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OFFICIAL 2000 CONNECTICUT CODE OF EVIDENCE (2018 Edition) The Official Connecticut Code of Evi- dence is copyrighted by the Secretary of the State of the State of Connecticut. The fore- word and index may not be reproduced in any form or distributed without the express written permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications of the State of Connecticut Judicial Branch. In the event of discrepancies between the electronic version of the Official Connecticut Code of Evidence and the print version pub- lished and distributed by the Office of Pro- duction and Distribution of the Commission on Official Legal Publications of the State of Connecticut Judicial Branch, the print ver- sion will be considered authoritative. Published by The Commission on Official Legal Publications 2018 by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut Foreword The Connecticut Code of Evidence was adopted by the judges of the Superior Court on June 28, 1999, to be effective January 1, 2000. The adoption of the Code signified the culmination of work that had been in progress since 1993 when Supreme Court Justice David M. Borden was asked to chair a com- mittee of the Connecticut Law Revision Com- mission charged with drafting a proposed code of evidence for Connecticut. The mem- bers of this drafting committee included: Pro- fessor Colin C. Tait of the University of Connecticut School of Law; Supreme Court Justice Joette Katz; Appellate Court Judge Paul M. Foti; Superior Court Judges Julia L. Aurigemma, Samuel Freed and Joseph Q. Koletsky; Attorneys Robert B. Adelman, Jef- frey Apuzzo, Joseph G. Bruckmann, William Dow III, David Elliot, Susann E. Gill, Donald R. Holtman, Houston Putnam Lowry, Jane S. Scholl, and Eric W. Wiechmann; Law Revi- sion Commission members Jon P. FitzGer- ald, Representative Arthur J. O’Neill, Superior Court Judge Elliot N. Solomon, and Senator Thomas F. Upson; and Law Revision Commission Senior Attorney Jo A. Roberts and Staff Attorney Eric M. Levine. The drafting committee completed its work in September, 1997. After receiving public comment, the drafting committee submitted its work product to the full Law Revision Com- mission, which voted to adopt the proposed code and commentary in December, 1997. Thereafter, the proposed code and commen- tary were submitted to the Judiciary Commit- tee of the General Assembly for consideration during the 1998 legislative session. Before commencement of the session, however, cer- tain members of the General Assembly had suggested that, for various reasons, a code of evidence should be adopted, if at all, by the judges of the Superior Court pursuant to their rule-making authority rather than by legislation. Thus, the Judiciary Committee urged then Supreme Court Chief Justice Robert J. Callahan to have the judges of the Superior Court consider adopting the pro- posed code as rules of court. In response, Chief Justice Callahan appointed a committee to consider and review the proposed code and its commen- tary for adoption by the judges of the Superior Court. This committee was chaired by Justice Katz and included Appellate Court Judge Barry R. Schaller, Superior Court Judges Aur- igemma, Thomas A. Bishop, Thomas J. Corradino, Freed, John F. Kavanewsky, Jr., Koletsky, and William B. Rush, Professor Tait, and Attorneys Roberts and Levine. This committee reviewed the proposed code and commentary from June, 1998, until Septem- ber, 1998, made changes to various parts thereof and then submitted its final work prod- uct to the Rules Committee for approval. The Rules Committee unanimously approved the proposed code and commentary. Thereafter, the proposed code and commentary were subject to a public hearing in June, 1999, and finally were adopted by the judges on June 28, 1999. An oversight committee was created by the judges of the Superior Court when they adopted the Code, for the purpose of monitor- ing the development of the Code and making recommendations for future revision and clar- ification. The membership of the committee included: Justice Katz (chair), Superior Court Judges Bishop, Corradino, Beverly J. Hodg- son, Kavanewsky, Koletsky, and Michael R. Sheldon, Attorneys Adelman, Bruckmann, Gill, Jack G. Steigelfest, Wiechmann, and Levine (liaison, Office of the Reporter of Judi- cial Decisions), and Professor Tait. The over- sight committee convened in October, 1999, and recommended minor changes to the Code and commentary based primarily on recent developments in the law. Those rec- ommended changes were approved by the Rules Committee, then by the judges of the Superior Court, and were reflected in periodic amendments to the Code and commentary. In 2008, the Connecticut Supreme Court issued its decision in State v. DeJesus, 288 Conn. 418, 953 A.2d 45 (2008), in which the court asserted its common-law supervisory authority to fashion a rule of evidence con- trary to an applicable provision of the Code. In DeJesus, the court also clarified that the judges of the Superior Court, in their rule- making authority over the Code, do not have the ability to enact rules contrary to Supreme Court precedent. Following DeJesus, and Justice Katz’ resignation from the oversight committee, Judge Bishop, then of the Appel- late Court, was appointed to chair the commit- tee. Pursuant to the holding of DeJesus, the committee recommended changes to Section 4-5, regarding the admission of evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts. The committee also recommended an addition to Section 8- 10, regarding hearsay, to harmonize the Code with legislation enacted by the General Assembly, permitting certain evidence from an alleged victim, twelve years or younger, of sexual assault or other sexual misconduct. Both of these recommendations were approved by the Rules Committee and the judges of the Superior Court and became part of the Code. In 2014, pursuant to a proposal from the Judicial Branch, the General Assembly enacted No. 14-120 of the 2014 Public Acts (P.A. 14-120), which authorized the Supreme Court to adopt the Code. This legislation, cod- ified at General Statutes § 51-14a, also pro- vides that, if the Supreme Court does, in fact, adopt the Code, the Chief Justice shall appoint a standing advisory committee of judges and lawyers to study the field of evi- dence law and periodically make recommen- dations to the Supreme Court regarding any proposed amendments. Additionally, the leg- islation includes a provision requiring the advisory committee to make periodic reports on its activities to the Judiciary Committee. Finally, the legislation contains a provision making it clear that, notwithstanding this evi- dence rule-making authority, the Supreme Court retains its common-law authority over the law of evidence, and the General Assem- bly retains its legislative authority, as well. Following the passage of P.A. 14-120, the Supreme Court adopted the Code on June 18, 2014, and, shortly thereafter, the following judges and lawyers were appointed to its Code of Evidence Oversight Committee: Judge Bishop, Chair; Appellate Court Judges Eliot D. Prescott and Sheldon; Superior Court Judges Thomas D. Colin, Steven D. Ecker, Barbara B. Jongbloed, and Angela C. Rob- inson; and Attorneys Adelman, Leonard C. Boyle, Brian S. Carlow, John R. Gulash, Kimberly P. Massicotte, Steigelfest, Law- rence J. Tytla, and Wiechmann. Additionally, Professor Julia Simon-Kerr agreed to serve as academic advisor to the committee in place of Professor Tait, who had retired, Attorney Levine served as liaison to the Office of the Reporter of Judicial Decisions, and Attorney Lori Petruzzelli of the Legal Services Division of the Judicial Branch was appointed to serve as counsel to the committee. During the fall and winter of 2014–2015, the committee studied whether to recom- mend amendments to the Code and its com- mentary regarding computer related evidence. Following the committee’s recom- mendations to the Supreme Court and a period for public comment, the Supreme Court adopted the committee’s recommenda- tions on May 20, 2015. As an ongoing func- tion, the committee continues to study the Code and the field of evidence to determine whether to make recommendations to the Supreme Court for any changes or additions to the Code. Hon. Chase T. Rogers Chief Justice, Supreme Court December 14, 2017 CONNECTICUT CODE OF EVIDENCE ARTICLE I—GENERAL PROVISIONS Sec. 1-1. Short Title; Application 1-2. Purposes and Construction 1-3. Preliminary Questions 1-4. Limited Admissibility 1-5. Remainder of Statements Sec. 1-1. Short Title; Application (a) Short title. These rules shall be known and may be cited as the Code of Evidence. The Code of Evidence is hereinafter referred to as the ‘‘Code.’’ (b) Application of the Code. The Code and the commentary apply to all proceedings in the Superior Court in which facts in dispute are found, except as otherwise provided by the Code, the General Statutes or any Practice Book rule adopted before June 18, 2014, the date on which the Supreme Court adopted the Code. (c) Rules of privilege. Privileges shall apply at all stages of all proceedings in the court. (d) The Code inapplicable. The Code, other than with respect to privileges, does not apply in proceedings such as, but not limited to, the fol- lowing: (1) Proceedings before investigatory grand juries, as provided for in General Statutes §§ 54- 47b through 54-47f. (2) Proceedings involving questions of fact pre- liminary to admissibility of evidence pursuant to Section 1-3 of the Code. (3) Proceedings involving sentencing. (4) Proceedings involving probation. (5) Proceedings involving small claims matters. (6) Proceedings involving summary contempt. (7) Certain pretrial criminal proceedings in which it has been determined as a matter of stat- ute or decisional law that the rules of evidence do not apply. (Amended Dec. 14, 2017, to take effect Feb. 1, 2018.) COMMENTARY: (b) Application of the Code. When the Code was initially adopted by the judges of the Superior Court in 1999 and then readopted by the Supreme Court in 2014, the adoption included both the rules and the commentary, thereby making both equally applicable.