Mary, Star of Hope: Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary in the United States from 1854 to 2010, As Seen Through the Lens of Roman Catholic Marian Congregational Song
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Boston University OpenBU http://open.bu.edu Theses & Dissertations STH Theses and Dissertations 2012-05-07 Mary, Star of Hope: Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary in the United States from 1854 to 2010, as Seen through the Lens of Roman Catholic Marian Congregational Song https://hdl.handle.net/2144/3736 Boston University BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY Dissertation MARY, STAR OF HOPE: DEVOTION TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1854 TO 2010, AS SEEN THROUGH THE LENS OF ROMAN CATHOLIC MARIAN CONGREGATIONAL SONG By Stephanie A. Budwey (B.A. Wellesley College, 2002; M.S.M. Boston University, 2004) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology 2012 Copyright © 2012 Stephanie A. Budwey All rights reserved CONTENTS ABSTRACT . viii Chapter I. O HIGHER THAN THE CHERUBIM, MORE GLORIOUS THAN THE SERAPHIM . 1 Introduction and Statement of the Problem Definitions Significance of the Problem Method of Investigation Sources of the Study and Limitations Overview of the Following Chapters II. WE FLY TO YOUR PATRONAGE, O HOLY MOTHER OF GOD . 27 Introduction Devotion to Mary before the Council of Ephesus The Council of Ephesus up to the Millennium Medieval Marian Devotions, Music, and Liturgy from the Millennium up to Trent The Reformation, the Council of Trent, and Beyond III. NO GRACE COMES TO US EXCEPT THROUGH MARY . 112 Introduction Mary’s Immaculate Conception Marian Apparitions Worldwide Roman Catholic Developments Roman Catholic Developments in the United States Musical Developments IV. THE MADONNA IS NOT PLEASED WHEN SHE IS PUT ABOVE HER SON . 191 Introduction Vatican II and Mary Worldwide Roman Catholic Developments Roman Catholic Developments in the United States Musical Developments iii V. WHATEVER HAPPENED TO MARY? . 258 Introduction Method of Investigation Definitions Quantitative Analysis Most Commonly Found Marian Congregational Songs Research Questions VI. COME, JOIN IN MARY’S PROPHET-SONG . 293 Introduction The Maiden Mary, Not so Mild Sing We a Song of High Revolt And the World is About to Turn! APPENDIXES . 319 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 327 iv FIGURES 1 Percentage of Marian congregational songs in each hymnal. 265 2 Percentage of Marian congregational songs in Latin in each hymnal. 266 3 Percentage of Marian congregational songs in Latin/English in each hymnal. 267 4 Percentage of Marian congregational songs in English in each hymnal. 268 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first want to thank Dr. Sharon Elkins who introduced me to the study of Mary during my time at Wellesley College, which was further enriched by my study of Mariology with Dr. Margaret Guider during the first semester of coursework of my doctorate. It was the final presentation for Dr. Guider’s class that began the work of my dissertation. Special thanks to Peter Scagnelli and Chris Grady who helped me to crystallize the idea of the dissertation over dinner at La Cantina. I also want to thank all the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Karen Westerfield Tucker, Dr. Andrew Shenton, Dr. Carl P. Daw, Jr., Dr. Phillis Sheppard, and Dr. Francine Cardman. I especially want to thank Dr. Westerfield Tucker and Dr. Daw for all of their helpful revisions and for their support and encouragement throughout this entire process; I cannot thank you enough. I am most grateful for all that Dr. Westerfield Tucker, Dr. Shenton, and Dr. Daw have done to guide me not only through my dissertation, but also through the beginnings of my academic career. Thanks to those who helped to shape this work along the way, offering helpful feedback. I would like to particularly thank the music seminar of the North American Academy of Liturgy who heard a presentation on the early results of this study in January 2011. I would also like to thank the Hymn Society in the United States and Canada, who gave me the opportunity to present my work in various stages at their Research-in-Progress Posters Session in July 2010 and the Emerging Scholar Forum in July 2011. Special thanks to Tina Schneider and Dr. Robin Knowles Wallace for their helpful feedback and continued support. vi I am most grateful to the library staffs at both Boston University and Boston College for all of their help in my quest to obtain so many hymnals. I would especially like to thank Justine Sundaram at the John J. Burns Library at Boston College. Her help was invaluable in having the opportunity to survey some of the rare hymnals in the Liturgy and Life Collection. To all my friends and family, who are too numerous to name: thank you from the bottom of my heart for all of your support throughout this process. Thank you to the staff at Holy Name Parish and to my church family at St. Peter’s, especially to the choir who held me up when I needed it. Thank you to the faculty, staff, and students at Boston University School of Theology, particularly to Anastasia Kidd, Ryan Danker, and Dean Mary Elizabeth Moore and the teaching team and students in Practices of Faith. Thank you to my family-to-be, particularly Jane Richardson, whose help as an editor was invaluable. Thank you to my mother, Rita, my father, Michael, my brother, Mike, and my grandmother, Effie. I cannot begin to thank you enough for all of your love and support, and for all the prayers, novenas, and rosaries. And to my partner, Hannah, and our two cats, Sapphire and Sonia: I could not have done this without you. You have been there for me through thick and thin, and words cannot even begin to express my gratitude and love for you. I am so blessed and thankful to have you in my life. Finally, this work is dedicated to my grandfather, Alvin VanDenberg, who passed away during my final semester of coursework. During those last few months of his life he kept telling me when I finished my doctorate, I’d have it made. Well Pa, I've finally made it. And I couldn't have made it through these past five years without you watching over me. I love you and I miss you. vii MARY, STAR OF HOPE: DEVOTION TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1854 TO 2010, AS SEEN THROUGH THE LENS OF ROMAN CATHOLIC MARIAN CONGREGATIONAL SONG (Order No. ) Stephanie A. Budwey Doctor of Theology Boston University School of Theology, 2012 Major Professor: Dr. Karen B. Westerfield Tucker, Professor of Worship ABSTRACT This project analyzes Marian congregational song in the Roman Catholic Church in the United States from 1854 to 2010, focusing not only on the texts and music, but also on the contexts out of which these songs came. Marian devotion before 1854 is explored, in addition to pertinent developments in the Roman Catholic Church, as well as cultural developments that affected Marian congregational song from 1854 to 2010. Although many Marian congregational songs have been dismissed by academics as lacking sound theological content, they have been an important part of Roman Catholic spirituality in the United States. Through the analysis of these songs, this study develops a broader understanding of how Marian congregational song developed, persisted, and changed as a mediator of Marian devotion. During this survey of 120 Roman Catholic hymnals printed in the United States from 1854 to 2010 (sixty hymnals from 1854 to 1963, and sixty from 1964 to 2010), data was viii collected that allowed for the calculation of the percentage of Marian congregational songs in each hymnal and the percentage of Marian congregational songs in Latin, Latin and English, and English in each hymnal. A list of the thirty most frequently found Marian congregational songs was also compiled. Reasons for the decline found in Marian congregational songs after Vatican II are explored. There is also an investigation into the use of Latin and English before and after Vatican II, the number of Marian congregational songs based on musical styles before and after Vatican II, and the influence of Pope John Paul II’s papacy (1978–2005) on Marian congregational song. Looking through the lens of the Magnificat, suggestions are offered as to how Marian congregational song can be reinvigorated and reinvented to speak to the post-Vatican II, twenty- first-century Roman Catholic Church as well as other Christian denominations. A few current texts are held up as examples of excellent Marian congregational songs. Finally, proposals are made as to what qualities might be included in the texts of Marian congregational songs in the future. ix CHAPTER ONE “O HIGHER THAN THE CHERUBIM, MORE GLORIOUS THAN THE SERAPHIM”1 Introduction and Statement of the Problem With a hymn composed in the eighth or ninth century, thus for over a thousand years, the Church has greeted Mary, the Mother of God, as “Star of the Sea”: Ave maris stella. Human life is a journey. Towards what destination? How do we find the way? Life is like a voyage on the sea of history, often dark and stormy, a voyage in which we watch for the stars that indicate the route. The true stars of our life are the people who have lived good lives. They are lights of hope. Certainly, Jesus Christ is the true light, the sun that has risen above all the shadows of history. But to reach him we also need lights close by—people who shine with his light and so guide us along our way. Who more than Mary could be a star of hope for us?2 —Pope Benedict XVI, Spe Salvi Throughout the history of Christianity, Mary has been a beacon of hope to many who look to her for help during difficult times, from a man dying of AIDS praying to her for a cure in Lourdes3 to Christians in Algeria living under her gaze while working to live in peace with their Muslim sisters and brothers.4 The notion of Mary serving as “a star of hope” and guiding us on the “often 1 From the second stanza of #707, “Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones,” in Robert J.