New Distribution Records of Daboia Russelii (Shaw & Nodder, 1797)

Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 1

hErPEtoZoA 31 (3/4): 145 - 156 145 wien, 28. Februar 2019

New distribution records of Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797), in the Northeast of India, with notes on envenomation (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae)

Neue Fundorte von Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797) in Nordostindien mit Bemerkungen zur Giftwirkung (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae)

ANukuL NAth & A BhIjIt dAS & S ANjoy SutrAdhAr & d EEPANkAr BArmAN & B ISwAjIt ChAkdAr & S ANAth krIShNA muLIyA & G ANdLA ChEthAN kumAr

kurZFASSuNG

die kettenviper Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797) bewohnt den indischen Subkontinent westlich des Golfes von Bengalen, das Verbreitungsgebiet von Daboia siamensis (S mIth , 1917 ) schließt östlich daran an. der Verlauf der Verbreitungsgrenze von D. russelii im osten von Indien ist allerdings unklar, weshalb die Autoren hier Angaben über bestätigte Funde aus dem Bundesstaat Assam und zu merkmalen der dortigen Vipern und ihrem Lebensraum machen. der Fall eines in diesem Gebiet erfolgten Giftbisses bei einem 29-jährigen mann und seine Behandlung werden beschrieben. Ein überblick über die unterschiedlichen Vergiftungssymptome nach Bissen von D. russelii aus verschiedenen Gebieten wird gegeben. ABStrACt

the western russel’s Viper, Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797), inhabits the Indian subcontinent west of the Bay of Bengal, whereas Daboia siamensis (S mIth , 1917), is found east of this area. the easternmost distribution limit of D. russelii in India is obscure. this is why the authors present here first confirmed locality records of D. russelii from the federal state of Assam, including morphology and natural history data. A detailed account of a 29-year-old man’s envenomation by a viper from that area and the treatment protocol is presented. Envenomation symptoms of D. russelii snakebites from different regions are compared. kEywordS reptilia: Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae; Daboia russelii , distribution, new records, snake-bite, enveno - mation, medical treatment; Assam, republic of India

INtroduCtIoN

In SE Asia, the genus Daboia GrAy , tion and existence in the federal state of 1842, is represented by two species, Daboia Assam and the neighboring states of russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797), the west- Northeast India is yet to be clearly defined ern russell’s Viper, restricted to the Indian (SmIth 1943; w ūStEr 1998; A hmEd et al. subcontinent including Pakistan, India, Sri 2009). Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan, and Daboia sia - Snakebite is a common and frequently mensis (S mIth , 1917) , the Eastern russell’s devastating environmental and occupational Viper, ranging across Cambodia, China, In - disease, especially in rural areas of India donesia, myanmar, taiwan and thailand ( wü - (wArrELL 2010; m ohAPAtrA et al. 2011). It StEr 1998; t horPE et al. 2007). though the has the highest number of deaths due to western species D. russelii is reported to be snake bites compared to rest of the world, found throughout India ( whItAkEr & C AP - with estimated 35,000 to 50,000 people tAIN 2008), including records from dar- dying every year according to world health jeeling and Bhutan, its easternmost distribu - organization’s (who) estimates ( ChIPPAux Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 2

146 A. N Ath & A. d AS & S. S utrAdhAr & d. B ArmAN & B. C hAkdAr & S. k. m uLIyA & G. C. k umAr

Fig.1: Locality records of Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797) , in Northeast India. Abb. 1: Fundorte von Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797) in Nordost-Indien.

1998; k ASturIrAtNE et al. 2008; ALIroL vary within the range of its distribution 2010). Daboia russelii is one among the (ShArmA et al. 2015; wArrELL 1989, 1995, ‘Big Four’: Naja naja (L INNAEuS , 1758) , the 1997; BELt et al. 1997; jAyANthI & G owdA Indian Spectacled Cobra; Echis carinatus 1988; w hItAkEr &w hItAkEr 2012). the (S ChNEIdEr 1801), the Saw-scaled Viper issue is a lot more complicated in northeast - and Bungarus caeruleus (S ChNEIdEr 1801), ern India due to lack of reliable clinical the Common krait responsible for most reports and envenoming profiles for the human casualties, making it by far the most species. the present paper is an attempt to medically important viper in India. Studies highlight and confirm the presence of the have shown geographic variation in the western russell’s Viper in Northeast India russell’s Viper venom, and syndromes of along with a detailed clinical profile of an envenomation experienced by victims to envenomation incident.

mAtErIALS ANd mEthodS

observations were made based on minal scale was excluded in the subcaudal road kill specimens and opportunistic visual count. Snout-vent-length (SVL) and tail encounters in the Bongaigaon and Chirang length (tL) were taken with a measuring districts of Assam. dorsal scale rows were tape to nearest millimeter. Photographs counted at one head-length behind the head, were taken with high resolution digital cam - at midbody, and at one head-length anterior era (10.1 megapixels). GPS coordinates, to the vent. Ventrals were counted follow - habitat characteristics and natural history ing dowLING (1951). the midbody count notes were also noted. Furthermore, the was taken at half of the snout-vent length; clinical profile along with the symptoms of the anal plate was not counted and the ter - envenoming, which happened to the fourth Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 3

Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797), in Northeast India, with notes on envenomation 147

author (deepankar BArmAN ) at Bongai - Institute of India, dehradun; ZSIC – her- gaon, Assam, was recorded in detail. petology Section, Zoological Survey of Collection acronyms: wIIr – wildlife India, kolkata.

rESuLtS

Locality records.– A total of six ber 8, 2017, another individual was found to observations were recorded from the feder - reside under paddy straw from the same al state of Assam, India. In Chirang district: area, just 200 m away. In addition to that, a two from Bangaljhora village (26.535430° N, road-killed specimen was observed on April 90.722210° E; 26.53361° N, 90.72240° E); in 8, 2016, at 21:50 hrs, on the highway (Nh Bongaigaon district: one each from National 31-C) at Bongaigaon, federal state of highway 31C (26.496550° N, 90.566421° E) Assam. Scrub vegetation was dominant and rakhaldubi (26.486974° N, 90.642850° along either sides of the road, and the adja - E) and two observations from Chaprakata vil - cent area was encompassed by agriculture lage (26.49139° N, 90.6175° E; 26.48944° N, and human settlement. Subsequently, on 91.61417° E) (Fig. 1). February 10, 2016, at 11:30 hrs, a russell’s morphological observations.– Viper bit a 29-year-old male (deepankar the road-killed specimen from the Bongai - BArmAN , fourth author, referred to as gaon district (wIIr 400; SVL: 920 mm; tL: patient henceforth) on the muscular joint 90 mm) had a stout body and rough appear - between thumb and index of his right hand ance; head triangular, flat and broader than while rescuing a mating pair which was neck, with small strongly keeled scales on threatened by the villagers at rakhaldubi the upper surface of head, vertical pupil, adjacent to Nh 31-C, Bongaigaon district. vertical and large nostrils. the snakes were quickly bagged and Colorpattern: top of head with narrow released on a nearby hillock after 10-15 triangle shaped marking and a pair of semi- minutes of rescue. rakhaldubi is adjacent triangular spots; triangular strip behind the to kakoijona reserve Forest and Aie river, eye; lip scales molted with brown and enclosed by crop fields and scattered human creamy white; faint brown dorsally with settlements. People mostly practice cultiva - three longitudinal series of large brown cir - tion of paddy and seasonal vegetables in and cles, encircled with prominent blackish- around rakhaldubi. on january 28, 2018, brown and thin irregular white margins; at 10:54 hrs, another individual was sighted ventral side speckled with black semilunar about 50 m away from a human habitation markings. Blotches on the subcaudals few and recently a road-killed specimen was compared to ventral scales. reported from National highway 27 at Pholidosis: longitudinal dorsal scale Chaprakata village, Bongaigaon district on rows two head lengths behind the head: 25, February 26, 2018. middle of the body: 31, two head lengths Post-envenomation events.– before the vent: 23; supralabials 11/11, 4-5 the chronology of events and symptoms large; ventrals: 171; sub-caudals: 51 paired. observed further to the envenomation were the specimen from Bangaljhora vil - as follows: after 10-15 minutes post-enven - lage, Chirang district had an SVL of 960 omation, the patient experienced localized mm, a tL of 115 mm, 11/11 supralabials inflammation accompanied by severe local (4th and 5th large), 174 ventrals and 46 sub - pain. within an hour, inflammation gradu - caudals (Fig. 2). ally started increasing with incessant pain. Natural history notes.– on due to non-availability of anti-venom, the january 1, 2016, at around 12:30 hrs, locals patient was treated with tetanus vaccine in a killed a russell’s Viper at Bangaljhora vil - nearby dispensary and immediately referred lage, Bijni, Chirang district. the snake was to Lower Assam hospital in Bongaigaon. encountered in a paddy field adjacent to during the subsequent hours, generalized human habitation, surrounded with bamboo throbbing pain, visible inflammation and thickets (Fig. 3). Subsequently, on decem - itching sensation spread to the entire affect - Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 4

148 A. N Ath & A. d AS & S. S utrAdhAr & d. B ArmAN & B. C hAkdAr & S. k. m uLIyA & G. C. k umAr

Fig. 2: dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the head of Northeast Indian Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797) , a – c representing the roadkill specimen from National highway 31-C, Bongaigaon district (wIIr 400) and d – f the specimen from Bangaljhora village, Chirang district, federal state of Assam, India. Abb. 2: dorsal-, Ventral und Lateralansichten des kopfes nordostindischer Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797). die Figuren a – c zeigen das straßentote Exemplar von Nationalstraße 31-C, Bezirk Bongaigaon (wIIr 400), d – f das Exemplar aus dem ort Bangaljhora, Bezirk Chirang, Bundesstaat Assam, Indien.

ed arm. this was followed by chronic head - trol 13.5 seconds with INr (International ache, nausea and vomiting. on arrival at the Normalized ratio) of 1.10. he was without Bongaigaon hospital, three and a half hours delay shifted to the intensive care unit (ICu) after the bite, the patient was immediately where the application of polyvalent anti- subjected to a prothrombin test, the results venom (V-ASV, manufactured by Virchow, of which was a prothrombin time of 14 sec - Gagillapur, Qutubullapur, Andhra Pradesh, onds (expected value 11-15 seconds), con - India, packaged in 10 ml vials) was initiated. Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 5

Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797), in Northeast India, with notes on envenomation 149

Fig.3. Close-up and total views of Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797) , from Bangaljhora, Chirang district, federal state of Assam, India. Abb. 3: Nahaufnahme und übersichtsbild von Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797) aus Bangaljhora, Bezirk Chirang, Bundesstaat Assam, Indien.

the antivenom was administered intra - eyelid and double vision. the patient also venously in normal saline (physiologic salt exhibited symptoms of acute kidney injury. solution), without any anaphylactic reaction. A renal function test revealed his blood urea over the the next three days the nitrogen and creatinine to be 190 mg/dl and patient was administered a total of 17 vials 10.14 mg/dl, respectively. Serum electro - of anti-venom through intravenous normal lytes, namely sodium and potassium levels saline. on the third-day post-envenoma - ranged from 138-154 m mol/l and 3.57- tion, the patient started exhibiting neurolog - 4.44 m mol/l, respectively. the patient was ical symptoms such as severe weakness in subsequently subjected to dialysis, a total of neck and limb muscles and mild respiratory eight times within the next ten days, until distress followed by drooping of the upper the renal function test results were within

table 1: hematology test reports of the presented 29-years-old male bite victim of Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797), from Chaprakata village, in Bongaigaon district, federal state of Assam, NE India. n. a. – not available. tab. 1: hämatologische Befunde des vorgestellten 29-jährigen männlichen Bißopfers von Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797) aus dem ort Chaprakata, Bezirk Bongaigaon, Bundesstaat Assam, Nordost-Indien. n. a. – nicht verfügbar.

date hemoglobin Blood urea Nitrogen (BuN) Creatinine Sodium Potassium (g/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mmol/l) (mmol/l) datum hämoglobin Blutharnstoff-Stickstoff (BuN) kreatinin Natrium kalium 10/02/2016 8.5 143 4.06 n. a. n. a. 11/02/2016 7.8 98 6.95 138 3.57 13.02.2016 9.5 190 8.13 139 3.49 15/02/2016 10.6 158 10.14 135 3.18 17/02/2016 11.7 92 5 140 4.44 20/02/2016 14.8 20 1.5 154 4.34 Normal range 13.5-18 16.5-48.5 0.5-1.2 135-155 3.5-5.2 Normalwerte Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 6

150 A. N Ath & A. d AS & S. S utrAdhAr & d. B ArmAN & B. C hAkdAr & S. k. m uLIyA & G. C. k umAr

normal range (table 1). Since the hemoglo - to get regular medical examination for signs bin concentration had also dropped below of renal dysfunction or secondary complica - normal range (observed: 7.8 g/dl, expected tions over the course of the next year. the range: 13.5 -18 g/dl), blood transfusion was patient has however not experienced any carried out as supportive therapy. After ten secondary complications so far (december days in the ICu and three days in the obser - 2018). vation unit, he was discharged and advised

dISCuSSIoN

Northeast India is considered as a part whItAkEr 1978; d AS & d AS 2017). this of a global biodiversity hotspot ( ChAttEr- may be the reason for its apparent rarity in jEE et al. 2006). distribution data across Northeast India, which is mesic in its eco - multiple floral and faunal groups indicate logical setting. Global climate change was that the region’s biological affinities closely shown to have greatly affected the distribu - resemble those of South East Asia ( mANI tional patterns of snakes ( NorI et al. 2013). 1974), with few species limiting their distri - the increase in temperature, coupled with bution to this particular region ( SENGuPtA et expansion of xeric habitat could augment al. 2009; Choudhury 2013;S utrAdhAr & the capability of D. russelii to ex pand its NAth 2013). Further, recent discoveries of range in northeast India. Although, the new species and range extensions of snakes species was collected from Goalpara dis - demonstrate the importance for more inven - trict (#ZSI˗19902, collected on 08.02. tory ( dAVId et al. 2001; SLowINSkI et al. 1927) this was never reported in the litera - 2001; AhmEd & d AS 2006; NAth et al. ture ( fide SmIth 1943; w hItAkEr & C AP - 2011; SutrAdhAr & N Ath 2013; dAS & d AS tAIN 2008; A hmEd et al. 2009). however, 2017). however, the geographical proximity in recent years there were frequent sight - of the Indian and Indo Chinese regions ( Cor- ings of this species in western Assam (Fig. BEt & h ILL 1992) makes Northeast India a 1), possibly indicating its expanding popu - potential biodiversity hybrid zone for flora lation in the area. and fauna. According to BISwAS &P AwAr (2006) there is a fine yet distinct difference the Brahmaputra river and Ganga-Brahma- in dorsal pattern in the two species namely: putra delta may act as a barrier to the spe - Daboia russelii has a total of three longitu - cies distribution at a finer scale. this can dinal rows of distinct ovoid spots, whereas, also be supported by the fact that western D. siamensis has additional rows of smaller, Assam forms the easternmost distribution well-defined spots between the three main limit for many widespread Indian species rows found in D. russelii. Based on this, all such as Uperodon taprobanicus (P ArkEr , specimens studied here were D. russelii , 1934) , Oligodon kheriensis AChArjI & r Ay , lacking additional spots. 1936, Pavo cristatus LINNAEuS , 1758, Axix Compared to D. siamensis , D. russelii axis (E rxLEBEN , 1777) and Antelope cervi - has a more continuous distribution on a capra (LINNAEuS , 1758 ) ( Choudhury 2013; macro-scale; however, on a finer scale its dAS et al. 2016; SENGuPtA et al. 2009; distribution is discontinuous and scattered SutrAdhAr & N Ath 2013). the authors within the Indian sub-continent ( SmIth thus conclude that in India, the range of D. 1943). the discontinuity in the distribution russelii is currently restricted by the manas of the species is likely to be due to a com - river in the east and in in the South of India bination of habitat preferences and Pleisto - and Bangladesh by the Brahmaputra river cene changes in sea levels and climate (hASAN et al. 2014). SINGh (1995) reported (wüStEr et al. 1992). In general, russell’s D. russelii from kakching, moirang, and Vipers are primarily residents of open land, Churachadpur of manipur. Further it was grassy, scrubby or bushy vegetation, rice reported from omega School at motbung fields and other agricultural areas but avoid (ANoNymouS 2016), and keibul Lamjao rainforests ( SmIth , 1943; w ArrELL 1989; National Park (pers. communication S. Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 7

Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797), in Northeast India, with notes on envenomation 151

rohIkANtA ) (Fig. 1). the authors could not et al. 2013). myotoxicity, which is an im - study any of these specimens and thus portant effect of snake envenoming, can refrain from comments on the specific iden - manifest locally and systemically ( SILVA et tity as these localities are close to the range al. 2016). Clinical features of myotoxicity area of D. siamensis in myanmar. Although reported for Srilankan russell’s Viper bite thorPE et al. (2007) hypothesized that there include myalgia and tenderness in the bitten is no contact zone between the two Daboia limb ( SILVA et al. 2016). however, no such species, the possibility of intergrades should symptoms were reported in the present case. not be rejected. Studies carried out in Sri Lanka also found due to its excellent camouflage, that abdominal pain is a common clinical occurrence in agricultural areas and com - feature of russell’s Viper envenoming and plexity of clinical symptoms exhibited to its severity is significantly correlated with bites, D. russelii envenomations remain a the severity of systemic envenoming major cause of snakebite mortality through - (kuLArAtNE et al. 2014). A comparison of out its known range ( mAtthAI & d AtE geographic similarities and variation in clin - 1981; P hILLIPS et al. 1988; myINt -L wIN et ical symptoms exhibited following D. rus - al. 1985; LooArEESuwAN et al. 1988; BELt selii envenomation is presented in table 2. et al. 1997). Daboia russelii venom can Neurotoxicity is well known in cause neurological signs suggesting elapid russell’s Viper envenomation, with bites neurotoxicity, as well as muscle pain and frequently leading to progressive descend - dark brown urine suggesting sea-snake ing paralysis ( myINt -L wIN et al. 1985; rhabdomyolysis ( who 2016). Studies have wArrELL 1989). though the patient experi - also demonstrated regional variation in enced ‘Broken neck’ sign in the present russell’s Viper venom; venom from north - case, which is caused by paralysis of the ern and western parts of India is known to neck flexor muscles as observed by ALIroL be twice as toxic as venom samples from the et al. (2010), paralysis did not extend further south and anti-venom prepared from speci - that would have necessitated intubation. the mens in the south failed to protect experi - low level of respiratory distress was also cor - mental animals against venom from other rected by non-invasive oxygen supplementa - parts of India ( PrASAd et al. 1999; tion. however, in contrast to published whItAkEr &w hItAkEr 2012). thus, clini - observations, where neurotoxicity developed cal profiling and documentation of enven - within eight hours post envenomation in all oming events are extremely important and patients, none of the neurotoxicity symptoms beneficial in developing a successful treat - appeared in the current patient until at least ment regimen. 48 hours post-envenomation. russell’s Viper venom contains toxins ShArmA et al. (2005) reported that out that cause platelet aggregation, coagulopa - of 52 patients with viper bites, 39 had acute thy and hemorrhage, subsequently produc - renal failure and of these 33 required dialy - ing hypotension, disseminated intravascular sis. Plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen coagulation, direct nephrotoxicity, and, as and potassium concentrations are believed observed in patients from Sri Lanka and to get elevated in the acute kidney injury India, intravascular haemolysis and rhab - caused by russell’s Viper envenomation domyolysis ( who 2016). It also causes (who 2016). In the present case, the patient neurological manifestations leading to did exhibit symptoms of acute kidney symptoms such as ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, injury, with blood urea nitrogen and creati - limb and neck muscle weakness, respiratory nine levels increasing since day one, war - failure , and delayed sensory neuropathy ranting dialysis. however, serum sodium (wüStEr et al. 1992; SuBASINGhE et al. and potassium levels did not show major 2014; who 2016). the initial symptoms in changes initially and elevated slightly only patients bitten by this viper are pain and after day five. the observations correspond swelling of the bitten body part, which gen - with kumAr & B AShEEr (2011), who found erally appear within a few minutes ( ChuGh serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen 1989), followed with severe local inflam - levels to increase immediately after the bite, mation and sometimes blistering ( wArrEL along with significant elevation in sodium Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 8

152 A. N Ath & A. d AS & S. S utrAdhAr & d. B ArmAN & B. C hAkdAr & S. k. m uLIyA & G. C. k umAr

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Daboia russelii (ShAw & N oddEr , 1797), in Northeast India, with notes on envenomation 153

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o r l l l x i t ) ) ) ) L r A h E C h C k N o N h P h 1 2 3 4 E P E d r o E r B E r m d Nath_etal_Daboia_russelli_NE_India:HERPETOZOA.qxd 12.02.2019 15:06 Seite 10

154 A. N Ath & A. d AS & S. S utrAdhAr & d. B ArmAN & B. C hAkdAr & S. k. m uLIyA & G. C. k umAr

and potassium only by the fifth and sixth In the current case, the patient has however day, due to the secondary effect of renal not shown any signs of hypopituitarism so insufficiency. however, in contrast to their far (i.e., three years post envenomation). observations, there was no major increment though the pursual of literature showed an in sodium and potassium levels, which can average of 32 (range: 1–130) vials of anti- be possibly attributed to dialysis the patient venom being used to treat patients with underwent. Daboia envenomation in North India ( ShAr- hypopituitarism following russell’s mA et al. 2005), the case under consideration Viper bite was first reported by EAPEN et al . necessitated the usage of only 17 vails to (1976) in three adults from kerala in South cope with the effect of the venom. overall, India. Later, there were several reports in the management of the case further stresses the literature of russell’s Viper envenoma - that availability of appropriate anti-venom at tion causing hypopituitarism and subse - primary healthcare centers, coupled with quent manifestations such as hypotension, prompt transportation facilities and aware - loss of facial, pubic and axillary hair, loss of ness may thus significantly reduce ven - libido and biochemical features to confirm omous snake bite induced human morbidity the clinical impression of a pituitary failure. and mortalities in the country.

ACkNowLEdGmENtS

the authors acknowledge V. B. mathur, direc- krishnan Barman, manabendra roy Choudhury, tor and G. S. rawat, dean of the wildlife Institute of rupam roy, Shubhankar Nath, Phani Bhusan Nath of India for facilitation of the study and are grateful to S. Bongaigaon and villagers of Bangaljhora, Chirang for Shethy (Zoological Survey of India, kolkata), uni- their valuable support.

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dAtE oF SuBmISSIoN: march 26, 2018 Corresponding editor: heinz Grillitsch

AuthorS: Anukul NAth 1) , Abhijit dAS (Corresponding author < [email protected] >) 1) , Sanjoy SutrAdhAr 2) , deepankar BArmAN 3) , Biswajit ChAkdAr 4) , Sanath krishna muLIyA 1) & Gandla Chethan kumAr 1) 1) wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani - 248001, dehradun, uttarakhand, India. 2) Nature’s Foster, Bongaigaon - 783380, Assam, India. 3) North Eastern regional Institute of Science and technology, Itanagar - 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India. 4) Bombay Natural history Society, hornbill house, Shaheed Bhagat Singh road, mumbai - 400001, maharashtra, India.