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Tripos�Tfze Roots of Amigados B·Y·T·E U.K. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • ••• • • . •• . : .. ..\ . .. • ••••• • ••••• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Tripos�Tfze Roots of AmigaDOS Meta com co question that must be puzzling write one. Subsequently, Tripos was born. many people in U.S. computer The Tripos operating system was based is the British circles is, "What is Metacomco?" on a multitasking kernel developed as a When Commodore announced its spec­ doctoral thesis project at Cambridge in company tacularA Am iga computer. much of the U.S. 197 6. ("Tripos" was the name given to the press failed to point out (and possibly did three-legged stools that students sat on in behind not know) that the advanced operating the old days when taking their examinations system AmigaDOS was in fact written by a and has since become the colloquial name AmigaDOS small British software house called for the Cambridge final examinations.) King. Metacomco. (For more information on the then working at Bath University, took the Amiga. see "The Amiga Personal Com­ kernel written for a DEC PDP-II and made DICK POUNTAIN puter" by Gregg Williams. Jon Edwards. and it into a full 32-bit multitasking operating BY Phillip Robinson, August 1985 BYTE. page system for the Sage microcomputer (which 83.) was new at that time). Triposis BCPlrbased Metacomco is based in Bristol. England. in the same way that UNIX is C-based. and a city that is beginning to rivai Cambridge it has many innovative features that I will as our potential computing capital (it also discuss. houses TDI-Pinnacle. INMOS. and others). Metacomco had also purchased the rights Metacomco was founded in 1981 by Derek to Cambridge LISP. a powerful LISP inter­ Budge and Bill Meakin and now employs preter/compiler originally developed for the · about 2 5 people. mainly programmers and IBM. 3 70 and then ported to the 68000 at other technical staff. Cambridge. Metacomco produced versions The company's first product was a por­ for the ill-fated CP/M 68K and then for table BASIC interpreter written in BCPL. the Tripos. Reduce 3. a symbolic math system forerunner of C. which is taught and used written in LISP. was added to produce a extensively at Cambridge University. This in­ Sage-based workstation. that was sold to terpreter was ported to the 8086 processor research institutions in various countries. and shortly afterward was sold to Digital Customers included SORD in Japan and Research Inc.. which still markets its descen­ Bristol neighbor JNMOS. who used BCPL1 dant as Personal BASIC. This U.S. link for the first stage of bootstrapping its became very important to Metacomco, for Occam compiler onto the 68000, using the royalties provided a steady source of Sage computers running Tripos. income during the crucial early years and In 19'84. Tim King joined Metacomco full­ helped the company establish an office in time as Research Director. and Sinclair California. which kept Metacomco in touch Research launched the OL. Initially. the OL with the U.S. computer scene. lacked a serious software-development en­ In 198 3 Dr. Tim King, a Cambridge com­ vironment and Metacomco was able to puter scientist was engaged by the com­ quickly port its development tools. in­ pany as a consultant and Metacomco's em­ cluding the BCPL compiler, to it. The com­ phasis switched to the 68000 processor, pany has since extended the range to in­ with which King had been working since the clude an ISO (International Organization for first samples came out in 1981. The com­ Standardization)-validated Pascal computer. pany produced a series of development · and it markets these products directly, tools, also written in BCPL. including a full­ rather than via the manufacturer. largely by Dick Pountain is a technical author screen editor. a macro assembler. and a mail order. and software consultant living in l.Dndon. England. He can be linking loader. At that time there was no November 1984 is the crucial date in the contacted c/o BYTE. POB 372. clearly established standard operating sys­ AmigaDOS story. Metacomco visited Amiga Hancock, NH 03449. tem for the 68000, so the next step was to (continued) FEBRUARY 1986 BYTE 321 • An RS-232 Break-Out-Box at a Fraction of the Cost. BYTE U.K. Corporation (which was still in the from scratch, given that these were midst of finalizing its purchase by new and unknown custom parts and Commodore) to discuss the sale of were probably only partly debugged RS-232 MuHi-Adapter Board: 9 LED's for signal Metacomco·s 68000 Pascal compiler at the time. The people at Metacom­ monitoring. 24 switches to open any line (except line for Amiga's new Lorraine machine. as co integrated these parts with the 1 ). 20 jumper wires allow re-wiring to any con­ figuration. 1 male and 1 female connector. Order it was then called. During these dis­ disk-file I/0 system, console-text I/0. direct! Only $59.95. All cash orders postpaid. (IL cussions it was revealed that the printer I/0. and command-line pro­ res. add 6% sales tax).We Accept MC. Visa. Free illustrated catalog of RS-232 interface and testing Amiga operating system (OS) was way cessor from Tripos to make Amiga­ equipment. Phone: 81 5-434-0846. Make checks behind schedule and causing some payable to: DOS. concern. Amiga·s stipulations for the The Amiga staff produced the icons/ Lorraine OS were that it should be windows front end called Intuition p_Q_ Box 10088, OTTAWA, IL 61350 multitasking. should support both that sits on top of AmigaDOS; we 8&8 !!!�!!:!!!!!�� synchronous and asynchronous I/0. have Metacomco to thank. though. for Inquiry 32 and that the I/0 should be stream­ insisting that an underlying CL\ based and hardware-independent. (command-line interface) be always Metacomco was already marketing available as a programmers' interface just such an operating system. Tripos. and for more experienced users. running on the 68000. Amiga agreed The relationship between Commo­ to consider Tripos as insurance, in dore-Amiga and Metacomco has now case its already-commissioned system become quite close. Metacomco's didn't work out. · Pascal. LISP. and a much-modified In February 1985 Metacomco was BASIC are all running on the Amiga. given the go-ahead. and Tripos was The BASIC story is rather complicated ported to the Lorraine in three weeks in itself. Amiga had already commis­ flat. thanks to its BCPL portability (al­ sioned Microsoft for a version of its though the kernel is written in 68000 much-delayed Macintosh BASIC to be code for efficiency). King recalls that put onto the machine. At the launch KEYBOARD PROTECTOR Remains place during keyboard use. Prevents when he demonstrated it at the end in july, however. it was Metacomco's damage fromin liquid spills, dust, ashes, etc. Fits of February. he turned from the ABASIC that was seen by the press. like a second skin, excellent feel . Available lor: IBM-PC, AT, Apple (all), Compaq, Model 100, screen to find the whole Amiga staff though certain "ambiguities" may NEC 8201, C64, Zenith 150, DEC, Kaypro and gathered around applauding; the have led people to think it was Micro­ many others, Send 529.95, check, M.O., Visa MC include exp. date. Specify computer type. hardware had suddenly become a soft's. At the time of this writing, the &Dealer inquiries invited. Free brochure avail. real computer. The existing OS was language that finally got shipped with Merritt Computer Products, Inc. 2925 LBJ Fwy. #180 I Dallas, Texas 75234 dumped, and the job of turning Tripos the machine still appeared rather (214) 942-1142 into AmigaDOS began. vague. !Editor's note: We have since learned Inquiry 217 Fortunately for Metacomco. there that ABASIC. which started out as Meta­ was a remarkably close fit between cameo's, will become Microsoft's.! Meta­ Tripos's internal structure and Amiga's cameo is currently working on en­ planned software architecture. Tripos hancing ABASIC to permit procedures is conceptually organized on classic with parameters. optional line num­ 6800 Family OS lines. with a scheduler. a message­ bers. and full compilation; the present passing system. and a set of device version is structurally still at the ' drivers. Amiga's programmers already Microsoft version 5.2 level. It does. had ROM (read-only memory) rou­ however. have some astonishingly tines to do the jobs of scheduling and powerful Amiga hardware support message passing and the crucial commands. such as TRANSLAT E and device drivers for the very special NARRATE. which respectively convert custom chips, the Copper and the Slit­ an ASCII string into a phoneme string ter. which handle the graphics. anima­ and then speak it. All the power of the tion, and sound. (For more informa­ custom chips is accessible through tion on the custom chips, see the in­ high-level BASIC statements rather terview with jay Miner entitled "The than through PEEKs and POKEs. Amiga's Custom Graphics Chips" con­ ducted by Phillip Robinson. Novem­ TRIPOS/AMIGADOS ber 1985 BYTE. page 169.) The story The Triposoperating system has some might have ended right there had features that are not usually found in these drivers needed to be written (continued) inquiry 359 BYTE U.K. microcomputer operating systems. a demand for service from another in turn communicating with the disk particularly in the area of disk-file task. A debugger task also runs con­ device. which has its own track buf­ organization. and these have been in­ tinuously in the kernel. which is a fer so that whole tracks are read in at herited by AmigaDOS. Many of these great boon to the programmer. An one time.
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