DOCSLIB.ORG

The Wisdom of the Hive: the Social Physiology of Honey Bee Colonies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Wisdom of the Hive: the Social Physiology of Honey Bee Colonies The Wisdom of the Hive THE WISDOM The Social Physiology OF THE HIVE of Honey Bee Colonies THOMAS D. SEELEY HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 1995 [(H2P)] iii Copyright © 1995 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seeley, Thomas D. The wisdom of the hive : the social physiology of honey bee colonies / Thomas D. Seeley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-674-95376-2 (acid-free) 1. Honeybee—Food. 2. Honeybee—Behavior. I. Title. QL568.A6S445 1995 595.79′9—dc20 95-3645 Designed by Gwen Frankfeldt iv To Saren and Maira, who waited patiently, and to Robin, who helped in all ways Contents Preface xi PART I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. The Issues 3 1.1. The Evolution of Biological Organization 3 1.2. The Honey Bee Colony as a Unit of Function 7 1.3. Analytic Scheme 16 2. The Honey Bee Colony 22 2.1. Worker Anatomy and Physiology 23 2.2. Worker Life History 28 2.3. Nest Architecture 31 2.4. The Annual Cycle of a Colony 34 2.5. Communication about Food Sources 36 2.6. Food Collection and Honey Production 39 3. The Foraging Abilities of a Colony 46 3.1. Exploiting Food Sources over a Vast Region around the Hive 47 3.2. Surveying the Countryside for Rich Food Sources 50 3.3. Responding Quickly to Valuable Discoveries 52 3.4. Choosing among Food Sources 54 3.5. Adjusting Selectivity in Relation to Forage Abundance 59 3.6. Regulating Comb Construction 61 3.7. Regulating Pollen Collection 63 3.8. Regulating Water Collection 65 Summary 66 PART II. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 69 4. Methods and Equipment 71 4.1. The Observation Hive 71 4.2. The Hut for the Observation Hive 74 4.3. The Bees 75 4.4. Sugar Water Feeders 77 4.5. Labeling Bees 79 4.6. Measuring the Total Number of Bees Visiting a Feeder 81 4.7. Observing Bees of Known Age 81 4.8. Recording the Behavior of Bees in the Hive 81 4.9. The Scale Hive 82 4.10. Censusing a Colony 83 5. Allocation of Labor among Forage Sites 84 How a Colony Acquires Information about Food Sources 85 5.1. Which Bees Gather the Information? 85 5.2. Which Information Is Shared? 88 5.3. Where Information Is Shared inside the Hive 88 5.4. The Coding of Information about Profitability 90 5.5. The Bees’ Criterion of Profitability 94 5.6. The Relationship between Nectar-Source Profitability and Waggle Dance Duration 98 5.7. The Adaptive Tuning of Dance Thresholds 102 5.8. How a Forager Determines the Profitability of a Nectar Source 113 Summary 119 How a Colony Acts on Information about Food Sources 122 5.9. Employed Foragers versus Unemployed Foragers 122 5.10. How Unemployed Foragers Read the Information on the Dance Floor 124 viii Contents 5.11. How Employed Foragers Respond to Information about Food-Source Profitability 132 5.12. The Correct Distribution of Foragers among Nectar Sources 134 5.13. Cross Inhibition between Forager Groups 142 5.14. The Pattern and Effectiveness of Forager Allocation among Nectar Sources 145 Summary 151 6. Coordination of Nectar Collecting and Nectar Processing 155 How a Colony Adjusts Its Collecting Rate with Respect to the External Nectar Supply 156 6.1. Rapid Increase in the Number of Nectar Foragers via the Waggle Dance 156 6.2. Increase in the Number of Bees Committed to Foraging via the Shaking Signal 158 How a Colony Adjusts Its Processing Rate with Respect to Its Collecting Rate 162 6.3. Rapid Increase in the Number of Nectar Processors via the Tremble Dance 162 6.4. Which Bees Become Additional Food Storers? 173 Summary 174 7. Regulation of Comb Construction 177 7.1. Which Bees Build Comb? 177 7.2. How Comb Builders Know When to Build Comb 181 7.3. How the Quantity of Empty Comb Affects Nectar Foraging 187 Summary 191 8. Regulation of Pollen Collection 193 8.1. The Inverse Relationship between Pollen Collection and the Pollen Reserve 194 8.2. How Pollen Foragers Adjust Their Colony’s Rate of Pollen Collection 195 8.3. How Pollen Foragers Receive Feedback from the Pollen Reserves 198 Contents ix 8.4. The Mechanism of Indirect Feedback 201 8.5. Why the Feedback Flows Indirectly 204 8.6 How a Colony’s Foragers Are Allocated between Pollen and Nectar Collection 207 Summary 209 9. Regulation of Water Collection 212 9.1. The Importance of Variable Demand 213 9.2. Patterns of Water and Nectar Collection during Hive Overheating 215 9.3. Which Bees Collect Water? 218 9.4. What Stimulates Bees to Begin Collecting Water? 220 9.5. What Tells Water Collectors to Continue or Stop Their Activity? 221 9.6. Why Does a Water Collector’s Unloading Experience Change When Her Colony’s Need for Water Changes? 226 Summary 234 PART III. OVERVIEW 237 10. The Main Features of Colony Organization 239 10.1. Division of Labor Based on Temporary Specializations 240 10.2. Absence of Physical Connections between Workers 244 10.3. Diverse Pathways of Information Flow 247 10.4. High Economy of Communication 252 10.5. Numerous Mechanisms of Negative Feedback 255 10.6. Coordination without Central Planning 258 11. Enduring Lessons from the Hive 263 Glossary 269 Bibliography 277 Index 291 x Contents Preface n the fall of 1978, having just completed a Ph.D. thesis, I wondered what to study next with the bees, my favorite animals for scien- Itific work. One subject that greatly attracted me was the organi- zation of the food-collection process in honey bee colonies. The recent work by Bernd Heinrich, beautifully synthesized in his book Bum- blebee Economics, had demonstrated the success of viewing a bumble bee colony as an economic unit shaped by natural selection to be ef- ficient in its collection and consumption of energy resources. I was in- trigued by the idea of applying a similar perspective to honey bees. Because colonies of honey bees are larger than those of bumble bees and possess more sophisticated communication systems, it was ob- vious that they must embody an even richer story of colony design for energy economics. Of course, much was known already about the inner workings of honey bee colonies, especially the famous dance language by which bees recruit their hivemates to rich food sources. This communication system had been deciphered in the 1940s by the Nobel laureate Karl von Frisch, and its elucidation had set the stage for one of his students, Martin Lindauer, to conduct in the 1950s sev- eral pioneering studies which dealt explicitly with the puzzle of colony-level organization for food collection. Their discoveries and those of many other researchers provided a solid foundation of knowledge on which to build, but it was also clear that many mys- teries remained about how the thousands of bees in a hive function as a coherent system in gathering their food. It seemed that the best way to begin this work was to describe the foraging behavior of a whole colony living in nature, for simply ob- serving a phenomenon broadly is generally an invaluable first step toward understanding it. So in the summer of 1979, Kirk Visscher and I teamed up to determine the spatiotemporal patterns of a colony’s foraging operation. To do this, we established a colony in a glass- walled observation hive, monitored the recruitment dances of the colony’s foragers, and plotted on a map the forage sites being adver- tised by these dances. This initial study revealed the amazing range of a colony’s foraging—more than 100 square kilometers around the hive—and the surprisingly high level of dynamics in a colony’s for- age sites, with almost daily turnover in the recruitment targets. It also presented us with the puzzle of how a colony can wisely deploy its foragers among the kaleidoscopic array of flower patches in the sur- rounding countryside. From here on, the course of the research arose without a grand design as I and others simply probed whatever topic seemed most interesting in light of the previous findings. Even the central theme of this book—the building of biological organization at the group level—emerged of its own accord from these studies. This book is not just about honey bees. These aesthetically pleas- ing and easily studied insects live in sophisticated colonies that vividly embody the answer to an important question in biology: What are the devices of social coordination, built by natural selection, that have enabled certain species to make the transition from independent organism to integrated society? The study of the honey bee colony, especially its food collection, has yielded what is probably the best- understood example of cooperative group functioning outside the realm of human society. This example deepens our understanding of the mechanisms of cooperation in one species in particular and, by providing a solid baseline for comparative studies, helps us under- stand the means of cooperation within animal societies in general. In writing this book, I have tried to summarize—in a way intelligible to all—what is currently known about how the bees in a hive work to- gether as a harmonious whole in gathering their food. This book will have served its purpose if readers can gain from it a sense of how a honey bee colony functions as a unit of biological organization. I owe deep thanks to many people and institutions that have helped me produce what I report here.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2014-2015 School of Sciences and Mathematics Annual Report 2014‐2015
    ANNUAL REPORT 2014-2015 School of Sciences and Mathematics Annual Report 2014‐2015 Executive Summary The 2014 – 2015 academic year was a very successful one for the School of Sciences and Mathematics (SSM). Our faculty continued their stellar record of publication and securing extramural funding, and we were able to significantly advance several capital projects. In addition, the number of majors in SSM remained very high and we continued to provide research experiences for a significant number of our students. We welcomed four new faculty members to our ranks. These individuals and their colleagues published 187 papers in peer‐reviewed scientific journals, many with undergraduate co‐authors. Faculty also secured $6.4M in new extramural grant awards to go with the $24.8M of continuing awards. During the 2013‐14 AY, ground was broken for two 3,000 sq. ft. field stations at Dixie Plantation, with construction slated for completion in Fall 2014. These stations were ultimately competed in June 2015, and will begin to serve students for the Fall 2015 semester. The 2014‐2015 academic year, marked the first year of residence of Computer Science faculty, as well as some Biology and Physics faculty, in Harbor Walk. In addition, nine Biology faculty had offices and/or research space at SCRA, and some biology instruction occurred at MUSC. In general, the displacement of a large number of students to Harbor Walk went very smoothly. Temporary astronomy viewing space was secured on the roof of one of the College’s garages. The SSM dean’s office expended tremendous effort this year to secure a contract for completion of the Rita Hollings Science Center renovation, with no success to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Archons (Commanders) [NOTICE: They Are NOT Anlien Parasites], and Then, in a Mirror Image of the Great Emanations of the Pleroma, Hundreds of Lesser Angels
    A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES WATCH THIS IMPORTANT VIDEO UFOs, Aliens, and the Question of Contact MUST-SEE THE OCCULT REASON FOR PSYCHOPATHY Organic Portals: Aliens and Psychopaths KNOWLEDGE THROUGH GNOSIS Boris Mouravieff - GNOSIS IN THE BEGINNING ...1 The Gnostic core belief was a strong dualism: that the world of matter was deadening and inferior to a remote nonphysical home, to which an interior divine spark in most humans aspired to return after death. This led them to an absorption with the Jewish creation myths in Genesis, which they obsessively reinterpreted to formulate allegorical explanations of how humans ended up trapped in the world of matter. The basic Gnostic story, which varied in details from teacher to teacher, was this: In the beginning there was an unknowable, immaterial, and invisible God, sometimes called the Father of All and sometimes by other names. “He” was neither male nor female, and was composed of an implicitly finite amount of a living nonphysical substance. Surrounding this God was a great empty region called the Pleroma (the fullness). Beyond the Pleroma lay empty space. The God acted to fill the Pleroma through a series of emanations, a squeezing off of small portions of his/its nonphysical energetic divine material. In most accounts there are thirty emanations in fifteen complementary pairs, each getting slightly less of the divine material and therefore being slightly weaker. The emanations are called Aeons (eternities) and are mostly named personifications in Greek of abstract ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Langstroth on the Hive and Honey
    Cornell Uniuersity Library SF 523.L286 1913 Langstroth on the hive & honey bee. 3 1924 003 227 679 ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University EVERETT FRANKLIN PHILLIPS BEEKEEPING LIBRARY Gift Of Lyman C. Root Cornell University Library The original of tliis bool< is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003227679 Plate 1. L. L, LA\(:;yTROTH at 70. LANGSTROTH ON THE HIVE & HONEY BEE Revised by DADANT Twentieth Century Edition PUBLISHED BY DADANT & SONS Hamilton, Hancock County, III., U. S. A. 1913 COPYRIGHTED 1888 BY CHAS. DADANT & SON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Plate 2. L. L. LANGSTROTH at 80. BIOGRAPHY OF L. L. LANGSTROTH Lorenzo Lorrain Langstroth, the "father of American Apiculture," was bom in the city of Philadelphia, December 25, 1810. He early showed unusual interest in insect life. His parents were intelligent and in comfortable circumstances, but they were not pleased to see him "waste so much time" in digging holes in the gravel walks, filling them with crumbs of bread and dead flies, to watch the curious habits of the ants. No books of any kind on natural history were put into his hands, but, on the contrary, much was said to discourage his "strange notions." Still he persisted in his observations, and gave to them much of the time that his playmates spent in sport. In 1827, he entered Yale College, graduating in 1831. His father's means having failed, he supported himself by teach- ing, while pursuing his theological studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Clovis News, 04-25-1918 the Ewn S Print
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Clovis News, 1911-1913 New Mexico Historical Newspapers 4-25-1918 Clovis News, 04-25-1918 The ewN s Print. Co. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/clovis_news Recommended Citation The eN ws Print. Co.. "Clovis News, 04-25-1918." (1918). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/clovis_news/261 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the New Mexico Historical Newspapers at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Clovis News, 1911-1913 by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. -- Nasty Mork - Ill If : i 4 , darwitz. yoll yoily illtiiiy e. ..,, 8 01' N 't t:11 I tWit tiv...4 p.m tiny ittlinut otr,,, W67 Olt upon tuov nitwit 4.10 il : pPll let Mt. tkor t:tht it Imo, a 1- f 1 nod tualot to ,.1 -4 Fat' s ,,11 Ility 1 11: IPi 1'01 o. it Li iii:111.1. l' ae itritn tiatlet 40 k , 4 stud of Curry County 00 New.lutper the United States Lund Office OP Iror 01.1'N11; II, NUMBER VD. !Al NiAi MEXICO TifiltS1)AL APRIL 15, 1918. f1.511 PER 1E.tit eFigNIMMO IFATIIIM ' El COUP' 011E115E1116ES MU115 MAHIE TI1111113 MUM 'AN URINE Of THE PRODIAM UBE AgillEld AFTERNHN liEli LIBERTI BONO QUOTA RIR THE EHAIITAIIIIIIil Fri. 110 afternoon. April :Milt. sill, The Lytvillit Theatre was erowileil lie u holiday in Clovis to celclirlit hist Sunday afternoon to hear Major the iteart relmaise given to thelhiril irry iiitS gitill isVPI the Nip Hobert Massie lit the :11111 Canitillan For season ticket purchasers.
    [Show full text]
  • Mot De Présentation Penser Ensemble Les Limites De La Société Et De La Drogue
    Mot de présentation Penser ensemble les limites de la société et de la drogue Marc Perreault, directeur du numéro Dans mes continuelles extases, je m’enivrai à torrents des plus délicieux sentiments qui jamais soient entrés dans un cœur d’homme. Oubliant tout à fait la race humaine, je me fis des sociétés de créatures parfaites, aussi célestes par leurs vertus que par leurs beautés, d’amis sûrs, tendres, fidèles, tels que je n’en trouvai jamais ici-bas. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Les confessions II, p. 183) Les vices entrent dans la composition des vertus comme les poisons entrent dans la composi- tion des remèdes. La prudence les assemble et les tempère et elle s’en sert utilement contre les maux de la vie. La Rochefoucauld (Maximes, 182) De même qu’il y a de la bonne et de la mauvaise musique, il y a de bonnes et de mauvaises drogues. Et donc, pas plus que nous ne pouvons dire que nous sommes « contre » la musique, nous ne pouvons dire que nous sommes « contre » les drogues. Michel Foucault (Dits et écrits IV, p. 738) Tous droits réservés © Drogues, santé et société, vol. 16, no 2, octobre 2017 Mot de présentation Drogue et société, voilà deux mots familiers que nous employons sans nous interroger sur leur signi- fication. Cette familiarité leur procure chacun une polysémie variable selon l’usage et l’intention. On parle volontiers de l’amour comme d’une drogue douce ou dure. On compare les dépendances comportementales à des drogues. Jusqu’à la philosophie qui devient drogue (Tellez, 2012) ! On parle de société secrète, de société intoxiquée (Xiberras, 1989) ou encore de société globale comme si le mot société allait de soi.
    [Show full text]
  • Blues Notes March 2013
    Volume eighteen, number three • march 2013 Raise the RoofTUESDAY, fund APRIL R30TaiseH • 6pm RShowtime featu • THR E 21ingST Saloon tommy CastRo $10 admission for current members of BSO, $20 admission for nonmembers (nonmembers can join BSO at door to receive discounted member admission) Since 1980, the Blues Foundation has been inducting individuals, recordings and literature into the Blues Hall of Fame, but until now there has not been a physical Blues Hall of Fame. Establishing a Blues Hall of Fame enhances one of the founding programs of The Blues Foundation. The “Raise the Roof” campaign calls for up to $3.5 million to create a Blues Hall of Fame in Memphis. It will be the place to: honor inductees year-round; listen to and learn about the music; and enjoy historic mementos of this all-American art form. The new Blues Music Hall of Fame will be the place for serious Blues fans, casual visitors, and wide-eyed students. It will facilitate audience development and membership growth. It will expose, enlighten, educate, and entertain. The BSO Presents ––—— POPA CHUBBY ——–– Sunday, March 17th Whiskey Tango • 311 South 15th Street • Omaha, NE tickets $10 adv and $15 DOS — AlSO — Popa CHUBBY • Wednesday, March 20th • The Zoo Bar-6pm 3RD ANNUAL NEBRASKA BLUES CHALLENGE THURSDAY BLUES SERIES March 24, April 7, April 21 (all Sundays) 4727 S 96th Plaza Mark your Calendar All Shows 5:30pm Watch OmahaBlues.com and see the February 28th .............................. The Brandon Santini Band ($8) poster in this issue for schedules! March 7th ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • May2020dig.Pdf
    SILVER BULLET . OR DEAD END Catch The Buzz™ ® Bee 2020 MAY Culture BeeThe Magazine OfCulture American Beekeeping www.BeeCulture.com FarmerFarmer KeithKeith $4.99 May 2020 BEE CULTURE 1 May2020.indd 1 4/8/2020 7:24:24 PM ORDER TODAY! BeeCabulary Essentials Beekeeping terminology in a few short, simple words. Finally, a book of beekeeping terms—All of them. by Andrew Connor, Foreward by Dewey M. Caron There are hundreds of photos that illustrate almost everything covered in the book. (DFKGH¿QLWLRQLVHDV\WRXVHQRWWRRORQJDQGXVXDOO\LOOXVWUDWHG7KHUH¶VDQHDV\ to use index and good references at the end. ².LP)ORWWXP(GLWRUBee Culture. A great tool for new beekeepers. Often I see total bewilderment in new beekeep- Paper Lay Flat Binding HUV¶IDFHVGXULQJDQH[SODQDWLRQDERXWEHHNHHSLQJHTXLSPHQWWHFKQLTXHVDQGEH- $34.00 Postpaid haviors. BeeCabulary Essentials will be a must-have for all beginners! Seasoned ISBN 978-1-878075-50-5 8.5 x 9.25 inches EHHNHHSHUVZLOO¿QGLWDQLQIRUPDWLYHUHDGDVZHOO 234 pages ²0LNH5LVN/DQVLQJ0LFKLJDQ Nearly 600 images in full color Paper Paper $28.00 Postpaid $28.00 Postpaid ISBN 978-1-878075-23-9 ISBN 978-1-878075-28-4 6 x 9 inches 6 x 9 inches 225 pages 208 pages Full Color Second Edition Full Color Lawrence John Connor Lawrence John Connor with Robert Muir Best book on queen rearing available, widely used to teach A basic beekeeping book with meat the craft to beekeepers. on its bones—the book you have been looking for. PaperP Hardcover Textbook $28.00 Postpaid $55.00 Postpaid ISBN 978-1-878075-32-1 ISBN 978-1-878075-29-1 6 x 9 inches 8.5 x 10 inches 176 pages 368 pages Full Color Second Edition Full Color Second Edition Lawrence John Connor Dewey M.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Tools of the Future
    Knowledge Tools of The Future TECHNOLOGY HORIZONS PROGRAM November 2008 124 University Avenue, 2nd Floor | Palo Alto, California 94301 650.854.6322 www.iftf.org SR-1179 about the … TECHNOLOGY HORIZONS PROGRAM The Technology Horizons Program combines a deep understanding of technology and societal forces to identify and evaluate discontinuities and innovations in the next three to ten years. We help organiza- tions develop insights and strategic tools to better position themselves for the future. Our approach to technology forecasting is unique—we put humans in the middle of our forecasts. Understanding humans as consumers, workers, householders, and community members allows IFTF to help companies look beyond technical feasibility to identify the value in new technologies, forecast adoption and diffusion pat- terns, and discover new market opportunities and threats. For more information about the Technology Horizons Program, contact Sean Ness at [email protected], (650) 233-9517. INSTITUTE FOR THE FUTURE The Institute for the Future is an independent, nonprofit strategic research group with more than 40 years of forecasting experience. The core of our work is identifying emerging trends and discontinuities that will transform global society and the global marketplace. We provide our members with insights into business strategy, design process, innovation, and social dilemmas. Our research generates the foresight needed to create insights that lead to action. Our research spans a broad territory of deeply transforma- tive trends, from health and health care to technology, the workplace, and human identity. The Institute for the Future is located in Palo Alto, California. Author: Alex Pang Peer Reviewers: Zoe Finkel, Marina Gorbis, Charles Grossel Editor: Lisa Mumbach Art Direction and Design: Robin Bogott, Robin Weiss ©2008 Institute for the Future.
    [Show full text]
  • BEEKEEPING in the MEDITERRANEAN from ANTIQUITY to the PRESENT Front Cover Photographs
    Edited by: Fani Hatjina, Georgios Mavrofridis, Richard Jones BEEKEEPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT Front cover photographs Part of a beehive lid. Early Byzantine period (Mesogeia plain, Attica. “Exhibition of Archaeological Findings”, Athens International Airport. Photo: G. Mavrofridis). Beehive from a country house of the 4th century B.C. (Mesogeia plain, Attica. “Exhibition of Archaeological Findings”, Athens International Airport. Photo: G. Mavrofridis). Traditional ceramic beehive “kambana” (bell) in its bee bole (Andros Island. Photo: F. Hatjina). Back cover photographs Stone built apiary of the 18th century from Neochori, Messinia, Peloponnese (Photo: G. Ratia). Ruins of a bee house from Andros Island. Inside view (Photos: G. Ratia). Walls of a mill house with bee balls from Andros Island. Inside view (Photo: G. Ratia). Traditional pottery beehives and their bee boles: the ‘bee garden’, Andros Island (Photo: G. Ratia). Ruins of a bee house (the ‘cupboards’) from Zaharias, Andros Island. Outside view (Photo: G. Ratia). Bee boles from Andros Island (Photo: G. Ratia). Edited by: Nea Moudania 2017 Fani Hatjina, Georgios Mavrofridis, Richard Jones Based on selected presentations of the INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM of BEEKEEPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SYROS, OCTOBER 9-11 2014 © DIVISION of APICULTURE Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”-GREECE CHAMBER of CYCLADES EVA CRANE TRUST - UK Dedicated to the memory of Thanassis Bikos hanassis Bikos was a pioneer of the valuable legacy for current and future research- systematic research on traditional bee- ers of the beekeeping tradition. keeping in Greece. From the early 1990s The creation of a museum of Greek beekeep- until the end of his life he studied the ing was a life dream for Thanassis, for which traditionalT beekeeping aspects in most regions he gathered material for more than thirty-five of Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Langstroth on the Hive and the Honey-Bee, a Bee
    Shp i. in. BtU library North (HaroUua ^tatp llnioerflitu SPECIAL COLLECTIONS oi^ Zi \i' c, L?86 THIS BOOK MUST NOT BE TAKEN FROM THE LIBRARY BUILDING. lO—AUG. 68 FORM 2 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from NCSU Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/langstrothonhivOOIang 4^: Worker. Q,UEEN. jjronee Queen, the AVoekek The above are very accurate representations of the page, represents the at- and the Droxe. The group of bees in the title Mother as she rests upon titude in which the bees surround their Queen or tlie comb. LANGSTKOTH HIVE AND THE HONEY-BEE, A REV. L. L. LANGSTKOTH. ^^C MOTHER SHocTi^ ^•^ QUEEN OF AHi^Y^^ NORTHAMPTON : HOPKINS, BRIDGMAN & COMPANY. 1853. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year lSo3, by L. L. Langstroth, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. C. A.. MIRICK, PRINTER, GREENFIELD. PREFACE. This Treatise on the Hive and the Honey-Bee, is re- spectfully submitted by Ihe Author, to the candid con- sideration of those who are interested in the culture of the most useful as well as wonderful Insect, in all the range of Animated Nature. The information which it contains will be found to be greatly in advance of any- thing which has yet been presented to the English Read- er; and, as far as facilities for practical management are concerned, it is believed to be a very material ad- vance over anything which has hitherto been commu- nicated to the Apiarian Public. Debarred, by the state of his health, from the more appropriate duties of his Office , and compelled to seek an employment which would call him, as much as possible, into the open air, the Author indulges the hope that the result of his studies and observations, in an important branch of Natural History, will be found of service to the Community as well as to himself.
    [Show full text]
  • Faltys Shares Talent with Young, Old
    Too Young Twilight Mania Tots in high heels? p.13 Series creates student epidemic p.7 THE PAWPRINT 200 North Center, Clay Center, NE 68933 CLAY CENTER PUBLIC SCHOOL 402.762.3231 December, Volume 5 Issue 5 Students find passion outdoors Enrollment decrease By: Jesse VonSpreckelsen would all be game to go sneak a flock game wardens, land managers, and Broddrick Dillon, Kyle Knight, and Staff Writer of snow geese in the spring or head even professional hunters. Some may Jordan Whitcomb. Garrett Calhoun, prompts When you think of an activity out at four in the morning in the fall even produce videos and television Ceirra Tompkin, Chad Veik, Jesse that a group of our students partici- to find that big buck. shows someday. VonSpreckelsen, and Ryan Yates pate in you will think of all the school It takes a little bit more than the This current trend of hunting is round out this posse of eleventh grade Board to sports. It is not very common to hear drive for a good time to just go hunt- not centrally located just in the older hunters. of many students to all be interested ing, it is almost develops into need classes although there are more up- Now there are quite a few of vari- consider in one common pastime. and it becomes a passion. perclass hunters. eties of hunting in our area and duck, This scenario does necessarily Hopefully many of these students Brett Peshek and Dakota Hoyt deer, goose, pheasant, turkey, and fit when the topic of hunting comes will still be hunting when they “grow- are some of the younger hunters be- quail are the main group of popular options ing freshmen but did not waste any hunting varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Grassroots' Album, We Look at Each Song
    “LUCKY” and wouldn’t stop barking. If you crank the volume, you can hear a sliding glass door Sexton called it “classic 311” since it’s open before Hexum tells the dog to be quiet. a “rock-riff-rap song that has singing Then after the track starts, you can hear him choruses.” It showed the band experimenting laughing about it. with dancehall, funk and even country. “We CLOSE thought it had some innovation as well as “We thought it was cool, so we just left it some rock riffs and sort of some rapping,” in there,” Sexton said. he said. “Back then, that was pretty new.” “GRASSROOTS” “NUTSYMTOM” “GrassrOOts” was chosen as the album title A big infl uence on this track was John to reflect the band’s homegrown aesthetic TO HOME and how they felt there were no rules while Scofield and Pat Metheny, which is why the song has a tempO change and a guitar solo making the album. The song reflects the New album made AS 311 READIES TO PLAY THE ENTIRE ‘GRASSROOTS’ in the middle. same attitude, that their music comes from how and where they grew up. “We grew up listening to those things, even “It was a natural and real point of view,” ALBUM, WE LOOK AT EACH SONG jam bands like Grateful Dead,” Sexton said. Sexton said. with fans in mind “We were really into mixing rock and rap back BY KEVIN COFFEY then.” “Stereolithic” is geared toward 311’s rabid fan base. WORLD-HERALD STAFF WRITER “SALSA” When the Omaha-bred band convened in Los maha’s biggest rock band formed “8:16 A.M.” Another song from the album that smashes Angeles to make its new album, they made it with their annual summer tour in mind.
    [Show full text]