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United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and transboundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. The United Nations University undertakes a wide range of activities focused on knowledge generation (basic and applied research, and foresight and policy studies), education and capacity devel- opment (developing human and organizational capabilities), and know- ledge transfer and sharing (communications, dissemination and outreach). The University operates through its institutes and programmes located throughout the world, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Regional Integration in East Asia The Global Institute for Asian Regional Integration (GIARI) of the Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies of Waseda University was se- lected in 2007 by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology as part of its Global COE (Centers of Excellence) Program. Fulfilling the program’s primary aims of developing internationally com- petitive universities and leading human resources in Japan, GIARI pro- duced excellent research results and highly skilled human resources with the potential to significantly contribute to Asian regional integration and cooperation. Since April 2012, its activities have been carried out as re- search projects by the Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies and the East Asian University Institute (EAUI) for Asian Regional Integration. Regional Integration in East Asia: Theoretical and historical perspectives Edited by Satoshi Amako, Shunji Matsuoka and Kenji Horiuchi © United Nations University, 2013 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: +81-3-5467-1212 Fax: +81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] General enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1-212-963-6387 Fax: +1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Andrew Corbett Printed in the United States of America for the Americas and Asia Printed in the United Kingdom for Europe, Africa and the Middle East ISBN 978-92-808-1222-0 e-ISBN 978-92-808-7191-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regional integration in East Asia : theoretical and historical perspectives / edited by Satoshi Amako, Shunji Matsuoka and Kenji Horiuchi. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280812220 1. East Asia—Economic integration. I. Amako, Satoshi. HC460.5.R4365 2013 337.1’5—dc23 2012045024 Endorsements “This is an excellent book on regional integration in East Asia. Well- known experts have given a better understanding of this complex and evolving process through multiple perspectives and disciplines on the his- tory, theory and practice of regional integration. I strongly recommend this book to scholars, students and policymakers interested in East Asian affairs.” Surin Pitsuwan, Secretary-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations “Here is a powerful collection of scholarly work on Asia from a program that brought the best and the brightest in Japan and from around the re- gion to think about the future of Asia’s integration and its global setting. It is a triumph in scholarly leadership. Its message is at once sober and optimistic about the Asian community.” Peter Drysdale, Emeritus Professor of Economics in the Crawford School of Economics and Government at the Australian National University Contents Figures and tables . ix Abbreviations . xi Contributors . xv Preface . xviii Satoshi Amako, Shunji Matsuoka and Kenji Horiuchi Part I: Theoretical perspectives on Asian regional integration . 1 1 Asia and regional integration theory: Between a regional complex and a regional society . 3 Yoshinobu Yamamoto 2 Norms and regional institutions: Towards an East Asian community . 35 Hiro Katsumata 3 East Asian integration and domestic politics . 49 Jemma Kim 4 Institutional approaches to Asian regional integration . 70 Shunji Matsuoka viii Contents 5 The GIARI model of Asian regional integration studies and its meaning . 93 Satoshi Amako Part II: Issues in Asian regional integration . 129 6 Globalization and regional economic integration in East Asia . 131 Shujiro Urata 7 Energy and environmental institutions in East Asia . 167 Kenji Horiuchi, Reishi Matsumoto and Katsuya Tanaka 8 The rise and fall of the debate over East Asian multilateral regional security cooperation . 190 Chikako Kawakatsu Ueki 9 Regional integration and cooperation in higher education in Asia . 217 Kazuo Kuroda Part III: Historicizing Asian regional integration . 239 10 Between civilization and anti-civilization: The ideology and activism of early Asianists . 241 Naoyuki Umemori 11 Japan and pan-Asianism: Lost opportunities . 264 Seiko Mimaki 12 South-east Asia in the post-war period: The origins and crossroads of Bandung, non-alignment and ASEAN . 289 Sachiko Hirakawa 13 From Asia–Africa and Asia-Pacific to Asia: China’s multilateral cooperation in Asia . 313 Rumi Aoyama Index . 337 Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 Mechanisms and forms of the institutionalization of cooperation . 7 1.2 Simplification (institutionalization of cooperation) . 7 1.3 Sectors of integration . 9 4.1 Increasing returns and lock-in in technological selection . 76 4.2 The three phases of path dependency . 80 4.3 The four types of institutional change . 84 5.1 The GIARI method . 124 6.1 Progress of globalization: Global GDP, trade and foreign direct investment . 134 6.2 Changes in importance of trade and direct investment in the world economy . 135 6.3 Average world tariff rates . 137 6.4 Position of East Asia in the world economy . 140 6.5 Intra-regional dependence on trade . 146 Tables 1.1 Types of regional governance . 15 2.1 Regional institutions . 37 6.1 Basic economic indicators of East Asian countries (2009) . 138 6.2 Trade and foreign direct investment of East Asian countries . 142 ix x Figures and tables 6.3 Product composition and intra-regional trade ratio of East Asia . 148 6.4 Ratio of components trade in trade of electrical machinery (2009) . 150 6.5 Import and export partners of East Asian countries: Electrical machinery (2009) . 151 6.6 Trade liberalization in selected East Asian countries . 154 6.7 Major FTAs involving East Asian economies (as of October 2010) . 157 6.8 FTA status of East Asian countries . 158 Abbreviations 3Es economic growth, environmental protection and energy security AA Asia–Africa AAU Association of African Universities ADB Asian Development Bank ADMM ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting AFAS ASEAN Framework Agreement on services AFPFL Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AIA ASEAN Investment Area AMF Asian Monetary Fund ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APG ASEAN Power Grid APQN Asia-Pacific Quality Network APRU Association of Pacific Rim Universities APSA ASEAN Petroleum Security Agreement APT ASEAN+Three [ASEAN plus China, Japan and South Korea] APT-EMM APT Environment Ministers Meeting ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASA Association of South East Asia ASCOPE ASEAN Council on Petroleum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN+6 ASEAN Plus Six [ASEAN plus Australia, China, India Japan, New Zealand and South Korea] xi xii Abbreviations ASEAN+8 APT Plus Eight [ASEAN plus Australia, China, India Japan, New Zealand, Russia, South Korea and the United States] ASEM Asia–Europe Meeting ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council AU African Union AUN ASEAN University Network AUN/Seed-Net ASEAN University Network / Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network Benelux Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands BRIC Brazil, Russia, India and China CCPCC China Communist Party Central Committee CDM Clean Development Mechanism CE Council of Europe CER Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement CEPEA Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia CJK China, Japan and South Korea CLMV Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Viet Nam CMI Chiang Mai Initiative CNCPEC China National Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation COE Centre of Excellence COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMINFORM Communist Information Bureau COMISCO Committee of the International Socialist Conference CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea EAAF East Asian-Australasian Flyway EAC East Asian Community EAEC European Atomic Energy Community EAEG East Asian Economic Group EAFTA East Asian FTA EANET Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia EAS-EMM East Asian Summit Environment Ministers Meeting EAS East Asian Summit EASG East Asian Study Group EAVG East Asian Vision Group EC European Community ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ECFA Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement ECO ASIA Environment Congress for Asia and the Pacific ECSC European Coal and Steel