DOCSLIB.ORG

Staff of Douglas Aircraft Company

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Staff of Douglas Aircraft Company NASA CR 3704 NASA Contractor Report 3 704 C.1 DC- 10 Winglet Flight Evaluation StaffofDouglas Aircraft Company CONTRACT NAS I-1 5 3 2 7 JUNE 1983 25th Anniversary 1958-1983 TECH LIERARY KAFB, NM IlnllIlllInlIIl~llIIl~~Illlllll OOb233i’ NASA Contractor Report 3 704 DC- 10 Winglet Flight Evaluation StaffofDouglas Aircraft Company McDonnell Douglas Corporation Long Beach, California Prepared for Langley Research Center under Contract NAS 1 - 15 3 2 7 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1983 FilREWORD This document is the final report of the DC-10 Winglet Flight Evaluation, which was con- ducted as one task of Contract NASl-15327 under the NASA Energy Efficient Transport (EET) project. The evaluation program also contained Douglas-sponsored work. The NASA Technical Monitor for this contract was Mr. T. G. Gainer of Langley Research Center. The on-site NASA representative was Mr. J. R. Tulinius. Acknowledgment is also given to the Director and staff of the Dryden Flight Test Center for their assistance during the program. The work was conducted by Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, at its facilities at Long Beach and Yuma, and at Edwards Air Force Base. The key personnel were: M. Klotzsche Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) Program Manager A. B. Taylor EET Project Manager P. T. Sumida Task Manager (also Detail Design subtask) W. H. Perks Manufacturing subtask W. B. Jones Aircraft Preparation subtask C. H. Fritz Laboratory Test subtask V. A. Clare Flight Test subtask D. J. Thomas Loads Measurement Program J. T. Callaghan Aerodynamics J. E. Donelson Aerodynamics The principal authors of this report were: J. R. Agar E. G. Salamacha J. T. Callaghan C. A. Shollenberger J. E. Donelson P. T. Sumida C. A. Felton A. B. Taylor F. S. Heiberger D. J. Thomas J. W. Humphreys . III SUMMARY This report presents the results of a flight evaluation of winglets on a DC-10 Series 10 transport aircraft. The objectives of the program were to determine the effects of winglets on aerodynamic performance and flying qualities by back-to-back tests with and without winglets, to determine flutter-related data, and to determine the effect of winglets on flight loads. The program consisted of detail design, winglet manufacture, aircraft preparation (includ- ing modification of the wing structure and installation of the winglets), and ground and flight testing. The basic winglet configuration used initially in the tests was directly related to the designs developed by Dr. R. T. Whitcomb of NASA Langley. These had a large upper winglet with a small lower winglet. A truncated version of the upper winglet was also tested to evaluate the effect of reducing the span. During the initial flight tests of the basic winglet, low-speed buffet was encountered. To resolve this problem, a number of configurations were developed and tested, several of which achieved acceptable low-speed buffet characteristics. The greatest low-speed-drag reduction was achieved using leading edge devices on the upper and lower winglets. Lower winglets were required for maximum drag reduction in both cruise and low-speed flight regimes. The addition of outboard aileron droop to the reduced-span winglet configuration enhanced the cruise benefit of winglets. It was found during the flight tests that winglets had no significant impact on stall speeds, high-speed buffet boundaries, or stability and control characteristics. The flutter tests did not reveal any unforeseen behavior, as the test results agreed with the analytical predictions and ground vibration data. Data from the loads measurement program, which were provided for a concurrent Douglas task, were also in agreement with predictions. It was estimated from the test results that the application of the reduced-span winglet and aileron droop to a production version of the current DC-10 Series 10 aircraft would yield a 3-percent reduction in fuel burned at the range for capacity loads of passengers and baggage, a 2-percent greater range at this payload, and a 5-percent reduction in takeoff distance at maxi- mum takeoff weight. V CONTENTS Section Page INTRODUCTION . 1 SYMBOLS . 7 PROGRAMSUMMARY . 15 WINGLET INSTALLATION DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ........................... 17 Winglet Configuration ..................................................... 17 Structural Design Criteria .................................................. 21 PredictionofFlightLoads .................................................. 23 Structural Description ..................................................... 24 StressAnalysis ........................................................... 27 FlutterAnalysis .......................................................... 27 WINGLETMANUFACTURE . 31 AIRCRAFT PREPARATION AND WINGLET INSTALLATION . 37 FLIGHTPROGRAM ........................................................... 39 TestApproach ............................................................ 39 TestConditions ........................................................... 39 Aerodynamics ........................................................ 39 Structural and Aerodynamic Damping (Flutter1 ........................... 43 LoadsMeasurement ................................................... 44 Flight Instrumentation ..................................................... 46 Aerodynamics Data ................................................... 46 Flutter .............................................................. 47 Loads ............................................................... 47 FlightDataSystem ........................................................ 48 Preflight Ground Testing ................................................... 48 Ground Vibration Test (GVT) ........................................... 48 Strain Gauge Calibration Tests ......................................... 49 FlightTestProgram ....................................................... 49 RESULTSANDDISCUSSION .................................................. 53 BaselinePhase ............................................................ 53 FlightTestProgram .................................................. 53 Aerodynamics ........................................................ 53 LoadsMeasurement ................................................... 53 BasicWingletPhase ....................................................... 53 GroundVibrationTest ................................................. 53 FlightTestProgram .................................................. 54 Flutter .............................................................. 64 Low-SpeedBuffet ..................................................... 65 Low-Speed Drag ...................................................... 75 Stall Speeds and Characteristics ........................................ 76 CruisePerformance ................................................... 77 vii CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page Cruise Buffet ......................................................... 89 Longitudinal Static Stability ............................................ 90 Longitudina! Maneuvering Stability ..................................... 92 Longitudinal Trim Characteristics ....................................... 92 Static Directional Stability ............................................. 92 Dynamic Lateral Stability (Dutch Roll) .................................. 94 LoadsMeasurement ................................................... 94 Reduced-Span Winglet Phase ............................................... 95 FlightTestProgram .................................................. 95 Low-SpeedBuffet ..................................................... 99 Low-SpeedDrag ...................................................... 102 CruisePerformance ................................................... 103 IMPACT OF FLIGHT EVALUATION RESULTS ON OPERATIONALPERFORMANCE .............................................. 109 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................... 115 REFERENCES ............................................................... 117 APPENDIX A, FLIGHT TEST MEASUREMENT INDEX ......................... 119 APPENDIX B, PRESSURE ORIFICE LOCATIONS ............................... 141 . VIII I ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page Winglet Model Under Development in NASA Langley 8-Foot Wind Tunnel ... 2 Key Events in the DC-10 Winglet Development Program ................... 3 Task Relationships in the DC-10 Winglet Development Program ............ 3 Test Aircraft with Basic Winglet ........................................ 4 ;a 5 Test Aircraft with Reduced-Span Winglet ................................ 5 6 Flow of Tasks ........................................................ 15 7 Flight Evaluation Program Schedule .................................... 16 8 Winglet Geometry Variations from Wind Tunnel Model .................... 17 9 Winglet Rigging to Account for Elastic Deflections ........................ 18 10 Principal Winglet Configurations from Application Studies ................. 19 11 Planned Winglet Geometry ............................................. 20 12 ContingencyConfigurations ............................................ 20 13 EnvelopeLimitations .................................................. 22 14 ManeuveringEnvelope ................................................ 22 15 Alternatives for Selection of Winglet Design Loads ........................ 23 16 Typical Estimated Spanwise Wing Lift Distribution ....................... 24 17 Winglet Installation Components
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aircraft Collection
    A, AIR & SPA ID SE CE MU REP SEU INT M AIRCRAFT COLLECTION From the Avenger torpedo bomber, a stalwart from Intrepid’s World War II service, to the A-12, the spy plane from the Cold War, this collection reflects some of the GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS IN MILITARY AVIATION. Photo: Liam Marshall TABLE OF CONTENTS Bombers / Attack Fighters Multirole Helicopters Reconnaissance / Surveillance Trainers OV-101 Enterprise Concorde Aircraft Restoration Hangar Photo: Liam Marshall BOMBERS/ATTACK The basic mission of the aircraft carrier is to project the U.S. Navy’s military strength far beyond our shores. These warships are primarily deployed to deter aggression and protect American strategic interests. Should deterrence fail, the carrier’s bombers and attack aircraft engage in vital operations to support other forces. The collection includes the 1940-designed Grumman TBM Avenger of World War II. Also on display is the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, a true workhorse of the 1950s and ‘60s, as well as the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and Grumman A-6 Intruder, stalwarts of the Vietnam War. Photo: Collection of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum GRUMMAN / EASTERNGRUMMAN AIRCRAFT AVENGER TBM-3E GRUMMAN/EASTERN AIRCRAFT TBM-3E AVENGER TORPEDO BOMBER First flown in 1941 and introduced operationally in June 1942, the Avenger became the U.S. Navy’s standard torpedo bomber throughout World War II, with more than 9,836 constructed. Originally built as the TBF by Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, they were affectionately nicknamed “Turkeys” for their somewhat ungainly appearance. Bomber Torpedo In 1943 Grumman was tasked to build the F6F Hellcat fighter for the Navy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Daedalean
    The Daedalean Provincetown Boston Airlines at Provincetown Semper Discens Monthly Aerospace Education Newsletter of the Connecticut Wing of the Civil Air Patrol Stephen M. Rocketto, Capt., CAP Director of Aerospace Education CTWG Missionair DC-3 flew humanitarian relief flights [email protected] for Florida based charity. Volume III, Number 12 December 2010 Some would say that 32 years later was an event that was close to the first flight in significance for on December 17, 1935 the Douglas Aircraft Company first flew the iconic transport aircraft, ATTENTION AEOS the DC-3. ANNUAL REPORTS DUE When production lines shut down in 1945 16,079 The annual Squadron reports are due by 15 DC-3 had been built, 10,655 in various plants in January, 2011. An email version of this report the United States and, under license to Russia and has been sent with this newsletter. For your Japan: 4937 Lisunov Li-2 and 487 Showa L2D convenience, this form may be filled out Transports. The oldest surviving DC-3, N133D, directly and emailed back to the DAE, was the sixth Douglas Sleeper Transport, built in [email protected]. All an AEO needs 1935, and belongs to Georgia's Academy Airlines. to do is look up some facts, enter them on the Approximately 300 remain airworthy today. form, and hit "reply." DC-3 75th ANNIVERSARY A TRIBUTE Federal Aviation Agency Airways Check Aircraft The DC-3’s variants are commonly known as the Varig DC-3, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil C-47, R4D, C-53, C-117, or Dakota. The last is the British Commonwealth name-a clever acronym December 17 is a signal day in aviation history.
    [Show full text]
  • CO2 Incapacitation, Douglas DC-8-51, 1998-04-29
    CO2 incapacitation, Douglas DC-8-51, 1998-04-29 Micro-summary: The crew of this Douglas DC-8-51 reported side effects from CO2 inhalation, prompting a return to parking. Event Date: 1998-04-29 at 2100 CDT Investigative Body: National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), USA Investigative Body's Web Site: http://www.ntsb.gov/ Cautions: 1. Accident reports can be and sometimes are revised. Be sure to consult the investigative agency for the latest version before basing anything significant on content (e.g., thesis, research, etc). 2. Readers are advised that each report is a glimpse of events at specific points in time. While broad themes permeate the causal events leading up to crashes, and we can learn from those, the specific regulatory and technological environments can and do change. Your company's flight operations manual is the final authority as to the safe operation of your aircraft! 3. Reports may or may not represent reality. Many many non-scientific factors go into an investigation, including the magnitude of the event, the experience of the investigator, the political climate, relationship with the regulatory authority, technological and recovery capabilities, etc. It is recommended that the reader review all reports analytically. Even a "bad" report can be a very useful launching point for learning. 4. Contact us before reproducing or redistributing a report from this anthology. Individual countries have very differing views on copyright! We can advise you on the steps to follow. Aircraft Accident Reports on DVD, Copyright ©
    [Show full text]
  • PRIWES SUBJECT to CHANGE Reproduced by NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE US Department of Springfield, VA
    NASA CR-114677 A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE APPLICABILITY OF NOISE ABATEMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES TO MCDONNELL DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT N by Ou, w John A. Painter and James H. Shannon Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of information exchange. Responsibility for the contents a r, r resides in the author or organization that prepared it. H ,E r4i O E-4 -r December 1973 oo 0 E- On FINAL REPORT U ] E040Hu SPrepared under Contract No. NAS2-7586 by co 0 . S-U0 DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY P~ E4 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS CORPORATION U4U 04 Long Beach, California 90801 SC4om 0 Se~,0for Ames Research Center NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PRIWES SUBJECT TO CHANGE Reproduced by NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE US Department of Springfield, VA. Commerce22151 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA CR-114677 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date A study to determine the applicability of noise abatement December 1973 approach procedures to McDonnell Douglas Aircraft. 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. John A. Painter and James H. Shannon MDC J6220 10. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Douglas Aircraft Company McDonnell Douglas Corporation 11. Contract or Grant No. Long Beach, California 90846 NAS 2-7586 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Contractor Report National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center 14.Sponsoring Agency Code Moffett Field, California 94035 15. Supplementary Notes Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of information exchange.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspective
    HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE / BOEING FRONTIERS BOEING FRONTIERS / HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Good ideas heeded How an open culture helped the DC-1 capture 90 percent of the world’s airplane market By Tim Sele his year marks the 75th anniversary of the first flight of Douglas Aircraft Company’s DC-1, and with it, a turning Tpoint in commercial passenger aerospace. In 1930, the skies were dominated by the Boeing Model 80, the Ford Trimotor, the Fokker F10A Trimotor and the Curtiss Condor. In March 1931, a Fokker F10A accident took the life of famed U.S. college football coach Knute Rockne. That incident prompted the U.S. Bureau of Air Commerce to put harsh restrictions on wood- framed airplanes, essentially eliminating them from service. In February 1933, Boeing’s revolutionary all-metal Model 247 took to the skies, followed in July by the DC-1. By 1938, only five Douglas was so captivated by the technical challenges that he years after the first flight of the DC-1, its production version (the didn’t put the letter down until 2 a.m. DC-2) and its first variant (the DC-3) carried 95 percent of all com- The next morning, Douglas gathered his team together to dis- mercial airline traffic in the U.S. By 1939, the DC-2 and DC-3 car- cuss the project. “Anytime any of you have suggestions, don’t ried 90 percent of airline traffic in the world. keep them on ice, or let them burn you up,” he said. “Tell me That success raises the question: In a market crowded with about them in your own words.
    [Show full text]
  • SKYHAWK Mcdonnell Douglas A4
    McDonnell Douglas A4 SKYHAWK Parkjet BETA Construction Guide By Craig Clarkstone © 2014 Craig Clarkstone. All rights reseved SkyHawk History Designers Notes The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk is a single seat subsonic carrier-capable attack This iconic aircraft is a favourite of many pilots and aircraft developed for the United States Navy and Marine Corps in the early enthusiasts alike. I designed it after a fellow RC pilot ‘Red 1950s. The delta winged, single turbojet engined Skyhawk was designed and produced by Douglas Aircraft Company, and later by McDonnell Douglas. Comet’ told me it was his favourite aircraft, and couldn’t find plans he liked. So I took up the challenge. The Skyhawk is a relatively lightweight aircraft and has a top speed of more than 670 miles per hour (1,080 km/h) and support a variety of missiles, bombs This design has been designed from the outset to have the and other munitions. It was capable of carrying a bomb load equivalent to that option of either 70mm EDF or Pusher prop powered. the of a World War II-era Boeing B-17 bomber rear fuselage is a little wider than the original aircraft for the purposes of ducting the EDF outlet. Skyhawks played key roles in the Vietnam War, the Yom Kippur War, and the Falklands War. Sixty years after the aircraft's first flight, some of the nearly 3,000 produced remain in service with several air arms around the world, If you enjoy this design please help me to fund my next project including from the Brazilian Navy's aircraft carrier, São Paulo.
    [Show full text]
  • 03/18/89 Evergreen International Airlines
    NextPage LivePublish Page 1 of 1 03/18/89 Evergreen International Airlines http://hfskyway.faa.gov/NTSB/lpext.dll/NTSB/1005?f=templates&fn=document-frame.... 2/6/2005 NextPage LivePublish Page 1 of 1 Official Accident Report Index Page Report Number NTSB/AAR-90/02 Access Number PB90-910402 Report Title Evergreen International Airlines, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33F, N931F, Saginaw, Texas, March 18, 1989 Report Date April 23, 1990 Organization Name National Transportation Safety Board Office of Aviation Safety Washington, D.C. 20594 WUN 5094A Sponsor Name NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD Washington, D.C. 20594 Report Type Aircraft Accident Report March 18, 1989 Distribution Status This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 Report Class UNCLASSIFIED Pg Class UNCLASSIFIED Pages 85 Abstract This report explains the crash of an Evergreen International Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-09-33F, N931F, in Saginaw, Texas, on March 18, 1989. The safety issues discussed in the report include the cargo door closing procedures on DC-9 airplanes; the external cargo door markings on DC-9 airplanes; the door warning switch electrical wiring on DC-9 airplanes; and the actions of the carrier and the Federal Aviation Administration concerning these issues preceding the accident. Recommendations addressing these issues were made to the Federal Aviation Administration. http://hfskyway.faa.gov/NTSB/lpext.dll/NTSB/1005/1006?f=templates&fn=document-fr... 2/6/2005 NextPage LivePublish Page 1 of 2 Facts of the Accident Accident NTSB ID 90-02 Airline Evergreen International Airlines Model aircraft DC-9-33F, N931F Year shipped 1968 Aircraft manufacturer McDonnell Douglas Engine manuafacturer Pratt & Whitney Date 03/18/89 Time 0215 Location Saginaw, Texas Country USA IFR or VFR? IFR Fatalities 2 Fire during flight? N Fire on the ground? Y Probable cause Loss of control of the airplane for undetermined reasons following the inflight opening of the improperly latched cargo door.
    [Show full text]
  • Just Flight Douglas C-47
    Pilot’s notes Expansion for Microsoft Flight Simulator X Steam Edition DC-3™ -Legends of flight- 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3 INSTALLATION .................................................................................................... 5 AIRCRAFT IN THIS SIMULATION ....................................................................... 6 DOUGLAS DC-3™ ............................................................................................ 6 AC-47 GUNSHIP ............................................................................................. 17 COCKPIT GUIDE ................................................................................................ 27 FLYING THE DC-3/C-47 ..................................................................................... 43 GLIDER OPERATIONS ...................................................................................... 53 Flying the Waco CG-4A Glider ........................................................................ 56 C-47 glider tug ................................................................................................. 66 CREDITS ............................................................................................................ 71 COPYRIGHT ...................................................................................................... 71 SOFTWARE PIRACY ......................................................................................... 72 DC-3™
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Douglas A-4 Skyhawk Produced by Virtavia the Douglas
    Review of Douglas A-4 Skyhawk Produced by Virtavia The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk is a single seated, one engine ground attack, fighter and adversary aircraft built by Douglas Aircraft Company (later McDonnell Douglas). Designed for the US Navy with capability to land and take-off on carriers, and with the possibility to deliver nuclear weapons on enemy targets. It was the replacement of the Douglas AD (A-1) Skyraider. The original A-4 flew its first flight back in 1954 and started service in 1956. The Skyhawks played key roles in wars as the Vietnam War, the Yom Kippur War and the Falklands War, and now after more than 50 years, the aircraft is still in active service of non-US users but has been retired from the US Navy since 2003. Specs: Produced by Douglas Aircraft Company First Flight 1954 (org. A-4) Introduction 1956 (org. A-4) Role Ground-Attack, Fighter & Aggressor Status US Navy Retired Primary Users US Navy Built +2,900 Unit Cost US$ 860,000 (first 500) I received this add-on aircraft directly from Virtavia and after the download had completed I started the installation process which is very user friendly. All that needs to be done is to activate the installation wizard and that will take care of the rest. The installation did not take more than half a minute or so, and when completed I opened up my FSX folders to verify that the installation process had completed successfully. Of course it had and I found the A-4 files perfectly placed in my FSX SimObjects Aircraft library.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download
    May 2006 Volume V, Issue I www.boeing.com/frontiers THANKS A MILLION A recent U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III mission put the fleet of airlifters at 1 million hours of flight. Here’s a look at this milestone mission—and at what this achievement means to the people on the C-17 program. QUIET COMMITMENT18 IN IT TOGETHER 26 IN OUR AREAS 30 Life in a classified program Building supplier relationships How ECF support helps Download music up high. K Y M C ` 106886_1 FCB Job Job : : Cust It’s easy with Connexion by Boeing. The world’s first in-flight, real-time, high-speed Internet service. You can access it from any seat on the plane. § Then, download your favorite tunes. Exchange e-mails. Or just sit back and surf the net. Sign up now at http://www.connexionbyboeing.com/signup JOB NUMBER: BOEG-CONX-M2174 CLIENT: Boeing PRODUCT: Connexion DIVISION: None Date: 4/13/06 2:23 PM Colors: Process Cyan, Process Magenta, PDM: Scott Simpson/V. Walsh File Name: m2174_R0_Tune_Frntr.indd Process Yellow, Process Black Editor: Pat Owens Media: ADV Mag Fonts: Myriad Pro (Semibold, Regular, Bold; Open- QC: Justin O’Brien Color Sp: 4C FRONTIERS Type) Images: cnx_music_822_r2.eps, cnx_music_822_r2b. Print Producer: Ami Walters Scale: 1=1 eps, CbB_mark_R_primary_rev.eps Traffi c Supervisor: Marie Reyes Bleed: 8.875 in x 11.25 in Headline: Arrow Art Director: Chris Tag Trim: 8.375 in x 10.75 in Notes: Bill to m2171 Copywriter: Guy Bommarito Safety: 7.375 in x 9.875 in ECD/GCD: Guy Bommarito Gutter: None Folds: None, None Account Exec: Daina Gjemre Output%: 100% Client: Boeing Art Buyer: Cameo Amato Legal: None Designer: Anne Perry Design Director: Wayne Carey Retoucher: Karyn Bieneman Vendor: Schawk MAY 2006 Volume V, Issue I ON THE COVER: C-17 Globemaster III Photo by Kevin Flynn O T GINA VANATTER PHO GINA VANATTER COVER STORY HOUR RECORD 12 The fleet of C-17 Globemaster III military airlifters recently reached 1 million hours of flight.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifth Air Force Light and Medium Bombers As the Main Striking Force Was Conducted in the Port Moresby Harbor
    Disclaimer The views in this paper are entirely those of the author expressed under Air University principles of academic freedom and do not reflect official views of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies, Air University, the U.S. Air Force, or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Regulation 110-8, it is not copyrighted, but is the property of the United States Government ABSTRACT When Generals George C. Kenney and Ennis C. Whitehead became the two senior commanders of the US Fifth Air Force in July 1942 their work was cut out for them. The previous January, the Japanese secured the port of Rabaul in eastern New Britain. They immediately began the drive down the east coast of New Guinea with the objective of driving the Allies from Port Moresby. For the next year and a half, in some the harshest climate of World War II, the Fifth Air Force helped to reverse the tide and drive the Japanese from eastern New Guinea. This was accomplished despite the Europe-first policy and an inappropriate doctrine based on high altitude, daylight, precision bombing. Kenney and Whitehead's first task was to modify existing aircraft and develop a suitable doctrine to interdict Japanese shipping between New Britain and New Guinea. In order to suppress ship-borne antiaircraft artillery, forward-firing machine guns were mounted in the nose of Douglas A-20 light bombers and North American B-25 medium bombers. Low altitude skip- bombing tactics were borrowed from the British and perfected by constant practice and refinement. By February 1943, Allied intelligence, greatly aided by ULTRA intercepts, predicted the movement of a Japanese convoy destined for New Guinea.
    [Show full text]
  • DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY LONG BEACH PLANT, HAER CA-315-T PEDESTRIAN TUNNELS CA-315-T 3855 Lakewood Boulevard Long Beach Los Angeles County California
    DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY LONG BEACH PLANT, HAER CA-315-T PEDESTRIAN TUNNELS CA-315-T 3855 Lakewood Boulevard Long Beach Los Angeles County California PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD PACIFIC GREAT BASIN SUPPORT OFFICE National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 600 Harrison Street San Francisco, CA 94103 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY LONG BEACH PLANT, PEDESTRIAN TUNNELS HAER No. CA-315-T Location: 3855 North Lakewood Boulevard, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, California. Long Beach, California 7.5-minute USGS Quadrangle, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinates: North Tunnel: Zone 11, Easting 394324, Northing 3743794 Mid Tunnel: Zone 11, Easting 394317, Northing 3743575 South Tunnel: Zone 11, Easting 394315, Northing 3743209 Present Owner: McDonnell Douglas Corporation, a Maryland corporation c/o Boeing Realty Corporation 15480 Laguna Canyon Road, #200 Irvine, California 92618 Original Use: The tunnels were used by the employees of Douglas Aircraft Company as a means of crossing Lakewood Boulevard safely. Present Use: The underground features are currently closed and inactive. Significance Summary: Together the three underground tunnels are considered one of the two features along with 18 contributing buildings that comprise the Douglas Aircraft Company Long Beach Plant historic district. Activities associated with the district significantly contributed to the history of the aviation industry in southern California, the war (World War II) effort and the movement to utilize women workers on the Home Front, and to the development and growth of Long Beach and Lakewood. A. General Statement: 1. Summarized History: Constructed in 1941, the three underground tunnels of the Douglas Aircraft Company Long Beach Plant once linked the west plant (that area on the west side Lakewood Boulevard) with DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY LONG BEACH PLANT, PEDESTRIAN TUNNELS HAER No.
    [Show full text]