LIST OF TABLES

1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARLY EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY IRONWORKS 12 2.1 CAPITAL INVESTED IN SELECT PARTNERSHIPS IN THE CHARCOAL IRON INDUSTRY 31 2.2 AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS OF CHARCOAL BLAST FURNACES, 1710-1750, BY DECADES 34 2.3 COALBROOKDALE VARIABLE COSTS, 1709-1737 35 2.4 OBSERVED VARIABLE COSTS AT COLNBRIDGE FORGE, 1730-1739 AND HYPOTHETICAL COSTS AT COLNBRIDGE, USING AVERAGE PHYSICAL INPUTS FROM COALBROOKDALE FORGE FOR 1732-1738 39 3.1 IMPORTS OF IRON PRODUCTS INTO ENGLAND AND WALES, 1720-1749, ANNUAL AVERAGES (IN TONS) 45 4.1 AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS OF CHARCOAL BLAST FURNACES, 1730s-1790s BY DECADE (IN £ PER TON OF PIG IRON) 57 4.2 TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS, AND CHARCOAL PRICES FOR SELECT CHARCOAL BLAST FURNACES, 1730-1801 59 4.3 TOTAL COSTS OF SOME EARLY COKE BLAST FURNACES, 1730s-1780s 60 4.4 TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY AND AVERAGE TOTAL COSTS FOR SELECT EARLY COKE BLAST FURNACES. 62 4.5 PARTNERSHIP CAPITAL AND DIVIDENDS PAID OUT BY TWO EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY IRON PARTNERSHIPS 65 4.6 CHARCOAL AND COKE FURNACES IN OPERATION, 1750-1791, AND THEIR ESTIMATED OUTPUT 67

XlIl 5.1 AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS, BY DECADE, AT SELECT CHARCOAL FORGES, 1740-1801 (£ PER TON OF BAR IRON) 78 5.2 AVERAGE INPUT PRICES, AT THE FORGE, FOR SELECT CHARCOAL FORGES, 1740S-1790S 79 5.3 AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS AT FORGES USING THE CHARCOAL AND POTTING PROCESSES, 1787 87 5.4 PIG IRON COSTS AT FORGES USING THE CHARCOAL AND POTTING PROCESSES, 1787 88 5.5 AVERAGE V ARIABLE COSTS OF PRODUCING BAR IRON WITH THE POTTING AND PUDDLING PROCESSES BEFORE 1790 93 6.1 AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS OF THE PUDDLING AND POTTING PROCESSES, 179°-18°4 102 6.2 COSTS OF PRODUCING PUDDLED IRON, INCLUDING TRANSPORT COSTS, COMPARED TO SELLING PRICE, 1791 AND 1804 103 6.3 PRICE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN BRITISH AND FOREIGN BAR IRON, 179°-1815, COMPARED TO THE DUTY ON FOREIGN BAR IRON 105 6.4 ESTIMATES OF BRITISH BAR IRON OUTPUT, 1788-1815 108 6.5 BAR AND PIG IRON OUTPUT AND FURNACES IN OPERATION, SELECTED YEARS, 1788-1815 113 6.6 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH PIG IRON OUTPUT, 1788 AND 1815 114 6.7 BRITISH PIG IRON OUTPUT AND THE PIG IRON EQUIVALENT OF GOVERNMENT PURCHASES OF IRON, 1794-96 AND 1805 115 7.1 THE DISTRIBUTION OF COKE BLAST FURNACES, BY SITE, 1810 122 7.2 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH PIG IRON OUTPUT, 1720 AND 1815 123 7.3 NET EXPORTS OF BRITISH IRON, IN PIG IRON EQUIVALENTS, AND BRITISH PIG IRON OUTPUT, 1815 130 8.1 CONSTRUCTION AND CLOSING DOWN OF BLAST FURNACES, 1810-1823 136

XIV 8.2 PIG IRON OUTPUT, PRICES, FURNACES IN OPERATION, AND FURNACE CONSTRUCTION, 1823-1830 137 8.3 AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS OF SELECT BLAST FURNACES AND THE MARKET PRICE OF PIG IRON, 1810-1830 139 8.4 TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS, INPUT PRICES, AND INPUTS USED BY SELECT FORGES, 1804-1829 142 9.1 THE STRUCTURE OF TOTAL COSTS FOR BLAIR IRONWORKS, JUNE 1841 153 9.2 CARBON CONTENT OF VARIOUS BRITISH COALS USED IN BLAST FURNACES 157 10.1 SIZE OF THE WROUGHT IRON SECTOR, 1860-1880 168 11.1 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH PIG IRON OUTPUT, 1815 AND 1871 181 11.2 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PIG IRON OUTPUT AND PUDDLING FURNACES, 1871 184 11.3 BRITISH ORE OUTPUT, IMPORTS OF FOREIGN ORE, AND BRITISH ORE PRICES COMPARED TO GENERAL PRICE INDICES, 1860-1880 189 A.l ESTIMATES OF BRITISH PIG IRON OUTPUT IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 213 A. 2 ESTIMATES OF BRITISH BAR IRON OUTPUT FOR THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 216 A.3 CHARCOAL BLAST FURNACES ERECTED AND SHUT DOWN IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1720-1749, BY DECADE 218 Cl REGIONAL AND NATIONAL PIG IRON OUTPUT ESTIMATES, 1815-1823 241 C.2 BRITISH IRON OUTPUT, FURNACES, AND CANAL SHIPMENTS, 1823-1830 243 C.3 AGGREGATE OUTPUT ESTIMATES, 1830-1840 248 C.4 SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE OUTPUT ESTIMATES, 1840-1843 250

xv