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Evolution of the Late Ordovician High-Latitude Conodonts an D Dating of Gondwana Glaciations

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Evolution of the Late Ordovician High-Latitude Conodonts an D Dating of Gondwana Glaciations Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana Modena, Novembre 1999 Evolution of the Late Ordovician high-latitude conodonts an d dating of Gondwana glaciations Jerzy DziK Instytut Paleobiologii Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa KEYWORDS- Conodonts, Evolution, Late Ordovician, Glaciation. ABSTRACT- The presence ofthe rapidl.y evolving conodont lineage ofAmorpho1;1narhus in the Middle and Late Ordovician of the Ho!.y Cross Mountains (P olana) enables correlation ofenvironmental events there with those Jrom other areas ofthe world. The fauna! succession ofthe conodonts records especial!.y well the profound climatic changes in the Ashgill. The record can be calibrated climatical!.y on the basis ofperiodic immigrations of species known to be abundant either in the Ordovician subpolar regions (Sagittodonrina, Scabbardella) or subtropics (Rhodesognathus, Icriodella, Birksfeldia). Increased contribution ofScabbardella is general!.y connected with a decrease in taxonomic diversity of the species association. A genera! trend toward cooling, which is partial!.y reversed close to the end of carbonate sedimentation in the area, is shown. The phyletic succession o{Amorphognathus chronospecies is shown stratophenetical!.y. This is used to propose a provisional correlation ofthe events recorded in the Ho!.y Cross Mountains with those within the carbonate sedimentation intervals in areas closer to Gondwana. A late population ofA. tvaerensis, which shows much similarity to the Thuringian Kalkbank A. venrilatus and presumab!.y being ancestral to it, co- occurs in the Ho!.y Cross Mountains with Rhodesognathus. This suggests that the Kalkbank warm event was coeva! with the topmost phosphate- rich part ofthe Mojcza Limestone immediate!.y above, where A. superbus occurs. A. sp. n., which characterizes the lower part ofthe mar!.y strata above the Mojcza Limestone with a lowest diversity assemblage, is known also from latera! equivalents ofthe Kullsberg mud mound limestones of Sweden. lts transition to A. ordovicicus corresponds to the peak ofabundance ofcold-water species. The proposed transition from A. ordovicicus to A. duftonus and a significant increase in contribution o{Dapsilodus at the expense oJScabbardella preceded the cessation of carbonate sedimentation in the area and it seems to be coeva! with similar events in the Carnic Alps. RIASSUNTO- [Evoluzione dei conodonti ordoviciani delle alte latitudini e datazione delle glaciazioni gondwaniane] -La presenza della linea a rapida evoluzione del genere Amorphognathus nell'Ordoviciano medio e superiore delle Ho!.y Cross Mountains (Polonia) permette di correlare eventi ambientali registrati in quest'area con quelli di altre parti della Terra. La successione delle faune a conodonti testimonia molto bene quali profondi cambiamenti climatici siano avvenuti nell'Ashgill. !dati climatici possono essere calibrati sulla base di periodiche immigrazioni di taxa che nelf'Ordoviciano sono abbondanti nelle regioni subpolari (Sagittodontina, Scabbardella) o subtropicali (Rhodesognathus, Icriodella, Birksfeldia). Un prpessivo aumento di Scabbardella è in genere accompagnato da una diminuzione nella diversità tassonomica. Ne eme;t,e un trend generale di rajjreddamento, che è in parte invertito al termine della seaimentazione carbonatica della fine del periodo. La successione p/etica delle cronospecie di Amorphognathus è illustrata Questo approccio permette di formulare un primo tentativo di correlazione degli eventi registrati nelle Ho!.y Cross Mountains con quelli degli intervalli carbonatici di aree più vicine al Gondwana. Una popolazione tardiva di A. rvaerensis, molto simile ad A. venrilatus del Kalkbank (Turingia) e suo probabile predecessore, èpresente nelle Ho!.y Cross Mountains assieme a Rhodesognathus. Ciò suggerisce che l'evento freddo del Kalkbank sia coevo con la più alta parte ricca in fosfato del Calcare di Moicza, dove è presente A. superbus. Amorphognathus n.sp., che è tipico degli strati marnosi con scarsa diversità specifica al di sopra del Calcare di Mojcza, è noto anche in sedimenti equivalenti ai calcari di scogliera del Kullsberg, in Svezia. La sua evoluzione verso A. ordovicicus avviene in corrispondenza di un picco di abbondanza di forme di acque fredde. La transizione da A. ordovicicus a A. duftonus e un significativo aumento nella presenza di Dapsilodus e un calo di quella di Scabbardella precedono la fine della sedimentazione carbonatica nell'area e sembrano essere coevi con eventi analoghi nelle Alpi Carniche. INTRODUCTION 30 million years (according to estimates by T ucker & McKerrow, 1995) are represented by only ten meters The present study is based on three exposures in of rock succession, with only one biostratigraphically the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. All of them have identifìable gap. In fact, the entire Ordovician is been known for a long time and preliminary extremely condensed in the Holy Cross Mountains. descriptions of both their geology an d Jaleontology The Zalesie section, with its 38 m of rock sequence, are available in the literature (reviewe in Dzik & covers the time span from the Late Tremadoc to the Pisera, 1994). Additional conodont samples have been end of the Ashgill. Even the Early Ordovician coarse collected from new trenches dug in the northern wall clastics, dominant in and not represented of the quarry (in 1994), in the Zalesie in Zalesie, add only 38m more to equally condensed ravine (also in 1994), and in the fìeld in front of the Middle and Late Ordovician sections. Such a low rate Mojcza quarry (in 1995). of sediment accumulation requires that the area of The Mojcza Limestone, together with the unnamed deposition of the Mojcza Limestone and Zalesie lower carbonate member of the Zalesie Formation, is Formation carbonates, the Malopolska Massif and the an extreme case of stratigraphic condensation. At least Holy Cross Mountains, was tectonically very quiet. lt 238 ]. DZIK was earlier peneplained in one of the Late Tremadoc (Middle Llandovery) graptolite shales are below eustatic falls, and isolated from any external source of (Tomczyk, 1954). The basal part of the carbonate coarse clastics. Biogeographic and paleomagnetic data succession is not exposed. lt is hidden under Early suggest that the Malopolska microcontinent was Ordovician Buk6wka sandstone debris. As the thickness separated from both Baltica an d Gondwana by oceani c of the limestone units in seems closely areas. lt was located closer to the South Pale than similar to that in M6jcza, i t may be inferred that about Baltica, but farther from it than the African parts of four basal meters of the succession, those below the Gondwana (Dzik, 1990; Lewandowski, 1993). main M6jcza K-bentonite layer, are not available for study. Complexodus and Eoplacognathus elongatus occur Mojcza in the oldest sampled strata. Amorphognathus tvaerensis is documented by its diagnostic ne (M) elements The M6jcza section (Text-fìg. l; Tab. l) provides somewhat above this horizon (sample MG-48). the bes t record of conodont evolution in the Holy Cross Rhodesognathus is represented (Text-fìg. l), although Mountains (Dzik, 1994). In addition to the part of not as abundantly as in M6jcza (samples MG-41 to the section exposed in the quarry, 1.8 m more of MG-37), and is replaced by more abundant Ordovician limestone an d 4 m more of Silurian shales Amorphognathus above. A single ne (M) element with calcareous intercalations have been sampled in a indicates A. superbus. The resulting correlation with trench dug in the fìeld near the quarry. This is mostly respective strata in M6jcza is consistent with the a marly limestone with detritus of ostracodes and presence of phosphatic ooids, which in M6jcza echinoderms, especially in the topmost part. The bed continue to the top of the A. superbus Zone. As at about 20 cm below the top of the limestone series M6jcza, the range of Hamarodus in contains vertically oriented phosphatic tubes of overlaps that of Rhodesognathus. Sphenothallus, and 1.50 m below the top conchs of A level with a strongly weathered dolomitic longiconic orthoceratid nautiloids occur. The Ordovi- mudstone follows and the fìrst bed above it (sample cian limestone is covered by a soft sandy mari, l O cm MG-33) containsAmorphognathus ordovicicus, as shown thick, with mixed Ordovician and Silurian conodonts, by a single ne (M) element. The part of the succession very well preserved bur fragmented, an d a thick bed of corresponding to that of an unnamed species of a plastic K-benronite. There are calcareous concretions Amorphognathus (referred to here asA. sp. n.) in M6jcza in the top part of the K-bentonite and a continuous 1- is thus missing in or is rcpresented by the 2 cm rhick limestone intercalation above it. The mudstone. Some support for such a correlation is limestone contains a typical Pterospathodus celloni Zone provided by the abundance of agglutinating assemblage, which indicates rhat the topmost Ashgill foraminifera (indicative of a supply of fine quartz grains and most of rhe Llandovery strata are missing there. to the area, earlier missing), which at M6jcza are O ne may guess that these were soft shales and that the restricted in occurrence to the uppermost part of the erosion that removed them stopped at the topmost successi o n, with A. ordovicicus s.s. Elements of the same limestone bed of the sequence. morphology, with very elongated cusp, in samples MG- 21 and M G-17 suggest that the carbonates do no t reach Mi?dzygorz the leve! of A. duftonus. The incompleteness of the section may be
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