safety to the survey and settlement of in council at Cleveland. And if we except the deputa­ said lands, not ceded by the natives under the authority tion from New York, few or no Indians appeared at of the United States." When he reached Buffalo he that place. After staying a few days at Cleveland, and began negotiations with the Six nations; on the 24th of being well assured that the Indians would not meet June, 1796, he concluded a bargain with them. Seth them in treaty there, the commissioners proceeded west­ Pease, in his journal, succinctly described it as follows: ward; and after some delay, and a show of great reluc­ "The council began the 21st and ended Friday, follow­ tance on the part of the Indians, they finally succeeded ing. The present made the Indians was five hundred in meeting them in council. The treaty was held at the pounds, New York currency, in goods. This the western Ogantz place near Sandusky City. Indians received. To the eastern Indians they gave "It is said by those who attended this treaty, that two beef cattle and one hundred gallons of whiskey. the Indians, in parting with and making sale of the The western Indians also had provisions to help them above land to the whites,'did so with much reluctance, home. The Indians had their keeping during the and after the treaty was signed many of them wept. council." Moses Cleaveland was a shrewd Yankee at a On the day that the treaty was brought to a close, the trade. The Indians' spokesman was Captain Brant, an specie, in payment of the purchase money, arrived on adventurer who had been adopted by the tribe, and their the treaty ground. The specie came from Pittsburg great chief was Red Jacket. and was conveyed by the way of Warren, Cleveland, and Upon his arrival at Conneaut, General Cleaveland the lake shore to the place where wanted. The treasure was asked by Paqua, the chief of the Massasagoes, for a was entrusted to .the care of Lyman Potter, Esquire, of conference, which he granted, July 7, 1796. In his Warren, who was attended by the following persons as diary is given an account of the council. The general, an escort: Josiah W. Brown, John Lane, James Staun­ in reply to their demands that he explain his intrusion, ton, Jonathan Church, Lorenzo Carter and another per­ in diplomatic terms, told of his friendship for them son by the name of Clark, all resolute and well armed. and of the title he claimed and naively cautioned them The money and other property as presents to the In­ against indolence and drunkenness. dians was distributed to them the next day after the By gifts of trinkets and whiskey the natives were signing of the treaty. The evening of the last day of usually satisfied to have the surveys go on uninter­ the treaty, a barrel of whiskey was dealt out to the ruptedly. They did not, however, consider their claims Indians. The consequent results of such a proceeding extinguished until the final purchase was made, July 4, were all experienced at this time." SCENE IN GARFIELD PARK. RESIDENCE OF EDWARD S. ROGERS.

RESIDENCE OF W. A. PRICE. SCENES IN LAKEVIEW CEMETERY. SCENE ON EUCLID AVENUE. EESIDENCE OF GEO. H. OLMSTED.

EESIDENCE OF LEVI T. SCOFIELD. SCENE AT SHAKER LAKE—SHAKER HEIGHTS.

VIEW IN AMBLER PARK. LOWER BOULEVARD. RESIDENCE OF FRANK A. SCOTT, SHAKER HEIGHTS.

RESIDENCE OF GEORGE C. KRIDLER, SHAKER HEIGHTS. A letter, written July 7, 1805, by William Dean and he was killed by a white man in Holmes county from the "Sloop Contractor, near Black Eiver," to in 1816, in self-defence, it was claimed. Judge Huntington, then running the mill at Newburg, Gilman Bryant, who came to Cleveland in 1797, describes this treasure: "Dear Sir: On the 4th in­ wrote, in 1857: "The Indians scattered along the river stant, we closed a treaty with the Indians for the unex­ from five to eight miles apart, as far as the falls. They tinguished part of the Connecticut Eeserve and on ac­ hauled their canoes above high-water mark and covered count of the United States; for all the land south of it them with bark and went from three to five miles back to the west line. Mr. Phelps and myself pay about into the woods. In the spring, after sugar making, c$7,000 in cash and about $12,000 in six yearly payments they all packed their skins, sugar, bear's oil, honey and of $2,000 each. The Government pays $13,760, that is jerked venison to their crafts. They frequently had to the annual interest, to the Wyandots, Delawares, Mun- make more canoes, either of wood or bark, as the in­ sees and to the Senecas on the land, forever. The crease of their furs, etc., required. They would descend expense of the treaty will be about $5,000, including the river in April, from sixty to eighty families, and rum, tobacco, bread, meat, presents, expenses of the encamp on the west side of the river for eight or ten seraglio, the commissioners, agents and contractors. I days, take a drunken scrape and have a feast. write in haste, being extremely sorry I have not time While the settlers of Cuyahoga county were never to send you a copy of the treaty." subjected to the barbarous cruelties of Indian wars, Gideon Granger, postmaster general, was present there were occasional isolated instances of friction with at this treaty. He was interested in lands near Cleve­ the red men. They could always be traced to the bane­ land on the west side of the Cuyahoga river. It was ful influence of whiskey. The first murder in Cleve­ at this time that he made his famous prophecy at Cleve­ land was committed in 1803. The victim was also an land that "within fifty years an extensive city will Indian. Big Son, the brother of Seneca, in a drunken occupy these grounds, and vessels will sail directly from brawl, killed Menompsy, a medicine man, of the Chip­ this port into the Atlantic ocean." pewa, or Ottawa tribe. The medicine man had treated The Indians continued to occupy portions of this Big Son's wife, and she died. The murder was partly land after the arrival of the settlers. They were in revenge. Through the diplomacy of Lorenzo Carter usually kind and generous toward the pioneers. The a clash between the Senecas and Chippewas and Otta­ Senecas, Ottawas, Delawares and Chippewas made was was avoided. Cleveland their trading headquarters. They would The first execution in Cleveland was that of an come in the autumn, get their necessary supplies and Indian, O'Mic, on June 24, 1812. He was found guilty then scatter for the winter's hunt southward along the of murdering two trappers, Buel and Gibbs, for their Cuyahoga, Mahoning, Tuscarawas, Kilbuck and other furs, near Sandusky. Of two accomplices in the crime, rivers. In the spring they would return to Cleveland one shot himself when about to be captured and the with their furs and barter them away. Then they would other, a mere boy, was suffered to escape, only to be go by canoe to Sandusky, where they cultivated small executed four years later in Huron county for the mur­ patches of beans, corn and potatoes. der of two white men. O'Mic was hanged on a scaffold The Senecas camped, while in Cleveland, in the erected on the northwest corner of the Square. His river valley between Vineyard and Superior lanes, and body was exhumed the night of his execution and his near the point where the lake trail crossed the river. skeleton was for many years in possession of Dr. Long, The noted Indian chiefs at this time were Ogantz or and later of Dr. Isaac Town, of Hudson. Ogance, of the Ottawas, who was last seen in San­ After the war of 1812 the Indians quietly and dusky in 1811; Sagamaw, a Chippewa, and Seneca, of gradually vanished from the Eeserve. In September, the Seneca tribe. Seneca was a noble type of manhood. 1823, General Cass and Duncan McArthur made a The pioneer records mention him with kindness and treaty on the Maumee with the Wyandots, Senecas, enthusiasm. He was last seen in Cleveland in 1809, Delawares, Shawnees, Pottawattomies, Ottawas and

6 SCENE IN GARFIELD PARK. i*--...-..

FEANKLYN VILLA—EESIDENCE OF FEKD A. GLIDDEN, CLIFTON PAKK.

INGLE-WOOD—EESIDENCE OF FEANCIS H. GLIDDEN, CLIFTON PABK. RESIDEXCE OF FRANK C. CAINE.

RESIDENCE OF HERMAN A. HARRIS. SCENE IN GARFIELD PARK.

LINCOLN BOULEVARD, FOREST HILL FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. EESIDENCE OF EDWAED F. DYEE.

EESIDENCE OF HENEY F. POPE. SCENE IN ROCKEFELLER PARK.

SCENE IN WADE PARK. Chippewas. All of these tribes, the meager remnants The settlers who had founded a settlement at Salt qf former great clans, ceded to the United States all Springs, in Weathersfield, Trumbull county, were dis­ their land in Ohio. To the Senecas were granted thirty possessed by Colonel Harmar in 1785. thousand acres on the Sandusky river in what is now During the winter of 1755-6 James Smith, a Penn- Seneca county, and the following year* ten thousand sylvanian, was held captive by the Delawares on the acres more were added to this "Seneca reservation." Cuyahoga. * The interesting narrative of his experi­ But the unfortunate Senecas enjoyed their lands only ences includes a description of the Cuyahoga, the Black a few years. In 1831 they were ceded to the United and the Kilbuck rivers. From 1760 to 1764 Mary States and all the Indians were transported to the west, Campbell, a young girl captured in Pennsylvania, lived the descendants of brave warriors submitting meekly to on this river; most of the time near the foot of the falls their sad and undeserved fate. at the forks below Akron. 'In October, 1760, during the French and Indian Cleveland was not a frontier post like Detroit or war, Major Eobert Eogers, who had helped-raise the St. Louis, frequented by the trapper and trader, garri­ Provincial Eangers in New Hampshire, was ordered to soned with soldiery, and with a history that links it leave Fort Niagara, with his battalion and capture almost to the days of chivalry. The town proper was * the French posts in the west. Coasting along .the south planted in a wilderness, struggled with the forests, and , shore of the lake in batteaux, he visited the Cuyahoga, developed into importance within a few decades after where he met Pontiac, the celebrated Indian ally of the Eevolution. Its surrounding farms were peopled the French. Albach relates the incident as follows: in the wonderful onrush of immigrants that made of "Eogers was well fitted for the task. On the borders Ohio a state within fifteen years of the establishing of of New Hampshire, with Putnam and Stark, he had the Great Ordinance, and the town's rapid growth earned a great reputation as a partisan officer; and merely kept pace with the development of commerce and Eogers Eangers, armed with rifle, tomahawk and knife, transportation. Our colonial history is therefore very had rendered much service and won a great name. brief. Later that reputation was tarnished by greater crimes; It is not positively known who was the first white tried for an attempt to betray Mackinaw to the Span­ man to visit the Cuyahoga. The French explorers and iards, he abandoned the country and entered the service traders and later the English pushed their way through of the Dey of Algiers, At*the war of Independence he the western forests, but they have left scanty records entered the American service, was detected as a spy, • of having been here. Whittlesey mentions a number of passed over to the British and was banished by an act ax marks in ancient trees that he had examined on the of his native state. Such was the man who was sent Eeserve in the vicinity of Cleveland. Some of these to plant the British flag in the great valley. Immedi­ were found in great trees that "must be considered a ately upon receiving his orders he set out to ascend the good record as far back as 1660." They were probably St. Lawrence with two hundred men and fifteen boats. made by traders, French and English, and by Jesuit "On the 7th of November they landed at the mouth missionaries, who were known to be in western New of Cuyahoga creek. Here they were met by a party of York as "early as 1856." Indians who were deputed to them to say that Pontiac, After the French and Indian war the British for­ the great chief of the Ottawas, was near and he de­ bade the settlement of the land beyond the Ohio and manded that they should advance no farther, till they Allegheny. All attempts to hold inviolate their treaty should receive his permission. During the day the great with the Indians, especially the Six nations, were in chief appeared and imperiously demanded why the vain. The white settlers never respected the Indians' army was there without his consent. Eogers replied claim to the soil. A number of these trespassers were that Canada had been conquered and that he was on his forcibly expelled. Following the treaty of 1782 the way to occupy the French post and to restore peace to United States tried to carry out this policy of exclusion. the Indians. Pontiac only replied that he would stand LAKE SCENE IN WADE PAKE. ROCKY RIVER FROM J. H. VAN DORN GROUNDS.

MORNINGSIDE—RESIDENCE OF J. H. VAN DORN—OAKWOOD. AL-STAE CLIFF—EESIDENCE OF ALFEED J. KEOENKE, CLIFTON PARK.

EESIDENCE OF L. P. WILSON. MAYFIELD COUNTRY CLUB.

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THE COUNTRY CLUB, LAKE SHORE BOULEVARD. CHERRY-LANE—RESIDENCE OF W. S. BAILEY.

RESIDENCE OF ALBERT GERDUM. SCENE ON NORTH BOULEVARD. SCENE IN GORDON PARK.

SCENE ON OVERLOOK ROAD. in his path till morning. On the next day he delivered provisions and then hasten to the Grand river. But a formal reply to the English officer that he consented he was delayed by storms and when he returned from to live in peace with the English as long as they treated the Cuyahoga, the soldiers and the horse with the pro­ him with due deference. The calumet was smoked and visions had disappeared. He had to abandon the re- an alliance was made. Pontiac accompanied his new connoissance of the Grand river and after terrible hard­ friends to Detroit." ships reached Fort Pitt December 2. He reported that Parkman relates the important episode as follows: there was no sign of British occupancy at the mouth of "On the 7th of November, 1760, they reached the the Cuyahoga. mouth of the Cuyahoga river, the present site of Cleve­ In 1786 a lively trade in furs is known to have been land. No body of British troops had ever advanced so carried on here. Of the energetic half civilized men, far. The day was dull and rainy, and, resolving to rest who for so many generations carried on this business, we until the weather should improve, Eogers ordered his know personally nothing; except in regard to Joseph men to prepare their camp in the neighboring forest. Du Shattar and some of his companions. He had from The place has seen strange changes since that day. a youth been in the employ of the Northwest Fur Com­ "Soon after the arrival of the Eangers a party of pany, along this lake. The mouth of the Cuyahoga and Indian chiefs and warriors entered the camp. They Sandusky were principal points. About 1790 he mar­ proclaimed themselves an embassy from Pontiac, ruler ried Mary Pornay, at Detroit, and commenced trading of all that country, and directed, in his name, that the on his own account. He had a post nine miles up the English should advance no farther until they had an river, which is probably the one whose remains have interview with the great chief, who was close at hand. been observed in Brooklyn, opposite Newburg. Here "He greeted Eogers with a haughty demand what his second child was born in 1794. John Baptiste his business was in that country and how he dared enter Fleming and Joseph Burrall were with him a part of it without his permission." the time. Du Shattar was living in 1812 and assisted Eogers published a journal of two volumes relating in the capture of John O'Mic and Semo, on Locust his experiences with considerable detail. Point, the murderers of Michael Gibbs and Daniel Buell During the Eevolution at least one white man came at Pipe creek, near Sandusky. to the Cuyahoga. This was Major Craig, who received In 1786 and 1787 a band of the gentle and per­ orders from General Irvine, dated "Fort Pitt, Novem­ secuted Moravians lived on the banks of the Cuyahoga. ber 11, 1782," reading as follows: "Sir: I have re­ Driven from their homes on the Muskingum by the ceived intelligence through various channels, that the Indians, they sought peace and safety, first at San­ British have established a post at Lower Sandusky and dusky, and later on the Huron river, near Detroit. also information that it is suspected they intend erect­ They were determined, however, to start a settlement in ing one, either at Cuyahoga creek or Grand river. But this vicinity, and in May, 1786, a company of them, as these accounts . are not from persons of military under the guidance of Zeisberger and Heckewelder, knowledge, nor to be fully relied upon in any particular, started for the Cuyahoga. Owing to storms and sick­ and I am anxious to have the fact well established; you ness, which occasioned much suffering, they did not will therefore proceed with Lieutenant Eoss, my aide- reach here until June 7. They chose as the sight of de-camp, and six active men, in order to reconnoitre their mission the east bank of the river just below these two places, particularly Cuyahoga." Tinker's creek, near the town of Bedford, and gave it Major Craig started on November 13 with his the significant name of Pilgerruh (Pilgrim's Eest). A small company. Arriving, as he thought, within a space of ground had previously been cleared by a village day's journey of the Cuyahoga, he left one man with the of the Ottawas; here they planted corn. Heckewelder horse they had loaded with provisions and pushed for­ then went to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, the principal ward to the mouth of the river, intending to return station of the section and the new colony was left in to the man with the horse, obtain a fresh supply of charge of Zeisberger. They were evidently not pleased LOWER BOULEVARD. RESIDENCE OF JOHN L. CANNON, SHAKER HEIGHTS.

RESIDENCE OF CHAS. H. LOEW. SCENES IN GORDON PARK. INTERIOR TRINITY CATHEDRAL. EESIDENCE OF F. E. MARVIN.

RESIDENCE OF HENRY DEEHEE. VIEWS IN AMBLER PARK. SCENE IN PUBLIC SQUARE. RESIDENCE OE FRANK E. STRANAHAN.

RESIDENCE OF CARL J. WEIDEMAN. with the site, for in the spring of 1787 they removed to bered either with Oak & Hickory or with lofty Chest­ the Black river, where their stay was brief. Buffeted nuts. about by Indians and British they found no rest until "On the Cujahoga Eiver are, I verily believe as after the war of 1812, when their settlements on the rich Bottoms, or intervals, as in any part of the West­ Muskingum and in Canada were left in peace. ern Country. The Timber in these are either Black John Heckewelder, the Moravian leader and a Walnut, or White Thorn Trees, intermixed with various member of the Moravian community on Tinker's creek, other Trees as Cherry, Mulberry, &c. The ground en­ in 1786, writing, in 1796, of the site of Cleveland and tirely covered with high Nettles. its advantages, says "Cuyahoga certainly stands fore­ "In such Bottoms, somewhat inferior to the above, most ; and that for the following reasons: the Timber is principally lofty Oaks, Poplar, or Tulip "1. Because it admits small Sloops into its mouth tree, Elm, Hickory, Sugar Maple yet intermixed with from the Lake, and aifords them a good Harbour. Black Walnut, Cherry, Mulberry, Grape Vines, White "2. Because it is Navigable at all times with Thorn, Haw-bush, &c, &c, Ash, &c. Wild Hops of Canoes to the Falls, a distance of upwards of 60-Miles an excellent quality grow also plentifully on this Eiver. by Water—and with Boats at some seasons of the year "The richest Land on this Eiver lieth from where to that place—and may without any great Expense be the road crosseth at the old Town downwards. Within made Navigable that distance at all times. 8 or 10 miles of the Lake the Bottoms are but small, yet "3. Because there is the best prospect of Water Land rich, from here upwards they are larger & richer. communication from Lake Erie into the Ohio, by way At the old Moravian Town marked on my Map, they are of Cujahaga & Muskingum Eivers: The carrying place . exceedingly rich. Some low bottoms are covered with very lofty Sycamore Trees. being the shortest of all carrying places, which inter­ "The Land adjoining those Bottoms within 10 or lock with each other & at most not above 4 miles. 15 Miles of the Lake is generally ridgy, yet level & good "4. Because of the fishery which may be erected on top, excellently Timbered. Thro' these ridges run at its mouth, a place to which the White Fish of the numbers of small Streams, & sometimes large brooks; Lake resort in the Spring, in order to Spawn. the water is always clear with a brisk current. "5. Because there is a great deal of land of the "I have traced small streams to their Sources, first Quality on this Eiver. where I have found a variety of excellent Springs ly­ "6. Because not only the Eiver itself, has clear ing off in various directions. & lively current, but all the Waters & Springs empty­ "From these lands upwards towards the old Town ing in the same, prove by their clearness & current, & along the path to the Salt Spring; the country is in that it must be a healthy Country in general. general pretty level; just so much broken as to give the "7. Because one principle Land Eoad not only Water liberty to pass gentley off. from the allegheny Eiver & French Creek; but also "There is a remarkable fine Situation for a Town, from Pittsburg will pass thro that Country to Detroit, at the Old Cujahoga Town; & there can be no doubt of it being by far the most level Land path to that place. a large Trading Town being established here, as both "I will now endeavor to give an account of the the Eoad to Sandusky and Detroit crosses here; as also Quality of the Soil of this Country: and will begin with the carrying place between the old Eivers Cujahaga & the Land on the Cujahaga Eiver itself. Muskingum must be at this place. "Next to the Lake the Lands in general lay in "Some miles above this Old Town there is a fall this part of the Country pretty high, (say from 30 to in the Eiver. The Eock which runs across may be 60 feet high) except where there is an opening by a about 20 & 30 feet high. No Fish can ascend higher Eiver or Stream. These banks are generally pretty up, or get over this Fall, tho there are Fish above it. level on top & continue so to a great distance into the Just under the Falls the Fish crowd together in vast Country. The Soil is good and the Land well Tim­ numbers & may be taken here the whole year round. VIEW IN ROCKEFELLER PARK. RESIDENCE OF HENRY STEINBRENNER.

RESIDENCE OF MEYER WEIL. SCENES AT GATES MILL. RIVERBANK—RESIDENCE OF LYMAN A. REED, CLIFTON PARK.

RESIDENCE OF E. E. STONE, CLTFTON PARK. SCENE ON LOWER BOULEVARD. KMgg^

THE BRIARS—RESIDENCE OF X. X. CEUM, EUCLID HEIGHTS.

RESIDENCE OF A. W. ELLENBERGER, EUCLID HEIGHTS. GOETHE AND SCHILLER MONUMENT.

SOLDIERS AND SAILORS MONUMENT. At the more Easterly Crossing of this Eiver as the across I cannot give a presice description having only Path runs, (the distance of which I do not exactly seen this country in part, yet what I have seen has been recollect but think it between 15 & 20 miles) there pretty generally good, except it be some barren Plains is a most remarkable large Square Eock in the Middle and large Cranberry grounds. Otherwise off the Eiver of the Stream, which may at a future day, well answer and on the path from thence to Mahoning Old Towns, the Pier of a Bridge. At this place there is a pretty I saw vast bodies of very rich Upland, well Timbered, large plain on the Northwest Side of the Eiver and in sometimes level Land, & then broken, especially the several other places in this country there are similar later on the head of the Waters of Beaver Creek to­ Plains or Flatts. On these the Land is rather thin in wards Mahony." comparison to the other; yet not so that it would not bear good Grain. During the war of 1812 Cleveland was drawn into "There are also some Swamps in this Country, yet the zone of hostilities. May 10, 1813, Captain Sholes I have not seen one which might not be cultivated, and came into the town with his company of soldiers. He make good Meadows. describes the village as follows: "I halted my company "Here and there I observed small groves of Pine, between Major Carter's and Wallace's. I was here met but never went to see of what kind they were. I sup­ by Governor Meigs, who gave me a most cordial wel­ posed them only to border on some small Lake or Pond. come, as did all the citizens. The governor took me to "There are some beautiful small lakes in this a place where my company could pitch their tents. I country, with water as clear as Crystal & alive with found no place of defense, no hospital and a forest of Fish. In these lakes as well as in Cujahaga Eiver large timber (mostly chestnut), between the lake and Water Fowl resort in abundance in Spring & Fall. the lake road. There was a road that turned off be­ "Between the head Waters of Beaven Creek & the tween Mr. Perry's and Major Carter's that went to the head Waters of Cujahaga the Country is rather more town, which was the only place that the lake could be broken, yet not too much for tillage. The Land is seen from the buildings. This little cluster of build­ good. ings was of wood, I think, none painted. There were "From the big Deer on Beaver Creek to the Salt a few houses back from the lake road. The widow Springs (a distance of about 16 miles) the Country is Walworth kept the postoffice, for Ashbel, her son. Mr. rather of a colder Nature; but thinley Timbered & L. Johnson, Judge Kingsbury, Major Carter, Nathan much of a wet Clay ground. A com'y of gentlement Perry, George Wallace and a few others, were there. At have obtained some years ago a Title to this Tract of my arrival I found a number of sick and wounded, who Country comprehending the Salt Spring. were of Hull's surrender sent here from Detroit, and "I cannot leave Cujahoga without mentioning one more coming. These were crowded into a log cabin and Circumstance, viz. That when I left the Moravian no one to care for them. I sent one or two of my sol­ Town on that Eiver which was the Eighth day of Oc­ diers to take care of them, as they had no friends. I tober 1786 we had not then had one Frost yet, whereas had two or three good carpenters in my company and all the Weeds & Bushes had been killed by the Frost set them to work to build a hospital. I very soon got some Weeks before, on the dividing Eidge. Ind'n Corn up a good one, thirty by twenty feet, smoothly and this year planted at the above mentioned place on the tightly covered and floored with chestnut bark, with 20th day of June ripened before the Frost set in. two tier of bunks around the walls with doors and "The Cujahoga Country abounds in Game, such windows and not a nail, a screw or iron latch or hinge as Elk, Deer, Turkey Eacoons, ets. In the year of about the building. Its cost to the government was a 1785, a Trader purchased 23 Horseload of Peltry from few extra rations. In a short time I had all the bunks the few Indians then Hunting on this Eiver. Of the well strawed and the sick and wounded good and clean, country to the Southward of Cujahaga & between the to their great, joy and comfort, but some had fallen dividing Eidge & Tussorawas where the line strikes asleep. I next went to work and built a small fort

10 SCENE ON CHAGRIN RIVER. EESIDENCE OF E. J. SILLEE.

EESIDENCE OF EX-GOV. HEEEICK. EESIDENCE OF HENRY G. SLATMYEE.

EESIDENCE OF WM. P. LOEBLEIN. SCENE IN EDGEWATEE PAEK. RESIDENCE OF J. G. W. COWLES, EUCLID HEIGHTS.

RESIDENCE OF GEO. L. WEISS, EUCLID HEIGHTS. SCENES ON HARCOURT DRIVE—AMBLER HEIGHTS. UNION CLUB. PERRY MONUMENT. RESIDENCE OF J. B. ROBERTS, CLIFTON PARK.

RESIDENCE OF G. E. CONKEY. about fifty yards from the bank of the lake in the forest. miles from Newburg," is the classic phrase describing This fort finished, I set the men to work to fell the tim­ their relative importance. A gristmill and immunity ber along and near the bank of the lake, rolling the logs from malaria, on account of its higher ground, were the and brush near the brink of the bank to serve as a causes of this ancient inequality. Ohio City, on the breastwork. On the 19th of June, a part of the British west side, and Euclid, on the east, thrived for a time, fleet appeared off our harbor, with the apparent design but these, like all other towns now suburban, grew like to land. When they got within one and a half miles of adjacent buds from the more thrifty Cleveland. In this our harbor, it became a perfect calm, and they lay there local rivalry one city alone was possible. While agricul­ till afternoon when a most terrible thunderstorm came ture was the leading pursuit and the stage coach the up and drove them from our coast. We saw them no only means of travel, many villages could thrive. But more as enemies. Their object was to destroy the pub­ the canal and steam transportion enabled the city to lic or government boats then built and building in the absorb them all. Secondly, was the larger rivalry of the Cuyahoga river and other government stores at that Western Eeserve and adjacent territory. This, too, was place." a pioneer rivalry. It depended, as do all intercity strug­ The war of 1812 seems to have had a blighting gles, on the lines of transportation. In stage coach days effect upon Cleveland. Very few arrivals occurred until Eavenna, Painesville, Kent, Wooster, Warren, Elyria, 1816, when Noble H. Merwin came. He purchased the Norwalk and Ashtabula were all more or less prominent. tavern of George Wallace, on the corner of Superior Some of them had a much better start toward municipal street and Vineyard lane, later called South Water importance than Cleveland. Painesville, Warren and street, and also a parcel of land on Division street, later Eavenna were peculiarly prosperous with their environs called Center street. His tavern was soon called the of rich farming land. The canal brought a new rival— Mansion House. Akron—which for a time was the milling center of all this region. It had what Cleveland lacked, ample water From a population of about 150, in 1820, the city power. Had not the steamboat and the railroad anti­ grew but slowly until twenty years later the inhabitants quated the old stage and canal routes, it is interesting of both Cleveland and Ohio City numbered 7,648. The to speculate how these rivals would now rank. census of 1850 gave a total of 20,984, that of 1860 But steam gave Cleveland an eminence, both by 43,838, successive censuses, giving totals of 92,829, land and by lake. Her geographical situation was stra­ 160,146, 261,353, 381,768 and 563,663. tegic. A third class of rivals appeared, the lake ports, There remains one other important phase of the and they are still in the field. They include the smaller growth of our population, namely, the comparative harbors of Conneaut, Lorain, Toledo and Sandusky. growth of Cleveland with its competitors. While Cleve­ The continued supremacy of our city will depend upon land was laid out as the "capital city" of the Eeserve, it her wisdom in constantly developing the transportation had to make this claim a reality by overcoming several factors that have made us pre-eminent in Ohio. Some rivals in a severe pioneer struggle for supremacy. It of these rivals are growing with remarkable rapidity was not until three or four decades had passed that its and it may be but a few years before they will assume superiority over its Western Eeserve neighbors became great commercial importance. clearly established, and its lake port competitors are A fourth rivalry, an interstate competition, early even now growing with marvelous strides. It was not developed with other lake ports, Buffalo and Detroit, until the century had passed that Cleveland became the Duluth and Milwaukee, and Chicago. In point of age metropolis of the state. Detroit is the ancient city, Buffalo the medieval city, There are three kinds of towns that Cleveland has Milwaukee and Chicago the modern cities, and Duluth had to overcome in competition. First, those that were the recent city. And of all of these, Chicago alone, by its immediate neighbors in the country. Newburg was reason of her fortunate situation, has outdistanced its strongest early local rival. "Cleveland, a town six Cleveland. 11 VIEW IN WADE PAKE. REST CLIFF—EESIDENCE OF JOHN G. JENNINGS, CLIFTON PARK.

STOWAWAY—RESIDENCE OF C. B. STOWE, CLIFTON PARK. SCENES ON EAST OVERLOOK. EUCLID AVE. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.

PUBLIC LIBRARY—CARNEGIE WEST BRANCH. CLEVELAND SCHOOL OF ART.

/

*?K

TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL. SCENE ON CHAGRIN RIVER. UNIVEESITY CLUB.

>49 i&*__Jl fifi

1 J[i'iiii!;ni:. III

COLONIAL CLUB. RESIDENCE OF G. W. DEMING.

OAKWOOD GOLF CLUB. What the undisclosed future, with its unlimited it was determined to remove the "zoo" to Brookside possibilities for physical advancement, holds in store Park as soon as funds permitted. for these peaceful rivals on the borders of our inland In 1890 the city council granted the Cleveland waterways, not even sanguine conjecture dare foretell. City Cable Eailway Company the right to lay tracks into the park, but the park commissioners promptly Prior to 1850 the citizens of Cleveland did not secured an injunction against the railway company and feel the need of public parks. Two years later the the attempt was never repeated. A right, however, to Public Square, now officially known as Monument Park build a street railway around the park was secured in and containing ten acres, was first inclosed. After the gift and J. Henry Wade, grandson of the donor, various failures during the next twenty years to pro­ in 1896, relinquished this privilege. Perry's monument vide park space, Lake View Park was first purchased. was removed from the Square to Wade Park in 1894. As its name implies, it fronts the lake between East Other monuments in the park are the statues of Ninth and West Third streets and is to form the setting Harvey Eice and Louis Kossuth, the Goethe-Schiller of a group of public buildings, the first of which, the and the Eichard Wagner memorials and the Kosciusko County Court House, is already completed, while others monument. are in various stages of construction. On October 23, 1893, the title to Gordon Park Franklin Circle was dedicated to the public use passed to the city from the estate of William J. Gordon. of Ohio City in 1836. Its radius is but one hundred Mr. Gordon's will recites that the donor believed "a pub­ and forty feet. Clinton Park, north of Lakeview ave­ lic park, made beautiful and attractive, open to all at nue, and covering about one and one-half acres of seasonable times, would be for the public good." The ground, is now a play ground for the neighborhood conditions imposed in the will were: First—The city children. Miles Park, named after a sturdy pioneer of shall maintain the park under the name of Gordon Newburg, was laid out in 1850 and later contained the Park. Second—The shore on the lake front shall be Newburg City Hall, now replaced by a library building. protected from encroachment. Third—Drives and Lincoln Square, formerly known as Pelton Park, front­ ponds to be maintained. Fourth—No fence to obstruct ing West Fourteenth street, was purchased July 4, 1880, the land view. Fifth—The city to preserve the burial and serves as a neighborhood play ground. The first of lot of the Gordons. Sixth—The gift must be accepted a series of magnificent gifts that have made our park within one year. system notable was made to the city by J. H. Wade. In 1865 Mr. Gordon began the purchase of land The deed was signed September 15, 1882, and on Sep­ on the lake shore and Bratenahl road. He acquired tember 26th the ordinance accepting the deed and a number of parcels and began, with rare skill, to plan thanking the donor, was passed by the city council. the noble park that bears his name. The great sea wall, The park contained sixty-three and five-tenths acres. the upper and lower lake drives, the grove and the sheep Mr. Wade had virtually planned the park in 1872 and pasture, were especially the objects of his delight. The had spent many thousands of dollars in developing the city acquired one hundred and twenty-two acres by the plan. Its magnificent grove of forest trees, the pic­ gift, and to their credit, be it said, the park commis­ turesque valley of Doan brook and the stretches of open sioners have made only minor changes in the original land, made the park a popular resort from the first. In plan, principally the widening of some of the drives. 1889 the zoological collection was begun: "two black In 1894 a tract of thirty acres adjoining the park and bears, two catamounts, or wild cats, a family of crows, known as the "picnic grounds" was purchased from the a pair of foxes and a colony of prairie dogs," formed Gordon estate. Wading pools for children were made the nucleus of the collection. The octagon house for in the brook. The large new bathhouse and pavilion smaller animals was soon completed and stocked with were erected in 1901. birds and tropical animals. Mr. Wade, in 1890, pre­ Edgewater Park was acquired in 1894. It in­ sented a herd of American deer to the park. In 1907 cludes eighty-nine acres with a frontage of six thousand

12 SCENE IN EDGEWATEK PAKE. EESIDENCE OF L. SCHLATHEE, EOCEY EIVER.

RESIDENCE OF WALTER THEOBALD. SCENES IN WOODLAND HILLS PAKE. SCENE IN LAEEVIEW CEMETERY. RESIDENCE OF T. E. BORTON, SHAEER HEIGHTS.

RESIDENCE OF C. C. WISE, SHAKER HEIGHTS. SCENE IN GORDON PARK. EESIDENCE OF GEO. J. SOMMEE.

RESIDENCE OF N. C. COTABISH. LOWER BOULEVABD.

EAST BOULEVARD. feet on the lake, affording a fine beach, with a graceful of the current so as to scour away the bar which had curve outlined with forest trees. In 1896 work was formerly obstructed the entrance to the river. In 1832 commenced on the boulevard that skirts the lake and this project was completed, and in the same year the connects this park with Detroit street, near the viaduct. Ohio canal was opened through from Cleveland to In 1902 a new bathhouse was completed and soon Marietta, on the Ohio river. The northern terminus of thereafter the large pavilion. The beach at Edgewater, the canal had been fixed at Cleveland through the pub­ like nearly all the beaches on the west side, being in lic spirited efforts of her citizens. This may be said danger of being washed away, thirteen stone jetties to mark the beginnings of Greater Cleveland, since the have been built to save it from the onrush of the waves. location of the terminus of the canal determined in Brookside Park, containing eighty-one acres, was pur­ large measure the commercial importance of the city, chased in 1894. Its large natural amphitheater is in use not only for water transportation, but as the terminal for outdoor exhibitions and the new zoological garden is point for the railroads later constructed. The popula­ located in this park. tion of Cleveland at that time was scarcely more than Garfield Park, containing one hundred and seventy- 1,000. The largest subsequent factors, however, in the seven acres, was acquired in 1896. It is located in the growth of Cleveland were the development of the coal southernmost part of the city. fields of Ohio and Pennsylvania, and of the iron ore Shaker Heights Park, embracing two hundred and deposits of the upper lakes. The decade, 1850 to I860, eighty acres and including the site of the old Shaker saw the beginnings of the traffic which has been the settlement, with its two lakes, was added to the park foundation of the growth of Cleveland. The ship canal system in 1895, and in the following year John D. at the Sault Ste. Marie was opened in 1855, and 5,000 Eockefeller gave to the city, for park purposes, two tons of iron ore were shipped through it that year, the hundred and seventy-six acres around Doan brook, a first cargo consisting of 132 tons. The cargoes brought ribbon of parkway, making a continuous drive of over down the lakes today in the modern boats exceed 10,000 seven miles in length. tons each; such a boat is relieved of its cargo at Lake Woodland Hills Park fronts on Woodhill and Kins­ Erie ports in four hours by groups of unloading de­ man roads and with its one hundred acres forms a con­ vices, removing sixty tons a minute, these devices being necting link with other parks east, west and south. largely the inventions of Cleveland men and the pro­ Steps are now in progress to complete a system of parks entirely surrounding the city and uniting it with a duct of Cleveland factories. Most of the 10,000-ton magnificent shore drive, the whole to form an arc of boats are built at Cleveland yards, this city being the 180 degrees, with a basis of some twenty miles, resting headquarters of a ship building company which launches on the shore of Lake Erie. each year a larger tonnage of steel steam vessels than is launched at any other port in the Western Hemi­ The basis of the growth of Cleveland has been in­ sphere. The receipts of iron ore in the Cleveland cus­ dustrial and commercial. Naturally, the location of the toms district, in 1910, were upwards of 26,000,000 city upon Lake Erie resulted in an early interest in tons, constituting over 61 per cent of all the ore mined shipping and ship building. In 1808, twelve years in the Lake Superior district. In 1880 the receipts in after the founding of Cleveland, the first boat built the Cleveland district were about 1,200,000 tons. Cleve­ here was launched—the schooner Zephyr, 30 tons; the land has always been the headquarters of the great bulk beginning of improvement of the port of Cleveland was of the shipping industry whicji has grown up about the a pier, erected in 1816, which was soon torn away by Great Lakes, carrying upwards of 40 per cent of the storms. In 1827, the first project for the improvement total tonnage of freight of the United States. The of Cleveland harbor was adopted by the Government, bituminous coal shipments from the port of Cleveland, being the erection of jetties at the mouth of the river, in 1910, were upwards of 5,000,000 tons. More than which contracted the channel and increased the velocity $5,000,000 has been expended on Cleveland's harbor by the United States, and about $3,000,000 by the city of the country fifty years ago. This growth has been in river work. chiefly due to industrial development. Another indica­ The total movement of freight at Cleveland, both tion of the growth of the city is shown in the banking by rail and lake, in 1910, was approximately 21,000,000 statistics. The capital invested in banking has doubled tons received, and 15,000,000 tons forwarded. in the last twenty years, but during the same period the The commerce of the city has, however, been sec­ deposits have increased five times, the figures at present ondary to its industries. The first industrial plant in being $268,738,416 on deposit in Cleveland banks as Cuyahoga County worthy of the name of factory was against $51,951,960 in 1890. The appraised value of established in 1827. Its output was cast and wrought Cleveland real estate increased from about $150,000,000 iron work, the pig iron used being obtained from the in 1900 to over $500,000,000. company's blast furnace twelve miles west of the village; Cleveland is particularly fortunate in having a and the company assured the public that this material wide diversity of iron and steel manufactures, owing to was "equal to the best Scotch pig." In 1836 it was pro­ her accessibility to the raw material. The city is second ducing more than "500 tons of castings besides a large only to New York in the production of women's outer quantity of wrought iron, giving employment to 70 garments and kindred lines, and leads in the production men." Today there are 2,448 manufacturing establish­ of electric carbons and dry batteries, more of the latter ments listed as factories under the Government defini­ being made here than in all the rest of the world com­ tion of that term, employing 88,728 wage earners and bined. If all the product of Cleveland wire mills producing $271,961,000 worth of goods yearly upon an were drawn into telegraph or telephone wire, it would invested capital of $230,397,000. The increase in value more than encircle the earth every day. Other products of products during the past decade has been 116 per in which Cleveland takes exceedingly high rank are high cent, and there has been in the same period an increase grade electric and gasoline automobiles, paints and oils, of 144 per cent in the capital invested, and of 11! per incandescent electric lamps, and many other products, cent on the salaries and wages paid. The population down to chewing gum. It is estimated that more than of the city during the same decade has increased 46.9 125,000 different articles are produced in Cleveland per cent. Whereas, in 1860, Cleveland was the thirty- factories. third city of the Union, in 1910 it became the sixth city in size; and every one of the five cities now outranking As a wholesale and retail center the city is also Cleveland in population was among the first eight cities prominent, and covers a large territory as its market.

14