OFFICERSt Roswell B. Perkins, Chair of the Council Charles Alan Wright, President Michael Traynor, 1st Vice President and President Designate Conrad K. Harper, 21id Vlice President Bennett Boskey, Treasurer Lance Liebman, Director Elena A. Cappella, Deputy Director Michael Greenwald, Deputy Director
COUNCIL
Kcnneth S. Abraham Charlottesville Virginia Shirley S.Abrahamson Madison Wisconsin Philip S.Anderson Little Rock Arkansas Susan Frelich Appleton St. Louis Missouri Richard Sheppard Arnold Little Rock Arkansas Sheila L. Birnbaum New York New York Allen D. Black Philadelphia Pennsylvania Bennett Boskey Washington District of Columbia Michael Boudin Boston Massachusetts William M. Burke New York New York Elizabeth J. Cabraser San Francisco California Hugh Calkins Cleveland Ohio Gerhard Casper Stanford California William T Coleman, Jr. Washington District of Columbia Edward 11. Cooper Ann Arbor Michigan N. Lee Cooper Birmingham Alabama Roger C. Cramton Ithaca New York Lloyd N. Cutler Washington District of Columbia George I.T. Dudley St. Thomas U.S. Virgin Islands Christine M. Durham Salt Lake City Utah William If. Erickson Denver Colorado Thomas E. Fairchild Madison Wisconsin John P.Frank Phoenix Arizona George Clemon Freeman, Jr. Richmond Virginia Paul L. Friedman Washington District of Columbia Antonio Garcfa-Padilla San Juan Puerto Rico Jamie S. Gorelick Washington District of Columbia Conrad K. Harper New York New York Geoffrey C.Hazard, Jr.* Philadelphia Pennsylvania D. Brock lornby Portland Maine tAs of March 20, 2000 *Director Emeritus THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE Vester T. Hughes, Jr. Dallas Texas Mary Kay Kane San Francisco California Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Princeton New Jersey Herma lill Kay Berkeley California Carolyn Dineen King Houston Texas Carolyn B. Lamm Washington District of Columbia Pierre N. Leval New York New York Betsy Levin Washington District of Columbia I lans A. Linde Salem Oregon Martin Lipton New York New York Robert MacCrate New York New York Margaret I. Marshall Boston Massachusetts John W. Martin, Jr. Boca Grande Florida John J. McKetta, Ill Austin Texas Vincent L. McKusick Portland Maine Daniel J. Meltzer Cambridge Massachusetts Robert H. Mundheim New York New York Roswell B. Perkins New York New York Ellen Ash Peters I lartford Connecticut Louis 1-. Pollak Philadelphia Pennsylvania Roberta C. Ramo Albuquerque New Mexico Ernest J. Sargeant Boston Massachusetts Mary M. Schroeder Phoenix Arizona Sherwin P.Simmons Miami Florida Win. Reece Smith, Jr. Tampa Florida Robert A. Stein Chicago Illinois John T. Subak Philadelphia Pennsylvania Michael laynor San Francisco California Bill Wagner Tampa Florida Patricia M. Wald Washington District of Columbia Elizabeth Warren Cambridge Massalhusetts William H. Webster Washington District of Columbia George Whittenburg Amarillo Texas Herbert P.Wilkins Boston Massachusetts James H. Wilson, Jr. Atlanta Georgia Charles Alan Wright Austin Texas
Emeritus Council Members Joseph F.Johnston Birmingham Alabama Hale McCown Lincoln Nebraska Lawrence E. Walsh Oklahoma City Oklahoma Herbert Wechsler* New York New York
*DirectorEmeritus REPORTERS
WILLIAM C. POWERS, JR., The University of Texas School of Law, Austin, Texas MiciA. , D. GREEN, University of Iowa College of Law, Iowa City, Iowa
ADVISERS
ANDREW T. BERRY, Newark, New Jersey DENNIS R. CONNOLLY, New York, New York [from 19941 EDWARD H. COOPER, University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, Michi- gan WILLIAM A. DREIER, Somerville, New Jersey; formerly Judge, New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division NOEL FIDEL, Judge, Arizona Court of Appeals, Phoenix, Arizona WAYNE FISIER, Houston, Texas GEORGE CLEMON FREEMAN, Jr., Richmond, Virginia JAMES A. HENDERSON, Jr., Cornell Law School, Ithaca, New York STEPHEN J. HOLTMAN, Cedar Rapids, Iowa MICIhAEL ALEXANDER KAIIN, San Francisco, California MARY KAY KANE, University of California, Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, California ROBERT E. KEETON, Judge, United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts PIERRE N. LEVAL, Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Cir- cuit, New York, New York EUGENE F. LYNCII, San Francisco, California; formerly Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of California RICHARD L. REVESZ, New York University School of Law, New Yurk, New York ANTHONY Z. ROISMAN, Lyme, New Hampshire GARY T. SCIIWARTZ, University of California at Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles, California VICTOR E. SCHWARTZ, Washington, District of Columbia SUSAN Ross STEINGASS, Madison, Wisconsin LARRY S. STEWART, Miami, Florida [from 19981 MICIIAEL TRAYNOR, San Francisco, California BILL WAGNER, Tampa, Florida MALCOLM E. WHEELER, Denver, Colorado RICHARD W. WRIGHT, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Tech- nology, Chicago, Illinois EX OFFICIOt
RoSW ELL B. PERKINS, New York, New York Chairof the Council, The American Law Institute CHARLES ALAN WRIGI', Austin, Texas President, The American Law Institute *GEOFFREY C. HAZARD, JR., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Director,The American Law Institute
tAs of May 18, 1999 *Be(aneDirector Emeritus on May 20, 1999; succeeded as Directorby Lance Liebman MEMBERS CONSULTATIVE GROUT (as of April 1, 1999)
ROBERT E. AUSTIN, Jr., Leesburg, JAY DRATLER, JR., Honolulu, Hawaii Florida VICTOR M. EARLE III, New York, FREDERICK M. BARON, Dallas, Texas New York FORTUNATO 1). BENAVIDES, United J. HADLEY EDGAR, Lubbock, Texas States Court of Appeals for the NORMAN L. EPSTEIN, California Fifth Circuit, Austin, Texas Court of Appeal, Los Angeles, ROBERT DALE BICKEL, St. Peters- California burg, Florida JEFFREY M. FELDMAN, Anchorage, BERT BLACK, DALLAS, Texas Alaska ANTHONY J. BocchiiNO, Philadelphia, STEPHEN F. FINK, Dallas, Texas Pennsylvania DAVID A. FISCIIER, Columbia, Mis- GERALD W. BOSTON, Lansing, souri Michigan JOHN J. FRANK, St. Louis, Missouri PIIILLIP D. BOSTWICK, Washington, HALEY J. FROMHOLZ, Superior Court D.C. of California, Los Angeles HILDY BOWBEER, St. Paul, Minnesota County, Pasadena, California MYRON J. BROMBERG, Morristown, BRUCE E. GAGNON, Anchorage, New Jersey Alaska ELIZABETH JOAN CABRASER, San WILLIAM L. GARWOOD, United States Francisco, California Court of Appeals for the Fifth SAMMY CACCIATORE, Melbourne, Circuit, Austin, Texas Florida JOHN M. GERRARD, Nebraska JORDAN B. CHERRICK, St. Louis, Supreme Court, Lincoln, Missouri Nebraska MICHAEL MARKS COHEN, New York, JANINE P. GESKE, Wisconsin New York Supreme Court, Madison, Wis- NEIL B. COHEN, Brooklyn, New York consin ROXANNE B. CONLIN, Des Moines, JAMES D. GIIIARDI, Milwaukee, Iowa Wisconsin THE RT. HON. THE LORD COOKE OF R. NICHOLAS GIMBEL, Philadelphia, TIIORNDON, Wellington, New Pennsylvania Zealand DENNIS E. GLAZER, New York, New ALFRED W. CORTESE, JR., York Washington, D.C. MARTIN GLENN, New York, New M. MICHAEL CRAMER, Rockville, York Maryland JOSEPH GOLDBERG, Albuquerque, ROBERT A. CREAMER, Chicago, New Mexico Illinois MURRAY C. GOLDMAN, Pennsylvania ERIC R. CROMARTIE, Dallas, Texas Court of Common Pleas, First CHRISTOPHER SCOTT D'ANGELO, Judicial District, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania KEITH L. DAVIDSON, Chicago, Illinois OSCAR S. GRAY, Baltimore, Maryland ANIIONY E. DIRESTA, Washington, RIDGWAY M. HALL, Jr., Washington, D.C. D.C.
Aug 18, 1993 2:17 PM Coor 28x53 MEMBERS CONSULTATIVE GROUP
PHILIP LEE HARRIS, Chicago, Illinois SYBIL H. LANDAU, New York, New RIC lARD E.V. HARRIS, Piedmont, York California HOWARD I. LANGER, Philadelphia, HARRIS L HARTZ, New Mexico Court Pennsylvania of Appeals, Albuquerque, New MICHELE LANGER, Philadelphia, Mexico Pennsylvania CIIARLES A. HARVEY, JR., Portland, RICHARD W. LANGERMAN, Phoenix, Maine Arizona NATILAN L. HECIIT, Texas Supreme PAUL A. LEBEL, Tallahassee, Florida Court, Austin, Texas CIIARLES F. LETTOW, Washington, I.OGER C. HENDERSON, Tucson, D.C. Arizona WILLIAM G. LEVI, Kansas City, Mis- souri MARIA TANKENSON HODGE, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands VICTOR B. LEVIT, San Francisco, Cal- ifornia ERIC MILLS HOLMES, Grundy, Virginia CARL D. LIGGIO, Chicago, Illinois ROGER F. HOLMES, Anchorage, WILLIAM PARKER LIGIITFOOT, Wash- Alaska ington, D.C. W. CULLEN MACDONALD, New York, EDWIN E. HUDDLESON III, Washing- New York ton, D.C. DIANE STOAKES MACKEY, Little Rock, MICHAEL JOHN HUTTER, JR., Albany, Arkansas New York M. STUART MADDEN, White Plains, RICiARD L. JACOBSON, Washington, New York D.C. JOANNE MARTIN, Chicago, Illinois VINCENT R. JOHNSON, San Antonio, DAVID C. McBRIDE, Wilmington, Texas Delaware PAUL F. JONES, Buffalo, New York JAMES T. MCCARTT, Houston, Texas SIDNEY K. KANAZAWA, Los Angeles, FRANK MCCLELLAN, Philadelphia, California Pennsylvania JOETTE KATZ, Connecticut Supreme JAMES C. MCKAY, JR., Washington, Court, Hartford, Connecticut D.C. MARK R. KILLENBECK, Fayetteville, JOHN J. MCKETTA III, Austin, Texas Arkansas MARY A. MCLAUGIILIN, Philadelphia, DAVID G. KLABER, Pittsburgh, Penn- Pennsylvania sylvania WILLIAM J. McNICHOLS, Norman, ANDREW R. KLEIN, Birmingham, Oklahoma Alabama JAMES E. MEEKS, Columbus, Ohio MARTIN A. KOTLER, Wilmington, A. DOUGLAS MELAMED, Washington, Delaware D.C. NOEL A. KRAMER, Superior Court of RICHARD S. MILLER, Honolulu, the District of Columbia, Hawaii Washington, D.C. J. W. MONTGOMERY, I1, Pittsburgh, PETER B KUTNER, Norman, Pennsylvania Oklahoma IRVIN B. NATHAN, Washington, D.C. MEMBERS CONSULTATIVE GROUP
RICHARD L. NEUMEIER, Boston, CARL M. SELINGER, Morgantown, Massachusetts West Virginia FERN P. O'BRIAN, Washington, D.C. MARC M. SELTZER, Los Angeles, DAVID ORENTLICHER, Indianapolis, California Indiana DANIELW. SHUMAN, Dallas, Texas DAVID G. OWEN, Columbia, South RICHARD A. SILVER, Stamford, Con- Carolina necticut JERRY RICHARD PALMER, Topeka, RONALD SIMON, Washington, D.C. Kansas STUART H. SINGER, Miami, Florida RICHARD N. PEARSON, Gainesville, CHRISTINA A. SNYDER, United States Florida District Court for the Central PHILIP G. PETERS, JR., Columbia, District of California, Los Missouri Angeles, California CARL SOLANO, JERRY J. PHILLIPS, Knoxville, Ten- A. Philadelphia, nessee Pennsylvania GIN MILLER STRUVE, New York, STEVEN R. PLOTKIN, Louisiana Court New York of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, New Orleans, Louisiana PATRICK JAMES SULLIVAN, San Diego, California BERNARD D. REAMS, JR., New Rochelle, New York KENT D. SYVERUD, Ann Arbor, Michigan JOE R. REEDER, Washington, D.C. WILLIAM H. THEIS, Milwaukee, CHARLES L. REISCHEL, Washington, Wisconsin D.C. GERALD F. TIETZ, Philadelphia, ALICE E. RICHMOND, Boston, Pennsylvania Massachusetts JOHN M. TOWNSEND, Washington, CLIFFORD A. RIEDERS, Williamsport, D.C. Pennsylvania WILLIAM A. TRINE, Boulder, JAMES L. ROBERTSON, Jackson, Colorado Mississippi BOWEN H. TUCKER, Chicago, Illinois WM. T. ROBINSON III, Covington, AARON D. TWERSKI, Brooklyn, New Kentucky York LEE H. ROSENTHAL, United States JOHN FRANKLIN VARGO, Indianapolis, District Court for the Southern Indiana Houston, District of Texas, ROBERT P. WATKINS, Washington, Texas D.C. THOMAS D. ROWE, JR., Durham, ROBERT N. WEINER, Washington, North Carolina D.C. MICHAEL L. RUSTAD, South Burling- RONALD P. WERTHEIM, Superior ton, Vermont Court of the District of PETER M. SAPAROFF, Boston, Columbia, Washington, D.C. Massachusetts SAMUEL BROWN WITT, III, Arlington, Lois J. SCHIFFER, Washington, D.C. Virginia EDWARD L. SCHRENK, San Antonio, NICHOLAS J. WITTNER, Torrance, Texas California MEMBERS CONSULTATIVE GROUP
JEROME T. WOLF, Kansas City, WILLIAM A. WORTHINGTON, Houston, Missouri Texas MARGARET SMITH WOODRUFF, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania