A Study of Resettled Tribes at Aralam, Kerala
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TRIBAL RESETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MISSION: A STUDY OF RESETTLED TRIBES AT ARALAM, KERALA Thesis submitted to The Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed to be University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By NITHEESH KUMAR K. P (Reg. No: 15913201) CENTRE FOR APPLIED RESEARCH THE GANDHIGRAM RURAL INSTITUTE - DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY GANDHIGRAM - 624302 DINDIGUL DISTRICT TAMILNADU JUNE 2019 Dr. M. Hilaria Soundari Assistant Professor Centre for Applied Research The Gandhigram Rural Institute- Deemed to be University Gandhigram-624302 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Tribal Resettlement and Development Mission: A Study of Resettled Tribes at Aralam, Kerala” is the bona fide record of the original research work carried out by Mr Nitheesh Kumar K. P, under my supervision and it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma. Gandhigram Dr. M. HILARIA SOUNDARI Research Supervisor DECLARATION I, Nitheesh Kumar K. P, hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Tribal Resettlement and Development Mission: A Study of Resettled Tribes at Aralam, Kerala” is a bona fide record of the original research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. M. Hilaria Soundari and that it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma. Gandhigram NITHEESH KUMAR K. P ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I deem it a pleasure to record my sense of gratitude to all those who have offered me guidance and assistance during the preparation of this thesis. At the outset, I bow before God Almighty for His bountiful blessings without which I would not have completed this work successfully. First and foremost, I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness and heartfelt gratitude to my guide, Dr. M. Hilaria Soundari, Assistant Professor, Centre for Applied Research, Gandhigram Rural Institute, for her effective guidance, thoughtful suggestions, constant encouragement, and able supervision. Her encouragement, support and care has been most crucial in completing this study. I sincerely appreciate and thank her for all the contribution and advice in the completion of this research. I express my profound gratitude to Dr. A. Balakrishnan, Professor and Director, Centre for Applied Research, Gandhigram Rural Institute, for his wholehearted support. I sincerely thank Dr. Gunasekaran, Professor, Centre for Applied Research for his support and encouragement. I also acknowledge my thanks to Dr. C. Sivapragasam, Professor, Centre for Applied Research, Gandhigram Rural Institute. I record my most sincere gratitude to Dr. M. Muthukumaran for his timely help and effective suggestions. I express my sincere thanks to all scholars and non- teaching staff of the Centre for Applied Research for their help throughout my endeavour. I also remember with gratitude the faculty members of other Departments and the Library staff of Gandhigarm Rural Institute. Their immense help and support throughout my study has been indispensable. I extend my gratitude to my Doctoral Committee member Dr.Arul Prasad, Associate Professor, Arul Anandar College, Madurai, for keeping me focused and on my track. I also remember with gratitude all the other members of my Doctoral Committee. Their interest in my research, along with their inspiration and support has been critical to my success. I express my heartfelt gratitude to all the members of Aralam Tribal Resettlement, tribal leaders and Government officials of the Tribal Department for their co-operation and support during the data collection. I also place on record my sincere thanks to Babu Saalim E. D, K. Jayaraj, Kailas. S, Gokul, and Sushruthan for their support, encouragement and extreme interest in my research. Personal debts are the hardest to acknowledge in formal terms. I thank my parents, my brother, and other members of my family, for their constant motivation, relentless support and firm belief in my efforts. Once again I extend my gratitude to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me during the course of this work. Nitheesh Kumar K. P Table of Contents Table No. Contents Page No Cetificate .................................................................................. Declaration................................................................................ Acknowledgement……………................................................ Abstract……………………………………………................. List of Tables……………………………………………........ List of Figures……………………………………………....... List of Boxes............................................................................. Abbreviations ………………………………………………... Glossary……………………………………………………… Chapter-I Introduction 1- 28 1.1 Concept of Tribe……………………………………………….. 2 1.2 Tribes in India………………………………………………….. 3 1.3 Classification of Tribes in India………………………………... 4 1.4 Demographic Overview of the Tribes in India………………… 5 1.5 Tribes in Kerala………………………………………………... 7 1.6 Major Problems of the Tribes in Kerala……………………….. 8 1.6.1 Illiteracy………………………………………….......... 8 1.6.2 Health status of Tribes in Kerala………………………. 9 1.6.3 Economic Condition of Tribes in Kerala………………. 10 1.7 Tribal Land Alienation in Kerala ………………………............ 11 1.7.1 Land Alienation in the Pre-colonial Era………………. 12 1.7.2 Land Alienation and British Colonial Rule……………. 13 1.7.3 Forest laws and Tribal Land………………………….... 14 1.7.4 Migration and Tribal Land Alienation………………..... 14 1.7.5 Flaws in Land Reforms…………………………............ 16 1.8 Tribal Resettlement and Development Mission………………... 17 1.8.1 Objectives of TRDM………………………………...... 17 1.8.2 Administrative Setup of the TRDM…………………... 18 1.8.3 Major Activities of the Mission………………………. 19 1.9 Statement of Problem ………………………………………...... 20 1.10 Rationale of the Study………………………………………...... 22 1.11 Objectives of the Study ………………………………………... 23 1.12 Definition of key Terms……………………………………… 23 1.13 Significance of the Study………………………………………. 24 1.14 Scope of the Study …………………………………………...... 25 1.15 Chapterization…………………………………………………. 25 Chapter- II Review of Literature 29-68 Section I – Tribal Land and Resettlement……………….............................. 29 2.1.1 Tribal Education……………………………………………….. 29 2.1.2 Social Organizations…………………………………………… 31 2.1.3 Marriage……………………………………………………….. 32 2.1.4 Tribal Family System…………………………………………. 34 2.1.5 Modernization, Sanskritisation and Tribes ……………………. 35 2.1.6 Tribal Economy………………………………………………... 37 2.1.7 Sustainable Livelihood………………………………………… 38 2.1.8 Assets………………………………………………………….. 39 2.1.9 Tribal Food habits……………………………………………… 40 2.1.10 Tribal Health…………………………………………………… 41 2.1.11 Tribal Health in Kerala………………………………………… 42 2.1.12 Tribal Development……………………………………………. 43 2.1.13 Tribal Development Models in India…………………………... 44 2.1.13.1 Assimilation………………………………………... 44 2.1.13.2 Isolation……………………………………………. 45 2.1.13.3 Integration………………………………………….. 45 2.1.14 Political Participation…………………………………………... 46 Section II Tribal land and Resettlement…………………………………... 47 2.2.1 Land Alienation and Tribal Society. ……………………........... 47 2.2.2 Displacement and Resettlement of Tribes in India…………...... 49 2.2.3 Reasons for Displacement and Resettlement…………………... 53 2.2.3.1 Land Acquisition…………………………………… 53 2.2.3.2 Development Projects……………………………… 54 2.2.3.3 Migration…………………………………………... 55 2.2.3.4 Construction of Dams……………………………… 56 2.2.4 Resettlement Models …………………………………………... 59 2.2.4.1 Relocation Theory………………………………….. 60 2.2.4.2 Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model… 61 2.2.5 International Concern on Resettlement and Rehabilitation......... 62 2.2.6 Evaluation of Major Resettlement Projects………………......... 63 2.2.7 Aralam Tribal Resettlement……………………………………. 66 2.3 Identification of Research Gap………………………………… 67 2.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………... 68 Chapter- III Research Methodology 69-83 3.1 Area of the Study………………………………………………. 69 3.2 Research Design……………………………………………….. 71 3.3 Conceptual Framework………………………………………... 72 3.3.1 Social Factors………………………………………..... 73 3.3.2 Cultural Indicators …………………………………… 74 3.3.3 Economic Condition………………………………….. 74 3.3.4 Food and Healthcare Services………………………... 75 3.3.5 Political Participation………………………………… 75 3.4 Sampling Design……………………………………………….. 76 3.5 Source of Data………………………………………………..... 77 3.6 Tools for Data Collection…………………………………….... 78 3.6.1 Interview Schedule…………………………………….. 78 3.6.2 Opinionnaire on Social Life………………………….. 78 3.6.3 Participatory Rural Appraisal………………………… 79 3.6.3.1 Infrastructure Facility Schedule…………..... 79 3.6.3.2 Timeline……………………………………. 80 3.6.4 Focus Group Discussion………………………………. 80 3.7 Pilot Study……………………………………………………… 81 3.8 Pre Test………………………………………………………… 82 3.9 Data Collection………………………………………………… 82 3.10 Analysis of Data………………………………………………... 83 3.11 Conclusion……………………………………………………... 83 Chapter IV - Data Analysis and Interpretation 84-175 Section – I Inception of Aralam Resettlement…………………………… 84 4.1.1 Timeline of Aralam Tribal Resettlement……………………… 85 4.1.2 Aralam Tribal Resettlement Area……………………………… 87 4.1.3 Year of Resettlement…………………………………………... 88 4.1.4 Native Place of Resettled Tribes…….………………………… 89 Section – II Social Determinants of Resettlement…………………………. 91 4.2.1 Literacy ………………………………………………………... 91 4.2.1.1 Optimum Educational Qualification………………. 93 4.2.2 Social life of the Resettled Tribes……………………………… 94 4.2.2.1 Help from Neighbors for Family functions………... 95 4.2.2.2 Help from Locality…………………………………. 96 4.2.2.3 Sympathizing to Others……………………………. 97 4.2.2.4 Relation with Relatives………………………….… 98 4.2.2.5