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Eurasian Watermilfoil

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Eurasian Watermilfoil Understanding Eurasian Watermilfoil John D. Madsen Geosystems Research Institute Mississippi State University [email protected] Cultus & Nicola Lakes Water Quality & Eurasian Watermilfoil Workshop, Fraser Basin Council, Abbottsford, BC, Canada February 15, 2013 www.gri.msstate.edu Eurasian watermilfoil Overview • Taxonomy and description • Distribution • Habitat • Ecological range • Problems • Propagation and spread • Growth and phenology www.gri.msstate.edu Benefits of Aquatic Plants • Stabilize lakes sediments, reducing resuspension • Increase sedimentation, reducing turbidity • Provide habitat for insects, forage fish, fish spawning and YOY fish • Provide food for waterfowl, other animals www.gri.msstate.edu Invasive vs. Native Community Invasive Myriophyllum spicatum Native Potamogeton sp. Mixed stand www.gri.msstate.edu Eurasian watermilfoil • Myriophyllum spicatum L. • Aquatic family Haloragaceae • Forms dense nuisance surface canopy • Herbaceous evergreen perennial • Spreads by root crown / runner and autofragment • Nonnative from Europe and Asia www.gri.msstate.edu Eurasian watermilfoil Problems • Nuisance growth interfering with recreation • Human use impacts • Ecosystem impacts www.gri.msstate.edu Human Use Impacts of Eurasian watermilfoil • Commercial Navigation • Hydropower • Flood Control • Spread of insect- borne diseases • Recreational impairment • Property value • Human health www.gri.msstate.edu Ecological Effects of Eurasian watermilfoil •Degradation of water quality •Reduction in species diversity •Suppresses native plant species •Potential impacts on endangered species •Alters animal communities www.gri.msstate.edu Fall River, CA Hennepin Lake, IL Pend Oreille River, WA Mobile Bay, AL www.gri.msstate.edu Lake Minnetonka, MN Lake Hortonia, VT Houghton Lake, MI Waneta Lake, NY Remetrix, Inc. www.gri.msstate.edu Taxonomy • Wholly-aquatic family Haloragaceae • Two genera – Myriophyllum and Proserpinaca • Fourteen Myriophyllum species in the US, twelve are native • Four native species are shown for western North Myriophyllum spicatum America in Vermont • Two invasive species www.gri.msstate.edu Taxonomy of Myriophyllum • Despite fifty years of work on Eurasian watermilfoil in North America, there are persistent concerns and confusion, even among professionals, on how to tell Eurasian watermilfoil from native watermilfoil species (particularly northern watermilfoil). • Recent genetic evidence of hybridization further exacerbates the confusion www.gri.msstate.edu Myriophyllum species in the US Scientific Name Common Name Native or Nonnative Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC Alternate flower watermifloil Native Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. Parrotfeather Nonnative Myriophyllum farwellii Morong Farwell’s watermilfoil Native Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Variableleaf watermilfoil Native* Myriophyllum hippuroides Nutt. ex Western watermilfoil Native Torr. & A. Gray Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong Low watermilfoil Native Myriophyllum laxum Shuttlw. ex Loose watermilfoil Native Chapm. Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walter) Cutleaf watermilfoil Native Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Myriophyllum quitense Kunth. Andean watermilfoil Native Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov Northern watermilfoil Native Myriophyllum spicatum L. Eurasian watermilfoil Nonnative Myriophyllum tenellum Bigelow Slender watermilfoil Native Myriophyllum ussuriense (Regel) Russian watermilfoil Native Maxim. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Whorl-leaf watermilfoil Native Native Myriophyllum Western Watermilfoil Myriophyllum hippuroides Kathy Hamel Andian Watermilfoil Myriophyllum quitense Jenifer Parsons Northern Watermilfoil Myriophyllum sibiricum John Madsen Whorled watermilfoil Myriophyllum verticillatum USDA NRCS Northern watermilfoil Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov Common native in northern United States Occasionally forms a nuisance Circumboreal www.gri.msstate.edu Eurasian watermilfoil • Myriophyllum spicatum L. • Nonnative from Eurasia • Widespread nuisance-forming invasive (49 US states, southern tier provinces of Canada) www.gri.msstate.edu Morphological Methods • Morphological conditions measured in six segments of each specimen: • Stem red or green • Apical meristem rounded or flat • Leaf tips rounded or flat • Internode length Northern watermilfoil • Stem thickness • Leaf length specimen from Pend • Leaflet length Oreille Lake, ID • Leaflet number www.gri.msstate.edu Genetic Methods • PCR Amplification separated by electrophoresis and sequenced (BGU) • Phylogenetic analysis and chloroplast gene sequencing (GVSU) • PCR-RFLP (MSU) • All three labs used different approaches, with some cross-over verification www.gri.msstate.edu Morphological Results Comparison of Boolean characteristics of northern watermilfoil and Eurasian watermilfoil, with a comparison by Fisher's exact test. Fisher's Exact Test Characteristic Northern watermilfoil Eurasian watermilfoil P-value Flat Leaf End No Yes No Yes 4.2% 5.6% 95.8% (23) 94.4% (17) <0.0001 (1) (1) Flat Apical Meristem No Yes No Yes 5.6% 83.3% (20) 16.7% (4) 94.4% (17) <0.001 (1) Stem Color Green Red Green Red 27.8% 87.5% (21) 12.5% (3) 72.2% (13) 0.256 (5) Morphological Results, cont. Comparison of morphological characteristics of northern watermilfoil and Eurasian watermilfoil, with a comparison by T-test Northern watermilfoil Eurasian watermilfoil T-test Variable Mean SE Mean Mean SE Mean p-value Leaflet Number 8.10 0.123 16.32 0.253 <0.0001 Leaf Length (mm) 20.0 0.420 18.07 0.415 0.001 Leaflet Length (mm) 13.8 0.438 8.556 0.244 <0.0001 Stem thickness (mm) 1.03 0.015 1.056 0.022 0.44 Internode Length (mm) 15.6 0.916 13.06 0.701 0.0256 www.gri.msstate.edu Northern Eurasian Frequency of number of leaflet pairs per leaf for northern watermilfoil (SIB, left) and Eurasian watermilfoil (SPI, right). Northern Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum) . Native submersed aquatic plant . Leaves arranged in whorls of 4 around stem, typically remains rigid when removed from water . Leaves have < 12 leaflet pairs . Leaf tips are round not flat . Reproduces by stem fragments and turions . Northern watermilfoil often has longer leaves than Eurasian watermilfoil . ID Characteristics: Round leaf tips and < 12 leaflet pairs Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) . Introduced from Europe . Submersed evergreen perennial . Spreads by root crowns, runners, and fragments . Grows in 2 to 15 feet of water, forms surface canopy . Leaves are in whorls of 4 around stem . ID Characteristics: Flat leaf ends, Flat apical meristem, > 12 leaflet pairs Genetic Analysis Findings • All three labs agree that plants identified as northern watermilfoil were northern watermilfoil • All three labs agree that plants identified as Eurasian watermilfoil were Eurasian watermilfoil • No evidence of hybridization in any samples www.gri.msstate.edu Eurasian watermilfoil Gets More Complicated… • Hybridization with M. sibiricum • May form a terrestrial form on moist soil and mud flats www.gri.msstate.edu Habitat • Lakes, rivers, reservoirs, ponds, freshwater and brackish estuaries • Low to moderate organic content in sediment • Fine clay to sand, cobble, and rock crevices in sediment • Quiet to high energy zone, rooting below wave wash zone www.gri.msstate.edu What do plants need? Light Water Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water Nutrients: Nitrogen Phosphorus A Tale of Two Plants CO2, O2 Nutrients Water Removal of Toxic Gases Emergent, Floating Submersed Requirements for Growth Light Water attenuates amount of available light, controls depth distribution and growth rate Nutrients For both types of plants, sediment is bulk of source for major limiting nutrients (N, P) of rooted plants Water You’re kidding, right? Carbon dioxide Gases diffuse 1,000x more slowly in water, rate of availability limits photosynthesis Oxygen Oxygen may be low for respiration, particularly in roots Temperature/Heat As with all plants, temperature range may limit growth Toxic gases in sediment (methane, sulfate) Floating, emergent plants have a “flow-through” system for gas exchange A safe place to root Disturbance, water level fluctuation, herbivory may limit growth Comparison between Eurasian watermilfoil and Native Pondweed - Photosynthesis Submersed plant photosynthesis is controlled by light levels Madsen and Boylen 1988 www.gri.msstate.edu Maximum depth of colonization versus light transparency Canfield et al. 1985 Maximum depth of plant growth is largely controlled by light availability www.gri.msstate.edu Plant Nutrition Source of Nutrients Water column Sediment Growth-dilution www.gri.msstate.edu Nutrient Sources: Sediment vs. Water Barko et al. 1991 www.gri.msstate.edu Tissue Concentrations of N and P As the plants grow, nutrient uptake does not keep up with the increasing volume or biomass of the plant resulting in “growth dilution” of nutrient content in the plants. If growth continues, nutrient Madsen limitation will 1991 eventually occur. www.gri.msstate.edu Phosphorus and Algae Dillon and Rigler 1974. Limnology and Oceanography Vol. 19, No. 5, 767-773. Increased phosphorus in water leads to more algal growth While some increased algal growth will benefit fish production, too much algae leads to oxygen depletion, fish kills, and odor problems Nutrients will also increase growth of free-floating plants This is Your Lake on Phosphorus: Excessive planktonic and filamentous algae or duckweed is directly related to fertilizing ponds Bicarbonate Uptake Many submersed plants can use bicarbonate as well as dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Bicarbonate and
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