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COURSE GUIDE Chemistry Challenges and Solutions A 13-part multimedia course in introductory chemistry Produced by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 1 Chemistry: Challenges and Solutions is produced by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics © 2013 Annenberg Foundation All rights reserved. ISBN: 1-57680-902-1 Funding for Chemistry: Challenges and Solutions is provided by Annenberg Learner (formerly Annenberg/CPB), a unit of the Annenberg Foundation, uses media and telecommunications to advance excellent teaching in American schools. Annenberg Learner funds educational series and teacher professional development courses and workshops that are distributed free to school and other educational and community organizations nationwide on the Web and are sold in hard copy. To purchase copies of our videos and guides, or to learn more about our other professional development materials and teaching resources, contact us by phone or email, or visit us on the Web. 1-800-LEARNER [email protected] www.learner.org 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS About the Course ............................................................................................................................. 5 Unit 1 Matter and the Rise of Atomic Theory: The Art of the Meticulous ..................... 9 Unit 2 The Behavior of Particles ............................................................................................21 Unit 3 Atoms and Light: Exploring Atomic and Electronic Structure ............................33 Unit 4 Organizing Atoms and Electrons: The Periodic Table and the Formulation of Compounds ........................................................................47 Unit 5 Making Molecules: Lewis Structures and Molecular Geometries .......................63 Unit 6 Quantifying Chemical Reactions ................................................................................75 Unit 7 The Energy in Chemical Reactions: Thermochemistry and Reaction Energies ..................................................................................................89 Unit 8 When Chemicals Meet Water ..................................................................................103 Unit 9 Equilibrium and Advanced Thermodynamics: The Delicate Balance of Chemical Reactions ...............................................................................................117 Unit 10 Acids and Bases: The Voyage of the Proton ...........................................................133 Unit 11 The Metallic World .....................................................................................................149 Unit 12 Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry: Rates of Reaction ...........................................165 Unit 13 Modern Materials and the Solid State ....................................................................177 3 4 Chemistry Challenges and Solutions ABOUT THE COURSE Course Overview Matter makes up the world around us, and by studying the properties, composition, and behavior of matter, chemists can manipulate it to help improve daily life. From developing drugs to fight cancer to designing systems to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions, chemistry is at the fore- front of solving everyday problems. By covering the content of a general introductory chemistry course, this course is designed to reveal how chemistry is a discipline that is integral to our understanding of how the world oper- ates. The course itself consists of 13 units, which include text, interactives, and 13 half hour vid- eos. The written text provides the backbone to understanding fundamental chemical principles, while the videos put a human face to chemistry by providing a bird’s eye view of the chemistry content discussed in the text and exploring real world applications. The interactives reinforce content discussed in both the text and videos. Course Guide Components This guide is designed to help teachers use the course material to teach an introductory level chemistry course. Below is a description of each component of the course guide. Unit Overview The unit overview provides a brief look at what the whole unit covers. The goals of the unit are stated here. Learning Objectives and Applicable Standards This is a list that explains what the participants of this course should be able to do and under- stand as a result of completing the unit. Key Concepts and People This section provides a list of the major concepts and people discussed in the unit. Video Overview The video overview summarizes the key concepts discussed in the video. Generally, we recom- mend that students watch the video before reading the text. 5 About the Course Video Segments Descriptions The videos are split into segments, which include real world applications, history of chemistry, laboratory demonstrations, chemistry concepts explained by the host, and current chemistry research. The video segment descriptions explain what is covered in each segment of the half hour show. Some teachers may wish to watch certain segments of the videos that relate specifi- cally to sections of the text or other activities or demonstrations described in the guide. Text Content Overview This provides an overview of the concepts covered in the written text and shows how the text is organized. Interactives There are three interactives for this course: Historical Timeline of Chemistry, Control a Haber-Bosch Ammonia Plant, and Chemistry of Running. The interactives section of the course guide describes how each interactive relates to the content discussed in the specific unit. A separate lesson plan and worksheet are available online for the Control a Haber-Bosch Ammonia Plant Interactive. Tips and Suggestions for Teaching this Unit This section points out specific concepts from the unit that are typically difficult for students to understand and provides advice for addressing these difficulties. It also highlights common misconceptions students may have about the related materials and ways to address those misconceptions. Checking Prior Thinking The “checking prior thinking” section provides general questions to see what students think they know about the material. The goal is to elicit prior thinking, including misconceptions. Before Watching the Video This is a list of questions that should be given to students to answer while they watch the video. The questions are designed to help students think about chemistry concepts covered in the video. After Watching the Video This section provides a list of questions to ask students after they have watched the videos in order to help reinforce concepts covered in the video. It may also be helpful to revisit the pre-video questions or the “checking prior thinking” questions to see if students’ thinking has changed. Group Activities The course guide outlines some group activities that are designed to complement material presented in the unit. Each activity has an objective describing the learning goals of the activity, as well as sections that include: a list of materials for the activity, procedure, discussion questions, safety hazards, and disposal considerations. 6 About the Course Going Deeper This is a list of questions designed to help students think critically about the topics discussed in the unit. These are more open-ended questions that are good for both a group discussion and a journal reflection. Before the Next Unit This section describes how students can prepare for the next unit. For Professional Development This section is for teachers who are taking this course for professional development credit. It provides links to readings from educational research literature as well as questions to help teachers reflect on the readings. About the Contributors COURSE DEVELOPER Christopher Morse Dr. Christopher Morse is a Lecturer in Chemistry at Olin College. Dr. Morse studied at Dart- mouth College before earning his doctoral degree in inorganic chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the lab of Alan Davison where he was a National Science Foundation Predoctoral Fellow. Before coming to Olin College, Dr. Morse was a faculty member in the chemistry department at Tufts University, where his courses covered both graduate and under- graduate curricula. At Tufts, he successfully ran the Summer Institute on College Teaching for seven years and served as the Graduate Training Coordinator, with the responsibility for the pedagogical training of the graduate students, especially those interested in careers in academia. At Olin, Dr. Morse teaches courses in general and organic chemistry. He recently co-authored a textbook for a course about art, art history, and art preservation from a chemical perspective. Additionally, Dr. Morse is the science editor at Sporcle.com, a quiz site where he coordinates and creates study guides and chemistry quizzes for students. COURSE GUIDE WRITERS Karen Atkinson Dr. Karen Atkinson is an associate professor of chemistry at Bunker Hill Community College (BHCC). Dr. Atkinson earned her B.A. in chemistry and medieval/renaissance studies from Wellesley College and her doctoral degree in chemistry from Northeastern University. She has prior teaching experience at Northeastern’s University College (now the College of Professional Studies) and Boston College. Dr. Atkinson serves as the liaison for BHCC’s Science and 7 About the Course Engineering Department for various outside research opportunities for BHCC students, including Boston University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Wellesley College. She also developed
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