Hungarian Rhapsody
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This Was the Final Stop
This was the final stop Actions against Germans and Hungarians leading to fatalities in the Carpathian Basin between 1944 and 1949 Title “This was the final stop” Actions against Germans and Hungarians leading to fatalities in the Carpathian Basin between 1944 and 1949 Published by the Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle of Germans in Hungary with the support of the book publishing of Head of publication Matkovits-Kretz Eleonóra Editor-in-chief Bognár Zalán Editor Márkus Beáta Translator Papp Eszter Cover M. Lovász Noémi’s work of art titled “Forgetting is to banish, remembering is to free...” Published by Kontraszt Plusz Kft. www.kontraszt.hu ISBN 978-963-88716-6-4 Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle of Germans in Hungary Postal address: 55 Rákóczi str. H - 7621 Tel./fax: +36 72 213 453 Tax ID: 19031202-1-02 Bank account no: 50400113-11000695 www.nemetkor.hu [email protected] Pécs, 2015. English edition 2016. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................5 Foreword....................................................................................................................................................................................6 Mass deportation of civilians from the Carpathian Basin to the Soviet Union – Malenky Robot ���������������������������������9 Zalán Bognár Mass deportation of civilians from the Carpathian Basin for forced labour in the Soviet Union, with perspectives to Central-Eastern -
Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945
DECISIONS AMID CHAOS: JEWISH SURVIVAL IN BUDAPEST, MARCH 1944 – FEBRUARY 1945 Allison Somogyi A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Christopher Browning Chad Bryant Konrad Jarausch © 2014 Allison Somogyi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Allison Somogyi: Decisions amid Chaos: Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945 (Under the direction of Chad Bryant) “The Jews of Budapest are completely apathetic and do virtually nothing to save themselves,” Raoul Wallenberg stated bluntly in a dispatch written in July 1944. This simply was not the case. In fact, Jewish survival in World War II Budapest is a story of agency. A combination of knowledge, flexibility, and leverage, facilitated by the chaotic violence that characterized Budapest under Nazi occupation, helped to create an atmosphere in which survival tactics were common and widespread. This unique opportunity for agency helps to explain why approximately 58 percent of Budapest’s 200,000 Jews survived the war while the total survival rate for Hungarian Jews was only 26 percent. Although unique, the experience of Jews within Budapest’s city limits is not atypical and suggests that, when fortuitous circumstances provided opportunities for resistance, European Jews made informed decisions and employed everyday survival tactics that often made the difference between life and death. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everybody who helped me and supported me while writing and researching this thesis. First and foremost I must acknowledge the immense support, guidance, advice, and feedback given to me by my advisor, Dr. -
Chronicle of Cruelties
CHRONICLE OF CRUELTIES ROMANIAN MISTREATMENT OF THE HUNGARIAN MINORITY IN TRANSYLVANIA by Dr. Arpad Kosztin Translated from the Hungarian by Eva Barcza Bessenyey UNEDITED PREPUBLISHING VERSION FOR HOMEPAGE ONLY ORIGINAL TITLE: MAGYARELLENES ROMÁN KEGYETLENKEDÉSEK ERDÉLYBEN ISBN 963 8363 72 X A Publication of the BIRO FAMILY BUDAPEST PLEASE NOTE: THE PAGE NUMBERS WILL BE DIFFERENT IN THE FORTHCOMMING BOOK 2 CONTENTS Contents 3 Ferenc Bartis: About the author 4 Preface 6 I. Introduction 10 II Romanian Atrocities before Horea-Closca 18 III The peasant revolt of Horea-Closca-Crisan 24 IV The freedom fight of 1848-49 32 V Romanian atrocities before and after WW I 43 VI Romanian atrocities during and after WW II-1956 74 VII During and after the 1956 Revolution 109 VIII Countermeasures after 1956 118 IX Romanian atrocities after 1989 133 Epilogue 147 Bibliography 149 Notes 167 3 The accuser shows mercy As strange as it may seem, the author of this indispensable and inevitable book, dr. Arpad Kosztin, does show mercy: he does not accuse, does not point a finger but gives us a work of factual history. And this is important for this painful objectivity gives the measure of the work's credibility. Our author does not have to be introduced to our readers for everyone knows his book on the debunking of the Daco-Roman theory (entitled the Daco-Roman Legend, it was published in English in 1997 by Matthias Corvinus Publishing, in the USA and Canada); on Romania's expansion into Transylvania; as well as his numerours lively and outspoken but profound essays and articles in the daily press. -
Kharkov ’43 Was the Final Successful Operation for the Axis Forces in Russia
DESIGNER NOTES & HISTORY DOCUMENT THE CAMPAIGN Kharkov ’43 was the final successful operation for the Axis forces in Russia. It marked the end of the Stalingrad tragedy and the prelude to Kursk. It was a sweeping campaign, with large distances and low unit densities making it more akin to a desert campaign than the Eastern front. This operation was actually the Third battle of Kharkov following on the German capture of the city in September 1941 and the Soviet attempt to recapture the city in May 1942 (as simulated in Kharkov ’42). There was a Fourth battle of Kharkov in August 1943 where the Soviets liberated the city for a final time in the Polkovodets Rumyantsev offensive post Kursk. When looking at this operation it became apparent that there were three distinct phases in the battle. • The Soviet Offensive – The Star & Gallop operations, Feb 2nd to Feb 19th. • Manstein’s Backhand blow against South Western Front, Feb 20th to Mar 5th • The German recapture of Kharkov and the shattering of Voronezh Front, Mar 6th to Mar 18th It was decided to create a base campaign for each of these periods, rather than one 450 turn game. The reasoning behind this decision was the extremely fluid situation and the fact that building victory conditions for each side in a ‘mega campaign’ where the objectives changed over time was next to impossible. Further complicating this was that some units were Page 1 withdrawn and refurbished (Gross Deutschland, for example) which would be very difficult to handle in terms of game play. Once this decision was made it ensured that the individual campaigns would be playable due to their moderate length (57 – 180 turns), and allow all scenarios to be tested sufficiently. -
J^Dv^O=Colkq= Qeb=Je H=S^K`Lrsbo=`E^Mqbo=Kbtpibqqbo=
j^dv^o=colkq= qeb=je_h=s^k`lrsbo=`e^mqbo=kbtpibqqbo= griv=J=^rdrpq= OMMP= VITÉZ TARNAY BÉLA VEZÉRŐRNAGY By Péter Czink VRNT sçäìãÉ=sI=fëëìÉ=Q= I have always thought that examining and studying period artifacts is the most direct way to become intimate and familiar with the everyday minutiae of any period of history. Textbooks and lectures will of course turn the hobbyist into an expert, but the object from long ago will reveal tangible evidence to the student of history that no university professor could provide – the artifact will always betray popular misconceptions and political ignorance to the trained and critical eye. You all have met Péter Laborc through these pages, and most of you know that he and I have a busy relationship – buying, selling and trading with one another, talking on the phone for long hours while Péter patiently answers my never ending questions. Knowing that one of my main collecting interests are objects belonging to Hungarian generals, Péter recently sent me a uniform tunic that was once the property of Major General Béla v. Tarnay – he felt that this particular garment should belong in my collection. General Tarnay (shown at left) was born on December 24th, 1889 and spent most of his life as a soldier. His decorations attest to his extraordinary service and bravery, and while he retired in 1943, he was to pay dearly for his participation during the Second World War. Like so many other Hungarians (especially those of high rank), Tarnay was terrorized and humiliated after the conflict – everything, including his property was taken away from him and he was stripped of his rank and status. -
H-Diplo | ISSF Review Essay 51
H-Diplo | ISSF Review Essay 51 Alexander Watson. The Fortress: The Great Siege of Przemyśl. London: Allen Lane, 2019. ISBN: 9780241309063 (hardback, £25.00); 9780141986333 (paperback, October 2020, £10.99). Essay by Nicholas Mulder, Cornell University Published 2 April 2020 | issforum.org Editor: Diane Labrosse Production Editor: George Fujii https://issforum.org/essays/51-przemysl he centenary of World War I has been a significant stimulus to new research about that conflict. Like any historical era, the meaning and consequences of the war have been reinterpreted in light of our own twenty-first T century concerns. The perception that in recent years the world has witnessed a ‘return to geopolitics,’ ending the relative calm of the post-Cold War period, has made the tensions that produced the Great War appear freshly relevant. It has also refocused attention on the early twentieth-century roots of present-day conflicts. In this new international environment, U.S.-China rivalry begins to look similar to Anglo-German competition in the years before 1914, and the 1916 Sykes-Picot agreement and the treaties of Brest-Litovsk (1918) and Versailles (1919) seem to contain clues about contemporary conflicts in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Amidst the welter of new research, Alexander Watson’s The Fortress stands out as a singularly original study of how the war shaped East-Central Europe. Watson’s book reconstructs a forgotten chapter in the history of the war: the siege of the Galician fortress city of Przemyśl (also known as Premissel in German and Peremyshl in Ukrainian) between September 1914 and March 1915. -
Hungary at Crossroads: War, Peace, and Occupation Politics (1918-1946)
HUNGARY AT CROSSROADS: WAR, PEACE, AND OCCUPATION POLITICS (1918-1946) The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by IŞIL TİPİOĞLU In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA July 2019 ABSTRACT HUNGARY AT CROSSROADS: WAR, PEACE, AND OCCUPATION POLITICS (1918-1946) Tipioğlu, Işıl M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hakan Kırımlı July, 2019 This thesis traces the steps of the Hungarian foreign policy from 1918 to 1946, and analyzes the impact of revisionism after the Treaty of Trianon on Hungarian foreign policy decisions and calculations after the First World War. Placing the Hungarian revisionism at its center, this thesis shows the different situation Hungary had as a South European power as an ally of Germany throughout the Second World War and subsequently under the Soviet occupation. It also argues that it was the interlinked Hungarian foreign policy steps well before 1941, the official Hungarian participation in the war, which made Hungary a belligerent country. Also, based largely on the American archival documents, this study places Hungary into a retrospective framework of the immediate post-war era in Europe, where the strong adherence to Nazi Germany and the Hungarian revisionism shaped the future of the country. Key Words: European Politics, Hungary, Revisionism, the Second World War, Twentieth Century iii ÖZET YOL AYRIMINDA MACARİSTAN: SAVAŞ, BARIŞ VE İŞGAL POLİTİKALARI (1918-1946) Tipioğlu, Işıl Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Hakan Kırımlı Temmuz, 2019 Bu tez, 1918’den 1946’ya kadar olan Macar dış politikası adımlarını takip ederek Trianon Antlaşması’ndan sonra ortaya çıkan Macar revizyonizminin, Macar dış politika kararlarında ve hesaplamalarındaki etkisini analiz etmektedir. -
Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS
Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS Annotated by Andrew L. Simon Copyright © 2000 Andrew L. Simon Original manuscript copyright © 1957, Ilona Bowden Library of Congress Card Number: 00-101186 Copyright under International Copyright Union All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval devices or systems, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 0-9665734-9 Printed by Lightning Print, Inc. La Vergne , TN 37086 Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Admiral Horthy at age 75. Publication record of Horthy’s memoirs : • First Hungarian Edition: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953. • German Edition: Munich, Germany, 1953. • Spanish Edition: AHR - Barcelona, Spain, 1955. • Finnish Edition: Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1955. • Italian Edition, Corso, Rome, Italy, 1956. • U. S. Edition: Robert Speller & Sons, Publishers, New York, NY, 1957. • British Edition: Hutchinson, London, 1957. • Second Hungarian Edition: Toronto, Canada: Vörösváry Publ., 1974. • Third Hungarian Edition: Budapest, Hungary:Europa Historia, 1993. Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 5 PREFACE 9 1. Out into the World 11 2. New Appointments 33 3. Aide-de-Camp to Emperor Francis Joseph I at the Court of Vienna 1909-1914 49 4. Archduke Francis Ferdinand 69 5. Naval Warfare in the Adriatic. The Coronation of King Charles IV 79 6. The Naval Battle of Otranto 93 7. Appointment as Commander of the Fleet. The End 101 8. Revolution in Hungary: from Michael Károlyi to Béla Kun 109 9. Counter-Revolution. I am Appointed Minister of War And Commander-in-Chief 117 10. -
Hungary: the Assault on the Historical Memory of The
HUNGARY: THE ASSAULT ON THE HISTORICAL MEMORY OF THE HOLOCAUST Randolph L. Braham Memoria est thesaurus omnium rerum et custos (Memory is the treasury and guardian of all things) Cicero THE LAUNCHING OF THE CAMPAIGN The Communist Era As in many other countries in Nazi-dominated Europe, in Hungary, the assault on the historical integrity of the Holocaust began before the war had come to an end. While many thousands of Hungarian Jews still were lingering in concentration camps, those Jews liberated by the Red Army, including those of Budapest, soon were warned not to seek any advantages as a consequence of their suffering. This time the campaign was launched from the left. The Communists and their allies, who also had been persecuted by the Nazis, were engaged in a political struggle for the acquisition of state power. To acquire the support of those Christian masses who remained intoxicated with anti-Semitism, and with many of those in possession of stolen and/or “legally” allocated Jewish-owned property, leftist leaders were among the first to 1 use the method of “generalization” in their attack on the facticity and specificity of the Holocaust. Claiming that the events that had befallen the Jews were part and parcel of the catastrophe that had engulfed most Europeans during the Second World War, they called upon the survivors to give up any particularist claims and participate instead in the building of a new “egalitarian” society. As early as late March 1945, József Darvas, the noted populist writer and leader of the National Peasant -
Notes: Battle of Stalingrad
Turning Points The German Offensive in the East in 1942 and Stalingrad Summer 1942 Hitler is to launch a new offensive Will be codenamed Case Blue Three Phase Campaign Encircle Soviet troops at the Don River Dash southward along the Volga toward Stalingrad Drive deep into the Soviet Union in the South to the Caucuses oil fields 1 The Red Army Acts Stalin believed that Hitler would continue to move on Moscow. REMEMBER Winter of 1941 was worst in Russia in 140 years. May 12, 1942 General Timoshenko launches counteroffensive at Kharkov. Initial success, but ultimately a failure. Germany Takes the Offensive Initial success is almost a replay of Barbarossa a year before. The Germans assumed this offensive would win the war. In 8 days, the Fourth German Panzer division drove 100 miles to reach the Don River. The Red Army retreats to the city of Stalingrad. The Southern Offensive Hitler sends most of his troops southward without securing the city of Stalingrad. He leaves that task to the German Sixth Army under General Paulus and the German Luftwaffe . The German 1 st Panzer Army dashes to the South toward the oilfields. 2 The Southern Offensive (cont.) August 9, 1943 German Army reaches the Maykop Oil Fields Hitler Splits forces st 1st Group Heads for Grozny oil fields nd 2nd Group Heads the coast of the black sea Too many objectives The Offensive Stalls Problems include: Stretches in supply limits Shortages of fuel Difficult terrain Tough resistance from locals Hitler begins to fire Generals (including Halder) Battle of Stalingrad Strategic Importance It is the hinge of the offensive for Germany Air Raids Fires are seen from miles away! City Warfare Early November Germans control 9/10 of the city Miserable conditions 3 Soviet Counter Offensive November 19, 1943 Led by Georgi Zhukov “Verdun of the Volga” Zhukov masses troops on the northeast and southeast of Stalingrad (Romanian troops) Paulus is encircled and trapped. -
Hungarian Nationalist Narratives and Public Memory of Francis Joseph
Bridge Over Troubled Waters: Hungarian Nationalist Narratives and Public Memory of Francis Joseph Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Thomas Andrew Szigeti, B.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2015 Thesis Committee: Steven Conn, Advisor David Hoffman Jessie Labov Copyright by Thomas Andrew Szigeti 2015 Abstract This thesis explores nationalist narratives and public memory of Francis Joseph and the Habsburg era in Hungary. In this work, Budapest’s Liberty Bridge serves as a lens and reference point of sorts in my examination of nationalist historical narratives and public memory of Francis Joseph and the era of the Dual Monarchy in Hungary. In particular, this paper will trace the way in which ruling governments have attempted to impose their own versions of history onto the public spaces of Budapest and into the minds of their citizens. Beginning with the years following the 1848 revolution, this thesis looks at changes in the memory of Francis Joseph during the Dual Monarchy, the Horthy era, and the Socialist era, ending with a discussion of Francis Joseph in modern Hungarian society. In Budapest, the reason that the Liberty Bridge never regained its pre-Socialist era name is due to a lack of popular positive memory of Francis Joseph, in contrast to several other important Hungarian historical figures. In the contested field of Hungarian national narrative the memory of Francis Joseph never truly found its place; for while he did gain a significant degree of popularity in the later decades of his reign, Hungary’s longest-ruling monarch never gained a place in the country’s imagination. -
Living Rules Nov 2010
The Caucasus Campaign 1942 — Living Rules Nov 2010 JULY–NOVEMBER, 1942 Living Rules — November 2010 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S 1. Introduction. 2 14. Supply. 13 2. Contents. 2 15. Special Units. 14 3. Sequence of Play Outline. 4 16. Air and Naval Support. 15 4. The Initial Phase . 4 17. Replacements. 16 5. Stacking. 6 18. Special Rules. 16 6. Zones of Control. 6 19. How to Win. 17 7. Movement. 6 20. The Campaign Game. 17 8. Combat. 8 21. The Tournament Scenario. 17 9. Combat Modifiers . 9 Extended Example of Play. 18 10. Combat Results. 10 Hints on Play. 22 11. Retreats . 11 Historical Summary . 22 12. Advance After Combat . 12 Designer’s Notes and Credits. 23 13. Mobile Assaults. 12 Index. 24 © 2009 GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www.GMTGames.com © 2009 GMT Games, LLC The Caucasus Campaign 1942 — Living Rules Nov 2010 . INTRODUCTION . How to Read the Units The Caucasus Campaign is a game covering the Axis invasion of Attack Strength: is the strength the unit contributes when attacking. the Caucasus during the year 1942. The game starts after the capture A number in a yellow box means the unit provides an Armor Shift of Rostov and ends in the middle of November when the Soviet in both attack and defense. Superscript number is used for Mountain Offensive to the north, at Stalingrad, starts. One player controls the and Forest combat. Axis forces, the other the Soviet forces. Defense Strength: is the strength the unit contributes when defend- Scale: One hex = 18 miles (29 kilometers).