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Livedoid Vasculopathy: Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment

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Livedoid Vasculopathy: Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment Livedoid Vasculopathy: Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Workup, and Treatment G. Trey Haunson, DO, MS; David W. Judy, DO; Nicole C. Prall, MD; Richard A. Miller, DO We report the case of a patient with livedoid (800 mg daily), and omega-3 (2 g daily). The patient vasculopathy that had been undiagnosed and reported no known drug allergies. His family history inadequately treated for more than 10 years. To was remarkable for myocardial infarction in his father improve disease recognition and management, we and 6 of 11 siblings as well as cerebrovascular accident review the pathogenesis, typical clinical presen- in his mother; no relatives reported experiencing tation, diagnostic workup, and treatment options symptoms similar to the patient’s current presenta- for livedoid vasculopathy. tion. He denied a history of smoking or use of alcohol Cutis. 2012;90:302-306. or illegal drugs. A review of systems was positive for easy bruising but otherwise was negative. The patient denied any history of lower extremity deep vein Case Report CUTISthrombosis or thrombophlebitis. A 71-year-old man presented with a history of painful On physical examination the lower extremities sores on both legs of more than 10 years’ duration. revealed 3 pitting edema, palpable posterior tibial The patient reported that he had previously consulted and dorsalis pedis artery pulses, and a capillary refill with multiple dermatologists and had “been told time of less than 3 seconds. Hair growth was noted on many things,” but he claimed no one had helped him the bilateral lower legs but was absent on the bilat- with his condition. eral feet and toes. Plantar sensation to monofilament TheDo patient’s medical historyNot was remarkable was intactCopy (10/10) bilaterally. Tender punched out for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, macrocytic ulcers and stellate atrophic hypopigmented plaques anemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, androge- (Figure 1) with peripheral hyperpigmentation, ery- netic alopecia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity dis- thema, and telangiectasia (Figure 2) were seen bilat- order, depression, and a 4-vessel coronary artery erally. In total, 6 ulcers of variable size were found on bypass graft performed 10 years prior. His current the shins and surrounding the malleoli. medications included simvastatin (40 mg daily), Venous ultrasound of the bilateral lower extremi- valsartan (80 mg daily), clopidogrel bisulfate (75 mg ties showed no evidence of deep vein thrombosis. The daily), ketoprofen (200 mg daily), omeprazole ankle brachial index was normal (left, 1.04; right, (20 mg daily), finasteride (1 mg daily), folic acid- 1.05). Wound cultures were negative. A 4-mm punch cyanocobalamin-pyridoxine 2.5-25-2 mg daily), biopsy was taken from the left calf. The histologic amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (40 mg daily), findings demonstrated a mild perivascular infiltrate paroxetine hydrochloride (30 mg daily), venlafax- with red blood cell extravasation. The walls of the ine hydrochloride extended release (225 mg daily), dermal vessels showed thickening and hyalinization bupropion hydrochloride (300 mg daily), zinc of the tunica intima (Figure 3). These findings were (50 mg daily), selenium (200 mg daily), calcium consistent with a diagnosis of livedoid vasculopathy. The patient was referred to our wound care center and was treated with compression therapy. The ulcer- Drs. Haunson, Judy, and Miller are from Largo Medical Center, ations were covered with a silver-impregnated dress- Florida. Dr. Prall is from Global Pathology, Miami Lakes, Florida. The authors report no conflict of interest. ing and 2-layer knee-high elastic compression wraps. Correspondence: G. Trey Haunson, DO, MS, 520 Tower Rd, The patient attended weekly follow-up appointments Christiansburg, VA 24073 ([email protected]). for dressing changes; by the third follow-up the 302 CUTIS® WWW.CUTIS.COM Copyright Cutis 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Livedoid Vasculopathy Figure 2. Reticulated atrophie blanche with peripheral CUTIShyperpigmentation, erythema, and telangiectasia. Do Not Copy Figure 1. Punched out ulcers and stellate atro- phie blanche. Figure 3. Mild perivascular infiltrate with red blood cell extravasation and thickening of vessel walls with hyalin- ization of the tunica intima (H&E, original magnifica- tion 60). ulcers had completely epithelialized. The patient subsequently refused workup for underlying sys- temic coagulopathy. Comment Patients with livedoid vasculopathy clinically Livedoid vasculopathy is a disorder of the blood present with chronic painful ulceration and scar- vessels most commonly seen in adult women. The ring of the lower extremities. The ulcers favor the pathogenesis is not well understood but is believed distal lower extremities, particularly around the mal- to involve alteration of local or systemic control leoli. Ulcers are punched out and slowly heal to of coagulation, causing formation of fibrin thrombi form stellate, reticulated, atrophic scars known as focally within the superficial dermal blood vessels. atrophie blanche. Peripheral telangiectasia, erythema, Thrombosis causes superficial tissue ischemia and hyperpigmentation, and/or purpura may be pres- necrosis with resulting pain and ulceration.1 ent. It also is common for livedoid vasculopathy to WWW.CUTIS.COM VOLUME 90, DECEMBER 2012 303 Copyright Cutis 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Livedoid Vasculopathy present as chronic atrophie blanche with no history leg elevation and compression stockings also are of ulceration.2 extremely effective.1,20 Any underlying coagulation The differential diagnosis of ulceration on the legs disorder should be specifically addressed. Elevated is broad, and atrophie blanche is not specific to live- levels of homocysteine or a mutation of methylene- doid vasculopathy. Ulceration also can result from vas- tetrahydrofolate reductase respond to treatment with culitides such as small-vessel vasculitis, microscopic folic acid and possibly vitamin B complex21,22; idio- polyarteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, and granulomatous pathic cryofibrinogenemia responds to treatment with vasculitis, as well as peripheral vascular disease result- anabolic steroids such as danazol, stanozolol, or ethyl- ing from venous or arterial insufficiency.3,4 Leg ulcer- estrenol.23-26 Tissue plasminogen activator and other ation is a possible complication from treatment with antithrombotics have been shown to be efficacious in hydroxyurea.3 Various systemic coagulopathies have some patients14,27,28; however, the potential benefits been observed in patients with livedoid vasculopathy, must be weighed against the risk for complications as suggesting that dermal thrombosis plays a primary role well as the high cost of treatment and necessity for in the disease pathogenesis.5 These coagulopathies inpatient administration. Antiplatelet agents such as include the antiphospholipid syndrome,6-9 dyspro- aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, pentoxifylline, ke- teinemias,3 genetic thrombophilic disorders such as tanserin, and prostacyclin analogues iloprost and bera- factor V Leiden (R506Q) mutation,1 deficiency in prost have been successfully used.7,15,29-37 Vitamin K protein C or S,10,11 hyperhomocysteinemia,12 sickle antagonists such as warfarin and heparin are effective cell anemia, and other disorders of abnormal platelet in some patients when used as monotherapies.4,38-46 activation or fibrinolysis.13-16 Low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin sodium) A thorough clinical history that rules out other is recommended for use only in patients who are common causes of atrophie blanche as well as a tis- refractory to antiplatelet and vitamin K antagonists sue biopsy may help to definitively diagnose livedoid due to cost, compliance with injections, and the long- vasculopathy. Because biopsy sites typically have a term risk for osteoporosis.44,46 Corticosteroids have prolonged healing time, repeat biopsies are discour- a fibrinolytic effect, but additional benefit from an aged.3,5 Characteristic findings include intraluminal anti-inflammatory component cannot be excluded.27 thrombosis, fibrin deposition,CUTIS endothelial prolifera- Psoralen plus UVA light therapy has helped some tion, hyalinized degeneration of the subintimal layer patients.47,48 Antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychlo- of superficial dermal vessels with extravasated red roquine have been utilized in patients with lupus or blood cells, and mild perivascular lymphocytic infil- antiphospholipid antibodies and atrophie blanche. trates.17 The term vasculopathy is preferred over Patients with atrophie blanche–like lesions who cur- vasculitis, as the inflammatory component is mini- rently are taking hydroxyurea may need a trial period mal.1 Immunofluorescence findings are nonspecific off the drug, as hydroxyurea may mimic this syndrome and Doinclude superficial vessel Notdeposition of immu- through Copy unknown mechanisms.3 Other treatment noglobulins, complement components, and fibrin, options include hyperbaric oxygen,49,50 intravenous suggesting a possible immune-mediated component to immunoglobulins,51,52 niacin,2 dihydropyridine cal- the pathogenesis.3,18 cium channel blockers such as nifedipine,46 and The diagnostic workup should first rule out com- immunosuppressive therapies.53 Combination thera- mon causes of atrophie
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