Will Medicare Collapse What Do Followers Creighton at 125: Exceptions Under its Own Weight? Expect from Leaders? The Jesuits Summer 2004 Visit the magazine online at: www.creightonmagazine.org SUMMER 2004

University Magazine Departments

4 University News Scientific Discovery Creighton undergraduates have a unique opportunity to be involved in ground- breaking research. Cancer Find Tracking a gene mutation leads Creighton’s Henry Lynch, M.D., back to an 18th century German immigrant. Photo by Mark Romesser 37 Development News Bible Translations Creighton Bible scholar Leonard Greenspoon, Ph.D., examines 10 common A New Approach to Medical 12 misconceptions. Education Creighton at 125 Creighton alumnus Louis Halamek, BS’81, MD’86, is breaking new ground with the Part IV use of simulators. Former Deans Continue to Give Retired deans Edeth Kitchens, Ph.D., R.N., and Sidney Stohs, Ph.D., continue to give to Creighton through scholarship funds. 40 Alumni News

The Forensic Expert Archives University Creighton As the U.S. government’s top forensic The Jesuits Exceptions pathologist, Craig Mallak, JD’85, MD’89, Our series celebrating Creighton’s Examining rules on legal ethics helped identify the bodies of Iraq’s Uday 18 125th anniversary concludes by 24 and rules associated with the and Qusay Hussein. highlighting some of these bereted, cassocked Sabbath leads Law Professor Lawrence Raful to schoolmen. a reflection on exceptions. Tracking Terror William Fox, BA’84, JD’87, is on the front lines of tracking terrorist financing as the new director of FinCEN. 55 The Last Word Omaha Archbishop Elden Francis Curtiss praises the history of support between the archdiocese and Creighton. EPA/Brendan McDermid EPA/Brendan Photo by Larry Larson Contact Us Will Medicare What Do Executive Editor: Stephen T. Kline Collapse? Followers Expect? (402) 280-1784 [email protected] 28 Perhaps, if we don’t make funding 32 Two Creighton professors Editor: Rick Davis for health care a bigger priority, writes Creighton examine why it’s important for leaders to know (402) 280-1785 [email protected] medical ethicist Richard O’Brien, MS’58, MD’60. what followers want. Associate Editor: Sheila Swanson (402) 280-2069 [email protected] Creighton University Magazine’s Purpose Visit the magazine online at: Creighton University Magazine, like the University itself, is committed to excellence and dedicated to the pursuit of truth in all its forms. The magazine will be www.creightonmagazine.org comprehensive in nature. It will support the University’s mission of education through thoughtful and compelling feature articles on a variety of topics. It will feature the brightest, the most stimulating, the most inspirational thinking that Creighton offers. The magazine also will promote Creighton, and its Jesuit Catholic identity, to a broad public and serve as a vital link between the University and its constituents. The magazine will be guided by the core values of Creighton: the inalienable worth of each individual, respect for all of God’s creation, a special concern for the poor, and the promotion of justice. Message from the University President

An Academic Renaissance

Replete with the traditional pomp and circumstance, some 1,150 clock” access to Creighton students became the University’s newest alumni during technology resources commencement ceremonies held May 15. Commencement marks campus wide, from the culmination of one journey and the beginning of another. residence halls to Our newest graduates now begin careers as educated classrooms to libraries. professionals — doctors, lawyers, journalists, nurses, business Our goal is to create a leaders. We trust that their Creighton education has prepared them fully connected living and well — both professionally and as women and men dedicated to learning environment. serving others. We have come to expect nothing less of a Creighton Our academic quality also is education, and through our strategic plan, Project 125, we reaffirm enhanced by interdisciplinary our commitment to academic excellence. collaboration among our faculty. We As I mentioned in my last column, there are five strategic have encouraged this collaboration by: objectives outlined in Project 125. Last issue, we touched on our first • Hosting our first “academic forum” this spring, which allowed priority: enhancing Creighton’s national identity and focusing its faculty from all schools and colleges to discuss their work with dedication to mission. Now let us focus on the second priority: each other. nurturing Creighton’s academic excellence. • Creating a Board of Undergraduate Studies, which will As I told the campus community in my Founders Day address, coordinate and discuss issues and programs that specifically we expect certain outcomes of a Creighton education. Among those, impact the quality of our undergraduate education. we expect our graduates to possess: • Hiring a director of Freshman Programs to create a more holistic • A disciplinary competence and/or professional proficiency aided freshman experience and expand our efforts to make service by a liberal education and a global perspective; learning more readily available across the curriculum. • An ethical competency that is values centered; • Continuing to enhance our Office for Excellence in Teaching, • A disposition toward service and an engaged civic responsibility; Learning and Assessment, which allows us to more accurately • An ability to communicate effectively — written, verbally and measure our educational success and supports faculty training technically; and and teaching. • A disposition toward lifelong learning. In our Health Sciences programs, it is our intent over the next In our deliberate steps to create a “willed future” as the premier, 10 to 15 years to transform our education, research and clinical national comprehensive university of our size and complexity, we missions to achieve a new threshold of excellence. recognize that academic excellence is at the heart of our enterprise. Creighton University Medical Center will strive to become the To be sure, we are proud of our expanding campus, our increased academic medical center of choice in our region, and we will enrollments, our outreach to the community and our athletic continue to grow our clinical programs, which are recognized success — including the recent National Invitational Tournament locally and regionally for excellence in many areas. title won by our women’s basketball team! Indeed, these are all As we move into our second 125 years, we recognize that elements in our quest for national prominence. However, the Creighton University has achieved regional dominance and national primary engine driving our future is our renewed commitment to prominence in many areas. With our renewed commitment to academic quality, an academic renaissance, if you will. academic excellence, we have raised our expectations for ourselves. How do we go about achieving this renaissance of academic Creighton University is clearly on the move. We have an exciting quality? future ahead of us. The answer lies in an interwoven tapestry of enhanced Enjoy this issue of Creighton University Magazine and have a safe technology; cooperation and collaboration across academic units; and blessed summer. creative and timely courses, programs and research design; and on- going program review. It is essential that we integrate the latest technology into our teaching and learning. That includes online learning and creation of John P. Schlegel, S.J. a “learning network” — that allows for “on-demand, around-the-

3 Summer 2004 University News

Winner of a 2003 CASE Gold Medal Award for General Excellence Conference Draws Former NSF Director Killer microbes that cause such deadly “Infectious diseases are a normal part n WTerror:hen the War o ththe Bough Breaks Assaulting diseases as cholera, malaria and of the ecosystem,” Colwell told the Democracyat Home? hantavirus pulmonary syndrome remain audience. “Microorganisms can never be Enron 101: a global threat — lurking in locales as eradicated, but they can be controlled.” Enronfr 101:om a Lessons Lessons from a a Corporate ScandalCorporate Scandal Enron 101: Enronons from 101:al ss nd Of TAhdrveashnec re and Le Le ca irnsg, C Socbiebnlecers andJesus, Scriptu sso te S Iamatb eCicrri ecPigaen: Teaching AboutCsr eo Terrorismifg Whtar ns fro varied as the deep seas off m nht ic o ora Creighton’s All-’A in Nepal taomneter the EthFeeling ‘Anli Celebrates Co m a and eelingFa ‘lAl live r 125th ve’ in Nepal rp orp eitsehreartsu,r Ceo abnbdl ers F Kyle2 K00o3rve Anniversary TeachingEatin Aboutg Diso Terrorismrders or C Of ThLr ter Of TChreigre at tIahme Ebnicv Pireonntmamene risRTm shehtors,n Cain Children e S o uAtb Touerrot H IaThme C ot bb125:lers a can chein Tgru Athb bicu Prricuenta nd da r 2003 TeaTh Win lummete The B l Soubmilityme : ter 2003 r usinessFe of Q ward M epal elingu ilts‘A Down ‘Alive’ inho Nice? live’ in NNuclear W Feelingealistic C Whoepal aste: d A R se Problem Teaching A rs, Cobblersf Love an is It? Toy f Threshesophy o eter sbout & G eTerrorismnd OThe Philobic Pentam er the coast of Peru to the Iam 003 Spring 2 canyons of the American Southwest; hitching rides

University Magazine with mosquitoes, rodents and marine animals; waiting for warm El Niño winds or Publisher: Creighton University; Rev. John P. other climate changes to rev Schlegel, S.J., President; Lisa Calvert, Vice President their engines; and joining for University Relations. Creighton University human hosts aboard 747’s to Magazine staff: Stephen T. Kline, Executive Editor; really travel the world. Rick Davis, Editor; Sheila Swanson, Associate Editor; Pamela A. Vaughn, Features Editor. Editorial “Diseases can spread Advisers: Cam Enarson, M.D., M.B.A.; Christine across the world in a matter Wiseman, J.D.; Greg Johnson; Diane Dougherty; of hours,” said Rita Colwell, Photo by Dave Weaver Rev. Donald A. Doll, S.J.; Ruth Purtilo, Ph.D.; Ph.D., former director and Former National Science Foundation director Rita Colwell, Tamara Buffalohead-McGill; and Jayne Schram. Ph.D., speaks at Creighton. chair of the National Science Creighton University Magazine (USPS728-070) is Foundation and a professor of The key, she said, is a cross-discipline published quarterly in February, May, August microbiology and biotechnology at the effort by scientists and researchers to and November by Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178-0001. University of Maryland Biotechnology provide innovative solutions. Periodicals postage paid at Omaha, Nebraska, Institute. “There are no health Colwell, the author of 16 books and and additional entry points. Address all mail to sanctuaries.” some 600 scientific publications, knows Public Relations and Information, Omaha, NE Colwell was the featured speaker at a of innovative solutions. She spearheaded 68178. Postmaster: Send change of address to Creighton University Magazine, P.O. Box 3266, national health conference hosted by an initiative in rural Bangladesh to Omaha, NE 68103-0078. Creighton April 15-17, titled Justice and decrease the incidence of cholera by Health Through Creative Technologies: teaching women to strain their drinking For more enrollment information, contact the Undergraduate Admissions Office at Saris, “Whistles” and Buckets. water through old saris. 1-800-282-5835, [email protected].

To make a gift to the University, contact the Development Office at 1-800-334-8794. Ellenbecker Receives Dental Alumni Merit Award For the latest on alumni gatherings, contact the Recognized for his service to the practice in Sioux Falls, S.D. In 1980, he Alumni Relations Office at 1-800-CU-ALUMS (800-282-5867) or check online at community and his commitment to the formed a partnership, and in 2001 www.creighton.edu/alumni. field of dentistry, Richard J. Ellenbecker, expanded his clinical practice to include DDS’68, was two new associates. Send letters to the editor to Rick Davis at [email protected]; fax, (402) 280-2549; honored with Ellenbecker also has offered care to Creighton University, Office of Public Relations, the Creighton children, teens and adults with mental 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178. University 2004 and physical disabilities for nearly Update your mailing address or send alumni news Alumni Merit 35 years. (births, weddings, promotions, etc.) electronically Award in the A Fellow of the American College of through www.creighton.edu/alumni, call School of Dentists and a member of numerous 1-800-334-8794 or mail to Development Office, Dentistry on dental associations, Ellenbecker has Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178. April 16. taken on many leadership roles in the After Ellenbecker field. Outside of his professional career, Visit the magazine website at completing the Ellenbecker has supported his local www.creightonmagazine.org pre-dentistry program at St. John’s community and church through service, www.creighton.edu University in Collegeville, Minn., and including leading a Scout troop for adult graduating from Creighton, Ellenbecker men with disabilities, coaching soccer, Copyright © 2004 by Creighton University practiced for a short time aboard the working as president of his parish Recycled and Recyclable U.S.S. Enterprise before starting a private council and becoming a foster parent.

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4 Summer 2004 University News

Board Members Honored School of Law Honors Deputy attorney, responsible for the David L. Sokol and Bruce R. Lauritzen prosecution of criminal cases. Before that, were inducted into the Omaha Business Judge Lowe with he served with the Urban League of Hall of Fame on April 20. Sokol and Pittman Award Nebraska as director of economic Lauritzen are members of Creighton’s Board development and employment. He also of Directors. The Omaha Business Hall of Creighton University School of Law’s served with the Edwards and Johnson Fame honors individuals whose Black Law Students Association law firm in Omaha. accomplishments in business are historically recognized Douglas County Court Judge His professional memberships include significant to the development of Omaha. the Honorable Darryl R. Lowe, JD’84, on being a part of the American Bar Sokol, chairman and CEO of Feb. 27, with the 2004 Judge Elizabeth D. Association, National Bar Association, MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company, Pittman Award, which celebrates Nebraska Bar Association, National was instrumental in making the Qwest distinguished African-American Center Omaha a reality. The facility contains Law School graduates. more than 1 million square feet and The award is given in honor of includes a 17,000-seat arena that is home to Elizabeth D. Pittman, the first the Creighton men’s basketball team. African-American graduate of Lauritzen, chairman of First National Creighton University School of Bank of Omaha, has been a key player in Law, who went on to become Omaha’s downtown redevelopment. The the first African-American construction of The Tower at First National, judge in Nebraska. The Black the tallest office building between Chicago Law Students Association of and Denver and completed in 2002, Creighton’s Law School proudly encouraged other major employers to bestows this award on an proceed with downtown projects. African-American graduate who

possesses the same qualities of Media Services Photo by Creighton Neary Named to CU Board excellence, perseverance and The Hon. Darryl Lowe, left, receives the Pittman Award from second-year law student Justin Wayne. Dan Neary was named to Creighton dedication that made Judge University’s Board of Directors on March 1. Pittman such a truly outstanding African-American Prosecutor Association Neary is president role model for all law students and and National District Attorney and member of the lawyers. Association. Lowe also is a member of board of directors at Lowe is the sixth recipient of this several civic associations including the Mutual of Omaha annual award. In October 1998, he was NAACP, Urban League of Nebraska and Insurance Company, appointed to his current position, North Omaha Boys Club, and he United of Omaha Douglas County Court Judge, 4th Judicial volunteers his time with the YMCA, Life Insurance District, by then Gov. Ben Nelson. Prior to American Red Cross and United Way of Company and that, Lowe served as a Douglas County the Midlands. Companion Life Insurance Company. Neary In 1975, Neary Health Insurance Association of America oldest institution of higher education in the joined Mutual’s Actuarial Division. He was (AAHP-HIAA), the national trade United States. The School of Business and appointed as an assistant vice president and association representing the private sector in Economics is its largest school. Pitts has assistant actuary of the Group Operation in health care. It is comprised of nearly 1,300 served as dean of Creighton’s College of 1983. Neary received the following member companies that provide health care, Business Administration since 1997. promotions in Group: second vice president long-term care, dental, disability and Lawrence Raful, professor of law, has and associate actuary; vice president and supplemental coverage to more than 200 accepted an appointment as dean of the director of Group Underwriting; and senior million Americans. Touro Law School, also effective July 1. vice president of Group Risk Management. Located on Long Island in New York, He left Mutual in 1997 to work for USI Pitts, Raful Leaving CU Touro was founded by 18th century Insurance Services, but returned in March Robert E. Pitts, Ph.D., dean of the College philanthropists and is committed to 1998 as the senior vice president of Group of Business Administration, has accepted an academic excellence and the values of social Health Plans. Neary was named executive appointment as dean of the School of justice and community service. It also is one vice president of Group Benefit Services in Business and Economics at the College of of two law schools in the United States November 1999. He assumed his current Charleston in Charleston, S.C., effective founded under Jewish auspices. position in August 2003. July 1. Raful has been a member of Creighton’s Neary serves on the board of directors of The College of Charleston is a public law faculty for 16 years, serving as its dean the American Association of Health Plans- comprehensive university and the 13th from 1988 to 1999.

5 Summer 2004 University News

European Organization for Nuclear “The first time students hear a real Science Research Research) in Switzerland and the U.S. presentation it goes 95 percent over their Deeply Involves Department of Energy’s Brookhaven heads,” Cherney said. “But in that sort of National Laboratory in Long Island, N.Y. immersion experience the first thing that Undergrads “The chance to continue my research was happens is that you begin to understand really what persuaded me to become a the grammar and the language of the Whether rubbing elbows with big-name graduate student,” said Swanger, who is discipline. Things that previously were loose physicists in Switzerland, launching weather continuing to pursue his studies at ends start coming together in a structure. It balloons in Mexico or scouring the Midwest Creighton. “The workgroup I was with at brings clarity.” prairie for evidence of plant species, CERN was very open; we approached Art Douglas, Ph.D., chair of the Creighton University undergraduates are problems from different directions, tried this, Department of Atmospheric Sciences at among the nation’s most Creighton, said his fortunate when it comes to undergraduates can help track experiencing professional the relationship between crop research. yields in the Midwest, the And that’s official. U.S. News global impact of the El Niño & World Report, which has built ocean-atmosphere disruption, a trusted national reputation as and the North American an evaluator of America’s Monsoon Experiment (NAME), universities, includes Creighton which is sponsored by the on a list of 39 universities it National Oceanic and believes are the nation’s best Atmospheric Administration. for encouraging and facilitating The monsoon season in undergraduate research. It is a Mexico is key to predicting heady list, one that includes drought in the Midwest, he Yale, Harvard, Cornell, said. The more rain in Mexico Columbia, Duke, Johns the less we are likely to see Hopkins, UC-Berkeley and the Photo by Dave Weaver over the Great Plains. Students Creighton freshman Benjamin Bumgarner works on an experiment in his Honors Massachusetts Institute of General Chemistry Laboratory. have made trips to Mexico to Technology. launch weather balloons and Mike Swanger, BS’03, is one beneficiary. tried that. A lot of ideas. I wanted to have then helped interpret data they As an undergraduate physics student at continue my research.” forward to the National Centers on Creighton under Michael Cherney, Ph.D., Cherney, professor of physics, compares Environmental Prediction. Like Cherney, Swanger participated in a $200 million the experience of Swanger and others to an Douglas draws an analogy to an federally funded project on particle research. old-fashioned apprenticeship, in which apprenticeship. The work involved dozens of top students learn the language and procedures “We’re trying to teach young students educational institutions around the world, of cutting-edge research in the workplace how to use the tools of the trade,” Douglas and it took Swanger to CERN (The instead of a classroom. said. “We want them to know how to

Lab Space Expands in “The main enhancement was the “It allows us to teach lab consistent with substantial increase in space we the way that educational research says is Rigge Science Building experienced,” said Bruce Mattson, Ph.D., the best way to learn, which is the hands- professor of inorganic chemistry. “And all on approach,” Cherney said. “The When Creighton’s $18 million Hixson- the plumbing and electrical has been renovation has allowed us to create lab- Lied Science Building opened last year it updated to state-of-the-art.” based courses where previously they had an effect far beyond itself. The state-of- The entire construction and renovation would have been lecture based. Students the-art science center absorbed most of the program, which saw the Hixson-Lied who get this experience are doing 5 to 10 administrative functions previously housed building join Rigge and the Criss buildings percent better than those who don’t.” in the existing Rigge Science Building. as an integrated science complex, cost The new spaciousness is among the That was a great boon to Rigge, which about $55 million. major benefits of the renovated labs. now found itself able to expand and Mike Cherney, Ph.D., professor of “The science program has grown greatly renovate its aging laboratories. The physics, said the investment was well since 1968 when Rigge was built,” he said. Chemistry Department was typical in worthwhile since it allows Creighton “The new building has allowed us to experiencing a 40 percent increase in science students a much more “hands-on” decompress. Students now have much space and a dramatic increase in experience in the pursuit of scientific more opportunity to do research projects functionality. understanding. with a faculty member.”

6 Summer 2004 University News interpret data, to understand how you can Med Student Named He made visits to the Baylor College of look at a monsoon in Mexico or the ocean Medicine in Houston, the M.D. Anderson patterns during the winter or the spring and Sarnoff Fellow Cancer Center in Houston, the Johns predict what the crops will do in the Hopkins University in Baltimore, Harvard summer.” This spring, Corey Anderson, a second- University in Boston and the New York Cherney and Douglas — as well as year Creighton University medical student, Medical College in Valhalla, N.Y. After chemistry’s Bruce Mattson, Ph.D., and was selected to participate in the prestigious making his decision in June, Anderson will Martin Hulce, Ph.D., and biology’s Ted Sarnoff Fellowship program as a 2004-2005 start his research on July 1. Burk, Ph.D. — stress the value of original Sarnoff Fellow. “My research will focus on cell research aimed at uncovering new The Sarnoff transplantation for the treatment of heart knowledge. Involvement in that level of Fellowship Program, failure,” Anderson said. research can enhance students’ job which began in 1980, A unique feature of the Sarnoff opportunities after graduation or their is designed to give Fellowship is its lifetime commitment to the options for pursuing a Ph.D., Douglas said. second- or third-year Fellow. Each Fellow is paired with a member Mattson said undergraduate research is medical students the of the Endowment’s Scientific Board, who required, not merely encouraged, for opportunity to spend not only serves to provide guidance during Creighton students seeking a professional a year conducting the research year, but also to aid in the degree in chemistry as opposed to a intensive work in a Anderson Fellow’s overall career development. bachelor’s degree in science. research laboratory Anderson’s scientific board preceptor is “Over half our faculty is involved in on issues relating to cardiovascular science. Douglas Mann, M.D., director of the Winters original research aimed at publication in a Fellows are chosen each year by the Center for Heart Failure Research at Baylor peer-reviewed journal,” Mattson said. Endowment’s Scientific Board on the basis of College of Medicine, and his sponsor at “Undergraduates frequently help with that.” a national competition. In selecting Fellows, Creighton is Thomas Pisarri, Ph.D., assistant Hulce is pursuing several sophisticated the Scientific Board seeks individuals with professor of biomedical sciences. projects with his chemistry students, often in demonstrated intellectual and academic “Creighton is fortunate that the Sarnoff collaboration with Creighton’s medical achievement and leadership ability. Endowment is providing this opportunity school. The experiments are aimed at Anderson, who attended an orientation for one of our medical students to devote a controlling blood pressure, or, in two other session at the Sarnoff Endowment’s Annual year to leading edge medical research in the projects, controlling appetite. There is a hor- Scientific Meeting at Georgetown University course of his medical education,” Pisarri mone, Hulce said, that makes a person feel in April, is in the process of deciding where said. “Corey’s successful pursuit of a Sarnoff full, and enhancing or inhibiting that hor- he will conduct his research. Fellowship illustrates how Creighton mone could possibly stem or spur appetite. “The fellowship provided me with $2,000 medical school graduates contribute to all “We take a broad approach to chemistry to visit and tour labs, and I will receive dimensions of the medical profession, from here at Creighton because interdisciplinary $25,000 for my research,” Anderson said. basic research to quality caregiving.” research is becoming much more in vogue,” he said. “We have good collaboration with the medical and dental schools.” Torres Inducted into CU Athletic Hall of Fame Burk said that 40 percent of biology Former Creighton University soccer graduates will have been involved in standout Johnny Torres, Arts’98, was original research projects. inducted into Creighton’s Athletic Hall of Biology students interested in research Fame on April 13. opportunities can expect to patrol the During his time at Creighton (1994- Midwest prairies recording the progress or 1997) Torres was twice named a National decline of plant and insect species, the effect Player of the Year — Soccer America’s in of the burn cycle on plant and animal life, 1996, and the Hermann Trophy recipient and even occasional ocean trips to study in 1997. marine life. A two-time first-team NCAA All- Media Services Photo by Creighton The ultimate goal, Burk said, is to create American, Torres ranks in the Creighton From left to right, CU Men’s Soccer Coach new scientists, a goal shared by the federal career top-10 in points, goals, assists, Bob Warming, Johnny Torres and CU President the Rev. John Schlegel, S.J. government, which increasingly makes it a shots on goal and matches played. The grant requirement that undergraduates 1997 Missouri Valley Conference Player outdoors with the Milwaukee Wave participate in research projects. of the Year and 1997 MVC Tournament United, was drafted in the first round of “It’s part of the work we do, to give the MVP, he was a member of the Bluejays’ the 1998 Major League Soccer draft by undergraduate a sense of what it is like to first College Cup Final Four team in 1996. the New England Revolution, where he do research,” Burk said. “Our biggest Torres, who just signed a three-year played four seasons. He also played contribution is not the science we do, but the contract to play both indoors and professionally with several other teams. scientists we create.”

7 Summer 2004 University News

Creighton, Omaha end of the degree program, the lay ecclesial and three in Norfolk, Neb., who are taking minister will be provided with the spiritual classes through the distance-learning Archdiocese Work foundation, theological understanding and component — will move through the program pastoral competencies required to serve in a cohort group. This enables long-range Together to Offer collaboratively and effectively in today’s scheduling of courses and also facilitates Master’s in Ministry Church and society. formation activities planned by the Archdiocese. Last fall, Creighton University began Coursework consists of 36 hours and the offering a Master of Arts in Ministry program. Creighton’s reputation program requires a bachelor’s degree for The creation of the degreed graduate program admission. Students do not need a formal was a collaborative effort between the Office of helped in recruiting the first education in theology, but should have Lay Ministry Formation of the Omaha class in the program. People significant experience in ministry. Archdiocese and Creighton University, and that we approached were “The program combines theological and was developed because of the need for lay practical skills. Students are not just learning ministers in the Catholic Church. very interested in receiving theology. Courses in communications, “As more people felt called to minister in a degree in ministry from organization and leadership also are a part of the Church, the diocese wanted to respond to Creighton University. the curriculum,” Kelly said. that call,” said the Rev. Tom Greisen of the Candidates from the Archdiocese of Omaha Omaha Archdiocese. “So, it was out of both a — Rev. Tom Greisen are the primary focus of the initial years of the necessity and a desire to provide an program, but it is hoped that neighboring educational program for those people. After Omaha Archdiocese dioceses will participate and that the program we decided that a degreed program was the will attract representatives from other way we wanted to do this, we contacted “In terms of the overall relationship Christian religious denominations. Creighton to see if the University would be between the Omaha Archdiocese and For more information about the M.A. interested in offering this program. They were Creighton University, this is a really important in Ministry program, contact Maureen and work began on creating the degree program,” said Thomas Kelly, Ph.D., director Crouchley at (402) 280-2669 or proposal.” of the program at Creighton. “A great deal of [email protected] or Marge The M.A. in Ministry program prepares effort, resources and collaboration went into its Koenigsman (Office of Lay Ministry students for professional ministry in the development.” Formation, Archdiocese of Omaha) at (402) Church in the Roman Catholic tradition. At the The first class of 30 students — 27 in Omaha 561-9274 or [email protected].

CU Law Professor, top scholars in this field,” Culhane said. “It Culhane’s selection as a Fellow, including a is a great honor that I was very surprised study done with Creighton Professor of Student Recognized and pleased to receive, and a nice Law Michaela White on reaffirmation recognition for Creighton.” practice in bankruptcy. Marianne Culhane, professor of law, and Culhane joined the Creighton faculty in According to Culhane, the student award Cynthia Wooden, Creighton law student, 1977 after serving as law clerk to the is a fairly new venture for the ACB, started were honored by the American College of Honorable Donald P. Lay of the United just one year ago. Bankruptcy (ACB) in March. Culhane was “The idea of the award is to interest inducted into the ACB’s 15th Class of outstanding law students in bankruptcy Fellows and Wooden was selected as the law,” Culhane said. 2004 Distinguished Bankruptcy Law Student Wooden was one of five students chosen from the Eighth Circuit. Both traveled to this year. Washington, D.C., for the ACB’s annual “Cindy had worked for 10-plus years in meeting, which included the induction the consumer and commercial credit field ceremony and awards presentation. before she came to law school. She also has Established in 1989, the ACB honors an MBA,” Culhane said. “She earned the

exceptional bankruptcy professionals who Photo by Dave Weaver highest grade in my banking class and are distinguished by their work and their Law student Cynthia Wooden, left, and law asked great questions not only in my class contributions to the administration of justice. professor Marianne Culhane. but in her other classes as well.” The ACB works to promote professional States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Culhane and colleagues in the law school excellence, collegiality, scholarship and Circuit and practicing law in Omaha. She nominated Wooden, who competed against access to justice. teaches banking law, debtor-creditor other nominees from the Eighth Circuit — “Being a Fellow affords me the relations, secured transactions and selected schools in North and South Dakota, opportunity to meet and work with many commercial topics. Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri eminent practitioners and judges, as well as Several factors weighed in favor of and Arkansas.

8 Summer 2004 University News

Tracking Hereditary recommend a course of action. New Diagnostic X-ray “Now that we know the (DNA) code, the Colon Cancer mutation is easier to detect,” Lynch said. “It Machine at CUMC means that we can track the descendants who Creighton University Medical Center The long battle against cancer scored a immigrated from Germany and went on to unveiled a revolutionary new diagnostic victory in February when the Journal of the settle throughout the United States over a X-ray system by demonstrating its American Medical Association reported discovery couple of hundred years.” capabilities during a presentation on March of a genetic defect that makes hereditary colon And track them they have, so far along a 2 in the hospital’s Trauma Center. cancer easier to detect. narrow geographical line that reaches from The blow was struck by Creighton Professor California to Pennsylvania with occasional Henry T. Lynch, M.D., who partnered with diversions as far south as Texas. Of the 566 research teams in Ohio and The Netherlands to people identified as descendants of the German immigrant, 137 have undergone genetic counseling and testing. Of those, 61 were found to carry a predisposition toward colorectal, endometrial or ovarian cancer. That means those 61 were carrying a ticking time bomb and didn’t know it. Now they know, and may Photo by Dave Weaver A demonstration of CUMC’s new diagnostic guard themselves by treatments ranging from X-ray system. annual colonoscopies to straightforward removal of the colon. The second hospital in the United States to install the Lodox Statscan, CUMC is the only academic medical center west of the The defective gene Mississippi to offer this new technology for

Photo by Mark Romesser rapid diagnostic assessments of injured Creighton’s Lynch identified the defective gene. descended from a single patients. The device is capable of providing early 18th century medical staff a full-body image within 13 conduct a massive genealogical and genetic seconds. Conventional X-ray scanners search for individuals carrying the defective German immigrant. currently take between 20 and 45 minutes gene. That search has so far identified nine to develop. families and 566 individuals descended from a But the manhunt remains in its infancy. single early 18th century German immigrant Lynch said he now wants to take the search Legal Clinic Awarded who brought the mutation to the United States nationwide and is applying to The National after settling in Pennsylvania. Cancer Institute for a grant to make that search Federal Funds Lynch and colon cancer are old adversaries, possible. Identifying how far the mutation has The Milton R. Abrahams Legal Clinic at having done protracted battle since 1962 when spread into the U.S. population offers many the School of Law will improve its outreach Lynch first identified a genetic mutation that advantages, Lynch said. to minority populations with federal places some people at hereditary risk of “It could lead to greater knowledge about funding contained in a bill recently signed developing colorectal cancer. Lynch was in pharmaceuticals in drug treatment, which could by President Bush. residency back then. Today, he is chairman of involve molecular-designed drugs,” he said. “It The omnibus appropriations bill includes the Department of Preventive Medicine at will facilitate recognition of high-risk patients $400,000 to expand services at the Creighton University, president of the who bear this mutation and who could benefit Abrahams Legal Clinic to focus on Hereditary Cancer Institute, and professor of immensely from education and screening.” improving outreach of clinical services to Medicine, Medical Oncology and Genetic Educating those who are currently unaware the minority communities of Nebraska. Consultation. of their susceptibility to Lynch Syndrome is The clinic, which was dedicated in Lynch’s 1962 discovery was named clearly a motivating factor for Lynch. The January 1993, offers free legal assistance on hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, or, in mutation will cause cancer in about 85 percent civil matters to low-income populations. honor of its discoverer, Lynch Syndrome. Some of the patients in whom it is discovered, he said, Creighton’s Abrahams Legal Clinic not only 40 years later, Lynch’s latest discovery pinpoints and the average age of onset is 44. Aggressive provides a much-needed service to the a specific gene within the Lynch Syndrome that monitoring and an aggressive response can community, but also provides a “hands-on” turns out to be partially deleted, dramatically save lives, he said. learning environment for Creighton enhancing the possibility that a carrier will “We are now embarking on a big students. The Abrahams Legal Clinic develop cancer of the colon, endometrium or genealogical hunt” aimed at detecting other operates as a small law firm staffed by law ovaries. descendants of that German immigrant, Lynch students under the supervision of the clinic Fortunately, the incomplete gene also dra- said. director, Professor Catherine Mahern, and matically enhances the ability of physicians to “Hopefully it will result in new preventive Nicole Neesen, along with the help of other identify a propensity toward the disease and to measures for high-risk patients.” Creighton faculty members.

9 Summer 2004 kristi angie amy jen brandy codi christy deanna sarah lucy woodard janis hoffman rochelle bush walker erickson castro vrbicky lapito

dayna finch All-Tournament Honoree

sara christy neneman hildebrand laura spanheimer Tournament MVP All-Tournament Honoree

X Summer 2004 University News Women Claim WNIT Title Creighton University’s women’s first appearance in a WNIT final. basketball team won the Women’s Creighton’s 21-point win over UNLV National Invitational Tournament was the largest margin of victory ever in championship in March, beating UNLV a WNIT championship. In the previous in convincing fashion, 73-52. six WNIT finals, the total margin had The win marked Creighton’s first been 12 points. The win marked the postseason national title in any sport. final game for seniors Neneman, Finch Creighton also became the first Missouri and Sara Hildebrand. Valley Conference team to win the WNIT. The game drew 4,180 fired-up fans to Creighton senior Christy Neneman Omaha’s Civic Auditorium — the was named the tournament MVP. She second-largest home crowd in school averaged 16 points, six rebounds and history (surpassed only by the 4,439 five assists per game during Creighton’s fans who attended last season’s WNIT WNIT run. Junior Laura Spanheimer, Final Four game against Auburn). who scored a team-high 20 points in the The Bluejays set a tournament record title game, and senior Dayna Finch were for three-pointers, hitting a whopping also named to the all-tournament team. 44 over their five tournament games. Playing in its second WNIT in as Finch, who had 14 of those, finished her many years and a school-record third Creighton career with 294 three-pointers, Senior Christy Neneman accepts the WNIT straight postseason tournament (NCAA, a conference record. Most Valuable Player award from Creighton Athletic Director Bruce Rasmussen. 2002), Creighton earned a repeat trip to Creighton finished the season 24-9 the WNIT Final Four by beating — the program’s third straight 20-win Colorado State, Washington and Oregon season. Coach Jim Flanery, BA’87, is State. The Bluejays — who also reached 48-18 in his first two seasons at the the WNIT Final Four in 2003 — then helm. It’s one of the most successful knocked off Richmond to make their two-year starts in conference history.

Dayna Finch (23) celebrates Creighton’s win over UNLV in the championship game with Angie Janis Coach Jim Flanery, BA’87, is all smiles during (33), Christy Erickson (4) and Amy Hoffman (40). the title game.

11 Summer 2004 Common Misconceptions 10 About Bible Translations

It was 400 years ago, in January 1604, Bible translation is a to be exact, that King James convened relatively recent an assembly at Hampton Court, outside 1phenomenon. of London, to initiate a new English For many people, the King James translation of the Bible. Someone Version is the oldest of all Bible seeking an edition of this King James translations; we leave out of Version (KJV), say half a century or so consideration those individuals, later, might have had the good or evil hopefully very few in number these fortune, depending on the point of view, days, who think of KJV as the original to purchase a copy with the seventh Bible, as was the case in former Texas commandment written like this: Thou Gov. Miriam “Ma” Ferguson’s shalt commit adultery. This would be a memorable comment, paraphrased here: copy of the so-called Wicked Bible, one If English was good enough for Jesus, it of many marred with what we suppose is good enough for me. In fact, Bible are inadvertent printers’ errors. translation, at least in oral form, is as old Today, we can go into any bookstore as the Bible itself. We read in the book of and be presented with dozens of Bible Nehemiah, Chapter 8, that Ezra, having translations, from facsimiles of the King returned from Babylon in the mid-fifth

Photo by Mark Romesser James, to updated versions of King century BCE, gathered together the people at Jerusalem’s Water Gate, to By Leonard Greenspoon, Ph.D. James, to niche Bibles (for recovering alcoholics, teenagers striving to retain read to them from God’s word. As he Philip M. and Ethel Klutznick Chair in their virginity, grandmothers or really intoned in the Hebrew language, other Jewish Civilization any conceivable group), from texts officials explained his words to the specifically designed for conservative Jerusalemites, who by then no longer Protestants, or Roman Catholics, or easily comprehended Hebrew. Jews, to editions aimed at consumers Although the text of Nehemiah does with a seventh-grade education. We not specify what form this explanation take this abundance of choices, often took, it is most likely that they were driven by market forces as much as or translating his Hebrew into Aramaic, even more than anything else, for which functioned as the global lingua granted. But we should not. franca of his day (as English does today). In what follows I want to provide It was probably not until the first some background that will help us century CE that any Aramaic version appreciate the task of Bible translating was finally written down. By that time, and the resultant translations. I will do the Jews of Alexandria, Egypt, had so by formulating and then examining already produced the Septuagint, or 10 misconceptions about translations of Greek translation of the Old Testament, the Bible, as follows: which was committed to writing as

12 Summer 2004 10 Common Misconceptions About Bible Translations

early as the third century BCE. It was in this Greek language that sacred scripture was known to most of the early Christians. Up until a generation or two ago, large numbers of Roman Catholics were familiar with the Latin translation of Jerome, from the early 400s CE. Ultimately designated as the Vulgate, or commonly accepted text, this formed the sole authoritative version for the Church during the Middle Ages and still occupies a central place in some Church rites. The King James Version is the oldest Bible in the 2 English language. This view is more sophisticated than the belief that the King James Version was the original Bible or is the oldest of all translations. But it, too, is wrong. Translations into English go back to the seventh century. From the 1300s to the 1500s there are several quite distinguished English texts identified with individuals such as Wycliffe, Tyndale and Matthew, as well as locations like Geneva and Rheims-Douay. The KJV translators make it abundantly clear in their introduction, which to our loss is hardly ever printed anymore, that they are deeply indebted to their English- language predecessors, as well as to translators in other languages. This observation leads us to several other misconceptions that need to be corrected. A translation and a revision are basically the 3same things. These two terms in fact describe quite different approaches to the translator’s

From the collections of Bridwell Library, Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University Perkins School of Theology, the collections of Bridwell Library, From craft or art (for indeed translation is an art, not a science). The King James Version, surely the most influential work in the English language, appeared in 1611. This magnificent title page, engraved by an artist from Antwerp, Belgium, combines Old Testament Those responsible for a translation imagery, such as the figures of Moses and Aaron, with Christian symbolism, like the Holy Spirit in the have as their starting point the foreign form of a dove and depictions of the four Gospel writers. language text they are rendering: for Old Testament, the languages are Hebrew and, primarily for parts of Daniel and Ezra, Aramaic. The New Testament, as transmitted and passed down to us, is entirely in Greek. Translators may indeed consult earlier versions in their own language, but such versions are of distinctly secondary importance. Revisers, like those

13 Summer 2004 10 Common Misconceptions About Bible Translations

responsible for the King James Version, work with a text in their own language, the wording of which they retain unless there are good reasons (as defined by their guidelines) to change it. As the King James translators/revisers put it, “Truly we never thought to make a new translation, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one, but to make a good one better, or out of many good ones one principal good one.” Subsequent revisions of the King James, including the Revised Standard Version, the New Revised Standard Version, the New American Standard Bible and the New King James Version, continue the process of revision to this very day. All translators, whether translating or revising, 4 make use of the same Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek texts. This assertion is most decidedly not the case. First of all, we need to acknowledge that we no longer have access to the autograph, that is the original text, of any book of the Bible. From initial composition until at least 1456, when Johann Gutenberg perfected movable type, every word of every verse of every book of both testaments

was copied by hand, producing what Southern Methodist University Perkins School of Theology, the collections of Bridwell Library, From are technically called manuscripts, that In 1525, William Tyndale published his English version of the New Testament. Over the next decade, is, documents written by hand. he revised this and added his rendering of portions of the Old Testament. In 1536, he was condemned We have dozens of manuscripts of the as a heretic, strangled and burned at the stake. Almost 80 percent of the King James Version is taken Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible, and from Tyndale. hundreds of the New Testament, ranging in date from the pre-Christian Most translators believe hope, would all translators) cared era to the Renaissance and even beyond. that they are conveying deeply about his work, often anguishing No two are exactly alike. the word of God in an to find just the right word or expression 5 and revising his own words several There are literally thousands of places infallible and error-free where editors or translators must apply manner. times. I suspect that he passed many a their skill to determine exactly what was I would be hard pressed to find any sleepless night during these years. written and how to interpret it. statement by any translator that asserts We do not know how the earliest In recent decades, the Dead Sea such an elevated view of this task. translators, responsible for the Greek scrolls have brought us the Hebrew text Certainly not those responsible for the and Aramaic versions, viewed their far earlier than it had been known King James Version, who, as we have task. For the Greek, we do know that before. For the New Testament, the KJV seen, spoke quite openly of their debt to later supporters of this version, called translators made use of a tradition of their predecessors both recent and the Septuagint, asserted that its transmission (that is, copying the text ancient; moreover, they were candid translators were inspired by God. rather than translating it) that was well and modest in presenting their work as This was the widely held view of accepted in its own day, but suspect in the best they could do, not the best in almost all early Church fathers; it was the eyes of most critical scholars of any absolute sense. memorably articulated by the first today. Jerome had no illusions about the century Jewish philosopher Philo, version he produced, although he (as, I himself an Alexandrian, who said that

14 Summer 2004 10 Common Misconceptions About Bible Translations

those responsible for the Septuagint translation. Given all the factors to us, even in translation, and require were not translators, but prophets. involved in producing one, we are some effort on our part: That is, we It is, however, not likely that the indeed blessed that this miracle has need to move ourselves, intellectually translators themselves had so lofty a occurred a number of times. and even creatively, to its world. view of the often mundane procedures On the other hand, if we agree that with which they busied themselves. The best Bible translations the Bible is in some sense the Word of Like the King James translators/revisers, are the most literal. Or: A God, then it should speak to each they cannot be held accountable for any 7 free approach produces generation, if not to each individual, in of the excessive claims made by later the best Bible translations. contemporary language: That is, the text generations. In addition to embodying two should be adapted in at least some popular approaches toward judging respects to current literary norms and Committees produce the Bible translation, these statements expectations. best Bible translations. Or: encapsulate, as it were, two stages in my As I just confessed above, I have 6 Individual translators are earlier thinking on this important issue. moved from the belief in one of these responsible for the best Bible As a graduate student, immersed in views to the acceptance of the validity translations. close textual study, I could not imagine of both, as well as myriad combinations We have already covered enough anything more satisfying than a literal and permutations. I am happy to make ground to demonstrate that excellent rendering of the biblical text when use of different types of Bibles in and influential translations may be the translation was necessary. different contexts, and I rejoice in the product of one individual or of a group As I saw it, every aspect of the freedom we have to do so. of individuals. original language should be reflected, The Septuagint, KJV and most of its within reason, so that the original could The best possible subsequent revisions, the Geneva Bible, shine through with all of its ambiguities, translation of the Bible is and the Rheims Douay (which is, subtleties and (I would readily admit) 8 one that is theologically incidentally, the earliest Catholic difficulties. neutral and religiously translation of the Bible into English and However, as I began to teach and inclusive. is based on the Latin of the Vulgate) are view Bible translations in a variety of By now, it should be clear that fine examples of committee work; pedagogical and communal settings, I theological neutrality toward the Bible is Jerome, Wycliffe and Tyndale, to whom adopted the view that a free translation simply not possible. Almost all Bible we should also immediately add Luther, was more appropriate to getting the translations are sponsored by one or worked alone to produce their famous message across unencumbered by these more religions, each of which has versions. Less successful renderings ambiguities, subtleties and those pesky exegetical or interpretative traditions were also produced both by committees difficulties. that influence the way in which and by individuals working alone. Having now reached a certain age adherents of that religion read the Bible. Each method has its strengths and and possibly a certain degree of In this sense, Bible translations, indeed weaknesses. Translations by individuals reflective judgment, I have come to all Bible translations, are intensely and are more likely to bear the strong mark believe that every translation must be inherently political. of one person’s understanding of judged in terms of its own goals and its I am also convinced that such translation. With relatively little need to intended audience. theological neutrality, even if it were compromise, this individual can often Thus, it is reasonable to expect a possible, is not desirable. At heart, the produce stirring, even startling turns of given translation to be literal because it Hebrew Bible and the New Testament phrase and interpretations. is used for academic study and in are elaborated statements of faith, But these versions can also reflect similar non-academic settings, while the encompassing many different genres of idiosyncrasies that are less likely to freer, more familiar language of other literature and the lived experiences of appear when a group is involved in the versions is far more effective with many many different people and peoples. The process. Moreover, involving many young and general audiences and those core values of the Bible are deeply people with somewhat different who are becoming acquainted with the religious and reflect a belief or beliefs in backgrounds and viewpoints might written Bible for the first time. God that, whether or not they are well enrich the finished version. At a more theoretical level, we susceptible to proof, form the core of At the same time, any committee observe that a literal version takes the existence for hundreds of millions of product is the result of compromise, reader to the text, while the free people. How can anyone be neutral which may weaken the overall effect, translation brings the text to the reader. about the text of the Bible, which is itself and all committees are subject to the Given that the Bible is a document at anything but neutral? And why should whims of obstinate members who can least 2,000 years old, produced in a they be? hold things up until they get their way. society that is, although recognizable, We might, nonetheless, ask: Aren’t It is perhaps not too much to say that also quite distinct from ours, its ecumenical translations desirable, ones only a miracle produces a good Bible literature should be somewhat foreign that aim in some way or other to be

15 Summer 2004 10 Common Misconceptions About Bible Translations

version from school freshman as it seeks to make another. often complex biblical thoughts and This is not to say, images immediately accessible to a large I hasten to add, that audience. But, based on the wording of we can envision an their titles, who would know this? authentic rendering We would, perhaps, all benefit from of the Bible that greater transparency on the covers of promotes, say, today’s Bibles. Publishers and polytheism, or that sponsoring organizations doubtless allows for a laissez- have their reasons for adopting the titles faire attitude toward they do. If “new” and “revised” increase individual ethics or sales for computers, cars and clothes, communal morality. perhaps they work just as well for But, theological, Bibles. stylistic, cultural and other No translation, presuppositions and no matter how well practices lead to the 10 done, can be as good retention of a sort of as the original. individuality on the I have saved this one for last because part of each version, it is the “misconception” I am least sure whether it be a fresh about. My head and a part of my heart translation or a tell me that this is no misconception at revision. all. Much of this I was trained classically in ancient individuality or languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, individualism is Greek and Latin, and I know that there obscured by the fact are many features of those languages, that the “titles” of such as word plays, repetitions and Erich Lessing/Art Resources, NY Erich Lessing/Art Resources, Bible translations sound echoes, that defy translation (in James was king of Scotland from 1562 and also of England from 1603 this case, literally “carrying over”) from until his death in 1625. Although this monarch had many rarely transmit their accomplishments during his reign, his most enduring legacy is distinctive features. one language to another, no matter how undoubtedly the Bible translation that bears his name. Who, for closely related the languages and no example, could tell matter how gifted the translators. To by the title “New quote from the title of a recent movie, theologically inclusive and acceptable to American Bible” that this is a Catholic there is indeed much “lost in persons of different faiths? To a certain version, while the almost identically translation.” degree and in some contexts, they are. titled “New American Standard But for many people, even for It is pragmatically advantageous to Version” is a KJV revision from a scholars, there is much that can be have an English text of the Bible that all decidedly conservative Protestant found in translation. Translators are of Christians can use, for example, in joint perspective? necessity interpreters; they cannot work worship services. But such versions And how could you possibly know mechanically, nor should they. Many of should not obscure significant from its cover that the Tanakh is a their interpretations, as placed in the differences that exist in biblical mainstream version produced under the version they produce, are startlingly interpretation within and among auspices of the Jewish Publication fresh and to-the-point. Many of their different groups of Christians. Nor will Society, while the Tanach is aimed at a turns of phrase, while not exactly the it be easy to find a version that is distinctly Orthodox segment of the same as the original, are nevertheless equally appealing to Jews and Jewish public? (Note: Both of these just as appropriate within their own Christians. terms are acronyms, formed from the context. initial letters of the Hebrew Bible’s main It would, perhaps, be best to say that When all is said and done, sections or divisions according to Jewish an excellent translation can indeed be as there really isn’t much tradition.) good as the original — but its virtues 9 difference between one The Revised English Version is British are of a different sort. It cannot take the Bible translation and another. and of lofty literary quality; the place of the original, but it creates its By now, readers of this article will Contemporary English Version, own, no less important place. readily observe that there are bound to prepared by the American Bible Society, I will never stop urging non-scholars be many differences separating one limits its vocabulary to that of a high to make whatever effort it takes to

16 Summer 2004 10 Common Misconceptions About Bible Translations

achieve maximal familiarity with the languages of the Bible. Combined with their knowledge of the text through translation, their every reading of the text will be immeasurably enhanced. At the same time, I will never stop urging fellow biblical scholars to immerse themselves in the history of Bible translation. In this way, they can combine their historical and linguistic knowledge of what the Bible said with an increased recognition of what the Bible has meant to successive generations. In the end, we are all enriched in the process. It is what in a more literal translation might be called an endeavor that profits (or, profiteth) all; a more colloquial rendering might term it a win-win situation. Who could ask for more? About the author: Leonard Greenspoon, Ph.D., holds the Klutznick Chair in Jewish Civilization at Creighton, where he also is professor of classical and Near Eastern studies and of theology. He is a prolific lecturer and writer on Bible translation. Among his most recent achievements in this area are his participation in an international roundtable on the King James Version, sponsored by the American Bible Society and the Society of Biblical Literature; his chapter on “Jewish Translations of the Bible” in The Jewish Study Bible, published by Oxford University Press; and the cover story for the December 2003 issue of Bible Review, “How the Bible Became the Kynge’s Owne English.” From the collections of Bridwell Library, Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University Perkins School of Theology, the collections of Bridwell Library, From

In 1535, Miles Coverdale produced the first complete English Bible. It incorporated Tyndale’s translation wherever possible. The impressive title page to this work incorporates imagery from both the Old and the New Testaments. It also reproduces three texts, two from Paul and one from the Book of Joshua, that highlight the centrality of the Word of God, here presented in translation, for Christian readers.

17 Summer 2004 CU at 125: The Jesuits The Jesuits By Dennis N. Mihelich, Ph.D.

Photo by Monte Kruse, BA’83 Photo by Monte Kruse, Associate Professor of History, Creighton University Historian

— A Prologue — Never mind that the founders of Jesuit Convince the Jesuit fathers of the Missouri Ph.D., traces the roots and the highlights of Creighton University — Edward and Mary Province to add the school to their mission. this special relationship, focusing on those Lucretia Creighton — had a strong (In 1954, due to size considerations, the Jesuit luminaries from Creighton’s distant attachment to the Dominicans. After all, in Missouri Province split in two — the past, people about whom we may have heard Ohio, they had worshiped at Dominican Wisconsin and Missouri provinces, with relatively little but who shaped the mission churches — and John Andrew Creighton going to the Wisconsin Province.) University all the same. Creighton had attended their St. Joseph’s Thus, the Society of Jesus begins its long Meet some of these bereted and cassocked College, which has since closed. In fact, even and fruitful association with Creighton schoolmen who put up buildings and Creighton’s architecture bears that order’s University in 1877 and opens the school the molded characters, balanced budgets and early mark: The original Creighton College following year, not exactly having sought curricula, moved ahead the frontiers of building (today, part of the Administration out the young college, but adopting it science and philosophy, fought for social Building; the main entrance to which is still nonetheless. justice — and reached, sometimes quite visible, just off the Jesuit Gardens facing Here, in our last article in the Magazine’s literally, for the stars. 24th Street) was laid out on the Dominican 125th anniversary series, Creighton — Pamela Adams Vaughn model. And records of the order reveal that University Historian Dennis Mihelich, Features Editor the Dominicans had indeed received an offer — but refused to accept — the administrative assignment to run Creighton University. Also, don’t get confused by the fact that the executors of Mary Lucretia Creighton’s will began building Creighton College but then transferred the bequest to newly appointed Bishop of Nebraska James O’Connor in August 1876. While not necessarily opposed to running the school, Bishop O’Connor nevertheless had no means to oversee it. His solution? Creighton University Archives University Creighton

18 Summer 2004 CU at 125: The Jesuits

But, because Joseph was unavailable for lectures and viewings. during the summer of 1886, the younger That same year, Fr. Rigge became a Rigge, at the time a scholastic, came national celebrity by solving a local from his post in Chicago to oversee the crime. Omaha’s political boss Tom installation of Creighton’s updated Dennison discovered a bomb on his telescope. Subsequently, while William porch before it exploded; subsequently, studied theology at Woodstock, the he had a rival arrested for the crime. Jesuit seminary in Maryland, he spent The only evidence came from two summer vacations at the observatory at young girls who claimed to have Creighton. witnessed the accused place the device In 1895, William replaced his brother on the porch. as director of the observatory, beginning The girls had attended church, had his 30-year career as a Creighton physics their picture taken on the church steps, teacher and astronomer. and then allegedly saw the crime as In 1908, he gained election to the they passed Dennison’s house on their William Rigge, S.J. British Royal Astronomical Society, a way home. The defense attorney knew (1857-1927) signal honor for a Jesuit of the era, since of Fr. Rigge’s work and asked him to Born in Cincinnati in 1857 and joining few at that time entered scientific fields view the photograph and determine the the Jesuits in 1875, the Rev. Gulielmus or published scholarly works in any time of day. (William) Rigge arrived at Creighton as discipline outside theology. Fr. Rigge From the shadows visible in the a Jesuit scholastic in 1878, although he also served the history of the University picture, Fr. Rigge concluded that the completed his studies elsewhere. well; he compiled a personal chronicle photographer snapped the shot at 3:20 We know that the Provincial sent and wrote his memoirs, which detailed p.m., a half hour after the discovery of young William to Omaha to rest the activities two decades subsequent to the bomb. Because of the politics eyes he had “overstrained” during his Fr. Michael Dowling’s Reminiscences. involved in the case, it took three trials noviceship — and that his eyes would Three articles he wrote for the Omaha before the Nebraska Supreme Court continue to bother him throughout his Herald concerning plotting the latitude freed the defendant. Fr. Rigge published life. In fact, the publication, Omaha: The and longitude of the city were reprinted an article about how he determined the Gate City and Douglas County Nebraska, in the 1886-87 Creighton Catalogue. He time of day in the July 20, 1912, Scientific suggests that the strain to his eyes considered them the first of his more American. prevented Rigge from full-time work as than 100 scholarly publications. Fr. Rigge even ruled on the an astronomer. Thus, teaching physics According to published documents, Fr. probability of Nebraska “flying-saucer” absorbed much of his time. Still, Rigge Rigge also wrote two books: The Graphic sightings in 1897. According to the continued to incorporate astronomy in Construction of Eclipses and Occultations journal, Nebraska History (Spring 1979), a variety of ways through his work at (1925) and Harmonic Curves (1926). “Father William Rigge, S.J., professor of the Creighton observatory (see story In 1912, J. S. Foote, A.M., M.D., astronomy at Creighton University, on page 22) and his other related professor of physiology, histology and Omaha, argued: ‘I am satisfied in my research. pathology in the Medical School, own mind that the alleged airship seen The budding scientist taught a full became the first person from Creighton about a month ago was the planet schedule as a young scholastic at University to be elected as a fellow of Venus.’” In his testimony, the Creighton Creighton through 1881. He would soon the American Association for the scientist was charitable enough, return to Creighton and begin an Advancement of Science. however, to state that blowing rifts of illustrious career as a science teacher The following year the organization clouds probably accounted “for the and internationally acclaimed added its first Jesuit, Fr. William Rigge, deception of the star, appearing astronomer. the only faculty member of Creighton to move.” How did Fr. William Rigge’s love College who did scholarly research. For more than a decade Fr. Rigge affair with the heavens begin? William’s Much of his research educated the also contributed articles on science to brother and fellow Jesuit, Joseph Rigge, public; in 1910, for example, Halley’s the Creighton alumni magazine; in was already a fixture at Creighton, comet became visible in the northern 1917, for his body of work, Georgetown serving as observatory director and hemisphere, and Fr. Rigge drew University awarded him an honorary carrying out other assignments, as well. “enormous” crowds to the observatory Ph.D.

From the shadow in this picture, visible in the top right- hand corner, Fr. Rigge was able to determine the time of day and exonerate a man falsely accused of a crime.

19 Summer 2004 CU at 125: The Jesuits

Fr. William Rigge died at age 69, “just took over for the second time in chilling memorandum, which included after sundown” on March 30, 1927, in “a November 1898. the suggestion to shutter the University bare little room in St. Joseph’s hospital,” He returned just as the Trans- temporarily. felled by a lung disorder that had Mississippi Expo (Omaha’s “World’s Fr. Dowling didn’t mince words. In plagued him for a decade. His Fair”) was closing its doors. He arrived his memo, he revealed that $74,850 of prominence brought him an entry into on the heels of the worst depression in the University’s trust fund lay the prestigious Dictionary of American U.S. history to that date, although the inoperative, yielding no revenue. He Biography, published eight years after economy had started to turn around. went on to state that the sum included his passing. But he found Creighton finances in $48,850 in foreclosed mortgages, $10,000 desperate condition and issued a tied up in a local legal case, $5,000 in an The Creighton-Dowling Years From 1899-1902, John Andrew construction of University Hall, a Creighton underwrote the construction 700-seat auditorium on the north side of an east-west residential addition to of California Street, west of St. John’s the south wing and a new matching Church, as well as a new heating plant north wing to the College (today’s north of the auditorium. Administration Building), which New chemistry classrooms took contained many recitation rooms. Its shape as the original college building third floor became the new home of was renovated. During the Creighton- the physics department. Dowling era, St. John’s Church also The additions prompted the received upgrading — completing development of a room-numbering much deferred maintenance, but it Michael P. Dowling, S.J. system. At the same time, a new also included frescoing the interior, (1851-1915) library arose between the south wing installing electric lights, and building a The Rev. Michael P. Dowling, S.J., is and the original college, a library that stone walk and a retaining wall with the only person to serve two separate now could boast 46,000 volumes, as four large built-in flowerpots. times as Creighton’s president. He well as pamphlets, government Furthermore, the “barracks” (St. served as Creighton’s fifth president reports and publications. John’s School) moved again, and a from 1885-1889, and returned in 1898 as Simultaneously, a gift of $100,000 new two-story brick school, with attic, the ninth president, providing energetic from John Andrew funded the was built with the entrance facing leadership for the next decade. California Street. It opened to During his second term, John Andrew 196 students on Jan. 22, 1901. Creighton and Fr. Dowling established a Also in the Creighton- vibrant partnership that transformed the Dowling years, the School of University into a dynamic resource for Law was established in 1904; the area. When John Andrew died in the School of Dentistry and February 1907 and Fr. Dowling moved the School of Pharmacy on to a new assignment one year later, followed in 1905. All three they bequeathed a thriving institution to were located at the Edward their successors. The robust University Creighton Institute at 210 S. boasted a large liberal arts college 18th St. In 1907, the School of (which maintained a high-school Pharmacy got its own division), professional schools for building, which was attached medicine, law, dentistry and pharmacy, to the medical school at 14th and programs in post-baccalaureate and Davenport streets. studies. Why the flurry of activity But the University had not been a on the Creighton campus? robust institution when Fr. Dowling Ever a realist, Fr. Dowling had suggested that John Andrew complete his plan for the University while the Creighton benefactor was alive.

Creighton University Archives University Creighton Dowling, left, with Creighton.

20 Summer 2004 CU at 125: The Jesuits unforeclosed mortgage (which had not very person. produced even one interest payment According to Fr. Rigge, “When he laid in four years) and $11,000 that his down the keys of office on March 12, predecessor prior to his return, the Rev. 1889, and departed for Detroit to erect a John F. Pahls, S.J., (Creighton president college building there also, enterprise from 1895-1898) had used from the trust and success departed with him. … It “to keep the college afloat.” was only upon Fr. Dowling’s Thus, only one half the trust garnered resumption of the reins on Nov. 12, revenue, and it did not equal the $7,500 1898, for his second term, that the per annum necessary to run the University began again vigorously to lift University. Given the circumstances, Fr. its head and awaken to new life.” Dowling proposed five options: Repay Fr. Dowling had been born in the trust and return it to the bishop; Cincinnati on June 14, 1851; in 1869, he start charging tuition; suspend either the followed his older brother James into high school or collegiate course of study, the Society of Jesus, entering the or “suspend all classes until we have priesthood in 1882. After serving as Francis Cassilly, S.J. had time to recover somewhat.” rector-president of Creighton College (1860-1938) He claimed the memo, for the first the first time, he fulfilled the same Long before Creighton Jesuit the Rev. time, alerted John Andrew Creighton position at Jesuit-run Detroit College John Markoe fought against racism in “of the extraordinary straits to which from 1889-1893. Omaha in the ‘40s and ‘50s, the Rev. [the University] was reduced, for the Fr. Dowling, a handsome man and a Francis B. Cassilly, S.J., Creighton responsible officials of the College had powerful orator, had vision and charisma; professor of pedagogy and Christian tried to keep from him these sources of most importantly, he had established Doctrine, would establish a Catholic uneasiness, both because at the time he a special bond with John Andrew outreach program for African- had enough troubles of his own and Creighton. According to a eulogizer, Americans in the by now-burgeoning because he had hardly yet recovered “Their friendship was genuine, deep- industrial city. This “mission to from the tax put upon his resources by seated, inspiring, the spontaneous Negroes,” which became the the erection of the Creighton Medical outburst of kindred natures which Community House of St. Benedict the College during a period of financial naturally attracted each other.” Moor, was the first such mission to depression unequalled in the West.” Before Fr. Dowling left Omaha, the African-Americans in the city. Once made aware, Fr. Dowling city and the University feted him to a Born in Louisville, Ky., in 1860, just a writes, John Andrew “came to the royal banquet. In his farewell address, year before the onset of the Civil War, Fr. rescue and lifted the College out of its he stated, “As for myself, I have given Cassilly joined the Society of Jesus in embarrassment.” to the university my best years, I have 1878, the year of the University’s The benefactor began to solidify the devoted to it the best that was in me, founding. endowment, to add schools to the and now after fourteen years, out of ‘the Fr. Cassilly came to Creighton in 1913, University and to expand Creighton Creighton millions’ to which someone and, according to an Omaha World- College. (See story at left.) alluded a moment ago, I take with me Herald article celebrating his diamond U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, six dollars — just enough to pay my fare jubilee, served as supervisor of the who served on the board of directors of to Kansas City.” School of Dentistry and helped draw up Ohio State University in the early 1890s, He spent his last years in that city as the plans for the dental school building. said a university president had to have pastor at St. Aloysius Church and in Five years later, he founded the St. a fine appearance and a commanding purchasing the site of Rockhurst Benedict Mission, serving as its pastor presence. He also had to be a good College. He lived long enough to see the for 14 years. In 1923, he purchased an speaker, preacher, and a great scholar new institution open its doors, but died old Methodist Episcopal Church for the and teacher, have tact to govern a a few months later, at age 64, on Feb. 13, mission and started a school in it. faculty, be popular with students, be a 1915. After a mass in Kansas City, his Two years later, the bishop man of business training and be a great body returned to Omaha to lie in state “commended to the Jesuits the welfare administrator. He knew such a person at St. John’s Church, before burial at of the Negroes”; and, in 1928, Fr. did not exist. Yet, years later, Fr. Michael Holy Sepulchre Cemetery at a spot near Cassilly held a bazaar and fund-raiser at P. Dowling’s eulogizers described that the Creighton family obelisk. the Creighton Gymnasium, which

21 Summer 2004 CU at 125: The Jesuits

raised $3,800 toward building a new school for the mission. He served as the The Rigges, the Creighton Observatory mission’s pastor until 1933. and the Focus on Science Fr. Cassilly taught education in the Arts College until 1926, religion in the Creighton’s original telescope was line to the Creighton observatory that high school until 1928, and from 1929 purchased as a physics instrument allowed the daily interchange of time until his death, he served as a trustee of and housed in a specially built room signals for longitude with the National the University. Fr. Cassilly died of heart in the chemical building. Astronomical Observatory in the nation’s capital. disease on Oct. 1, 1938, his passing observation was not practical because Moreover, the observatory began to marking the end of an era of it was too cumbersome to wheel the assemble its own library and created transformation for the faculty of the telescope and its driving clock to a an associated meteorology department Arts College. Jesuits had become a point some distance from the tall equipped with “barometer, minority in the institution they created, college building. Moreover, the hygrometer, maximum and minimum and henceforth, the vast majority of detailed calibration of the instruments thermometers and government 25-year honorees would be laypersons. on a nightly basis would have left weather reports.” little time for actual observations. The creation of a Scientific The Rev. Michael P. Dowling, S.J., Department consisting of four areas — serving his first term as rector- physics, chemistry, astronomy and president, secured the support of John meteorology — precipitated the Andrew Creighton in 1885 to build “a introduction of a course of public plain but substantial” 15-foot diameter evening science lectures in 1885. round house 250 feet north of the The science department also offered college at a cost of $2,500. John A. new opportunities to some of the McShane donated $1,000 for an students. In 1885, Joseph Rigge astronomical clock, chronograph and organized the Chemical Circle “the necessary electrical outfit.” The composed of students who attended observatory director, the Rev. William bi-monthly meetings consisting of Rigge’s brother, the Rev. Joseph Rigge, sophisticated lectures and experiments wanted to provide precise time to the designed to instill “a facility in city of Omaha, but to do so he needed lecturing on chemical subjects.” William Corboy, S.J. a sidereal clock and an accurate The next year he created the (1878-1951) transit. Again, John Andrew provided Scientific Circle for physics students; The Rev. William Corboy, S.J., the money for the instruments and the subsequently, he combined them assistant professor of classics, was the college built a small square addition under the rubric, Scientific Academy, first member of the Creighton faculty — on the east side of the observatory to which annually in May presented a and the first Creighton Jesuit — to join house them. program of lectures by the best the armed forces for World War I. He The Western Union ran a telegraph students. left Creighton in November 1917 to serve as chaplain with the 314th Ammunition Train of the 89th Division, according to a contemporary Omaha World-Herald story. That same fall, the Jesuit community donated $1,000 to the Knights of Columbus War Camp Fund and voted to follow the wheatless and meatless days of the government’s voluntary rationing plan. Fr. Corboy would accompany the troops from Camp Mills in June of the

Creighton’s observatory, circa 1893. The round area was built in 1885, and the square section (transit room) was built in 1886. Creighton’s observatory was one of the first five Creighton University Archives University Creighton observatories built west of the Mississippi.

22 Summer 2004 CU at 125: The Jesuits following year to the front in the St. Jesuits at the age of 15. Following Mihiel area, where he remained until several high school teaching and the Armistice was signed, according to a administrative assignments, he arrived June 1919 Omaha World-Herald story. He at Creighton in 1927. Though he held and his troops then became part of the various teaching posts in the high army of occupation. school, his role at Creighton University Dubbed “the fighting chaplain” by his seemed to fit him best: religion teacher men, Fr. Corboy worked with troops and student counselor. whose job it was to run ammunition by Among his many assignments at night to men in the infantry and field Creighton, Fr. Deglman was perhaps artillery, often entailing furtive flights in most often remembered for his weekly and out of the trenches. Creightonian counseling column for Fr. Corboy also served Creighton as students, “Student Counselor Says …”. athletic director and chairman of the The feature spans 20 years of athletic committee. In an allusion to Francis Deglman, S.J. Creightonians. Fr. Corboy’s moniker, Fighting (1881-1955) Today two prominent Creighton Chaplain, an April 13, 1951, Omaha campus fixtures list the spiritual leader’s The same year that Franklin D. World-Herald article tells this story: name, the Deglman Center for Ignatian Roosevelt assumed the office of “As athletic director back then, one of Spirituality and Deglman Residence president of the United States for the Corboy’s duties was to carry the cash Hall, the latter completely remodeled first time (1933), the Rev. Francis G. home after Bluejay basketball games. for 160 women students in the mid- Deglman, S.J., became spiritual life On one fateful night, Corboy, carrying 1990s. director at Creighton. The full-time post the gate receipts, was jumped from was created the previous year — and behind by a man who pressed a gun Fr. Deglman was charged with into Corboy’s ribs. The priest wrestled coordinating events and serving as the gun away and knocked the attacker Although this is the final article in our spiritual counselor. Soon he would to the ground, then dragged him to a year-long Creighton University establish an enviable record of phone and summoned the police.” Magazine series to honor Creighton’s 125th achievement and a revered status Fr. Corboy served as Creighton’s anniversary, the celebration continues among the students. athletic director for 20 years, ensuring throughout 2004. One soon-to-come In 1933, the Sodality of the Blessed North Central Conference and Missouri highlight is set for Reunion Weekend 2004, Virgin Mary inducted 298 candidates, Valley play. Friday and Saturday, June 11 and 12, on the bringing its membership to 650, by far Born in Limerick, Ireland, Fr. Corboy Creighton campus. Our final Birthday Bash the largest student organization on was a Jesuit priest for 54 years. He also gets under way at the 58th Annual campus. By the mid-30s, the “spiritual was dean of men, faculty moderator of President’s Alumni Picnic on Saturday. life” section of the yearbook consisted of the Student Union board and pastor of We’d love to see you there. And for history 11 pages of pictures of groups and St. John’s Church. buffs, Mihelich’s history of Creighton is due events. Fr. Deglman had been busy! out in 2005. For all details, stay in touch But who was this early schoolman? through the Creighton website at Former public relations director, www.creighton.edu/alumni. longtime friend of Creighton and writer, the late Bob Reilly, said in a Deglman article that “the words ‘gentle’ and ‘holy’ and ‘spiritual’” are often employed to describe him, “yet he was no plaster saint. He had a sharp wit, an elfin sense of humor, a quiet manner, but, when it came to the tenets of faith, he could be stubborn and intransigent.” The fifth of 11 children, Fr. Deglman was born in Mankato, Minn., joining the

The Rev. Francis G. Deglman, sodality director, accepting new sodality members. Circa 1940.

23 Summer 2004 Rules, rules, rules. From rules governing the confidentiality between an attorney and a client to rules associated with observance of the Sabbath. While some rules may be golden, should they be absolute? Or can we come to a greater appreciation for and understanding of the ultimate purpose behind our rules by allowing for exceptions?

ExceptionsBy Lawrence Raful, Professor of Law

X Summer 2004 Exceptions

For the past three years, I have been client intends to drive 80 mph on the us of their plans? Or do we value thinking a lot about rules. I have been freeway. Because the rule allows the confidentiality so dearly that we never thinking about ethical rules of lawyer to decide when to disclose, the want to allow any disclosure of any responsibility for lawyers and, in quandary, of course, is for each lawyer client confidence — use MUST NOT? particular, rules of confidentiality. to set in his or her mind what activities Do we want to leave the rule And I have been thinking about rules should be disclosed. discretionary, because that seems to regarding activity on the Sabbath. The American Bar Association wrote have worked for the past 30 years — Because I have spent so much time a new set of rules in the 1960s, and for use MAY? Or are times so different now lately thinking about rules, I have also many years lawyers in Nebraska have in a post 9-11, Patriot Act world, that we been thinking a great deal about used the language of the 1969 Model value disclosure and prevention over exceptions to rules. If a rule has no Code as our standard: A lawyer MAY the confidential relationship between a exceptions at all, what would happen to reveal the intent of the client to commit lawyer and a client? such an absolute position when one a crime in the future, without fear of finds a need to deviate just once? On the being sanctioned by the State Bar. Then, other hand, if you build too many in 1982, the ABA suggested a narrowing exceptions into a rule, what do you of the rule, so that a lawyer could only have left? The exceptions may not only report those future crimes that might Perhaps the most swallow the rule, but also the reason for lead to imminent death or substantial the very existence of such a rule. bodily harm. controversial rule our State supreme courts reacted to this Professional Ethics narrowing of the exception with varying and Confidentiality results. In one or two states, there is NO committee debated I have been honored to serve as the exception allowing a lawyer to reveal chair of the Nebraska committee to write future crimes — if your client is going to deals with the duty a new code of ethics for Nebraska lawyers. dump hazardous chemicals, you MAY Perhaps the most controversial rule NOT disclose. In a number of other of lawyers to keep our committee debated deals with the states, however, you MUST disclose the duty of lawyers to keep client intent of your client to commit certain information confidential and inviolate. kinds of future crimes. Nebraska kept the client information This is one of the oldest canons of ethics 1969 rule — a lawyer MAY reveal the for the legal profession. An exception to client’s intent to commit a future crime. confidential and this rule exists if the client intends to In 2002, the ABA approved a new set commit a crime in the future. Rule 37 of of ethics rules, including yet another inviolate. the 1908 Canons of Professional Ethics, revision of the exception to the the first ethics code, makes this clear: confidentiality rule. The word “crime” was removed from the requirement, so In my mind the greatest question is, It is the duty of a lawyer to preserve his that a lawyer MAY now reveal any does the discussion and public debate client’s confidences. … The announced confidential information about any about exceptions lead to a greater intention of a client to commit a crime activity that might lead to imminent understanding about the role of is not included within the confidences death or substantial bodily harm, confidentiality in the practice of law? which [the lawyer] is bound to respect. whether it involves criminal activity In the end, our committee voted to He may properly make such disclosures or not. continue to use the discretionary “may” as may be necessary to prevent the act or This past year, while our committee and the Nebraska State Bar House of protect those against whom it is threatened. was debating the rules of confidentiality Delegates voted to approve our choice. and exceptions in Nebraska, the Enron You’ll quickly note that this first set of house of cards collapsed. The ABA Activity on the Sabbath ethical regulations allowed that a lawyer approved a new amendment, widening Around the same time I was working “MAY” disclose the confidence of the the future crimes exception to the rule of on the ethics rules project, I was also client if the client intends to commit a confidentiality to include financial fraud. finally working my way through future crime. Notice the word used is So how does the story end? What do Abraham Joshua Heschel’s masterpiece “MAY,” not “MUST” or “SHALL,” or Nebraska lawyers want — and more The Sabbath, written by Rabbi Heschel not even “MUST NOT.” importantly, what do the citizens of the in 1951. A lawyer probably is more likely to great state of Nebraska demand of their I was deeply moved by the way reveal that a client intends to dump lawyers? Heschel wrote of the rich spiritual cancer-causing chemical waste into a Should we require disclosure of experience he finds in Sabbath river to avoid the expense of hazardous future crimes — use MUST? If so, will celebration. I was struck when Heschel waste disposal, than to reveal that her criminal clients wise up and never tell wrote the following about the Sabbath:

25 Summer 2004 Exceptions

“The glorification of the day, the Sowing, ploughing, reaping, binding insistence upon strict observance, did More about sheaves, threshing, winnowing, not, however, lead the rabbis to a cleansing crops, grinding, sifting, deification of the law. … The ancient the Sabbath kneading, baking, shearing wool, rabbis knew that excessive piety may The Sabbath, a day set aside to washing or beating, combining, dyeing, endanger the fulfillment of the essence rest and refrain from work in order spinning, preparing for weaving, of the law. … Even when there is the to spend time in prayer, separating into threads, weaving two slightest possibility that a life may be at introspection and spiritual growth, threads, separating two threads, tying a stake one may disregard every has been thought of as one of the knot, loosening a knot, sewing two prohibition of the law. One must greatest gifts of Judaism to stitches, tearing in order to sew two sacrifice mitzvot (commandments) for mankind. The concept comes from stitches, hunting, slaughtering, the sake of man rather than sacrifice the opening chapters of Genesis. skinning, tanning, scraping it, marking man for the sake of mitzvot.” God worked six days and rested on lines, cutting to shape, writing two the seventh. The Sabbath concept is letters, erasing in order to write two Rules, and exceptions to rules — THIS later codified in the Ten letters, building, pulling down, putting I understand. What I quickly realized Commandments. out a fire, lighting a fire, striking with a was that, like the lawyer ethics rules Jews today celebrate the Sabbath, hammer, and carrying from one domain project, perhaps I could better understand which begins at sundown on Friday into another. the nature, the essence, of the Sabbath if and concludes at sundown on I understood the exceptions to the rules You see the list reprinted here, and Saturday, in a myriad of ways. The about the Sabbath. while it’s not this simple, you get the four major Jewish movements and What do we know about the Sabbath? idea. But, in modern times, there are secular Jews around the world share First and foremost, God instructs us: obviously many ways to interpret each commonalities of observance: dvkzv dvmw (transliterated: Shamor v’ of these 39 tasks. For instance, Rabbi lighting of Sabbath candlesticks on Zachor), from the Deuteronomy and Heschel explained that not only must Friday night, perhaps a festive meal Exodus versions of the fourth you refrain from lighting a “fire for the entire family, and maybe commandment, meaning “observe” and throughout your habitations on the prayers over the bread and wine. “remember.” And Heschel tells us that Sabbath day,” you must also therefore Jews might attend Sabbath services the very first time the word wvdq “kindle no fire of controversy nor the Friday night and Saturday morning (kadosh — “holy”) is used in the Bible is heat of anger. You shall kindle no fire — at local synagogues, and listen to early in Genesis in regard to the Sabbath: not even the fire of righteous the reading of the Torah portion of “And God blessed the seventh day and indignation.” Heschel believed we are the week. made it holy.” Rabbi Heschel teaches us to spend the Sabbath in “charm, grace, The most traditional Jews will that joining the words Sabbath and peace and great love.” walk rather than drive or ride on kadosh is to show us the representation But are there exceptions? Maybe the Sabbath and typically will not of the divine in the Sabbath, that there is “exceptions” is the wrong word — light a fire, use electricity or engage both mystery and majesty. maybe other duties “supersede” the in any form of “mundane” activity And what do we know about how to requirements of Sabbath observance. I’ll that one might perform during the “observe and remember” the Sabbath? use the word “exception” for want of a rest of the week. The traditional answer comes from better word. The Talmud and other While Jewish observance of the Exodus 31:1-13: “The Lord spoke to rabbinic texts have an extensive Sabbath takes a variety of forms Moses: See, I have singled out by name treatment of acts that are not considered around the world, its purpose Bezalel … that they may make a desecration of the Sabbath. remains the same — setting aside a everything that I have commanded you: One of the most famous exceptions is special day to concentrate on God, the Tent of Meeting, the Ark for the Pact the brit milah, a ritual circumcision on on your life the preceding week, and the cover upon it and all the the eighth day of a baby boy’s life. If a and on your family and friends. furnishings … (N)evertheless, you must brit milah falls on the Sabbath, may we keep my Sabbaths, for this is a sign carry (medical equipment) and cut and between Me and you.” tie? Yes, the commandment of the brit The ancient rabbis read this passage those types of tasks would have been “trumps” the commandment to keep to say that even though God instructed prohibited on each Sabbath, we now the Sabbath. Moses to build the Tent of Meeting, also come to understand that these are the My search for other such “exceptions” included was the warning to not work general categories of prohibited work proved to be fascinating, and in the end, on the Tent on the Sabbath. From this even in our time. Here’s the list of the unifying theme became clear. Here warning, the rabbis of the Talmud prohibited Sabbath activities that are a few examples: deduced 39 tasks completed by those traditional Orthodox Jews have used as There are exceptions to prohibited who built the Meeting Tent, and because a guideline for thousands of years: work. You may perform prohibited

26 Summer 2004 Exceptions tasks to help another — the sick, the invalid and an infirmed. Certainly Jesus activities and the quality of time itself infirmed, the helpless and the weak. For “kept” the Sabbath day, but he also initiate us into a sense of the sacred. … instance, you may not extinguish a lamp chafed at the rigid interpretation laid Heschel brings a poetic sensibility to our for it causes new cinder to be formed, down by the Pharisees. experience of being human. His but you may do so if those in the house Now, what do we make of these wonderful evocative language (even in are in fear of robbers or to allow a sick exceptions to “observe and remember,” translation) stirs up our innate longing person to sleep. If someone has an to keep the Sabbath day holy? And for the ‘more,’ for a sense of the divine illness that is dangerous to life, it is what about today’s observances of surrounding, permeating our lives. We actually considered a commandment to Sabbath? Should we go to work? To the are reminded we are made for this and desecrate the Sabbath for that person. mall? To the movies? Or are these not for our capacity to produce. This We may even slaughter meat on the activities not proper “exceptions”? hallows (makes holy) our very lives. It Sabbath if the dangerously ill patient It is clear, I think, that while the rules makes us mindful that we are created in must have meat to survive. In spite of of Sabbath celebration have a purpose the divine image and likeness, a biblical Sabbath prohibitions, we may put out — an important purpose, to be sure — concept that both Jews and Christians fires, rescue people from collapsed God does not expect us to follow these share.” debris and even resist an armed attack rules blindly. Nor should we follow Heschel suggests that the most on our village. legal ethics rules of confidentiality important way to observe the Sabbath is blindly. The Good Lord gave us brains found in one word — we must learn to and free choice, as well as the guidelines love the Sabbath. of how to live a good life. If we were to And this makes sense, doesn’t it? For blindly follow either set of rules, what if the Good Lord is a God of love and ... even though use would there be to brains and choice compassion, then it follows that we, too, — and the Torah? must live a life of love and compassion. God instructed God not only wants us to observe the And if we live a life of love and compassion, Sabbath, but to actually think about what then we must celebrate the Sabbath, and that means. There is real beauty and at times even desecrate the Sabbath, Moses to build the compassion in the very nature of the with love and compassion. And if you exceptions to observing the Sabbath, and understand that God commands us to Tent of Meeting, therefore it follows that there should supersede the Sabbath regulations when also be beauty and compassion in the matters of life, of caring, of helping, of also included was overarching observance of the Sabbath. “repairing the world” are involved, then It seems clear that we are to not only maybe you will gain a new understanding HONOR the Sabbath, but to THINK of what the Sabbath is really all about. the warning to not about the Sabbath and what it means in The key is in thinking about the meaning our daily and weekly lives. of the Sabbath, so that you will come to work on the Tent Listen to Rabbi Heschel explain it: love the Sabbath. “The meaning of the Sabbath is to It seems to me that if we better on the Sabbath. celebrate time rather than space. Six understand the exceptions, we better days a week we live under the tyranny understand the Sabbath. And if we of things of space; on the Sabbath we try better understand the Sabbath, we will Jesus, born a Jew, also understood the to become attuned to holiness in time. It better understand our relationship to Sabbath and the “exceptions.” In is a day on which we are called upon to God. And if we better understand our Matthew 12:11-14, Jesus is asked: “Is it share in what is eternal in time, to turn relationship to God, we will better lawful to heal on the Sabbath day?” from the results of creation to the mystery understand that first and foremost, what Jesus answers the question with a of creation; from the world of creation to God asks of us is to bring peace to the parable: Since any man will obviously the creation of the world.” world. And may it be speedily, in our save a sheep which had fallen into a pit Creighton theology professor Wendy days. Amen. on the Sabbath, doesn’t it obviously Wright, Ph.D., who holds the John C. follow that we should also save humans Kenefick Faculty Chair in the Editor’s note: Professor Raful has accepted who might have somehow fallen into Humanities, once wrote to me on Rabbi an appointment as dean of the Touro Law the pit of despair on the Sabbath? Jesus Heschel: “In this incredibly pragmatic School in Long Island, N.Y., effective July 1. then answers the question by restoring a production- and consumer-driven Raful has been a member of Creighton’s law man’s withered hand to become whole culture, the hallowing of a day of faculty for 16 years, serving as dean from again. There are similar incidents in the genuine leisure is radical. … (Heschel) 1988 to 1999. Gospels of Mark, Luke and John when recognizes that time itself can take on a Jesus “desecrates” the Sabbath in order different quality, a ‘taste of eternity’ as to heal a blind man and to cure an he says, in which all our relationships,

27 Summer 2004 Will Medicare Collapse Under its Own Weight? By Richard L. O’Brien, MS’58, MD’60 Professor of Medicine, Center for Health Policy & Ethics

Collapse under its own weight? What a question.

How could one of the most popular social programs ever enacted by the United States government be at risk of collapse?

Because it costs so much!

28 Summer 2004 Will Medicare Collapse Under its Own Weight?

Medicare costs have far exceeded costs until we approach the end of life, Trust Fund was 3.8 for each Medicare anything ever dreamed of or projected at which time costs escalate rapidly — enrollee. By 2030 that number will when it was enacted, and costs are some have called this “the high cost of decrease to 2.4 and by 2050 to 2.1, expected to escalate more rapidly in the death.” But even “modestly” increasing a 45 percent decline from 2003. future than they have to date. Part of the costs for an increasingly large fraction of • Currently 8.7 percent of individual accelerating escalation results from a the population contribute to the and corporate federal income taxes ticking time bomb that threatens to growing burden. paid into the general fund are used to cause explosive expansions of Other major factors providing upward fund Medicare expenditures. By 2030, enrollment and cost in the near future. pressure on health care costs include new with the new drug benefit, Medicare In 2010, baby boomers begin to reach and more effective drugs, better imaging will consume 30 percent of federal 65 and Medicare eligibility. Their numbers and diagnostic techniques, and new income taxes, rising to 47 percent in will rapidly expand those eligible for treatments that prolong life or decrease 2050 and climbing steadily into the Medicare until 2030 at least. In addition, disability. In recent years, the major future reaching nearly 70 percent the longevity of Americans continues to contributors to the growth in health care in 2075. increase, adding to the numbers of those costs have been hospitals — where most over 65 and those over 85, the latter of the new diagnostic and therapeutic There are only three ways to meet this referred to as the “old” old. People over technology is provided — and daunting challenge: decrease costs by 65 incur per capita annual health costs prescription drugs. controlling prices, diminish utilization significantly higher on average than The end result is increasing per capita of services paid for by Medicare, or those under 65. As more people are Medicare costs and the shift to Medicare change American economic and social eligible for Medicare, those higher costs of more of the total national health care priorities to provide increased funding will become a Medicare liability. costs. And the Medicare Trustees have for health care. Since its enactment in 1965, Medicare projected that the Hospital Insurance The most likely scenario is that all has provided universal health care Trust Fund will be depleted in 2019. three will occur, the first two by planning insurance for all Americans over 65, for Are you still wondering about the and policy-making, the last at least many people with disabilities, and those question in the title? partially by default. with end-stage renal disease. Largely Consider these facts and projections, funded by a payroll tax, supplemented most of which are taken from the 2004 Control Prices by premiums from enrollees and the Annual Report of the Trustees of the An article in the May/June 2003 issue general tax fund, it spreads much of the Medicare Trust Funds: of Health Affairs, titled “It’s the Prices, costs for health care over the entire • In 2003, about 14 percent of the total Stupid,” points out that we spend more working society. population (41 million people) were per capita and a greater portion of GDP As the population ages, the ratio of Medicare enrollees. In 2010, the number on health services than any other nation Medicare enrollees to the working of enrollees will be 47 million, more while using fewer services on average population will increase substantially, than 15 percent of the population; in than the residents of other developed and a relatively smaller number of 2030 there will be nearly 79 million nations. We have slightly fewer people will bear a greater tax burden to enrollees, 22 percent of the population; physicians and annual physician visits support the Medicare Hospital Insurance in 2050 there will be nearly 92 million per capita than the average for the Trust Fund. A greater fraction of total enrollees. From 2003 to 2050, the fraction developed world. Americans use U.S. health care costs will fall to the of the population over 85 will increase hospitals 30 percent fewer days than government to fund from all sources, from less than one in 60 to one in 20. residents of other developed nations. including Trust funds, premiums and • Annual Medicare expenditures in the We don’t even lead the world in MRIs. general taxes. 10 years from 2003 to 2013 will rise Austria, Finland, Iceland, Japan and Adding to the problem is the fact that from $280 billion to $705 billion, Switzerland have more MRIs per health care costs in general rise more though the expansion of baby boomer million population than the U.S. Yet rapidly than the Consumer Price Index enrollees will have only just begun. their per capita health care costs are and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This projection includes the drug lower than ours. There are several reasons for this, including benefit enacted in 2003. If we utilize fewer services for higher aging of the population. However, aging • Total federal Medicare expenditures cost, it must be the prices. How can itself accounts for a relatively small part are projected to increase from 2.59 prices be controlled? Many believe the of the growth of health care costs. Total percent of GDP in 2003 to 6.95 percent best way is to let the market work. After costs of health care from the age of in 2030, 9.56 percent in 2050 and more all, many American goods and services Medicare eligibility to death rise only than 13 percent in 2075. These are available at costs below those of modestly as one lives longer and dies projections do not include beneficiaries’ other developed nations. Market older. Thus increasing longevity is usually out-of-pocket expenses. competition is supposed to produce the accompanied by longer, relatively • In 2003, the number of workers paying best value for the best price. However, healthy life with modestly increasing taxes into the Hospital Insurance (HI) that doesn’t seem to work with health

29 Summer 2004 Will Medicare Collapse Under its Own Weight?

care, as the American experience well uninsured Americans, now estimated at shouldn’t cover all services is not new, demonstrates. U.S. health care, the most more than 43 million). though it is not popular. At the present subject to market forces in the world, is also I am not an advocate of a single-payer time most drugs are not covered, though the most costly. system. I believe it places too much last year’s Medicare Modernization Act In fact, Medicare has more successfully power in one locus. But some kind of will provide a (some think skimpy) controlled cost increases than the private simplification would result in lower drug benefit beginning in 2006. The insurance market. From 1970 to 2000, cost. There are many health systems in state of Oregon long ago introduced per capita Medicare payments have the developed world that are not single- rationing for Medicaid beneficiaries by grown 25 percent less than private payer and are much less administratively defining services it will cover and those insurers’ payments, and are projected to complex than ours. it will not. At the time, serious concerns grow more slowly than private insurers’ Another tempting approach is price were raised about the justice of allowing costs for the next 10 years. In a certain control. America has a patchy and not some to suffer or die when means to respect, that’s the market working. very successful history of government- alleviate their suffering or death are Medicare is truly the 800-pound gorilla imposed price control. That is exactly readily available to others. when it comes to negotiating or setting what Medicare does. It determines how The determination of which services prices for goods and services. It insures much it will pay for services, and will be covered and which excluded is more than 40 million people and very providers are free to take it or leave it. not likely to be easy. It will require strictly controls the prices it pays. Those The vast majority take it. However, I weighing cost against benefit. But who want its business find ways to think it unlikely that generalized price quantifying benefit is very subjective provide those goods and services and controls will be imposed, though there when applied to health. It will require do well financially. are those who advocate them. very difficult value judgments that will In an interesting and perverse twist of necessarily affect some who do not legislative thinking, the Medicare Decrease Utilization share them. Modernization Act of 2003 will diminish As already noted, U.S. residents use It could be determined that certain the effect of the market. It prohibits fewer services on average than residents services will be provided under some Medicare from negotiating drug prices of other developed nations. But the circumstances and not others. It was under the new drug benefit. magnitude of the impending problem proposed as long ago as 1987 that we An important driver of health care will almost certainly lead to steps determine an age after which no life- costs in our system is high administrative intended to decrease utilization. This extending care will be provided, only costs. The American health care system can be accomplished by rationing the palliative care. We could determine that is the most complex in the world. We availability of services or by shifting life-extending care will be provided have a plethora of insurers offering costs so that those who use more only to those who have a certain different coverage with different services pay more out of pocket, a number of actuarially determined deductibles and co-pays for individuals strategy that has been shown to Quality Adjusted Life Years remaining, and many groups. Insurers buy services decrease utilization. perhaps adjusted for whatever increase from multiple providers at widely Rationing can be accomplished by the treatment under consideration varying prices. This complexity gives defining a narrower set of services that might add. Or we could establish rise to high insurers’ overheads and Medicare covers. The notion that Medicare standards to judge the relative social margins, and high administrative costs for employers, hospitals, nursing homes, 100 practitioners and home health agencies. 2050 90 • An article in the Aug. 21, 2003, issue Medicare Enrollment 2030 of The New England Journal of Medicine 80 Projections concluded that the U.S. spent more than • $294 billion on health care 70 administration in 1999, $209 billion more than it would have if it were 60 2010 modeled on the Canadian single-payer 50 system. (In the same issue of the Journal, 2003 • • a critic editorialized that the excess Numbers in Millions 40 expenses were overestimated; he concluded that the U.S. spent only $159 30 billion more than it would have with a 20 single-payer system.) A recent estimate of the excess administrative cost for 10 2003 totals $286 billion (a sum that 0 would easily purchase coverage for all Source: 2004 Annual Report of the Trustees of the Medicare Trust Funds

30 Summer 2004 Will Medicare Collapse Under its Own Weight? value of individuals and provide care to perpetuate existing health disparities. And, after all, is this not just? those who exceed some predetermined Health disparities now affect those least It is and will be the elderly who have value and not to those below that value. able to attain access to efficacious health created the society in which we live, and We might also ration by imposing care because of socioeconomic status. will live, and which has provided us with lifetime benefit caps, as some private Raising the barriers to access will certainly such abundance. Do we really need insurers do. Thus, when your Medicare curtail the ability of people of lesser means SUVs as much as we need health care? lifetime cap is exceeded, you pay all to benefit from services that will improve Would it be a tragedy to shift some of subsequent costs out of pocket. Some their health, while those with substantial our economy from fashion to health may be able to do this. For most, it will means will be able to access the best of care, from an automobile for every simply shift the responsibility to care and maintain the best health and person to more public transportation, whatever social safety net exists, functioning possible. from large houses to smaller to free up possibly Medicaid, simply transferring economic resources for health care for the burden on taxpayers and society the elderly? from one program to another. Another means to decrease service We are almost So, will Medicare collapse utilization is to shift the cost of services under its own weight? to those using them by increasing co- I don’t think so. Health and health pays and deductibles. The expectation is certain to incur care are too important to the American that if beneficiaries have to pay out of people to let it collapse. President Bush pocket for services, they will be more higher taxes to pay has characterized Medicare as “the prudent buyers and purchase only what binding commitment of a caring society.” is most important to them. In theory, this benefits for the Americans recognize that, as a nation, could work. In most of life’s purchasing we are a community and we have decisions, we buy what is of most value responsibility for the welfare of all to us and make decisions that may not elderly. And, after Americans. We will change societal be what we most desire but that are priorities as appropriate and needed. acceptable and usually not dangerous. all, is this not just? Political battles will be vehemently This is not easily the case in health fought about the best ways to proceed care. It has been shown that increasing We could also shift Medicare costs and continue to meet our commitments out-of-pocket expenditures reduces away from government to the private to the elderly in our population. These utilization. Unfortunately, decreased sector by raising the retirement age and battles have been ongoing for at least utilization is frequently reduction of the age of Medicare eligibility. It has 25 years and continue to be hotly needed care with resulting bad outcomes. been proposed that the age of eligibility contested today. Medicare beneficiaries already bear for both Social Security benefits and There have been a number of bills more out-of-pocket expenses than those Medicare be raised to 70. But this does introduced in this Congress to change covered by private insurance. In 2000, not diminish the upward pressure on Medicare, and there will be more, some out-of-pocket costs for all those over 65 costs that result from an aging society. It aiming to expand benefits, others with averaged 19 percent of total income — simply pushes costs onto another sector the primary aim of controlling costs. 35 percent for those most ill. Those costs of the economy that is already stressed There will be changes in Medicare, in are projected to rise to 30 percent of by health care costs. the short term, incremental changes, some income for all those over 65 by the year of which may do inadvertent harm. But 2025 and over 50 percent for those who Change American Priorities Americans will continue to support are most ill. We hear frequently of senior In my opinion, there is not much hope Medicare and the elderly by allocating a citizens not filling prescriptions because that controlling prices or decreasing greater portion of national resources. they have to choose among food, drugs utilization is likely to solve the problems So get used to the fact that a growing and rent. Seniors also forego diagnostic of Medicare and allow us to maintain portion of the GDP will be dedicated to or screening procedures or other our current economic priorities. providing health care and that the therapeutic measures because they cannot Increasing numbers of elderly will portion of tax funds dedicated to health afford the deductibles or co-payments. require real resources and the burden care for our elders, and quite likely to Such choices carry significant risk to their will be borne by society. This is likely to the remainder of the population, will health and well-being, and these risks result in a reordering of a significant increase considerably. will grow as out-of-pocket expenditures portion of spending from (nonessential) The important challenge for our increase as a fraction of their incomes. consumer goods to more pressing society is to recognize the breadth and The greatest impact is on elderly women. fundamental needs of food, shelter and complexity of the problem, to stop We should also recognize overtly that health care. looking for simple answers and find the any decrease in utilization of services by We are almost certain to incur higher best way to provide high-quality health rationing or cost shifting will increase or taxes to pay benefits for the elderly. care efficiently to all our citizens.

31 Summer 2004 Xxxxxxxx What Do Followers Expect

As Robert Greenleaf, the author of From business to several books on the concept of “servant-leadership,” put it: “The only test of leadership is that somebody follow.” politics to religion, So what is it that makes us want to follow someone? And what can leaders learn from followers that would make all leaders (the great them more effective leaders? Given the striking number of books Photos by Mark Romesser and the not-so-great) promising the secrets of effective By Robert H. Moorman, Ph.D. leadership, you would hope we would understand it better. However, effective Robert Daugherty Chair in leadership remains elusive because of Management and Director of the share one basic trait: the many paradoxes that define its Anna Tyler Waite Center for Leadership execution. For example, leadership can be described as a very basic process — Mary Ann Danielson, Ph.D. People are willing to leaders direct followers toward Associate Professor and Chair of the achieving some goal. However, the steps leaders take to lead followers must Department of Communication Studies follow them. address this complicated and interesting paradox: Even though it appears leaders are in charge and the true drivers of action, it is the followers who control the first and most important leadership decision. Followers control their decision to follow. Thus, to be successful, leaders must first, paradoxically, follow. Then, once they have followed, they can lead. Leaders who understand why followers choose to follow have the best chance of leading. However, while having followers choose to follow you is a valuable goal, it is merely a means to the more important Photos by AP/Wide World Photos unless otherwise noted end of being an effective leader.

32 Summer 2004 Xxxxxxxx * from Leaders?

*And Why Do Leaders Need to Know this?

Leaders need to understand how to because they had confidence that he navigate two distinct processes. First, No man will make a would be able to do the right thing to they need to understand what followers great leader who wants solve the problems — whatever that are seeking when they make the right thing might be. decision to follow. Second, leaders need to do it all himself, or to What types of leaders, then, offer to understand what it takes to be get all the credit followers hope? effective once the follower’s decision Research by James Kouzes and Barry has been made. The challenge is that for doing it. Posner, described in their book, The those skills that appeal to followers in — Andrew Carnegie, Leadership Challenge, suggests that in the selection process are not necessarily American industrialist order to provide followers with the the same skills that result in effective & philanthropist hope that things will work out all right, leadership. What can leaders do to leaders need to be perceived as ensure their success in both? **** embodying four characteristics. Leaders must be perceived as honest, forward- What Do Followers Want? Leadership and learning looking, competent and inspiring. The first step in succeeding as a leader are indispensable • Honest leaders are perceived as is to motivate followers to, well, follow. of each other. truthful, ethical and principled. They To do this, leaders must understand just are admired as trustworthy people what followers look for in a leader. — John F. Kennedy, who do not lie nor deceive. Honest Research on leadership has suggested 35th U.S. President leaders do not “mislead.” that people will choose to follow those • Forward-looking leaders are perceived who are believed to offer hope. The **** as having a sense of direction and a leaders who gain followers are those who concern for the future. Forward- represent a credible solution to vexing You must be the change looking leaders adopt a longer-term problems. Followers are attracted to those you wish to see view and are able to set or select a who hold the promise of better times. in the world. desirable destination for followers. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s election as • Competent leaders are perceived as governor of California offers an — Mahatma Gandhi, able to execute the vision. Competent interesting illustration of how the hope Leader of India’s nationalist movement leaders have the relevant experience, for a better tomorrow drives people’s a track record of success and an decision to follow. ability to get things done. The Associated Press found that about “didn’t address the issues in enough • Inspiring leaders are perceived as two-thirds of all California voters — detail.” That suggests that a fair number enthusiastic and energetic and roughly three in 10 Schwarzenegger of Schwarzenegger voters voted for him communicators of their vision. voters — said candidate Schwarzenegger not because he had a specific plan, but Inspiring leaders speak to the

33 Summer 2004 What Do Followers Expect from Leaders?

meaning and purpose of their plans Is Fulfilling Follower For example, Rakesh Khurana, in his and communicate the vision in ways Interests Best? book Searching for a Corporate Savior, that encourage followers to join in Is leading in a way that followers observes that many recent organizations the journey. want ultimately the most effective form have selected CEOs based less on their of leadership? Our point is that the skills fit with the strategic direction of the It is easy to see why leaders with and qualities that drive a leader’s company and more with their perceived these four characteristics combined are charisma and star quality. Much like the able to appeal to followers’ interests and voters in the California recall election, offer them hope. To lead the corporate boards have shown a propensity First, followers believe in forward- people, walk to place great emphasis on hiring a CEO looking leaders because these leaders behind them. with “demonstrable leadership and are able to foresee problems and charismatic qualities.” Khurana writes envision real solutions. Second, — Lao-tzu, “The entire search process is orchestrated followers also believe in inspiring Early Chinese philosopher to produce a corporate ‘savior,’ to find a leaders because these leaders are able to new CEO whom investors and the communicate those solutions clearly **** business media regard as a star.” and to motivate buy-in. Third, followers Khurana also notes that this storyline, believe in competent leaders because A leader is a unfortunately, often has a troubling these leaders are able to implement the dealer in hope. ending. His research shows that selecting solutions and execute the vision. Finally, — Napoleon Bonaparte, a corporate savior has more often than followers believe in honest leaders French emperor/military general not produced results that fail to reach because these leaders do what they say expectations (perhaps because they are they will do. We call leaders with these **** so high). Khurana’s prescription is a call four characteristics “Credible Visionaries.” for corporate boards to return to a Interestingly, partially fulfilling the Great leaders are almost search based on more sound business image of a Credible Visionary does not experience. This prescription is echoed really generate much followership. For always great simplifiers, by Jim Collins in his book Good to Great. example, if a leader is seen as honest who can cut through In his study of how companies may and competent, but not forward-looking argument, debate, and convert their long-term mediocrity into or inspiring, followers will view that long-term success, Collins suggests that leader as someone who can get things doubt to offer a solution the selection of charismatic CEOs often done, but lacks the new ideas needed to everybody can stands in the way of achieving solve problems. On the other hand, if a greatness. Collins believes that such leader is seen as forward-looking and understand. leaders often damage the long-term inspiring, but lacks honesty and — Colin Powell, health of companies. credibility, followers will take notice of U.S. Secretary of State The underlying reason for Khurana’s the new ideas, but doubt whether they and Collins’ caution is that the skills could be executed. **** needed to be perceived as a corporate The U.S. presidential election of 1996 savior may not be the same skills as provides a good example of this. The The supreme quality those needed to actually lead. Republican candidate, Sen. Robert Dole, for leadership is Think of how often we bemoan a was viewed by many as an honest and difference between the skills needed to competent leader, but did not represent unquestionably integrity. campaign and the skills needed to nor offer the new ideas needed to Without it, no real govern. History is littered with examples generate excitement. His campaign success is possible. of leaders who were elected based on seemed to hearken back to earlier their great campaign skills, yet failed generations and old ideas. On the other — Dwight Eisenhower, when actually asked to lead. hand, President Clinton represented 34th U.S. President & WWII military general Why is there a difference? When new ideas and forward-thinking leaders concentrate on motivating a (remember “build a bridge to the 21st follower’s decision to follow, the leader Century”), but detractors emphasized a selection differ from those skills and is really seeking to embody a follower’s lack of honesty or competence in qualities that ultimately make the leader preconceived image of a leader. managing the office. Indeed, the result successful. Time and again, we have Importantly, this image of a leader is of the election was that no candidate witnessed a profound disconnect one that is rooted in the follower’s self- captured the majority of the vote and between those who successfully rise as interest. We seek to follow those whom the best candidate seemed to be some leaders and those who effectively lead we believe can help us. combination of the two. over the long term. Conversely, leaders must often ask

34 Summer 2004 What Do Followers Expect from Leaders? followers to transcend their self-interest — a different skill set from that which founded on our society’s search for and work toward achieving significant launched your leadership selection. heroes — that one person who rides in change. For example, note the intent of In examining leaders’ transitions, two to save the day. The model is more of a President John F. Kennedy’s inaugural models may explain how leaders stereotyped portrayal than corporate quote, “Ask not what your country can attempt to be both successful and reality. Yet, the stereotype remains; do for you, but what you can do for effective: the Super Leadership and perhaps, the media’s glorification of one your country.” Essentially, even though or two truly successful and effective leaders are selected based on how well leaders, such as General Electric’s Jack they can satisfy follower self-interest, People are often led to Welch, convinces would-be believers effective leaders must move followers to causes and often become that this model of Super Leadership is go beyond their self-interest and into committed to great ideas their model for leadership success. something new. If all leaders did was Unfortunately, for the majority who give us what we wanted, would they through persons who pursue this model, they face obstacles really be leading? personify those ideas. and often failures. Given this difference in needed skills, Specific, high profile successes that a key question for a leader’s long-term They have to find the are chronicled in the popular business success is whether he or she can first embodiment of the idea literature offer hope to those seeking a appeal to followers as someone who can in flesh and blood in corporate savior, but it is estimated that satisfy that which followers want, but only 10 percent of these types of leaders then successfully move followers away order to commit are able to be both successful and from mere satisfaction of their needs themselves to it. effective. The remaining 90 percent must and toward real change. Yes, leaders find another solution for effective, long- need to be accepted as leaders by their — Martin Luther King Jr., term leadership. U.S. civil rights leader followers, yet the most effective and Some leaders, failing Super Leadership, needed leadership takes followers revert to a pseudo-Super Leadership **** somewhere else. This is the essence of model as their path of success. These why leadership is so difficult. Leaders Leadership is not magnetic leaders base their leadership on managing are asked to navigate a rather jarring perceptions rather than reality. They switch from skill sets required to get personality — that can just assume that to the extent that others selected to skill sets required to lead. as well be a glib tongue. It perceive them to be a leader, others will continue to follow. The result is they How Do Leaders Do Both? is not “making friends and continue to provide rhetorical leadership The Credible Visionary who inspires influencing people” — that has always worked for them in the others to achieve the goals must, at past, but never really provide any real some point, execute his or her plan. The that is flattery. Leadership execution of their vision. As with any leader, whose skills may lie in the ability is lifting a person’s vision facade, a pseudo-Super Leader will fail to inspire and energize, must now ensure to higher sights, the raising because it becomes more and more that projects are strategically planned, difficult to project an image that managed and communicated to the of a person’s performance matches followers’ perceptions of a various stakeholders, and that the to a higher standard, the leader, especially in light of changing followers are staffed, trained and conditions. As in the fable The Emperor’s motivated to execute the plan as building of a personality New Clothes, once a leader’s illusion is conceived and communicated. beyond its normal shattered, it is difficult to retain or In order for leaders to be both limitations. regain credibility and status. successful in securing their leadership An alternative model that has and effective in executing their — Peter Drucker, historically proven successful is the leadership plan, they must shift away Management consultant, educator, author Co-Leader or Management Team model from the predominantly networking and of leadership. As we have seen, successful communication skills and concentrate leaders learn to assess their followers’ more heavily on human resource and needs and enthusiastically communicate traditional management issues. Achieving Co-Leader/Management Team models. how the leader’s talents, skills and high performance in units where your The Super Leadership model embraces vision will ensure success for all. subordinates are committed and satisfied a heroic vision of the leader whereas the These self-aware leaders, if they are requires that you communicate with Co-Leader/Management Team model honest with themselves, will also them, manage their training, staffing encourages a collaborative approach to acknowledge possible weaknesses or and motivational needs while taking leadership. vulnerabilities. Rather than hide these care of the day-to-day management tasks The Super Leadership model is human weaknesses, effective leaders

35 Summer 2004 What Do Followers Expect from Leaders?

seek out individuals with complementary comments on California’s tax system as which both leaders and followers talents so that together, the leadership the means to fiscal stability. Since his must engage if we are to collectively team, of two or more, may synergistically election, Gov. Schwarzenegger has improve upon our leadership. both attract and retain a following of constructed a leadership team that has Leaders must work to first committed, satisfied, motivated performers. experienced some successes in governing. understand the wants and needs of Admitting a reliance on others, For example, the bipartisan support for their followers. This other-centered acknowledging leadership shortcomings, the state’s passage of Proposition 57, approach is not only a prerequisite and purposefully selecting individuals which allowed the state to float up to for leadership success but forces with differing perspectives, work styles $15 billion in bonds to consolidate the leaders to transcend their own self- and experiences are all unnatural state’s past debt, is an indication that the interests if they are to lead us. traits, as described by David Dotlich combination of Schwarzenegger’s However, leading to satisfy and Peter Cairo, in their book persona and his team’s governing skill followers only achieves initial Unnatural Leadership. Further, leaders may be successful. success in your selection as leader. are challenged to try new approaches, What distinguishes truly effective acknowledge that there may be leaders is their ability to make the multiple “right” decisions, and A leader takes people transition from being a leader who connect and build genuine where they want to go. A addresses follower concerns to one relationships with their followers. This great leader takes people that addresses the greater good. model challenges conventional Making the transition from wisdom, yet is predicated on sound where they don’t successful to effective leader is group and team principles. necessarily want difficult and fraught with tensions. Utilizing a co-leader or a team does As leaders shift their focus away not diminish one’s leadership; rather, to go, but ought from explicit follower concerns, they in some cases, a change is necessary to to be. may be perceived as abdicating their preserve one’s leadership. leadership role or responsibilities. As — Rosalynn Carter, Perhaps one of our best-known U.S. First Lady, leaders collaboratively work with a Credible Visionaries is Bill Gates, wife of Jimmy Carter co-leader or team, in order to Microsoft’s founder. For years, Gates increase effectiveness, the leaders was feted for his corporate vision and **** will need to develop new skill sets unparalleled business successes. and adopt new leadership roles, but However, neither Gates nor Microsoft The best executive is the they cannot afford to be perceived as was immune to changing business one who has the sense no longer leading. conditions, especially in the Concurrently, as leaders look to technological sector. Gates could have enough to pick good men followers as their first step of continued to unilaterally lead his to do what he wants done, leading, we followers need to organization through enthusiastically assume responsibility by: asking expounding his vision; instead, he and the self-restraint to more of our leaders as we recognized the need for additional keep from meddling consciously consider our choices of tactical, strategic skill sets. Steve followership; clearly communicating Ballmer, noted tactician, assumed the with them while our needs and expectations; and role of president and is credited with they do it. holding our leaders accountable for many of Microsoft’s current successes. their actions and promises. These — Theodore Roosevelt, Gates and Ballmer, together, have been 26th U.S. President skills can and should be developed able to transcend changing economic in all of us. Let us be courageous conditions in order to meet corporate and exemplary as we communicate employees’ and customers’ needs. and model our expectations of and The same may be seen in How Can We Improve for our leaders. Schwarzenegger’s campaign. Our Leadership? Successful, effective leadership Candidate Schwarzenegger promised The importance of leadership in our demands a true partnership a leadership team and even introduced society has not diminished — nor will it. between leaders and followers — Warren Buffet as a member of that We demand much from our corporate, leaders partner with other leaders, team. However, this announcement political and community leaders, and and followers partner with leaders was premature in that the voters often find ourselves dissatisfied with to provide a real team approach wanted assurances but not specifics. their less than heroic or team-oriented to advancing our businesses and They wanted to hear about how the efforts. The question then remains, our society toward the common great state of California would return “How can we improve our leadership?” good. to glory days but not Buffet’s There are a number of actions in

36 Summer 2004 Development News

A New Approach to become more confident and comfortable aerospace, auto, airline and other working in the delivery room setting — industries. “In all those groups, medicine Medical Education their heart rates stay steady, their mental has the most potential to benefit,” he said. focus increases and their skill retention Halamek firmly believes the teaching of An associate professor of pediatrics at improves. Active learning techniques medicine could be improved through the Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital in Palo replace passive ones. Delivery room simulation approach, whereby health Alto, Calif., Louis Halamek, BS’81, MD’86, simulations are videotaped and scored/ professionals are thrown into the fray with received Stanford University’s highest evaluated by both teacher and pupil. more seasoning. teaching honor last year, the Walter J. “(It’s) something that really hasn’t been Analogizing to his baseball days at Gores Award. done in the field of medicine,” Halamek Creighton Prep, Halamek said, “I didn’t The award reflects in large measure said. move from reading about how to pitch to Halamek’s achievements as director at pitching in a game. I went through years Stanford’s Center for Advanced Pediatric and years and years of working on it and Education (CAPE). There, physicians and practicing. I went into medical school and nurses from around the world come for found that the same type of pattern where the latest in hands-on learning and you practice, practice, practice, then play emergency room simulation aimed at the game, really did not exist in modern reducing mortality and morbidity among medicine.” newborns and mothers. He envisions a four-step training pro- “When it comes to pediatric simulation, cess becoming the norm in all of medicine: I think we have probably the most reading and studying; interaction with comprehensive and longest experience of virtual patients; simulator training; and, anybody in the world,” Halamek said. finally, interaction with a real patient. The idea was born in 1995, gained “That results in much better trained footing with a newborn resuscitation Halamek, bottom left, and his students review a personnel and much safer patient care,” he simulated delivery. training program two years later, then said. “If what you’re thinking about is the went high-tech with simulators in 2000. In A team approach also is emphasized, patient, and you’re looking at data that the past nearly 10 years CAPE has trained nurses training alongside physicians. indicates that change in training will more than 1,000 health professionals to Developments to come may incorporate improve human performance and patient respond with speed, skill and surety to virtual reality technology — Halamek, for safety, to be unwilling to embrace that delivery room emergencies — a woman instance, instructing students halfway change is a problem.” hemorrhaging during labor or a premature around the world by putting his “hands” No problem, though, for Halamek and baby born with a ruptured lung. on their “hands” during a chest his CAPE team of volunteers. The training is constantly tweaked compression exercise. “It’s extremely rewarding to me to see and measured. Students submit It’s an approach to learning not these people come together and really do comprehensive self-evaluations and are restricted to medicine, one reason why high-quality work I know will influence wired to physiological monitors during Halamek was in St. Louis this March the care of children around the world in simulations. Over time, the students discussing safety with professionals from the next five to 10 years.”

and Love’s musical idol was too ill to internationally, teach college courses Life of Preston Love a perform. Love filled in and Count Basie and write for local and national Musical Odyssey hired him the very next day. publications. Love toured with Count Basie until Love received an honorary degree in From humble beginnings in Omaha, 1948. In 1959 he formed the Preston Love music from Creighton University in 1992. Preston Love became a world-renowned Band, a large orchestra that toured the A scholarship also has been established in musician. In his 60-plus year career, he Midwest for 12 years. In 1962, Love his name. The annual scholarship, performed in Europe and North America moved from Omaha to Los Angeles. His supported by friends and family, will with some of the most famous jazz, blues talent was immediately recognized and benefit a music student with financial and rhythm and blues artists of all time. he began to play with some of the music need. The Preston Love Annual Love died on Feb. 12 in Omaha at the industry’s leading artists. Scholarship Fund is a lasting tribute to age of 82 after a yearlong battle with His success in Los Angeles was this great musician, community builder cancer. He is survived by his wife, Betty, confirmed: He was named West Coast and friend of Creighton University. and their children, Preston Jr., Norman, music director for Motown Records. To make a donation to the Preston Richie and Portia Love-King, BA’92, MS’95. But his heart was in Omaha. He returned Love Annual Scholarship Fund, contact His first big break came in 1943, when to Omaha in 1971 to spend more time the Creighton University Office of the Count Basie Band was performing in with his family. Music remained a priority Development at (800) 334-8794 or (402) Omaha. The band’s regular saxophonist for Love. He continued to perform 280-2740.

37 Summer 2004 Development News

Kitchens, Stohs I believe strongly about. One of those things than $3 million in new funds to support is support for nursing faculty who are those major initiatives in revitalizing the Continue to Leave pursuing doctoral degrees.” School of Nursing. While dean of the School of Nursing, “Clearly, all of the accomplishments the Their Mark on CU Kitchens achieved all of the goals she School achieved while I served as dean The demonstrated commitment of Edeth envisioned for the School in her six-year would not have been possible without a Kitchens, Ph.D., R.N., and Sidney Stohs, tenure. Those goals included a renovation group of faculty members who were willing Ph.D., to Creighton University is quite of the School, an organizational restructure, to work very hard,” Kitchens said. “They unique. While they both served as deans — computerization, curriculum redesign, were phenomenal, and I felt so blessed to Kitchens of the School of Nursing from have the opportunity to work with them.” 1996-2002 and Stohs of the School of During his years at Creighton, Stohs Pharmacy and Health Professions from established two scholarship funds, the John 1991-2003 — they made significant and Lydia Stohs Endowed Scholarship in contributions to the advancement of the Pharmacy and Health Professions and the programs within their respective schools. Sidney J. Stohs, Ph.D. Endowed Scholarship But they also led by example, creating in Pharmacy and Health Professions. He endowed scholarship funds to support continues to support both funds. nursing and pharmacy and health “I endowed the two scholarships in professions students. appreciation of all the opportunities that Married in 2001, the couple relocated to Creighton provided me. I also established Frisco, Texas, a suburb of Dallas, last the scholarship in my parents’ names in August after both retired from Creighton. recognition of their lifelong support of me,” And although no longer associated with Stohs said. “In addition, financial aid is an the University in an official capacity, they Kitchens and Stohs relax on a recent business issue for all the programs in the School of trip to Las Vegas. continue to support Creighton students Pharmacy and Health Professions, and as and faculty with gifts to those funds. placing an emphasis on faculty dean I was always in search of funds for Kitchens established the Edeth K. development, the establishment of a student scholarships.” Kitchens Endowed Scholarship Fund in marketable RN to BSN program, increased Under Stohs’ leadership, the School of Nursing in 2000. She decided to make the communication with alumni and Pharmacy and Health Professions gift in honor of her parents, James and strengthening of the Alumni Board, implemented the nation’s first entry-level Rebecca Kilpatrick, who provided stronger relationships with clinical affiliates, clinical doctoral program in physical unconditional support through every step and increased scholarship support and therapy in 1993; the nation’s first Doctor of of her education and career. The Kitchens contributions from alumni and friends. Occupational Therapy Program in 1995 for Scholarship Fund assists non-traditional Through grants and support of the Health practitioners holding a bachelor’s degree; nursing students who wish to further their Future Foundation, Kitchens secured more and the first entry-level clinical doctoral education. “Throughout their lives, my parents encouraged my educational endeavors and transferred at death. career aspirations. When I established the Option for Decreasing You may wish to name your children, endowed scholarship at Creighton, I Estate, Income Taxes other family members or friends as wanted to honor them by doing what I beneficiaries of your retirement plan or could do to help other nursing students By Steve Scholer, JD’79 IRA. But did you know that if an achieve similar goals. I could think of no Director of Estate & Trust Services individual other than your spouse is better place to do it than Creighton Like many people, the cornerstone of named, the balance of your account could University,” Kitchens said. your retirement planning may be your be taxed twice? After estate and income While the Kitchens Endowed Scholar- qualified retirement plan or individual taxes exact their tolls, your heirs may ship helps nursing students, a recent retirement account (IRA). If you receive significantly less than you $12,000 gift from Kitchens to the School of established these accounts many years intended. Nursing Lectureship Fund will provide ago and have continued contributing to Example: Mrs. Smith is a widow with two full-time nursing faculty tuition assistance them, they may constitute a significant sons, ages 50 and 55. Her gross estate is to pursue their doctoral degrees. portion of your total estate. In fact, the valued at $800,000, and includes an IRA “Like most people, I try to make good most recent statistics indicate assets in worth $100,000. She has included Creighton in decisions about where my charitable qualified U.S. retirement income plans her estate plan by naming the University as contributions go every year,” Kitchens said. totaling nearly $10 trillion. This staggering the beneficiary of her IRA, rather than making “Although I have several ‘causes,’ it is amount of tax-free accumulated wealth a $100,000 bequest to Creighton through her important to me that my largest single comes with an equally monumental tax will. If she left the balance of the IRA to her contribution have an impact on something burden when the assets are withdrawn or sons, they might have to pay income taxes of

38 Summer 2004 Development News program in occupational therapy in the said. “Although I had intended to return to Pharmacy Mentor, United States in 1999. teaching and research after I stepped down The School also implemented a Doctor as dean, I was offered the opportunity to Alumnus Creates of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree in 1994; a become the senior vice president for Community Service Fund combined Pharm.D./MBA program in research and development of AdvoCare 1996; a Master of Science in Pharmaceutical International.” Michael Kruse, PharmD’99, has Science program in conjunction with the At AdvoCare, a nutrition and wellness established the Kruse Endowment for Department of Pharmacology in the School company in Dallas, Stohs is responsible for Community Service in the School of of Medicine; and a Master of Health the Science and Regulatory Affairs Pharmacy and Health Professions. Kruse, Departments. who is a pharmacist at Palomar Medical “We are responsible for new product Center in Escondido, Calif., mentors formulation and development, review and Creighton pharmacy students enrolled in Although no longer at changes to existing products, safety and the web-based Doctor of Pharmacy Creighton, Dr. Edeth Kitchens efficacy of products, product related program. He established the fund research, FDA compliance, state health through donating his stipend as an and Dr. Sid Stohs remain department compliance, labeling issues, educational mentor. supportive of endowed quality assurance and quality control,” “Within a couple of years after Stohs said. graduating from Creighton, I became scholarships they While the two move forward with their interested in the new online program established in the Schools of new lives away from the academic world, because it was the first of its kind,” Kruse both Kitchens and Stohs will continue to said. “I already teach pharmacy students Nursing and Pharmacy look fondly upon their years at Creighton. in the hospital setting, so mentoring and Health Professions. The School of Nursing and the School of students in the online program at Pharmacy and Health Professions will Creighton was an extension of what I was continue to benefit from their years of already doing.” Services Administration program in 1998, leadership and service that will impact the The core coursework for the online in association with the School of Nursing University and its students for many program is taught by Creighton faculty and the College of Business Administration. generations to come. members. In order to assist with the Stohs also was the chairholder of the Endowed scholarship support remains a students enrolled in the web-based Gilbert F. Taffe Jr. Endowed Chair in the significant need of both Schools. If you pathway, the School hires educational School of Pharmacy and Health Professions. would like information on endowment mentors who answer student questions “While serving as dean, I continued to opportunities or would like to make a gift by e-mail, guide students through be involved in research, working with to an already established fund, please assignments and grade assignments. students, technicians and post-doctoral contact the Office of Development at Giving back to Creighton was an easy fellows as well as faculty members,” Stohs (800) 334-8794 or (402) 280-2740. choice for Kruse, who designated that the fund be used to support community service activities performed by students up to 40 percent (federal and state) for the your death or after the death of your in the School of Pharmacy and Health right to receive their mother’s IRA. Because spouse. Your gift can be implemented by Professions. Creighton is income and estate tax exempt, simply completing a Beneficiary “My parents fostered the importance of the University receives the full $100,000 to Designation Form, available from your community service in me. As a student at establish a scholarship fund, and her sons plan sponsor. This method should be Creighton, I enjoyed the many receive the $700,000 balance of her estate, used, as opposed to naming your estate opportunities for service. However, free of income tax. (Note: Depending upon as the beneficiary of your retirement plan students are burdened with fund raising,” the size of your estate, retirement accounts or IRA. Failure to do so could result in Kruse said. “I would hope that the and IRA accounts also may be subject to adverse tax consequences for your estate endowment would free up their time estate taxes unless allocated for charitable and your heirs. from fund raising so more time can be purposes.) Creighton’s Office of Estate and spent doing direct service.” Naming Creighton as a beneficiary Trust Services helps alumni and friends If you would like to make a donation of all or part of your retirement plan or create plans that best express their to the Kruse Endowment for Community IRA is simple to do, and can decrease charitable wishes for the University. If Service or information on other endow- both your estate and income taxes. Your you would like further information or ment opportunities, please contact the estate will not be liable for taxes on the assistance on how to maximize your Creighton University Office of portion passing to Creighton, and your charitable giving through the use of your Development at (800) 334-8794 or heirs can receive other less-taxed or non- retirement plan or IRA, please contact us (402) 280-2740. taxed assets. You can designate Creighton at (800) 334-8794 or (402) 280-1143 or visit to receive your gift immediately upon www.creighton.edu/development.

39 Summer 2004 The Omaha Archdiocese and Creighton: The Last Word A History of Support By the Most Rev. Elden Francis Curtiss, Archbishop of Omaha

Editor’s note: The following address based on the life and teaching was delivered at Creighton’s and suffering and death and Founders Week Mass on Feb. 8 in resurrection of Jesus. They had St. John’s Church on campus. to continue His mission in the world because of their One hundred twenty-five relationship with Him. years ago, Bishop James So many times in our lives of O’Connor, the second bishop of faith we experience the same Omaha, invited the Jesuits to tensions. We know that we open a college in a relatively should do something significant small town that was known to deepen our spiritual lives — mostly for its stockyards. but we are afraid to take the

Nebraska was still a mission Photo by Dave Weaver plunge. Or we may know that territory and Bishop O’Connor Archbishop Curtiss, center, at Creighton’s Founders Week Mass with we are being called to reach out Creighton Jesuit the Rev. Richard Hauser, left, and Creighton President the to certain people in need, but we was the vicar apostolic for the Rev. John Schlegel, right. area. Some six years later, the are afraid of the consequences in Holy See established the Omaha our lives. Sometimes we are diocese. So Creighton University and the Archdiocese of Omaha afraid that we do not have what it takes — the strength or began their history together and have been bound together with determination or discipline or resources to respond to the Lord’s remarkable ties ever since. urging to us — or we are afraid that we are not good enough, not I do not think there is a Jesuit college or university in the holy enough, to do what He is asking us. world that is more closely attuned to the local church, to the But it is to us poor, sinful, fearful people that God reveals diocese, than Creighton University. The mission of Creighton as Himself and urges us to reach out to His people in faith. Are we a Catholic university has been supported all these years by the here today responding to the call to holiness as the Lord wants archdiocese, and the educational mission and ministries of the us to respond, or are we holding back? Are we here today archdiocese have been supported by the University. This has responding to the needs of people the way He is calling us to do, resulted in a high level of cooperation and support. There have or are we hesitant because of what it will cost us personally? been and continues to be dialogue and respectful exchanges The pioneers who established this archdiocese and the between the academic community and the faith community. We pioneers who established this University experienced the same have recognized, for the most part, the role of a university in tensions that we do. They lived with many failures and setbacks pursuing truth and justice and probing new frontiers and asking and disappointments. There were times when they felt like new questions — and at the same time the dialogue between giving up on their dreams. But they were people of faith, people faith and culture has remained, for the most part, civil and of prayer, who knew that their source of strength was the Lord. constructive, and Catholic tradition has been supported and And so they remained faithful to the Lord’s revelation to them upheld on this campus over the years, which is very important — they remained faithful to the mission He gave them. to the local church. If we today are honest enough with ourselves to really listen This has been a happy and productive relationship between for the Lord’s call to us — if despite our sinfulness and the archdiocese and the University these 125 years. unworthiness, we are willing to do for others what He wants us Isaiah, in the first reading this afternoon (Chapter 6), to do — then we, too, shall be people of faith who end up doing recognizes the tension that is created in those who are called by what the Lord wants us to do despite our hesitancy. And we, too, God to share with others His revelation to them. Isaiah cries out shall know the joy and satisfaction of those who have learned to to God that he is a “man of unclean lips” — he should not be the say “yes” to the Lord. one to proclaim God’s message to His people. But yet his eyes On behalf of all the people of the archdiocese, I congratulate have seen the Lord of hosts and his ears have heard the Lord’s the Jesuit community and Creighton University for 125 years of message — so he is compelled to deliver it to people who, for the constant and fruitful service to the people of Nebraska and most part, do not want to hear it. beyond. This University has been a powerful resource in our The same tension filled the apostles Peter and Paul. They both midst all these years and a center of knowledge, integrity and recognized their sinfulness and unworthiness — but they knew truth — and holiness for those who would drink deeply. they were called personally by Jesus to build a new community God bless all of you in the years ahead. Amen. 55 Summer 2004 Champs! Photos by Mark Romesser Congratulations to the Creighton women’s basketball team and Coach Jim Flanery, BA’87 — 2004 WNIT Champions! Pictured with Coach Flanery are, from left, all-tournament honorees Dayna Finch, Christy Neneman (MVP) and Laura Spanheimer. Read more inside.