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Socio-Economic Integration of Immigrants in Greece: the Case of the Greater Athens Area

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Socio-economic Integration of Immigrants in Greece: The Case of the Greater Athens Area Eda Gemi A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of London Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 2 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 LIST OF TABLES 6 LIST OF MAPS 7 ABSTRACT 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 Background and theoretical rationale 10 1.2 The Greek context of migration 13 1.3 Research questions and hypothesis 19 1.4 Methods of research 21 1.5 Scope and limitations 22 1.6 Outline of the chapters 22 1.7 Contributions of the study 24 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 26 2.1 Integration theory 26 2.2 Dimensions and modes of integration 29 2.3 Migration regimes and national integration policies 32 2.3.1 Selected typologies of socio-economic integration 37 2.4 Measuring integration at the European level 44 2.5 Literature review on immigrant integration 50 2.5.1 Integration in Europe 50 2.5.2 Literature review on migrant integration in Greece 54 2.6 Literature on socio-economic indicators of migrant integration 61 2.6.1 Segregation and housing conditions 61 2.6.2 Use of the host country’s language 73 2.6.3 Social interaction 79 2.6.4 Social and political participation 84 2.6.5 Racism and discrimination 92 2.7 Conclusions 97 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION 99 3.1 Methodological approach 99 3.2 Defining the research typology 100 3.3 Identifying the sample population 101 3.3.1 Albanian immigrants in Greece 103 3.3.2 Immigrants from Asia (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh) 107 3.3.3 Immigrants from Eastern Europe (Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova) 109 3.4 The selection of the sample and its characteristics 111 3.4.1 Demographic profile of the immigrant population 111 3.5 Sampling method 114 3.5.1 Replacements/Cancellations 116 3.6 Questionnaire techniques 117 3.6.1 Type of questions/answers 118 3.6.2 Questionnaire structure and the method of empirical data collection 120 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODS FOR DATA ANALYSIS 125 4.1 Socio-economic integration: a descriptive analysis 125 4.1.1 Profile of the sample 125 4.1.2 Gender 126 4.1.3 Age 127 4.1.3 Family Status 128 4.1.4 Educational level 129 4.1.5 Years of residence 130 4.1.6 Legal status 131 3 4.2 Constructing the integration index 132 4.2.1 Independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) 140 4.3 Factors impacting on the levels of integration: Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLR) 141 4.4 Mapping the spatial distribution/concentration of immigrants in the Greater Athens area (Piraeus and Korydallos) 146 CHAPTER FIVE: SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 149 5.1 Employment and labour market integration 149 5.1.1 Working conditions 152 5.1.2 Contractual status 154 5.1.3 Unemployment 157 5.1.4 Types of labour relations 160 5.1.5 Occupation 162 5.1.6 Self-evaluation of occupational status 165 5.1.7 Concluding remarks on employment and labour market integration 167 5.2 Housing conditions and segregation 169 5.2.1 Mapping the spatial distribution/concentration in the Greater Athens area (Piraeus and Korydallos) 170 5.2.2 Housing conditions 179 5.2.3 Type of residence 180 5.2.4 Year of home purchase 182 5.2.5 Level of rent 182 5.2.6 Choice of residence location 183 5.2.7 Modes of finding a residence 183 5.2.8 Number of bedrooms 184 5.2.9 Floor space 185 5.2.10 Number of persons in accommodation 185 5.2.11 Year of housing construction 186 5.2.12 Self-evaluation of housing conditions 186 5.2.13 Concluding remarks on housing and segregation 188 5.4 Use of the Greek language 190 5.4.1 Proficiency in the Greek language 191 5.4.2 Methods of Greek language learning 194 5.4.3 Evaluating the importance of attending Greek language classes 195 5.4.4 Method of Greek language learning 196 5.4.5 Frequency of Greek language usage 197 5.4.6 Concluding remarks on the use of the Greek language 198 5.5 Social interaction 199 5.5.1 Frequency of meetings 200 5.5.2 Frequency of communication 201 5.5.3 Friendships 202 5.5.4 Use of support networks 203 5.5.5 Willingness to develop friendships with natives 204 5.5.6 Willingness to develop friendships with co-ethnics 205 5.5.7 Levels of adaptation to Greek lifestyle 206 5.5.8 Self-evaluation of social interaction with Greeks 207 5.5.3 Concluding remarks on social interaction 208 5.6 Social and political participation 209 5.6.1 Interest in politics 211 5.6.2 Familiarity with institutions and organizations 211 5.6.3 Perceived discrimination 214 5.6.4 Self-evaluation of perceived discrimination 215 5.6.5 Self-evaluation of trust in institutions 216 5.6.6 Participation in institutions of political representation 218 5.6.7 Participation in professional organizations 219 5.6.8 Participation in ethnic professional organisations 219 5.6.9 Forms of socio-political participation 219 5.6.10 Evaluation of forms of socio-political participation 220 5.6.11 Forms of political communication 220 5.6.12 Levels of interest in the current affairs either of country of origin or Greece 221 5.6.13 Use of mass media 221 4 5.6.14 Self-evaluation of Greek mass media 223 5.6.15 Concluding remarks on social and political participation 224 5.7 Self-evaluation of obstacles to integration 226 CHAPTER SIX: SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTEGRATION – QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 232 6.1 Integration index and immigrant groups 232 6.2 Integration index and sample demographic profile 237 6.2.1 Integration index and gender 237 6.2.2 Integration index and age 239 6.2.3 Integration index and educational level 240 6.2.4 Integration index and years of residence in Greece 241 6.2.5 Integration index and legal status 242 6.3 Comparing the integration index of Greeks and immigrants 244 6.4 Results of Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) 246 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 250 7.1 Revisiting the research questions 250 7.2 Restating the contribution – originality of the thesis 251 7.3 Summary of the methodology and limitations 252 7.4 Summary of results 253 7.5 Discussion and policy recommendations 258 REFERENCES 267 ANNEX Α: Questionnaire 287 List of Figures Figure 1. Gender composition of the migrant population (%) 16 Figure 2. Permits of stay by purpose (2014) 17 Figure 3. Educational level of immigrant and Greek population (%) 18 Figure 4. Regular immigrant population Greece (2005-2012) 19 Figure 5. Unemployment rates by nationality group, 2002-2012 104 Figure 6. Overall immigrant population in Greece 111 Figure 7. Overall immigrant population in the Attica region 112 Figure 8. Overall immigrant population in Western Attica and Piraeus 113 Figure 9. Immigrant groups of the sample (%) 126 Figure 10. Gender by immigrant group (%) 126 Figure 11. Age groups by immigrant group (%) 127 Figure 12. Family status by immigrant group (%) 128 Figure 13. Educational level by immigrant group (%) 129 Figure 14. Years of residence by immigrant group (%) 131 Figure 15. Legal status by immigrant group (%) 132 Figure 16. Distribution of the general integration index 143 Figure 17. Stay permits 2004-2011 153 Figure 18. Working conditions by immigrant group (%) 153 Figure 19. Contractual status by immigrant group (%) 155 Figure 20. Fluctuations in stay permits 2004-2011 157 Figure 21. Reasons for unemployment by immigrant group (%) 158 Figure 22. Type of labour relations by immigrant group (%) 160 Figure 23. Occupation by immigrant group (%) 164 Figure 24. Self-evaluation of occupational status by immigrant group (%) 166 Figure 26. Type of residence (%) 181 Figure 25. Home ownership status by immigrant group (%) 181 Figure 27. Modes of finding a house by immigrant group (%) 184 Figure 28. Level of satisfaction with housing conditions (%) 187 Figure 29. Discrimination in the housing market (%) 188 Figure 30. Proficiency in the Greek language by immigrant group (%) 192 Figure 31. Level of knowledge of the Greek language of the overall sample (%) 193 Figure 32. Overall level of Greek language by group (%) 193 5 Figure 33. Helpfulness of Greek language classes (%) 195 Figure 34. 'Greek language classes were useful' (%) 196 Figure 35. Frequency of Greek language usage by category (%) 198 Figure 36. Frequency of meetings with co-ethnics, Greeks and others 201 Figure 37. Frequency of communication with relatives and friends by migrant group (%) 202 Figure 38. Types of support networks (%) 204 Figure 39. Willingness for friendships with natives, by group (%) 205 Figure 40. Familiarity with public institutions and services (%) 212 Figure 41. Familiarity with EU and independent organisations 213 Figure 42. Familiarity with professional and trade union organizations (%) 214 Figure 43. Interest in current affairs in Greece and in country of origin (%) 221 Figure 44. Mass media usage (%) 223 Figure 45. Self-evaluation of integration obstacles (%) 228 Figure 46. Discrimination and racism by indicator (%) 231 Figure 47. Integration index for Albanians by indicator 234 Figure 48. Integration index of Asians by indicator 234 Figure 49. Integration Index of East Europeans by indicator 235 Figure 50. Integration Index of immigrant groups by indicator 236 Figure 51. Comparison of integration index by gender 239 Figure 52. Comparison of integration index with age 240 Figure 53. Comparison of integration index with educational level 241 Figure 54. Comparison of integration indicators with relation to years of stay 242 Figure 55.
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    Social Activities Impact and Covid 19 Presented at the FIG e-WorkingSecond Week 2021, Wave: the Case of Thessaloniki, 21-25 June 2021 in Virtually in the Netherlands Greece Dionysia - Georgia Perperidou, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece Georgios Moschopoulos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece & Dimitrios Ampatzidis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece FIG e-Working Week 2021 Smart Surveyors for Land and Water Management - Challenges in a New Reality Virtual, 21–25 June 2021 SARS - CoV-2 & COVID-19 first wave, Spring 2020 SARS - CoV-2 & COVID-19 global pandemic forced governments all around the word to take strict measures to reduce the spread of the virus from early 2020 Suspension of all face-to-face educational activities in Greece on 10 March 2020 On 22 March 2020 Greece was in total lockdown and all non-essential activities e.g. retail, entertainment, sports, religion activities were suspended along with suspensions to travels, travels between prefectures and travels for visits to family/ friends houses. For emergency purposes – daily shopping, doctor – visits, help to elders – and for personal training or dog walk, travels were allowed (first a text message ought to be sent or a personal declaration statement should be carried out and demonstrated in case of authorities control). From early March Greece’s authorities gradually suspended international air-flights. Strict border controls at border crossing took place as there was also suspension of international road travels. Only commercial international travels were permitted after justification to the authorities. Greece’s March 2020 total lockdown shield the Country from SARS - CoV-2 & COVID-19.