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(Thunnus Thynnus) and SWORDFISH

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(Thunnus Thynnus) and SWORDFISH Project FAO-COPEMED / Túnidos’99 OBJECTIVE 2: DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES Methodology: From the official information regarding the composition of the fleets and the characteristics of these fleets by method of fishing and/or base port. Surveys done on skippers of fishing vessels and captains of tuna traps for the description of the methods, fishing strategy and fishing technology. Object species and associated species. Fishing areas and season. Results: MOROCCO (INRH) Objective 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES In the Moroccan Mediterranean, the exploitation of tuna was mostly carried out by trap-nets implanted according to the migration route of those species and to a lesser extent by longline fishing. In the beginning of the 90s, we witness the appearance of the drift gillnet, which produced an amazing development of the swordfish fishing in the Mediterranean. Furthermore, from 1994, a small-scale fishery has allowed the capture of a noticeable amount of bluefin tuna in the region of Ksar Sghir, by using the fishing rod. Hereafter, we intend to describe the main fishing techniques used in the studied area for the exploitation of tuna and tuna-like species: 2.1 DRIFT GILLNET This gear is specifically used for the swordfish fishing when it migrates through the Straits. Two fishing flotillas use this gear; one of them is in the port of Tanger and comprises approximately 160 longliners, the characteristics of which appear in (Fig. 2.1); The second flotilla is based in the port of Nador and is composed of about 60 vessels. (Fig. 2.2) 2.1.1 Description of the fishing technique : The drift gillnet is the main fishing gear used by longliners. It is made of polyamide and composed by multiple rectangular nettings which have a bolt-rope of floats on top and a bolt-rope of plumb on the bottom. The netting without plumb mesures 100 m (Fig. 2.3). Aim 2 Project FAO-COPEMED / Túnidos’99 The most frequently found dimensions range from 2000 to 3000 m, and the predominant mesh size is about 400 m. The drop is limited between 11 and 15 arms. The swordfish fishing is a seasonal activity, since it coincides with the passage of the swordfish through the Straits of Gibraltar. It starts around the end of March and continues until October. The choice of the fishing area is determined by the availability of the resource all over the season, according to the different migration periods. Thus, between April and July, the fishing boats operating in the Straits are found in the west at an average distance of 10 marine miles. From August to October, the drift nets are mainly drawn in the east of the Straits. Fishery usually takes place at great depths (up to 400 metres) in order to avoid the contact of the net with a rocky bottom. The approximate situation of the swordfish fishing areas in the Moroccan Mediterranean is shown in Fig. 2.4. TJB 11% 38% 28% 23% 2-5 tx 5-10 tx >10 tx sans données CV 12% 25% 32% 31% 0-50 50-100 >100 sans données Figure 2.1 : Characteristics of the longliner flotilla using drift gillnet in the port of Tanger (1999) Aim 2 Project FAO-COPEMED / Túnidos’99 TJB 7% 23% 12% 58% 2-5 tx 5-10tx >10 tx sans données CV 10% 20% 35% 35% <50 50-100 >100 Sans données Figure 2.2 : Characteristics of longliner flotilla using drift gillnet in the port of Nador. (1999) Aim 2 Project FAO-COPEMED / Túnidos’99 Figure 2.3 : Diagramme of the drift gillnet used in the port of Tanger 37º06'N PROYECTO FAO-COPEMED / Gibraltar’98 07º07'W 7 6 5 4 3 2 37 37 3606 3602 3604 3603 3605 36 36 3505 2 2 3504 3503 3502 3506 2 2 Hoceima Nador 35 35 Áreas de Pesca Pesquerías de Pez Espada 1998 3406 2.- Red de Enmalle a la deriva (GN-M) Marruecos (M) 34 34 7 6 5 4 3 2 33º50'N 01º53'W Figure 2.4: Approximate situation of swordfish fishing areas in the Moroccan Mediterranean Aim 2 Project FAO-COPEMED / Túnidos’99 Once in the net anchoring area, the fishing operation starts with the spinning of the gear on the port side. The first luminous buoy, spliced to the first extremity of the net, begins to be let out. Then the net is thrown to the water. After having anchored 10 pieces, a second buoy is attached to the upper bolt-rope of the floats. A big float is attached between two successive buoys. The operation continues until the total spinning of the gear. During the spinning operation, the speed of the vessel is very low, allowing the sailors to fix the intermingled parts of the net. When the net anchoring is completed, the tacking operation starts. It consists of lifting the net from the starboard side with a net-hauler. This phase needs the cooperation of the whole crew; it starts with the lifting of the net up to the board at the same time the captures are untangled with a hook. The average duration of a haul is 12 hours, with a maximum of 20 hours and a minumum of 8. 2.2 TRAP-NETS : Vessels, areas and fishing periods. Moroccan trap-nets are drawn in the two maritime coasts. In the Atlantic, the following trap-nets are legally installed : « Punta Negra », «Los Cenizosos », and «Kénitra 1 », and «cap spartel ». In the Mediterranean there is only one operational trap-net known as « Principé ». These trap-nets deal with different phases in the migration of bluefin tuna. Thus, the Atlantic trap-nets target the bluefin tuna of genetic migration and they are drawn from April to June. On the other hand, the Mediterranean one targets the fish shoal of genetic migration as well as the trophic one and it is installed during a more extended period (April-October). The catch is essentially composed of bluefin tuna : Thunnus thynnus. The by-catch is represented by bullet tuna: Auxis sp, skipjack tuna : Katsowonus pelamis and swordfish : Xiphias gladius. The geographical situation of the Moroccan trap-nets is illustrated in (Fig. 2.5) Description of the gear and the fishing technique: The trap-net is a trap gear, anchored in a fixed place when the migration of bluefin tuna takes place. It is generally drawn from the surface to depths ranging from 20 to 100 m. It is composed by a net barrier going from the coast to out to sea along several kilometres and also by a succession of nets allowing to poison the fish and lead it to the last siege called « chamber of death » or « Copo ». In the case of Moroccan trap-nets, there are three chambers called «Camara », «Buchet » and «Copo ». The diametre of the mesh varies according to the different parts of the trap-net. The mesh size for the land net is about 90 cm and the size decreases progressively until it is 20 cm in the «Copo ». Aim 2 Project FAO-COPEMED / Túnidos’99 2.3 FISHING ROD : vessels, areas and fishing period. This is a novel bluefin tuna fishery in the region of the Straits of Gibraltar. It has become more and more important since 1994. Fishing is distributed in four sites : Ksar sghir, Oued R’mel, Diky and Ferdiwa, holding 114 vessels . Most of these vessels are wood boats, with a gross storage tonnage of 2 Tx (Fig. 2.6). They are equipped with a diesel motor on board. The fishing period normally goes from April to October. Description of the gear and the fishing technique : The fishing gear used for the small-scale fishery of bluefin tuna is the line fishing, a fishing rod (HAND) containing more than one bait without exceeding 5 baits on the whole. The thread used is number 240 (2.4 mm diameter), and it is 1000 m long. Baits are great-sized (reference 0 or 1). The ballast of the gear is assured by big stones weakly attached to the thread so that they get loose easlily when a tuna is captured. The most commonly used bait is the mackerel. Depending the size of the mackerel, one or two pieces are used per bait. The fishing operation consists of a series of manual liftings and descents of the fishing gear relatively fast so that it appears that the bait is alive. When a tuna is captured, the boat is trawled far from the fishing areas. The fished tuna gives up after a fight that can last from 3 to 5 hours. Big tuna pieces are towed by the boat. The haul is generally short and does not exceed 7 hours. The fishery of bluefin tuna is carried out in deep areas (between 300 and 500 m). These areas are located at a distance of 3 to 5 km from the coast. Figure 2.5 Geographical situation of the bluefin tuna fishing areas in Mediterranean Morocco Aim 2 Project FAO-COPEMED / Túnidos’99 TJB 6% 36% 58% <1Tx 1-1,5Tx 1,5-2Tx CV 3% 4% 93% <15 15-20 >20 Figure 2.6 : Characteristics of the small-scale flotilla fishing the bluefin tuna with fishing rod in the Mediterranean (Ksar Sghir) (1999) Aim 2 Project FAO-COPEMED / Túnidos’99 ESPANA (IEO) Objetivo 2.2 BLUEFIN TUNA,Thunnus thynnus Hand line Bluefin tuna is captured by hand line (HAND- ICCAT code) from April to the end of the year in relatively coastal areas (20 miles) in the South Mediterranean, Valencia and Catalonia. All these zones, characterised by bottom elevations (100 meters depth), are areas of bluefin congregations with a FL of 120-235 cm.
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