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The Body Project: Anatomy, Relationships, and Representation an Interdisciplinary Graduate Student Conference University of Missouri Presented April 12, 2008
The Body Project: Anatomy, Relationships, and Representation An Interdisciplinary Graduate Student Conference University of Missouri Presented April 12, 2008 Erin Gore-Wilson MU Department of English Oral Presentation The Death of Maternity: Decaying Female Bodies in Mary Shelley’s Fiction In this paper, I examine the trope of the dying woman in Mary Shelley’s early works, including Frankenstein, Mathilda, and her short fiction. Critics are in general agreement that two of Frankenstein’s essential subjects are the trauma of creation and the dire consequences of child abandonment. Mary Shelley’s fiction is riddled with dead mothers and young women wasting away as a result of male action. Maternity is appropriated by patriarchy in Mary Shelley’s fiction; this usurpation of motherhood is always at the expense of the female body. Mary Shelley creates worlds in which procreation is male- centered and results in the destruction of otherwise fertile female bodies. The deaths of young women plagued Mary Shelley’s life. Her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft died within a month of giving birth as a result of an infection related to unsanitary obstetric conditions. In addition, she lived through the deaths of her niece Allegra, her half-sister Fanny Imlay, and her daughter Clara, all within the first two decades of her life. These painful losses are reflected in her writing, as young women are systematically killed off. In Frankenstein, the older mother, Caroline, is sacrificed to pave the way for the younger, more fertile Elizabeth. Once Victor has mastered male- centered creation, both Elizabeth and Justine can be eliminated. Victor’s phallocentric creation is grotesque and disturbing, not only because he animates dead flesh, but because he immediately abandons his “child.” Frankenstein’s use of the body ultimately serves as a metaphor for the destructive force of all male-dominated creation, including artistic creation. -
About the Authors
About the Authors Moira Ferguson was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and took a B.A. at the University of London and a Ph.D. at the University of Washing- ton. She is an associate professor of English at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and former chairwoman of women's studies. She has been a fellow of the Henry E. Huntington Library and has received an American Council of Learned Societies Award and an American Association of University Women Founders Fellowship. Her scholarly articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Philological Quarterly, Minnesota Review, Signs, English Language Notes, Romantic Movement, Wordsworth Circle, Victorian Studies^ and Women's Studies International Forum. She is the compiler and editor of First Feminists: British Women Writers 1578-1799 (1983). She is currently preparing a study of women's protest writings in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Janet Todd, fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, was born in Llandrindod-Wells, Wales. She took a B.A. at the University of Cambridge and a Ph.D. at the University of Florida. From 1964 to 1967 she taught in Ghana, mainly at the University of Cape Coast, and from 1972 to 1974 at the University of Puerto Rico. Since then, until 1983, she was professor of English at Rutgers University. She has been the recipient of NEH and ACLS awards and of a Guggen- heim Fellowship. Her books include In Adam's Garden: A Study of John Clare's Pre-Asylum Poetry (1973), A Wollstonecraft Anthology (1977), Women's Friendship in Literature (1980), and, with M. -
EJC Cover Page
Early Journal Content on JSTOR, Free to Anyone in the World This article is one of nearly 500,000 scholarly works digitized and made freely available to everyone in the world by JSTOR. Known as the Early Journal Content, this set of works include research articles, news, letters, and other writings published in more than 200 of the oldest leading academic journals. The works date from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. We encourage people to read and share the Early Journal Content openly and to tell others that this resource exists. People may post this content online or redistribute in any way for non-commercial purposes. Read more about Early Journal Content at http://about.jstor.org/participate-jstor/individuals/early- journal-content. JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary source objects. JSTOR helps people discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content through a powerful research and teaching platform, and preserves this content for future generations. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization that also includes Ithaka S+R and Portico. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. THE PROGRESSOP A PATH-FINDER BY EDITH WYATT Early in the last city springtime, I chanced to find in the Chicago Library a yellow-paged volume, rare and little known, composed in the able manner of a self-reliant traveler. The first record in our own tongue of many of the central regions of the United States, this book was the Topographic cal History of North America by Captain Gilbert Imlay. -
Mary Shelley
Mary Shelley Early Life Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley was born on August 30, 1797, the daughter of two prominent radical thinkers of the Enlightenment. Her mother was the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and her father was the political philosopher William Godwin, best known for An Inquiry Concerning Political Justice. Unfortunately, Wollstonecraft died just ten days after her daughter’s birth. Mary was raised by her father and stepmother Mary Jane Clairmont. When she was 16 years old, Mary fell in love with the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, who visited her father’s house frequently. They eloped to France, as Shelley was already married. They eventually married after two years when Shelley’s wife Harriet committed suicide. The Writing of Frankenstein In the summer of 1816, the Shelleys rented a villa close to that of Lord Byron in Switzerland. The weather was bad (Mary Shelley described it as “wet, ungenial” in her 1831 introduction to Frankenstein), due to a 1815 eruption of a volcano in Indonesia that disrupted weather patterns around the world. Stuck inside much of the time, the company, including Byron, the Shelleys, Mary’s stepsister Claire Clairmont, and Byron’s personal physician John Polidori, entertained themselves with reading stories from Fantasmagoriana, a collection of German ghost stories. Inspired by the stories, the group challenged themselves to write their own ghost stories. The only two to complete their stories were Polidori, who published The Vampyre in 1819, and Mary Shelley, whose Frankenstein went on to become one of the most popular Gothic tales of all time. -
Shelley's Poetic Inspiration and Its Two Sources: the Ideals of Justice and Beauty
SHELLEY'S POETIC INSPIRATION AND ITS TWO SOURCES: THE IDEALS OF JUSTICE AND BEAUTY. by Marie Guertin •IBtlOrHEQf*' * "^ «« 11 Ottawa ^RYMtt^ Thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Ottawa as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English Literature Department of English Ottawa, Canada, 1977 , Ottawa, Canada, 1978 UMI Number: EC55769 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform EC55769 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 SHELLEY'S POETIC INSPIRATION AND ITS TWO SOURCES: THE IDEALS OF JUSTICE AND BEAUTY by Marie Guertin ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation is to show that most of Shelley's poetry can be better understood when it is related: (1) to each of the two ideals which constantly inspired Shelley in his life, thought and poetry; (2) to the increasing unity which bound these two ideals so closely together that they finally appeared, through most of his mature philosophical and poetical Works, as two aspects of the same Ideal. -
Adonais by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Adonais by Percy Bysshe Shelley MEMOIR OF SHELLEY. The life of Percy Bysshe Shelley is one which has given rise to a great deal of controversy, and which cannot, for a long time to come, fail to be regarded with very diverse sentiments. His extreme opinions on questions of religion and morals, and the great latitude which he allowed himself in acting according to his own opinions, however widely they might depart from the law of the land and of society, could not but produce this result. In his own time he was generally accounted an outrageous and shameful offender. At the present date many persons entertain essentially the same view, although softened by lapse of years, and by respect for his standing as a poet: others regard him as a conspicuous reformer. Some take a medium course, and consider him to have been sincere, and so far laudable; but rash and reckless of consequences, and so far censurable. His poetry also has been subject to very different constructions. During his lifetime it obtained little notice save for purposes of disparagement and denunciation. Now it is viewed with extreme enthusiasm by many, and is generally admitted to hold a permanent rank in English literature, though faulty (as some opine) through vague idealism and want of backbone. These are all points on which I shall here offer no personal opinion. I shall confine myself to tracing the chief outlines of Shelley's life, and (very briefly) the sequence of his literary work. Percy Bysshe Shelley came of a junior and comparatively undistinguished branch of a very old and noted family. -
Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley and Frankenstein : a Chronology
Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley and Frankenstein : A Chronology PETER DALE SCOTT 1797 August 30. Mary born to William and his wife, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, who dies from postpartum hemorrhage September 10. 1801 December 21. William Godwin remarries a widow, Mary Jane Clairmont, who brings to the Godwin family her children Charles, aged seven, and Jane (later known as Claire), aged four. 1812 November 11. Mary's first meeting with Percy Bysshe Shelley. Mary resides with Baxter family in Dundee, 1812-14. 1814 May 5. Renewed contact in London with Percy Bysshe Shelley. July 28. Percy Shelley elopes with Mary and Claire Clairmont from the Godwin household to France and Switzerland. August 27. Two days after renting a house for six months at Brun- nen, Lake of Lucerne, the Shelley ménage abruptly depart for England. September 13. Return to London. Percy beleaguered by creditors and bailiffs. November 30. Harriet, Percy's wife, gives birth to her second child, Charles. 1815 January. Erotic correspondence and involvement between Mary and T. J. Hogg. xvii A Chronology February 22. Mary gives birth to premature female child, which dies March 6. March 19. (Mary's Journal) "Dream that my little baby came to life again; that it had only been cold, and that we rubbed it before the fire, and it lived." August. Mary and Percy, without Claire, settle at Bishopsgate, Windsor. 1816 January 24. A son William is born to Mary and Percy. May 3. Percy and Mary, with Claire, leave for Switzerland, arriving ten days later at Geneva, where they meet up with Byron and Polidori. -
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 – 1822)
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 – 1822) Biography: ercy Bysshe Shelley, (born Aug. 4, 1792, Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, Eng.— died July 8, 1822, at sea off Livorno, Tuscany [Italy]), English Romantic poet whose P passionate search for personal love and social justice was gradually channeled from overt actions into poems that rank with the greatest in the English language. Shelley was the heir to rich estates acquired by his grandfather, Bysshe (pronounced “Bish”) Shelley. Timothy Shelley, the poet’s father, was a weak, conventional man who was caught between an overbearing father and a rebellious son. The young Shelley was educated at Syon House Academy (1802–04) and then at Eton (1804–10), where he resisted physical and mental bullying by indulging in imaginative escapism and literary pranks. Between the spring of 1810 and that of 1811, he published two Gothic novels and two volumes of juvenile verse. In the fall of 1810 Shelley entered University College, Oxford, where he enlisted his fellow student Thomas Jefferson Hogg as a disciple. But in March 1811, University College expelled both Shelley and Hogg for refusing to admit Shelley’s authorship of The Necessity of Atheism. Hogg submitted to his family, but Shelley refused to apologize to his. 210101 Bibliotheca Alexandrina-Library Sector Compiled by Mahmoud Keshk Late in August 1811, Shelley eloped with Harriet Westbrook, the younger daughter of a London tavern owner; by marrying her, he betrayed the acquisitive plans of his grandfather and father, who tried to starve him into submission but only drove the strong-willed youth to rebel against the established order. -
The Unfamiliar Shelley
THE UNFAMILIAR SHELLEY Proof Copy in gratitude for his major contribution to the understanding of Shelley To Don Reiman Proof Copy The Unfamiliar Shelley Edited by ALAN M. WEINBERG University of South Africa, RSA TIMOTHY WEBB University of Bristol, UK Proof Copy © Alan M. Weinberg and Timothy Webb 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Alan M. Weinberg and Timothy Webb have asserted their moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Gower House Suite 420 Croft Road 101 Cherry Street Aldershot Burlington, VT 05401-4405 Hampshire GU11 3HR USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The unfamiliar Shelley. – (The nineteenth century series) 1. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 1792–1822 – Criticism and interpretation I. Webb, Timothy II. Weinberg, Alan M. (Alan Mendel) 821.7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The unfamiliar Shelley / edited by Timothy Webb and Alan M. Weinberg. p. cm. – (The nineteenth century series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-6390-4 (alk. paper) 1. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 1792–1822–Criticism and interpretation. I. Webb, Timothy. II. Weinberg, Alan M. (Alan Mendel) PR5438.U64 2008 821'.7–dc22 2007052262 ISBN 978-0-7546-6390-4Proof Copy Contents General Editors’ Preface vii List of Illustrations ix Notes on Contributors xi Acknowledgements xv List of Abbreviations xvii Editorial Note xix Introduction 1 Timothy Webb and Alan M. -
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) Was an Extraordinary Poet, Playwright, and Essayist, Revolutionary Both in His Ideas and in His Artistic Theory and Practice
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82604-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Shelley Edited by Timothy Morton Frontmatter More information THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO SHELLEY Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) was an extraordinary poet, playwright, and essayist, revolutionary both in his ideas and in his artistic theory and practice. This collection of original essays by an international group of specialists is a comprehensive survey of the life, works, and times of this radical Romantic writer. Three sections cover Shelley’s life and posthumous reception; the basics of his poetry, prose, and drama; and his immersion in the currents of philosophical and political thinking and practice. As well as providing a wide- ranging look at the state of existing scholarship, the Companion develops and enriches our understanding of Shelley. Significant new contributions include fresh assessments of Shelley’s narratives, his view of philosophy, and his role in emerging views about ecology. With its chronology and guide to further reading, this lively and accessible Companion is an invaluable guide for students and scholars of Shelley and of Romanticism. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82604-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Shelley Edited by Timothy Morton Frontmatter More information THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO SHELLEY EDITED BY TIMOTHY MORTON University of California, Davis © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82604-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Shelley Edited by Timothy Morton Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521533430 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. -
Mary Wollstonecraft Biography
Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–97 ‘It is justice, not charity, that is wanting in the world.’ — Mary Wollstonecraft ary Wollstonecraft Was a moral and political philosopher Detail of oil portrait of mary and advocate of women’s rights. whose analysis of the condition Wollstonecraft by John opie, of women in contemporary society retains much of its original circa 1797, on Display in room radicalism although her achievements until the twentieth century eighteen of the national por- were much less regarded and reported than her unconventional trait gallery, lonDon. relationships. After ill-fated affairs with the painter Henry Fuseli and American businessman Gilbert Imlay, Wollstonecraft mar- ried the philosopher William Godwin, one of the founders of the anarchist movement. Wollstonecraft died at the age of thirty-eight, eleven days after giving birth to her second daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, future author of the Gothic novel, Frankenstein. M After Wollstonecraft’s death, her widower published a memoir (1798 ) of her life, often cited as the first biography, revealing her unorthodox lifestyle. It was a brave and honest account which tarnished her reputation for almost a century as she was reviled as a prostitute, described by Horace Walpole, ‘ a hyena in petticoats ’. Scurrilous poems abounded, including a piece called The Un-sex’d Females ; this was poetry functioning as an eighteenth-century Twitter, trollers mocking Wollstonecraft as a ‘ poor maniac ’ a ‘ voluptuous ’ victim of ‘ licentious love.’ With the emergence of the feminist movement at the turn of the twentieth century however, Wollstonecraft’s advocacy of women’s equal- ity and critiques of conventional femininity became increasingly important. -
An Introduction to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
An Introduction to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein By Stephanie Forward Cover illustration courtesy of Stephen Collins This eBook was produced by OpenLearn - The home of free learning from The Open University. It is made available to you under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-SA 4.0) licence. ‘I busied myself to think of a story…One which would speak to the mysterious fears of our nature, and awaken thrilling horror—one to make the reader dread to look round, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of the heart.’ (From Mary Shelley’s Introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein). The life of Mary Shelley (1797- 1851) Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was born in London on 30 August 1797, to the radical feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and the philosopher William Godwin. Her mother died as a result of complications following the birth, and after Godwin’s second marriage Mary was brought up with two stepsiblings, a half-sister (Fanny Imlay), and a half-brother (named William, after their father). Their home in Holborn was located near the candlelit abattoirs under Smithfield: indeed, the children could hear the screams of animals being slaughtered. On a more positive note Mary benefited from a broad education, enhanced by visits to the household from literary luminaries including William Hazlitt, Charles Lamb and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. At the age of ten she had an amusing poem published: Mounseer Nongtongpaw; or, The Discoveries of John Bull in a Trip to Paris. Unfortunately her relationship with her stepmother was far from cordial, and the onset of eczema when Mary was thirteen may have been partly psychosomatic.