DOCSLIB.ORG

Bermuda Subtropical Storms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bermuda Subtropical Storms See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225858605 Bermuda Subtropical Storms Article in Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics · August 2007 DOI: 10.1007/s00703-006-0255-y CITATIONS READS 13 33 5 authors, including: Mark Guishard Elizabeth Harris Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences Ariel Re 18 PUBLICATIONS 174 CITATIONS 2 PUBLICATIONS 24 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Jenni L Evans Pennsylvania State University 75 PUBLICATIONS 3,607 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Interaction of MCSs coupled to AEWs over North Africa View project Risk Prediction Initiative Report View project All content following this page was uploaded by Jenni L Evans on 10 July 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Meteorol Atmos Phys (2007) DOI 10.1007/s00703-006-0255-y Printed in The Netherlands 1 Bermuda Weather Service, BAS-Serco Ltd., St. Georges, Bermuda 2 Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA 3 Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, FL, USA Bermuda subtropical storms M. P. Guishard1, E. A. Nelson1, J. L. Evans2, R. E. Hart3, and D. G. O’Connell1 With 14 Figures Received August 4, 2006; accepted September 19, 2006 Published online: March 14, 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Summary customers (significant for an island with approx- 1 This investigation focuses on North Atlantic subtropical cy- imately 62,000 inhabitants ). This storm was clones which tracked within 100 nautical miles (185 km) of determined to have been a ‘‘subtropical storm’’ Bermuda from 1957 to 2005, identified through subtropi- by the US National Hurricane Center (NHC), cal structural characteristics distinguished using Cyclone the regional tropical cyclone authority under the Phase Space, from the European Centre for Medium-Range World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). The Weather Forecasts 45-year reanalyses. The study assesses the characteristics of these hybrid storms that affect the storm continued to evolve more tropical charac- Island, in order to aid the local forecaster. Reanalysis charts, teristics and, on October 12th, the storm was surface analyses, local observations, HURDAT tracks, and named Karen. Karen strengthened to a Category- satellite pictures, where available, were examined. This 2 hurricane, and went on to strike Nova Scotia data shows that subtropical cyclones affecting Bermuda as a tropical storm. During the approach and usually form in close proximity, to the south-southwest, rapid evolution of Karen over Bermuda, a Gale over water of an average of 26 C, under moderate vertical À1 wind shear, with an upper trough lying to the west-north- Warning (for winds of at least 17 m s affecting west. They then move in a north-northeastward direction, the local and marine area) was issued and later intensifying quickly, but not often reaching a peak intensity upgraded to a Storm Warning (25 m sÀ1)by of more than 26 m sÀ1. They generally have their begin- the Bermuda Weather Service (BWS). The gale- nings along old baroclinic zones. September is the peak to hurricane-force winds, warm lower core and month of occurrence. A direct hit by a severe subtropical cyclone, producing locally observed winds of over 26 m sÀ1, widespread (albeit asymmetric) convection asso- appears to be a rare event. However, these storms are cer- ciated with the system (Fig. 1) led forecasters to tainly a threat to the Island, particularly due to their lack of conclude that this system had at least partial trop- predictability, and conditions conducive to an incipient sub- ical characteristics (Williams, 2002). However, tropical cyclone with potential to affect the Island should the absence of advisories from the US National always be closely monitored. Hurricane Center (NHC) during the onset of gale force winds restricted local forecasters to the 1. Introduction recorded issuance of local marine wind warnings. The ensuing media coverage over the next two In October 2001, a rapidly developing ma- rine storm produced hurricane-force winds over 1 From Government of Bermuda Department of Statistics Census Bermuda, resulting in the loss of power to 23,000 2000. M. P. Guishard et al other than those already set forth in Guishard (2006); and (c) determine the conditions under which Bermuda STs occur, thus providing a basis for the successful forecasting of such systems. 2. Methods ST characteristics determined using the Cyclone Phase Space (CPS; Hart, 2003) diagnostics of ERA-40 and GFS analyses are a lower-tropo- spheric warm core and an upper-tropospheric cold core (Fig. 2). The initiation time of a ST is defined as the onset of gales, since weaker sys- tems do not generate the societal peril and pub- Fig. 1. GOES-8 visible imagery and satellite-derived winds lic awareness that initially motivated this study. valid for 12:45 UTC October 12th 2001. Image courtesy of In this section, the datasets and model fields used Univ. Wisconsin CIMSS days confirmed that the Storm Warning issued did not capture the attention of the public as well as a Tropical Storm Warning likely would have. In the historical record of warm season storms affecting Bermuda, it is apparent that the nearby development of Karen was not a unique oc- currence, and that it would be to the benefit of Bermudian forecasters to have a record of similar events. The purpose of this study is to examine all such ‘‘Bermuda storms’’ with subtropical char- acteristics in the last 49 years (for which there is reliable local observational data). Such subtropi- cal cyclones (STs) may have been mistaken for tropical or extratropical systems, or poorly fore- cast. Subtropical storms are hybrid cyclones with cold upper and warm lower cyclonic components, spawned as baroclinic developments in the pres- ence of positive low-level vorticity over relatively warm sea surface temperatures (SST). Guishard (2006) presents an Atlantic basin climatology of warm season cyclones with subtropical storm characteristics. This climatology was compiled through the initial detection and tracking of the cyclones in the 45-year ECMWF Reanalyses (ERA-40; Uppala et al, 2004) and corroborated with other evidence, where available. Fig. 2. Lifecycle evolution in the CPS of (a) a typical ST Using the methods described in Guishard which transitions into a TC and then undergoes extratropi- (2006), the characteristics of STs which have im- cal transition; and (b) an extratropical system which devel- pacted Bermuda are documented in this study. The ops tropical characteristics (tropical transition) and then objectives of this project are to (a) catalogue sub- undergoes extratropical transition. Note that while the posi- tion within the phase space is similar for each evolution, tropical systems which affected Bermuda with the direction of the path determines what the phase of the direct hits or ‘‘near misses’’; (b) elucidate any cyclone. A snapshot of the cyclone’s structure is not suffi- common characteristics in origin and evolution, cient to discern its subsequent evolution Bermuda subtropical storms to generate these analyses are reviewed and the must pass within 100 nm (185 km) of Bermuda. process of identification of STs from the general This distance corresponds to the operational list of warm season cyclones in the vicinity of ‘‘threat’’ criterion for the Bermuda marine area. Bermuda is elucidated. It is reasonable to suppose that a system within 100 nm could conceivably affect Bermuda with damaging winds and seas, change direction or in- 2.1 Datasets tensify quickly ‘catching people off guard’ (e.g., The compilation of storms for this study utilizes hurricane Emily in 1987; Gerrish, 1987). a range of datasets. Guishard (2006) describes an Gale force winds must be associated with Atlantic basin climatology based on 45 years of each candidate storm at some time during the the ERA-40 reanalyses (Uppala et al, 2004) and subtropical part of its lifecycle. Determination a set of rules developed to distinguish ST from of the presence or absence of gales is based on other warm season storm types. This coarser res- Bermuda and satellite observations of winds and olution study was complimented by a survey of pressure, and ERA-40=GFS gale algorithms). The the GFS operational analyses (also described in occurrence of gale force winds is operationally Guishard, 2006) for a five year period. The agree- considered the threshold for societal impacts due ment between these two methods of STs detec- to loss of life, injury, or property damage (e.g., tion in the overlapping time period, as well as Higgs, 2005). their concurrence with the recent NHC records There is disagreement between meteorologists (e.g., Stewart, 2000; 2001), provides confidence on the nature of ST genesis. Even hurricane spe- that the techniques are robust. These ERA-40 and cialists within NHC exhibit different operational GFS surveys are drawn upon for this study. opinions; one specialist’s ST storm is another’s Corroborating evidence of significant storm im- non-tropical low or extratropical system (personal pacts (if any) is then sought from historical ob- communications, Beven, Franklin, Roth, Stewart, servations over Bermuda, using the occurrence Landsea, Fogarty). For the purposes of this study, of gale force winds as a discriminator. Further, subtropical structural characteristics are distin- the Global ISCCP B1 Browse System (GIBBS) guished using CPS diagnostics of the global satellite dataset, available from the US National model analyses and satellite signatures. Satellite Climatic Data Center (Knapp, 2004), is used to signatures are determined using the methodology refine the determination of the overall synoptic of Hebert and Poteat (1975), who provide a ST characteristics (e.g., frontal, tropical, subtropi- analog to Dvorak (1975). Any period of purely cal). Storms which are ambiguous in structure extratropical or tropical structural characteristics (i.e., not clearly ST) and could be frontal in prior to the onset of gales for a candidate storm is nature have been discarded from the catalogue.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Perfect Storm
    The Perfect Storm Weathering Climate Change By Building Better Communities A Presentation By R.W. Sandford Chair Canadian Partnership United Nations Water for Life Decade Director Western Watersheds Climate Research Collaborative The Perfect Storm Weathering Climate Change By Building Better Communities The purpose of the Canadian Partnership Initiative of the United Nations Water for Life Decade is to translate scientific research outcomes into language the average person can understand and that decision-makers can act upon in a timely manner to address water-related climate change impacts. While this has sometimes been difficult, the challenge has not distracted us from our urgent purpose. In our estimation, climate change has the potential to create a perfect environmental cum economic cum social cum political storm. It is a storm, however, that I think we can avoid. That is especially true here, where you live. The notion of a perfect storm emerged into popular culture in 1997 with the appearance of Sebastion Junger’s non- fiction work of the same name. The book is about the “Hallowe’en Nor’easter” as the locals called it – a storm that struck the east coast of North America in October of 1991. It should be noted that it wasn’t Sebastian Junger who first described the 1991 tempest as “the perfect storm”. It was the U.S. National Weather Service that gave it that name and created its legend. In the history of American weather observation, no had never seen anything quite like it. 2 The National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration in the United States still maintains a website explaining the nature and character of that remarkable storm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Perfect Storm October 1991
    Satellite Gallery / Extratropical Cyclones / Perfect Storm 1991 / The Perfect Storm October 1991 Enlarged Image Image Information Event Discussion Bizarre Ending An enormous extratropical low is creating havoc along the entire Eastern Atlantic Seaboard in this infrared image at 1200 UTC (0700 EST) on October 30, 1991. Labelled the "perfect storm" by the National Weather Service, the storm s ank the swordfishing boat Andrea Gail, whose story became the basis for the currently best-selling novel "The Perfect Storm" by Sebastian Junger. A little-known and bizarre ending came to this monster, which came to be known as the Halloween Storm. To tell this incredible story in its entirety, the Satellite's Eye Art Gallery spans two subject headings (Extratropical Cyclones and Hurricanes)! Image Information Satellite System Image Specifics Channel Satellite Name GOES 7 No. 4 (Infrared) Band October 30, Date Resolution 4-km 1991 Julian Date 303 Orbit No./Dir NA 1201 UTC Time Entity ID NA 0701 EST Instrument Western VAS: VISSR Area System Atlantic Data Type Sector The Perfect Storm Conditions at the Time of the Image The color-enhanced infrared image of 1200 UTC October 30, 1991 depicts a monster storm off the Eastern Sea board, which was described by the National Weather Service as the "perfect storm." In this image, the storm was at its peak intensity. The storm became subtropical thirty hours later, just before the inner core of the storm developed into a topical storm and later an unnamed hurricane. History of the Storm Late October and November are months with weather in rapid transition in the eastern U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Commonwealth of Massachusetts 2013 State Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 13. Nor’easters .......................................................................................................................... 13-1 13.1 General Background .................................................................................................................. 13-1 13.1.1 Rating Scales ................................................................................................................ 13-2 13.1.2 Coastal Storm Frequency Caveats ................................................................................ 13-3 13.2 Hazard Profile ........................................................................................................................... 13-4 13.2.1 Location........................................................................................................................ 13-4 13.2.2 Previous Occurrences ................................................................................................... 13-4 13.2.3 Probability of Future Occurrences ............................................................................... 13-9 13.2.4 Severity ........................................................................................................................ 13-9 13.2.5 Warning Time .............................................................................................................. 13-9 13.3 Climate Change Impacts ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geology Combination of Storms Precursors
    Geology !Hurricanes: violent warm core tropical storm and min wind speed of 74 mph. Rotates counterclockwise spiraling around region of low pressure (eye/center) !June 1- November 30 !Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (1-5) !4 Stages of Hurricane Growth: Tropical Jennifer Lougen Disturbance, Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, Hurricane Natural Hazards & Disasters October 19, 2005 !Nor’easter: east moving cold air meets warm air from Eastern Atlantic Coast Combination of Storms region !snow, rain, freezing rain, and sleet !strong winds !significant coastal flooding !blizzard conditions !Hybrid Storm: special type of coastal storm that can produce major problems in the fall; combined char. Of tropical & extratropical/midlatitude storms October 28, 1991 Precursors !Subtropical storm E. Caribbean reaches hurricane status !Hurricane Bob, August 1991 (Hurricane Grace) !Extratropical storm !Hurricane Grace, October 28, 1991 off of New England October 29, 1991 !Strong Extratropical !Hurricane Grace Storm changed direction !Area of Low Pressure (ENE) !Extratropical storm absorbed Hurricane Grace 1 October 30, 1991 November 1, 1991 (4 pm) !Peak winds (~ 100 mph) ! 100 ft. waves (one of highest ever recorded) !10-30 ft. waves hitting coast !Extratropical Storm turned SW"S November 1, 1991 (6 pm) !Over Warm Gulf !Tropical Storm intensity Stream !Late, eye forming ! hit New England (almost hurricane status) Coast October 31, 1991 !November 2: !Makes counterclockwise loop !Winds ~ 100 mph !Hurricane Status !Cyclone weakened !Landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia !Dissipated 10 hours later Preparation & Awareness After Effects ! Storm not thought !New England storms commonly from of as real threat to West land but more to ships !Perfect storm came from East ! Beach Erosion ! NWS, local meteorologists and (10’s m’s removed Hurricane Ctr.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer-Fall 2006 Newsletter.Pub
    NOAA’S NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE, NEWPORT/MOREHEAD CITY NC www.erh.noaa.gov/mhx - BOOKMARK IT! CAROLINA SKY WATCHER SUMMER 2006 EDITION Hurricane Season 2006 Outlook By John Cole, Warning Coordination Meteorologist 2006 is expected to be another active year for tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Hurricane Basin. NOAA expects 13-16 named storms, 8-10 hurri- canes (sustained winds greater than 74 mph), and 4-6 major hurricanes (sustained winds over 110 mph). Dr. William Gray and his research team at Colorado State University expect 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. Dur- ing an average hurricane season, which runs from June 1st through Nov. 30th, we have 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. Fac- tors which favor an active year are warmer than normal water temperatures, light mid and upper level winds, and lower pressure in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. The three primary months for hurricane activ- ity are August, September, and October. INSIDE THIS ISSUE: HURRICANE THREAT- 2 TORNADOES HURRICANE FRAN-10 YEARS 3-4 AGO HURRICANE QUIZ 5-6 SAFFIR WHO? SIMPSON WHO? 7 RIP CURRENT DANGER 8-9 PAGE 2 CAROLINA SKY WATCHER Hurricane threats: tornadoes! By Bob Frederick, Forecaster Hurricanes pose many threats to life and property when they impact eastern North Carolina. Across the United States approximately 10 percent of hurricane fatalities are a result of tornadoes. Some hurricanes and tropical storms produce little if any tornado activity, while other can produce numerous tornadoes. Almost all tornadoes associated with hurricanes occur on the right front quadrant of the storm (see Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricanes - General Information for Bermuda Prepared by the Bermuda Weather Service – Updated August 2021
    Hurricanes - General Information for Bermuda Prepared by the Bermuda Weather Service – updated August 2021 Hurricanes and tropical storms have had an impact on Bermuda from its earliest times. The initial colonization of Bermuda was a direct result of a hurricane in 1609 in which an English ship the "Sea Venture" ran aground. A study of local records from 1609 to the present day, of storm damage through the years indicates a damaging storm once every 6 to 7 years until the 21st century. Since 2000, an uptick in Bermuda-relevant tropical cyclones (TCs) has been noted in the record, and highlighted in the academic literature. The long-term effects of climate change on the variability of Bermuda TCs are an area of active research. However, recent studies indicate that increasing upper ocean temperatures near Bermuda are contributing to increased trends in TC activity locally. Hurricane season in the Atlantic is June through November, however Bermuda has seen subtropical storm activity as early as April (e.g. 2003 Ana), and has occasionally experienced tropical cyclone activity through November. Bermuda is 54 square kilometres (21 sq. miles) in area, located approximately at 32.3°N 64.7°W. Despite being out of the main TC development region of the tropical Atlantic, as well as being a ‘small target’, Bermuda has received a number of notable TC impacts in the last 20 years. The peak months for tropical cyclone activity for Bermuda are September and October, with over 80% of all storms coming within ‘threat’ range (100nm/185km) of Bermuda occurring during these months.
    [Show full text]
  • Mariners Weather Log Vol
    Mariners Weather Log Vol. 44, No. 2 August 2000 The Jay Gould sank on June 17, 1918, near Southeast Shoal, Lake Erie, while towing the barge Commodore. All on board the two ships were rescued by passing steamboats. (See article on page 13.) Photo: Milwaukee Public Library. Mariners Weather Log Mariners Weather Log From the Editorial Supervisor This issue features an article on storm surge, which is the term used to describe the rise in still-water sea level that accompanies the landfall of a tropical storm or hurricane. Recognized as the single most destructive aspect of a hurricane, the coastal storm surge can cause much damage and loss of life (nine out of ten hurricane U.S. Department of Commerce deaths result from drowning in storm surge). The low Norman Y. Mineta, Secretary pressure in the eye literally sucks the ocean surface upward, like liquid through a straw, and vast tracts of National Oceanic and low-lying coastal terrain can be inundated with water as Atmospheric Administration the eye of the hurricane makes landfall. In the northern Dr. D. James Baker, Administrator hemisphere, the area just to the right of the storm track experiences the greatest rise in water level due to the added effect of the wind pushing the water. During the National Weather Service John J. Kelly, Jr., infamous hurricane Camille in 1969, a 25-foot storm Assistant Administrator for Weather Services surge inundated Pass Christian, Mississippi. Lesser heights are more usual, but still extremely dangerous. Editorial Supervisor Directly linked to a tropical storm’s central barometric Martin S.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Groups Process
    Exploring the Scriptures June 24, 2012 Mark 4:35-41 Storms and Calm by Blair Odney In his book, “The Perfect Storm,” Sebastian Junger recounts the story of a natural disaster off the coast of Massachusetts in the fall of 1991. In 2000, the book became a movie starring George Clooney. The death toll was 13 and damage was estimated at $200 million, most which occurred when waves up to 10 meters struck the coastline from Canada to Florida and down to Puerto Rico. A buoy off the coast of Nova Scotia reported a wave height of 30 meters, the highest ever recorded in the province's offshore waters...basically the height of ten story building. Imagine meeting a wall of water 100 feet high.. So what made this storm so “perfect”? Junger got the phrase “perfect storm” from a retired meteorologist who said the storm’s intensity was caused by a perfect alignment of several factors; such a convergence of weather conditions occurs only once every 50 to 100 years. This perfect storm began on October 26, with the formation of a hurricane, a Category 2 tropical storm south of Bermuda. This hurricane moved up the East Coast of the United States, losing power along the way, but on October 29, it collided with a cyclone moving down the coast from Nova Scotia. The cyclone, formed by a low-pressure front moving in from the Midwestern United States met a high-pressure front moving down from Northern Canada, which together absorbed the power of the first hurricane, increasing in intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • Perfect Storm
    THE PERFECT STORM DEVELOPS 0. THE PERFECT STORM DEVELOPS - Story Preface 1. THE ANDREA GAIL 2. LONG-LINING for SWORDFISH 3. PREDICTING BAD WEATHER 4. PREDICTING DANGEROUS STORMS 5. THE PERFECT STORM DEVELOPS 6. DEATH ON THE HIGH SEAS 7. ANOTHER MAELSTROM 8. RESCUE EFFORTS AT SEA 9. THE UNNAMED HURRICANE 10. NEIGHBORS IN DEATH Three different weather systems collided between the 28th of October and the 2nd of November - in 1991 - to produce what meteorologists called a "perfect storm." Graphic online, courtesy AccuWeather. On October 23, 1991, Billy Tyne and his crew (Michael "Bugsy" Moran, Dale "Murph" Murphy, Alfred Pierre, David Sullivan and Bobby Shatford) set their longline for what they hoped would be the best catch of the trip. (The links take you on board the Andrea Gail the year before she was lost. The fish hold is empty in the picture.) It was the last full moon of the fishing season, and the men would soon be steaming home to Gloucester. As the Andrea Gail headed home, most of the other boats in the fleet were hundreds of miles east - still fishing. When Billy radioed the Canadian Coast Guard the afternoon of October 27th, to let them know his boat was inside Canada's territorial waters, he didn't know a huge storm was brewing south of him. (The link takes you inside the pilot house of the Andrea Gail.) He didn't know until he received the first fax, later that night. What Billy didn't know was that Hurricane Grace, forming off Bermuda on the 27th of October, had turned northeast.
    [Show full text]
  • North Carolina Homeowners Writers Fortunate in Bouts with Hurricane and Tropical Storms
    North Carolina Homeowners Writers Fortunate in Bouts with Hurricane and Tropical Storms by Joseph L. Petrelli, ACAS, MAAA, FCA President Demotech, Inc. November 2010 Demotech, Inc. North Carolina Homeowners Writers Fortunate in Bouts with Hurricane and Tropical Storms Earlier in 2010, Colorado State’s Tropical Meteorology Project forecasted eight hurricanes to emerge from fi fteen named tropical storms in the Atlantic basin. Of those, four were forecasted to become major hurricanes. On August 29, Tropical Storm Earl was upgraded to a hurricane and reached Category 4 status. Hurricane Earl headed toward the eastern coast of the United States. As Hurricane Earl rampaged through the Caribbean, federal and state offi cials feared a hurricane reminiscent of 1991’s Hurricane Bob and began preparing to evacuate areas of the coast. Although Hurricane Earl dissipated and there was no major damage to the eastern coast of the United States, North Carolina Governor Beverly Perdue shared the sentiment of many of North Carolina’s residents when she stated that “North Carolina dodged a bullet” when Earl missed the coast. Not long after Earl vacated the area, there were warnings and preparations made for the arrival of Tropical Storm Nicole. The storm brought massive amounts of rain and fl ooding. States of emergency were declared in parts of Florida, North Carolina and as far north as Delaware. Thankfully, Tropical Strom Nicole swept through the region without much damage reported. Again, North Carolina dodged a bullet. In fact, major storm activity from 1980 to date indicates that North Carolina has seen several bullets whiz by (Exhibit 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Extreme Weather, Health, and Communities Interdisciplinary Engagement Strategies Extreme Weather and Society
    Extreme Weather and Society Sheila Lakshmi Steinberg William A. Sprigg Editors Extreme Weather, Health, and Communities Interdisciplinary Engagement Strategies Extreme Weather and Society Series editors William A. Sprigg, Tucson, AZ, USA Sheila Lakshmi Steinberg, Irvine, CA, USA Extreme Weather and Society examines people, place and extreme weather, from an emerging trans-disciplinary field of study. The series explores how abrupt and trending changes in weather alter physical environments and force community responses challenged by cultural practices/interpretations, politics, policy, respon- sibilities of education and communication, community health and safety, and environmental sustainability for future generations. The series highlights extreme weather alterations to different physical and social environments to better explore how people react and respond to extreme weather. The hallmark of this series is the innovative combined inclusion of social and physical science expertise. Extreme Weather and Society contains single and multi-authored books as well as edited volumes. Series Editors are currently accepting proposals, forms for which can be obtained from the publisher, Ron Doering ([email protected]). More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15334 Sheila Lakshmi Steinberg • William A. Sprigg Editors Extreme Weather, Health, and Communities Interdisciplinary Engagement Strategies 123 Editors Sheila Lakshmi Steinberg William A. Sprigg School of Arts and Sciences Department of Atmospheric Sciences Brandman University-Chapman University The University of Arizona System Tucson, AZ Irvine, CA USA USA Extreme Weather and Society ISBN 978-3-319-30624-7 ISBN 978-3-319-30626-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30626-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016934022 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Lynn Donelson Wright C. Reid Nichols Editors Tomorrow’S Coasts: Complex and Impermanent Coastal Research Library
    Coastal Research Library 27 Lynn Donelson Wright C. Reid Nichols Editors Tomorrow’s Coasts: Complex and Impermanent Coastal Research Library Volume 27 Series editor Charles W. Finkl, Coastal Education and Research Foundation Boca Raton, FL, USA The aim of this book series is to disseminate information to the coastal research community. The Series covers all aspects of coastal research including but not limited to relevant aspects of geological sciences, biology (incl. ecology and coastal marine ecosystems), geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, coastal hydraulics, environmental (resource) management, engi- neering, and remote sensing. Policy, coastal law, and relevant issues such as conflict resolution and risk management would also be covered by the Series. The scope of the Series is broad and with a unique cross-disciplinary nature. The Series would tend to focus on topics that are of current interest and which carry some import as opposed to traditional titles that are esoteric and non-controversial. Monographs as well as contributed volumes are welcomed. Charles W. Finkl, Coastal Education & Research Foundation, USA Email: cfi[email protected] More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8795 Lynn Donelson Wright • C. Reid Nichols Editors Tomorrow’s Coasts: Complex and Impermanent A collaborative synthesis promoted by the Coastal and Environmental Research Committee of the Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) 123 Editors Lynn Donelson Wright C. Reid Nichols Southeastern Universities Research Marine Information Resources Association (SURA) Corporation (MIRC) Washington, DC Ellicott City, MD USA USA ISSN 2211-0577 ISSN 2211-0585 (electronic) Coastal Research Library ISBN 978-3-319-75452-9 ISBN 978-3-319-75453-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75453-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940873 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]