Evaluation of Salvage and Replanted Native Plants on ADOT Projects
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Evaluation of Salvage and Replanted Native Plants on ADOT Projects Final Report 587 June 2012 Arizona Department of Transportation Research Center Evaluation of Salvage and Replanted Native Plants on ADOT Projects Final Report 587 June 2012 Prepared by: Logan Simpson Design, Inc. 51 West Third Street, Suite 450 Tempe, AZ 85281 Prepared for: Arizona Department of Transportation In cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Arizona Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade or manufacturers’ names that may appear herein are cited only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the report. The US government and the State of Arizona do not endorse products or manufacturers. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA-AZ-12-587 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date June 2012 Evaluation of Salvage and Replanted Native Plants on ADOT 6. Performing Organization Code Projects 7. Author 8. Performing Organization Report No. Judy Mielke, Tisha Curella, Jenni James, Wayne Colebank 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Logan Simpson Design, Inc. 51 W. Third Street, Suite 450 11. Contract or Grant No. Tempe, AZ 85281 ADOT Contract: T0749A0029 FHWA Program: SPR-PL-1(67) 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered Arizona Department of Transportation FINAL REPORT 206 S. 17th Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85007 14. Sponsoring Agency Code ADOT Project Manager: Estomih (Tom) Kombe 15. Supplementary Notes Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 16. Abstract ADOT has transplanted thousands of saguaros during the construction of roadway projects, and although the projects are typically tracked for two years, the long-term survivability of saguaros has never been documented. The purpose of this study is to examine ADOT projects in which saguaros were transplanted as part of the revegetation effort, and to evaluate the factors that contribute to the survival and good health of saguaros. The development of more successful techniques for salvaging saguaros will help ensure the long-term viability of transplanted saguaros and will enable ADOT to spend monies more effectively. Four projects involving saguaro salvage and replanting were selected for evaluation: State Route 86 Covered Wells, State Route 87 Tombstone Hill, State Route 188 Resort Road to Devore Wash, and US Route 93 Kaiser Spring. The projects occurred over a broad geographic area, with elevations ranging from 2,018 to 3,190 feet. An inventory of all saguaros, both alive and dead, was conducted in 2008. Each plant was assigned a number, its location was recorded using GPS equipment, a photograph was taken, and information was recorded regarding plant size and health and surrounding environmental conditions. Consistent among the four projects inventoried was the finding that the taller saguaros had a lower survival rate and exhibited poorer health after transplantation. Saguaros up to 12 feet in height typically exhibited good health. A sharp decrease in the percentage of plants in good health was observed in the 12-foot-plus saguaros, and particularly in the 20-foot-plus size. The presence of arms had a negative effect on saguaro survivability and overall health, an observation that held true for all the projects. A third variable affecting saguaro survivability and health was planting depth. A marked decrease in health was observed among saguaros that did not exhibit taper at the base of the plant, an indication that the saguaro was planted too deep. Recommendations are discussed regarding saguaro salvage and replanting techniques. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement 23. Registrant's Seal Saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea, native plants, Document is available to the U.S. salvage, transplant, revegetation, public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22161 19. Security Classification 20. Security Classification 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 115 SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive Summary.............................................................................................................1 1.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................5 2.0 Review of Literature ...................................................................................................7 2.1 Transplanted Saguaro Survival..........................................................................7 2.2 Time of Transplantation.....................................................................................7 2.3 Pretransplantation Watering...............................................................................8 2.4 North Orientation...............................................................................................8 2.5 Handling Prior to Transplantation .....................................................................8 2.6 Root Excavation.................................................................................................9 2.7 Planting Hole.....................................................................................................9 2.8 Backfill.............................................................................................................10 2.9 Planting ............................................................................................................11 2.10 Watering...........................................................................................................11 2.11 Staking/Bracing................................................................................................12 3.0 Methods.....................................................................................................................15 4.0 Results.......................................................................................................................17 4.1 SR 86 Covered Wells.......................................................................................17 4.2 SR 87 Tombstone Hill .....................................................................................30 4.3 SR 188 Resort Road to Devore Wash..............................................................44 4.4 US 93 Kaiser Spring ........................................................................................58 5.0 Conclusions...............................................................................................................74 5.1 SR 86 Covered Wells.......................................................................................74 5.2 SR 87 Tombstone Hill .....................................................................................75 5.3 SR 188 Resort Road to Devore Wash..............................................................76 5.4 US 93 Kaiser Spring ........................................................................................77 5.5 Summary..........................................................................................................78