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Lakota Cultural Fusion and Revitalization of Native Christian Identity Luther Seminary Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary Master of Theology Theses Student Theses 5-20-2018 Lakota Cultural Fusion and Revitalization of Native Christian Identity Kelly Sherman-Conroy Luther Seminary Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.luthersem.edu/mth_theses Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Indigenous Studies Commons Recommended Citation Sherman-Conroy, Kelly, "Lakota Cultural Fusion and Revitalization of Native Christian Identity" (2018). Master of Theology Theses. 21. https://digitalcommons.luthersem.edu/mth_theses/21 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Theology Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. LAKOTA CULTURAL FUSION AND REVITALIZATION OF NATIVE CHRISTIAN IDENTITY by KELLY SHERMAN-CONROY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Luther Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY THESIS ADVISER: LOIS MALCOLM ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We often hear the proverb that says it takes a village to raise a child. Well that is just the same when it came to writing my thesis. I would like to acknowledge the many people in my community who played such a crucial role of helping me to see this to the end. There have been so many strong, resilient and amazing Native people who are making an impact in their communities. Your contributions have given life through your nurturing, support and wisdom (Woksape) which will continue to impact us all for generations. Our stories are important. They help us hold onto our history, they help us laugh, they bring us tears, but most importantly help to ground us and hold close what is important. So, to those who shared your experiences, your life, your stories, Thank You. To my family, my Grandparents, and the many elders in my family, I have learned a lot and because of you I have a deep connection to many of our ancestors, and to that I am grateful. My beautiful and sweet boy Ciaran is the inspiration in all I do. He has been a part of this process from the start and along the way provided humor when I was getting too serious. And a big THANK YOU to my parents and siblings, friends and colleagues for supporting me and encouraging me. Lois Malcolm and Dirk Lange, what an inspiration you have been to me and my time at Luther Seminary. Thank you. To my Uncle Marlon Sherman, your wisdom shared and your support in this process is so appreciated. ii And finally, I am grateful to Wakantanka. The true author of the community in which we all live in. Our Creator has called us into these communities and to our path as Disciples of Christ. Within the Creator, our community is formed. Within the Creator walls are broken down. Within the Creator we have peace. It is my hope that my thesis will invite and open doors to a new conversation and path that will bring new depth to the community we live in. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. ii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................v 1. CHRISTIANITY AND THE CREATION OF HISTORICAL TRAUMA ...................1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................1 The Lakota Sioux Origin .......................................................................................2 Doctrine of Discovery ...........................................................................................5 Declaration of Independence .................................................................................9 Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears ...............................................................10 The Louisiana Purchase and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty......................................11 Reservation System Created 1876 .......................................................................12 Wounded Knee Massacre 1890 ...........................................................................13 Boarding Schools, Assimilation and Loss of Identity .........................................14 Historical Trauma ................................................................................................17 2. A LAKOTA THEOLOGY ..........................................................................................22 Introduction .........................................................................................................22 False Duality: Lakota or Christian ......................................................................26 Native Prophecy and Vision ................................................................................30 Onikare and Inipi—Sweat Lodge and the Rite of Purification ...........................35 Haŋblečeya—Vision Quest .................................................................................39 3. HEALING, FORGIVENESS AND CULTURAL FUSION .......................................43 Introduction .........................................................................................................43 A Path to Healing ................................................................................................44 Healing through Story .........................................................................................46 Healing through Elements ...................................................................................48 Groundwork of Cultural Fusion Theory ..............................................................50 The Process of Cultural Fusion ...........................................................................55 Native Liturgy .....................................................................................................57 4. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................73 APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................75 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................0 iv INTRODUCTION For over five hundred years, the Lakota people have endured problematic religious, cultural and historical experiences since the arrival of the Europeans to this land in the form of colonization, creating historical trauma that is endured still to this day. Because of this history of trauma, Lakota Christians have struggled with being labeled as having a double identity as both Lakota and Christian, when in reality it is a natural cultural fusion. On one hand, Lakota Christians struggle with acceptance among most Christian circles because of our Lakota Spiritual beliefs that do not fit within what is perceived as common Christian practices and beliefs. On the other hand, we struggle with being accepted with some Lakota Christians whose Christian beliefs have them separated from their many of their Lakota spiritual beliefs and practices. Lakota Cultural Fusion and Revitalization of Native Christian Identity will recommend that in order to equip Christian Native leaders, a deep understanding of the Doctrine of Discovery and the tragic biblical narratives that were misappropriated and brought about Christian supremacy must be unearthed. Opposing the notion that we as Lakota Christians need to live within the standards of a European derived idea of what a Christian should be like, Lakota Cultural Fusion and Revitalization of Native Christian Identity will argue that a further inquiry into the traditions and values of the Lakota people and the roles we play in the life of the church will show how the Woniya (Holy Spirit) works in and around a community gathered and how Lakota Christian practices can be a model for other ministries reaching out to Lakota people. In sum, Lakota Cultural Fusion and Revitalization of Native Christian v Identity will make the case that respectful cultural fusion of Lakota Spirituality within established Christian practices can create a healing narrative that moves beyond the oppressive missionizing and assimilation that Lakota people have endured for generations, and to revitalize and bring forward a conversation of Christianity through the lens of Lakota people. Lakota Cultural Fusion and Revitalization of Native Christian Identity is grounded in a Native methodology that is non-standardized, yet reflective of thousands of years in which my ancestors developed theology and their resulting social structures, based on a rich and complex system of oral history.1 The method I am using allows for the respectful engagement of life and storytelling, our traditional way of compiling research. Historically, colonizers, which includes academics, benefitted from the knowledge, language, art and culture without the respect of, consent or acknowledgement of Native people, which in turn has created a distrust of people researching and studying faith and Native spirituality. This practice must stop. In her book Indigenous Methodologies, author Margaret Kovach puts forward the idea that from an epistemology and ontology based on relationships, an Indigenous methodology emerges that encompasses a relational and tribal knowledge worldview, this can be achieved by using a qualitative approach
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