Slavery and Thomas Jefferson's Legacy
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Jefferson's Failed Anti-Slavery Priviso of 1784 and the Nascence of Free Soil Constitutionalism
MERKEL_FINAL 4/3/2008 9:41:47 AM Jefferson’s Failed Anti-Slavery Proviso of 1784 and the Nascence of Free Soil Constitutionalism William G. Merkel∗ ABSTRACT Despite his severe racism and inextricable personal commit- ments to slavery, Thomas Jefferson made profoundly significant con- tributions to the rise of anti-slavery constitutionalism. This Article examines the narrowly defeated anti-slavery plank in the Territorial Governance Act drafted by Jefferson and ratified by Congress in 1784. The provision would have prohibited slavery in all new states carved out of the western territories ceded to the national government estab- lished under the Articles of Confederation. The Act set out the prin- ciple that new states would be admitted to the Union on equal terms with existing members, and provided the blueprint for the Republi- can Guarantee Clause and prohibitions against titles of nobility in the United States Constitution of 1788. The defeated anti-slavery plank inspired the anti-slavery proviso successfully passed into law with the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Unlike that Ordinance’s famous anti- slavery clause, Jefferson’s defeated provision would have applied south as well as north of the Ohio River. ∗ Associate Professor of Law, Washburn University; D. Phil., University of Ox- ford, (History); J.D., Columbia University. Thanks to Sarah Barringer Gordon, Thomas Grey, and Larry Kramer for insightful comment and critique at the Yale/Stanford Junior Faculty Forum in June 2006. The paper benefited greatly from probing questions by members of the University of Kansas and Washburn Law facul- ties at faculty lunches. Colin Bonwick, Richard Carwardine, Michael Dorf, Daniel W. -
A Political Profile of Alexander HH Stuart of Virginia
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1988 "The Great Unappreciated Man": A Political Profile of Alexander H H Stuart of Virginia Scott H. Harris College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Harris, Scott H., ""The Great Unappreciated Man": A Political Profile of Alexander H H Stuart of Virginia" (1988). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625475. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-tw6r-tv11 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "THE GREAT UNAPPRECIATED MAN:" POLITICAL PROFILE OF ALEXANDER H. H. STUART OF VIRGINIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Scott H. Harris 1 9 8 8 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts / .fi-rra i Scott Hampton Harris Approved, May, 1988 M. Boyd Coyper,yy Ludwell H./lohnson III [J i Douglas praith For my Mother and Father. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been written without the involvement of many people. I am indebted to my thesis advisor. -
John Hemings' Monticello and Poplar Forest
Journal of Intellectual Property Law Volume 28 Issue 1 Article 7 January 2021 John Hemings' Monticello and Poplar Forest J. Wesley Giglio University of Georgia School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/jipl Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation J. Wesley Giglio, John Hemings' Monticello and Poplar Forest, 28 J. INTELL. PROP. L. 175 (2021). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/jipl/vol28/iss1/7 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Georgia Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Intellectual Property Law by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Georgia Law. Please share how you have benefited from this access For more information, please contact [email protected]. John Hemings' Monticello and Poplar Forest Cover Page Footnote J.D. Candidate, 2021, University of Georgia School of Law. He dedicates this and all future work to his wife, Katie, without whom none of it would be possible. This notes is available in Journal of Intellectual Property Law: https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/jipl/vol28/iss1/7 Giglio: John Hemings' Monticello and Poplar Forest DEMO2 (DO NOT DELETE) 1/12/2021 5:36 AM JOHN HEMINGS’ MONTICELLO AND POPLAR FOREST J. Wesley Giglio* * J.D. Candidate, 2021, University of Georgia School of Law. He dedicates this and all future work to his wife, Katie, without whom none of it would be possible. 175 Published by Digital Commons @ Georgia Law, 2021 1 Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Vol. 28, Iss. 1 [2021], Art. -
The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission
turner 00 fmt auto cx 3 3/17/11 10:54 AM Page iii The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission Edited by Robert F. Turner Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina turner 00 fmt auto cx 3 4/15/11 5:36 AM Page iv Copyright © 2001, 2011 Robert F. Turner All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scholars Commission on the Jefferson-Hemings Matter. The Jefferson-Hemings controversy : report of the Scholars Commission / edited by Robert F. Turner. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-89089-085-1 (alk. paper) 1. Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826--Relations with women. 2. Hemings, Sally. 3. Jef- ferson, Thomas, 1743–1826--Relations with slaves. 4. Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826-- Family. I. Turner, Robert F. II. Title. E332.2.S35 2010 973.4'6092--dc22 2010031551 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, NC 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America turner 00 fmt auto cx 3 3/17/11 10:54 AM Page v This book is dedicated to the memory of our beloved colleagues Professor Lance Banning Hallam Professor of History University of Kentucky (January 24, 1942–January 31, 2006) and Professor Alf J. Mapp, Jr. Eminent Scholar, Emeritus and Louis I. Jaffe Professor of History, Emeritus Old Dominion University (February 17, 1925–January 23, 2011) turner 00 fmt auto cx 3 3/17/11 10:54 AM Page vii Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Members of the Scholars Commission xvii Scholars Commission on The Jefferson-Hemings Matter, Report 12 April 2001 3 Summary -
Yes, Jefferson Owned Slaves
Yes, Jefferson Owned Slaves. When he inherited slaves upon the deaths of his father and father-in-law, it was illegal to free them. In 1769 Jefferson wrote the statute that when later enacted permitted the manumission of Virginia slaves. He later authored the law that prohibited the importation of new slaves into Virginia; and his 1776 draft Virginia constitution provided: “No person hereafter coming into this country shall be held within the same in slavery under any pretext whatever.”1 In his draft of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson charged King George III had “waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating & carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither.”2 Sadly the language was deleted when South Carolina and Georgia threatened to walk out of the convention.3 Writing for a British abolitionist newspaper in 1843, former President John Quincy Adams praised Jefferson’s struggle against slavery, contending that his draft Declaration stood as “an unanswerable testimonial to posterity, that on the roll of American abolitionists, first and foremost after the name of George Washington, is that of Thomas Jefferson.4 More than a century later, Philip Foner, editor of The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, argued that the frequent characterization of Paine as “the first American abolitionist” was inaccurate because of Jefferson’s 1769 effort to legalize -
HIS 100: Introduction to Historical Methods: the World of Thomas Jefferson Fall 2010 Professor T. Slaughter Tuesday and Thursday
HIS 100: Introduction to Historical Methods: The World of Thomas Jefferson Fall 2010 Professor T. Slaughter Tuesday and Thursday RR Library 456, 9:40-10:55. Office hours: Tuesday and Thursday 11-noon, and by appointment. 369B RR; 273-2799 [email protected] Thomas Jefferson is an ideal focus for discussions of the range of subjects that fascinated him, from gardening to food, wine, women, education, politics, philosophy, architecture, and plantation management. He provides an exquisite example of Enlightenment culture during the age of revolutions, and of a Founding Father who, as Secretary of State, Vice President, and President attempted to implement the revolutionary and constitutional principles on which the United States was founded. His private correspondence and public papers, his published writings and private musings, give access to Jefferson’s inner landscape as well as the world in which he lived. Through films, non-fiction and fiction, and primary source documents relating to case studies—The Declaration of Independence and its contrast to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense; the Burr Conspiracy; and Jefferson’s relationship with his slave Sally Hemings—we will explore historical research and interpretation, both our own and that of other historians. In particular, we will look at some of the ways that historical research can go wrong, and how historical writing is always a reflection of perspectives rather than of gathered facts, of interpretations rather than recovery, of creativity rather than objective engagement with sources. Your grades will be based on attendance; active, knowledgeable participation in class discussions; and three papers that you will re-write after the first drafts are returned to you. -
1868 the Memoirs of Israel Jefferson
1868 The Memoirs of Israel Jefferson Israel Jefferson, born in 1800, worked as a slave at Monticello. His parents, Edward and Jane Gillett, also served Jefferson as Monticello slaves. This memoir, assembled from Jefferson's interview with newspaperman S. F. Wetmore, was originally published in the Pike County Republican in December of 1873. I was born at Monticello, the seat of Thos. Jefferson, third President of the United States, December 25”—Christmas day in the morning. The year, I suppose was 1797. My earliest recollections are the exciting events attending the preparations of Mr. Jefferson and other members of his family on their removal to Washington D.C., where he was to take upon himself the responsibilities of the Executive of the United States for four years. My mother’s name was Jane. She was a slave of Thomas Jefferson’s and was born and always resided at Monticello till about five years after the death of Mr. Jefferson. She was sold, after his death, by the administrator, to a Mr. Joel Brown, and was taken to Charlottesville, where she died in 1837. She was the mother of thirteen children, all by one father, whose name was Edward Gillet. The children’s names were Barnaby, Edward, Priscilla, Agnes, Richard, James, Fanny, Lucy, Gilly, Israel, Moses, Susan, and Jane”— seven sons and six daughters. All these children, except myself, bore the surname of Gillett. The reason for my name being called Jefferson will appear in the proper place. After Mr. Jefferson had left his home to assume the duties of the office of President, all became quiet again in Monticello. -
The Legend of Sally Hemings
Acad. Quest. (2012) 25:218–227 DOI 10.1007/s12129-012-9287-6 SPECIAL SECTION: FRAUDS, FALLACIES, FADS, AND FICTIONS The Legend of Sally Hemings Herman Belz Published online: 5 May 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 The part played by Sally Hemings in the life of Thomas Jefferson has been regarded as provocatively dubious since political enemy James Callender claimed in 1802 that Jefferson was the father of several of Hemings’s children. Historian Merrill Peterson, observing that paternity is hard to prove, wrote in 1960 that no concrete evidence was ever produced to support the accusation. Peterson also noted that Jefferson never issued a public denial of the charge. The legend of Sally Hemings has invited endless speculation while remaining apparently impervious to disproof. Perhaps most notably, the story has been periodically recycled to illustrate Jefferson’s moral hypocrisy and white society’s oppression of blacks. In recent years Annette Gordon-Reed’s 1997 study, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy, stands out as the most vigorous and determined effort to defend the legend.1 Gordon-Reed, a professor of law at Harvard’s Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, argued that historians treated the story as “too impossible to believe,” on the assumption that Jefferson was “so high as to have been something more than human” and Hemings “so low as to have been something less than human.”2 Gordon- Reed wrote, “It is not my goal to prove that the story is true or that it is false. I suspect that if that is ever done, it will be the result of miracles of 1Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 1997). -
Senator Robert Walker's 1844 Letter on Texas Annexation: the Rhetorical "Logic" of Imperialism
Senator Robert Walker's 1844 Letter on Texas Annexation: The Rhetorical "Logic" of Imperialism Stephen Hartnett Benedict Anderson argues in Imagined Communities that "the magic of nationalism" is that it "turns chance into destiny" and "contingency into mean ing." Furthermore, Anderson suggests that the production of this magic nation- alism-of-destiny-and-meaning rests upon the ability to "imagine a community or nation as deep, horizontal comradeship, regardless of actual inequality and exploitation."1 Senator Robert J. Walker's 1844 Letter on Texas Annexation epitomizes both aspects of this process of imagining a community, as it 1) reconfigures the complex politico-economic and cultural contradictions shaping the crisis of Texas annexation as a manageable, functional, political opportunity to realize the United States' national "destiny," while 2) vigorously avoiding the fact that Texas' slave-based cotton-economy was responsible for profound inequalities. While 30 percent of Texas' white population owned slaves, 72 percent of Texas' real property, and 89 percent of the state's lucrative cotton market, only 2.3 percent of Texas' white population owned 20-or-more slaves (widely considered the general dividing Une between small-scale farmers and the "planter aristocracy"); hence, even within the ranks of Texas' slave-holding whites, property and wealth were distributed in a strikingly skewed manner.2 Walker's Letter nonetheless portrays Texas annexation not as an expedient imperialist maneuver to support the politico-economic ambitions of the region's slave-holding elite, but rather as a burning opportunity to extend the "inevitable" promise of the United States' heralded democracy and economic equality. -
The Gilmers in America
^ 1 / / Boston Public Library Do not write in this book or mark it with pen or pencil. Penalties for so doing are imposed by the Revised Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. This book was issued to the borrozver on the date last stamped below. FORM NO. 609; 6,12.33: 575M. THE GILMERS IN AMERICA BY JOHN GILMER SPEED With a Genealogical Recoi^d, Compiled by LOUISA H. A. MINOR ' A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches.' PRINTED FOR PRIVA TE DISTRIBUTION New York, 1897 c THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF DR. GEORGE GILMER THE FIRST OF GILMERS IN AMERICA AND THE FOUNDER OF A FAMILY OF WHICH THIS BOOK IS AN INADEQUATE RECORD. PREFACE. The editor of this little book permits it to go to press with full consciousness that it is imperfect, both as a record and a narrative. It would be withheld if he had any hope that he could correct the imperfections which will be manifest to all w^ho read it. He has endeavored to secure infor- mation of interest and value, and in this he trusts that in a measure he has succeeded. But he has not been able to secure full information. If the faults of the work be only those of omission he will be glad, for such he could not avoid. The members of the family, when applied to, have expressed a cordial interest in the w^ork and have supplied the material from which this nar- rative and these records have been constructed. -
History and Facts on Virginia
History and Facts on Virginia Capitol Building, Richmond 3 HISTORY AND FACTS ON VIRGINIA In 1607, the first permanent English settlement in America was established at Jamestown. The Jamestown colonists also established the first representative legislature in America in 1619. Virginia became a colony in 1624 and entered the union on June 25, 1788, the tenth state to do so. Virginia was named for Queen Elizabeth I of England, the “Virgin Queen” and is also known as the “Old Dominion.” King Charles II of England gave it this name in appreciation of Virginia’s loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War of the mid-1600s. Virginia is designated as a Commonwealth, along with Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. In 1779, the capital was relocated from Williamsburg to Richmond. The cornerstone for the Virginia Capitol Building was laid on August 18, 1785, and the building was completed in 1792. Modeled after the Maison Carrée at Nîmes, France, the Capitol was the first public building in the United States to be built using the Classical Revival style of architecture. Thomas Jefferson designed the central section of the Capitol, including its most outstanding feature: the interior dome, which is undetectable from the exterior. The wings were added in 1906 to house the Senate and House of Delegates. In 2007, in time to receive the Queen of England during the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the Jamestown Settlement, the Capitol underwent an extensive restoration, renovation and expansion, including the addition of a state of the art Visitor’s Center that will ensure that it remains a working capitol well into the 21st Century. -
Young Elizabeth‟S World
1 Young Elizabeth‟s World lizabeth Hemings began life when America was still a colonial possession. She lived through the Revolution in the home of one of the men who helped make it and died during the formative years of the American Republic, E an unknown person in the midst of pivotal events in national and world history. Hemings lived at a time when chattel slavery existed in every American colony, but was dramatically expanding and thriving in the Virginia that was her home. She was, by law, an item of property—a nonwhite, female slave, whose life was bounded by eighteenth-century attitudes about how such persons fit into society. Those attitudes, years in the making by the time Hemings was born, fascinate because they are at once utterly familiar and totally alien. Most Americans today admit the existence of racism and sexism, even as we often disagree about examples of them. When we encounter these practices while studying the eighteenth century, we react knowingly. “These are the things,” at least some of us say, “that we‟re still working to overcome.” We also know that hierarchies, based on any number of factors, exist in every society, enriching the lives of some and blighting the lives of others. Yet, slavery is a different matter altogether. There are workers all over the world who live desperate lives with little hope of advancement for themselves or their children. There are women who are held in bondage and forced to work as prostitutes or to clean others‟ homes and care for others‟ families while their own families go unattended.