Wai 898, #A 16

Te Rohe Potae Nineteenth Century Land Issues

(1840 - 1907):

Scoping Report

Leanne Boulton

Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Rohe Potae Inquiry (Wai 898), January 2009 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

The author

Leanne Boulton has been employed as a Research Analyst/Inquiry Facilitator at the Waitangi Tribunal since May 2002. She has completed a report on Native Townships in the Whanganui inquiry district (Wai 903, #A39), co-authored a report on Trusts and Incorporations for the Central North Island Stage 1 inquiry (Wai 1200, #G4) and completed a contextual scoping report on socio-economic issues for the National Park inquiry (Wai 1130, #A57). Her most recent work has been in the Tauranga Moana twentieth century inquiry (Wai 215, #S5 and #S6). In that inquiry she was commissioned to prepare two reports: a socio-economic and demographic profile of Maori in the Tauranga district, 2001 and a report on the impact of town and country planning on Tauranga Maori communities between 1953 and 1990. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and First Class Honours and a Master of Arts with Distinction in History from the University of Canterbury.

1 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Contents

THE AUTHOR...... 1

CONTENTS...... 2

FIGURES ...... 5

ABBREVIATIONS...... 6

INTRODUCTION ...... 8

BACKGROUND ...... 8 Commission and casebook background ...... 8 Consultation with claimants...... 11

DEFINING THE TOPIC OF THE SCOPING REPORT ...... 11 Unpacking the topic ...... 11 Relationship to other casebook research ...... 14 Methodology ...... 16 Sources...... 16 Scoping structure ...... 18

CHAPTER 1: EARLY EUROPEAN CONTACT AND NON-GOVERNMENT LAND/RESOURCE TRANSACTIONS, PRIOR TO 1862...... 25

INTRODUCTION...... 25

DISCUSSION...... 25

APPROACH...... 30 Sources...... 30 Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...... 37 Existing research ...... 37 Research needed ...... 38 Time and resources required ...... 38 Total estimate time for researching and drafting this chapter...... 39

CHAPTER 2: EARLY GOVERNMENT CONTACT AND CROWN LAND/RESOURCES TRANSACTIONS TO 1865...... 40

INTRODUCTION...... 40

DISCUSSION...... 40

APPROACH...... 47 Sources...... 47

2 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...... 55 Existing research ...... 55 Research needed ...... 55 Time and resources required ...... 56 Total estimate time for research and writing up first draft...... 56 Possible research assistance projects...... 57

CHAPTER 3: THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW LAND LEGISLATION AND THE NATIVE LAND COURT TO THE DISTRICT, 1865-1886...... 59

INTRODUCTION...... 59

DISCUSSION...... 59

APPROACH...... 64 Sources...... 64 Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...... 69 Existing research ...... 69 Research needed ...... 70 Other reports that should be commissioned...... 70 Time and resources required ...... 72 Possible research assistance projects...... 74

CHAPTER 4: THE NATIVE LAND COURT SYSTEM IN TE ROHE POTAE, 1886-1890 ...... 75

INTRODUCTION...... 75

DISCUSSION...... 75

APPROACH...... 84 Sources...... 84 Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...... 87 Existing research ...... 88 Research needed ...... 90 Time and resources required ...... 90 Total estimated time for research and drafting this chapter...... 92 Possible research assistance projects...... 92

CHAPTER 5: LAND TITLE ISSUES AND LAND/RESOURCE TRANSACTIONS IN THE INQUIRY DISTRICT, 1890 - 1907...... 95

INTRODUCTION...... 95

DISCUSSION...... 95

APPROACH...... 103 Sources...... 103

3 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Methodology ...... 115 Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...... 116 Existing research ...... 117 Research needed ...... 118 Time and resources required ...... 120 Research assistance projects ...... 122

CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS...... 123

INTRODUCTION...... 123

CHAPTER OUTLINE...... 123

ESTIMATED PROJECT TIMEFRAMES ...... 125

RESOURCING ...... 132

APPENDIX 1: REGISTERED CLAIMS IN TE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY DISTRICT WITH ISSUES RELATING TO LAND

IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ...... 135

APPENDIX 2: SUMMARY OF TE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY CLAIMANT FEEDBACK ON LAND ISSUES ...... 154

APPENDIX 3: LIST OF AGENCIES CODES SEARCHED AT ARCHIVES NEW ZEALAND, WELLINGTON AND

AUCKLAND...... 160

APPENDIX 4: ACCESS TO FILES AT THE HAMILTON MAORI LAND COURT AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS ...... 161

APPENDIX 5: FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTIONS...... 163

4 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figures

Figure 1: Map showing the Waitangi Tribunal’s Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District...... 7

Figure 2: Rohe Potae Boundaries ...... 20

Figure 3: The Railway Alienation Area and the Main Railway Route...... 21

Figure 4: Te Rohe Potae Maps: Land and Autonomy and Te Rohe Potae in the 1880s .. 22

Figure 5: Taranaki and Auckland Provincial Boundaries, 1853-1867 ...... 23

Figure 6: Mission Stations, 1840-1860...... 24

Figure 7: Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District: Boundaries in the Northern Area ...... 58

Figure 8: Land Alienation in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District, 1840-1910 ...... 93

Figure 9: Land Tenure in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District, 1903-1904...... 93

5 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Abbreviations

AJHR Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives ATL Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington BBP British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand ed/eds Editor/editions CFRT Crown Forestry Rental Trust CNI Central North Island (Waitangi Tribunal inquiry) LINZ Land Information New Zealand ML Plan Maori Land Plan (held by LINZ) N/A Not applicable No. Number NZPD New Zealand Parliamentary Debates OLC Old Land Claim p/pp Page/pages Sess Session (of Parliament) vol. Volume

6 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 1: Map showing the Waitangi Tribunal’s Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District

Map 1: Te Rohe P6tae District: OvelView of final boundary including extensions Wail""", TtmcmaI, 25Jan2008 ...... - .. •· - - OW.TA.MATA

•• •• •• • W.NGMlNO - • -•

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W.... TARA

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...... Te Rohe P6tae District Inquiry boundary c::::::J The Rohe P6tae as described in the 1883 petition

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7 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Introduction

Background

The purpose of this report is to identify issues and themes that may be explored in a main historical report or reports dealing with land issues in the Tribunal’s Te Rohe Potae inquiry district from 1840 to 1907. The existing literature and available resources on these issues is assessed, gaps identified and further research recommended. Each chapter gives a preliminary indication of the time and resources that may be required to complete that research. This proposed timeframe is then set out in full in the recommendations chapter. Appended to this scoping report is a detailed bibliography of primary and secondary sources relevant to these topics and a discussion about how those sources might be employed to complete the research required.

Commission and casebook background This introduction provides a brief background to this scoping report and its place in Te Rohe Potae inquiry research casebook. The second part of this introduction seeks to clarify the meaning of terms such as ‘Rohe Potae’, ‘land issues’, and ‘nineteenth century’ in the context of this scoping report. Readers should refer to Appendix 1 for a lists claims filed in this inquiry that appear, at this point, to be relevant to research into nineteenth century land issues. It should be noted that this is a preliminary assessment, and statements of claim are likely to be amended before hearings begin. Appendix 2 provides a summary of feedback from claimants on land issues at various Tribunal-organised hui in the district since the inquiry formally began.

The historical research on land issue for this period forms part of a programme or casebook of commissioned projects that was approved in October 2007 after discussion and consultation with the claimant community in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. Seven research themes were identified: 1. Traditional history, tribal landscape and oral evidence, 2. Political engagement and constitutional issues, including raupatu

8 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

3. General land alienation and title issues 4. Specific land alienation and title issues 5. Non-land resources and environmental management issues 6. Local and claim-specific issues not covered elsewhere

The proposed research on land issues during the 1840-1907 period sits along side a number of other projects in theme 3. It is intended that the research will form part of a larger exploration of land issues for the whole period to the present. A scoping report has been commissioned by the Crown Forestry Rental Trust (CFRT) to consider how land issues from 1900 may be addressed. The Tribunal is also commissioning a quantitative land alienation study that will calculate and analyse the extent of alienation of Maori land in the inquiry district between 1840 and 2007 and map the land remained in Maori ownership at 1870, and then at 10 year intervals to the present day.

The proposed research also has significant connections with the reports on political engagement and constitutional issues in theme 2 and with the railways report. Several of the reports on specific land alienation and title issues (theme 4) will compliment the research on nineteenth century land issues. Separate report on the Mokau-Mohakatino and Mohakatino-Paraninihi Blocks, on Native Townships and on public works takings means that those issues will not be covered in the proposed research. A separate report will deal with the history and impact of local government and rates on Maori communities and land within the inquiry district.

The commission for this scoping report sets out what the scoping assessment is required to cover. This includes: ƒ More clearly identifying relevant primary and secondary documentary sources likely to be useful for the main project for this district and the key themes and issues identified; ƒ Producing a detailed bibliography of primary and secondary sources for the main report; ƒ Identifying and collating relevant geographical information for the main report;

9 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Developing and more clearly defining proposed chapter outlines, scope and methodology for the main report and identifying gaps in information; ƒ Recommending appropriate start and end dates for the main reports and whether a separate report for the northern part of the inquiry district is required; ƒ Identifying tables and graphs likely to be required for the production of the main report; ƒ Defining overlaps and links with relevant projects including the political engagement, railways, Native township and separate theme 4 land reports; and ƒ Estimating the working time required for the first main report and any recommended separate reports and timelines and milestones for the preparation of the report(s).

The scoping exercise was asked to cover the following topics: a) the nature and extent of early pre-war settler, church and Crown land transactions implemented in the district; b) the practical operation of the Native Land Court process in the inquiry district, including the form of title created as a result of the process and its impact on customary interests; c) the impact of the Native Land Court’s processes on the ability of hapu and iwi to collectively manage the lands and resources they retained; d) the nature of the court process in the district, including the manner in which title was investigated, the nature and extent of Maori engagement with the court, and the adequacy of protections offered through its processes; e) the impact of the court process, including the nature and impact of surveys, and the costs related to having cases heard; f) the implementation of Crown land settlement policies, including the impacts of systems established by the Crown to regulate and manage private and Crown purchasing and leasing in the district; g) the extent of and impact of private purchasing and leasing in this district in the nineteenth century; h) the extent of and impact of the system of Crown purchasing to 1905, including: - the methods employed by land purchase agents,

10 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

- the use of various kinds of Crown monopolies in land purchasing in the region, whether national, regional or targeted to certain blocks, - valuation issues, including whether resources such as timber were taken into account in valuing Maori land, - the impact of survey liens and costs on the Crown purchasing process, - the impacts of Crown partitions on land alienations, - the kinds of land and resources identified for purchasing, - the extent to which leasing was used as a technique to pressure land sales, and - major developments in the implementation of land purchasing and leasing policies during the period. i) The findings of the Stout Ngata Commission on land purchasing and leasing in the district by 1905.

Consultation with claimants All statements of claim that raise issues relevant to the commission questions have been identified and examined during the preparation of this scoping report. Appendix 1 lists all of these statements of claim and details the issues they raise in respect of land issues in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. At this stage of the inquiry it is not always possible to distinguish between claims relating to land result from Crown actions and/or omissions in the nineteenth century and the twentieth century. As a result a broad and inclusive approach to identifying claims has been taken.

Defining the topic of the scoping report

Unpacking the topic Nineteenth century issues involve hapu and iwi of the district and their ability to exercise authority over, manage and utilize their lands (and associated natural resources) for traditional purposes they wished to maintain, and for new opportunities arising as a result of European contact and settlement. The utilization and management of lands and associated resources includes issues arising from entering new forms of transactions, such as leases and other mutually agreements over the use of resources, including even

11 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 permanent transfers of land and resources. This two-pronged focus on the nature and exercise of hapu and iwi authority of lands and resources, and the transactions in which that authority was expressed avoids focusing simply on land alienation. Instead, it seeks to provide a wider view of the variety of ways in which Maori communities and individuals in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district sought to use their lands and associated resources. This approach will also attempt to assess the impact that Crown actions and/or omissions had on Maori authority and on the outcome of these transactions.

It should be noted that, while this report does not comprehensively consider waterways, forests or other natural resources (likely to be covered in separate reports) it will nevertheless include these resources in so far as they were also considered by one or both parties to be involved in these transactions. Therefore when use the report uses the term ‘land’, readers should also note that this could include the natural resources considered associated with the land. Similarly, while there is likely to be a separate economic issues report, this report will also need to consider issues raised in terms of the limitations or opportunities offered for the utilization of lands for economic benefits. As mentioned previously, separate reports will also cover Native Townships and land taken for public works purposes. It is intended to keep a tight focus on land issues as defined above by using research on political engagement and railways to provide context to discussions of and issues where necessary.

The term ‘nineteenth century’ also requires some clarification before any discussion of land issues commences. In the context of this scoping report the ‘nineteenth century’ has been defined as the period from the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 to the release of the Stout-Ngata Commission’s report in 1907. It was originally intended to begin the period to be covered in 1882-1883 when the Rohe Potae agreement was reached and stop in 1907. However, by taking in a larger time period the research will be able to explore the changing ways in which Maori communities and individuals in the inquiry district were able to exercise their authority over land, and how various Crown policies and practices affected these. In particular, the expanded time frame will allow comparisons between transactions entered into before and after the New Zealand Wars

12 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 and before and after the Native Land Court entered the district. It will be necessary to identify and discuss a number of early non-government land transactions in the district, some of which were initiated prior to 1840 but were subsequently, dealt with by the Crown in the old land claims commission from 1841 to 1861.

At the other end of the time period, it is proposed that the research will take in the period up to 1900 when the Crown had called a halt to the purchasing of Maori land.1 Because this legislation allowed purchases already begun to be completed the research should be extended through the period between 1900 and the Stout-Ngata Commission in 1907. New Maori land legislation in 1900 also heralded a new system of making Maori land available for settlement through district Maori land councils (and later district Maori land boards). The Act ‘emphasised leasing rather than selling Maori land. Maori owners could voluntarily transfer their lands through deeds of trust to the Councils to manage on agreed terms. These lands, later known as vested lands, could be leased by Councils but initially not sold.’2 This was a significant change of regime that continued for much of the twentieth century and ought to be dealt with in its own report. The commission to inquiry onto the question of Native lands and Native land tenure (the Stout-Ngata Commission) of 1907 marked an important point in this transformation. It chronicled Maori land loss in the district over the previous decades but set out to identify what land remained to be administered and alienated by the district Maori land boards. The nineteenth century land research will focus on what the Stout-Ngata commission evidence and reports can tell us about the extent of land loss and about the factors that constrained the ability of hapu and iwi to exercise authority over their land and resources in the period prior to 1900.

This scoping report concerns the land and hapu and iwi of the Waitangi Tribunal’s Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. The boundaries of this inquiry district (see figure 1) were informed by several historical boundaries. In particular it follows quite closely the boundaries of the confiscation districts of Waikato, in the north, and Taranaki, in the south. The inquiry district also conforms quite closely to the boundaries of what became

1 Section 3 of the Native Land Laws Administration Act 1899

13 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 known in the Native Land Court as the ‘RohePotae’ or ‘Aotea Block.’ The RohePotae block was part of the original Rohe Potae, and area of about 3,500,000 acres defined by iwi leaders in an 1883 petition. The RohePotae (Aotea block), estimated at about 1,844,780 acres was ‘determined by the Native Land Court in 1886 when Tuwharetoa and Whanganui lands were cut out of the larger 1883 area.’3 It should be noted that this report uses the court’s spelling ‘RohePotae’ for the block when specifically discussing the area defined by the court in 1886 to distinguish it from the larger ‘Rohe Potae’ defined in the 1883 petition.

The Tribunal’s inquiry district also takes in a number of areas that fell outside the RohePotae block defined by the court in 1886. In the south these include the Mokau- Mohakatino and Mokau-Paraninihi blocks. The inquiry district also takes in the Maraeroa and Ketemaringi blocks in the east4 and the area north of the top half of the Aotea Harbour. In addition, there are some areas that lie in the Waikato Confiscation zone north of the Punui River where land was returned to Maori by the Compensation Court in 1866. Research is needed to establish to what extent hapu and iwi communities were able to control and manage those lands, and what proportion of that land remained in Maori ownership by the end of our period. Proposals about how research on these areas could be handled are discussed in the body of this scoping report.

Relationship to other casebook research The nineteenth century land research will have some connections to O’Malley’s first political engagement report, 1840-1863 and with his report on war and raupatu. His first report will provide factual material on traders, missionaries and musket wars. But the land research will avoid overlapping with his report by focusing only on the issues of authority over lands and resources and evidence for this and on early non-government land/resource transactions, their nature, and to what extent they appear to have been

2 The Maori Lands Administration Act 1900 cited in Cathy Marr, The Alienation of Maori Land in the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block) Part 2: 1900 – 1960, Rangahaua Whanui District 8, August 1999, p 3 3 Waitangi Tribunal, The Pouakani Report, 1993, noted that ‘This area was defined by the Native Land Court sitting in Otorohanga in 1886 as the lands of Ngati Maniapoto, shown on the plan ML 5851/1-4.’ (p 408) 4 These two blocks were part of the Tauponuiatia, the eastern part of the original 1883 Rohe Potae.

14 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 recognized by the Crown. It is envisaged that O’Malley will deal fully with the rise of the Kingitanga, the war and confiscation so these will not be dealt with in the land report.

The land research will also be closely connected to Barclay and Marrs’ political engagement report. That report will help inform the researcher about the wider political climate in the region during this period and some material will no doubt be summarised and included in the land report as context. It is intended to avoid overlap by focusing on the extent and nature of Maori practical experience of the court, and of leasing or entering other arrangements with Europeans over land and resources. In the later period this focus will be on what happened at the ground level in the court between 1886 and 1890, and with the Crown’s preparations for the purchasing of Maori land in the district prior to 1890. The last chapter of the report will focus more narrowly on the range of pressures affecting hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources in the face of an organised Crown programme of land purchasing.

There will also be connections with Cleaver and Sarich’s railways report. This is particularly true for the material on the funding of the railway construction by the Crown’s purchasing and reselling of Maori land in the district. It is envisaged that Cleaver and Sarich will explore this issue in the context of the impact those activities had on the funding and construction of the line itself. The land report will summarise that material and view it in terms of the extent to which the railway loans and purchasing of land to fund the construction of the railway drove the Crown’s overall land purchasing programme in the district. It will also deal with the impact of the exclusion zone on private purchasing on land management and transactions.

This report will also draw on data produced by the land alienation quantitative study for this inquiry. However it is intended that the land research will concentrate on a more detailed discussion of the various pressures on hapu and iwi attempting to retain, use and control their land/resources. This should complement rather than overlap with the land alienation quantitative study.

15 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Methodology The nineteenth century land issues report will explore the same large theme throughout the whole report. That is, how did events, circumstances and Crown policies and processes impact on hapu and iwi ability to exercise authority over, manage and utilize their lands (and associated natural resources) for traditional purposes they wished to maintain, and for new opportunities arising as a result of European contact and settlement.

In the period before 1865 it should be possible to examine all transactions for which evidence is available. However, after 1865, and particularly after the RohePotae (Aotea) block is defined by the court and begins to be divided into a large number of blocks during the 1880s and early 1890s it is no longer possible to deal with what happens to all blocks. The court’s processes are complex and diverse especially when coupled with transactions between individual owners and the Crown. Therefore it will be necessary to select certain blocks for more detailed discussion of particular processes and their effect on hapu and iwi. Berghan’s block narratives and the land alienation quantitative study will cover all blocks and transactions (where possible) in the district. Instead the focus of this report will to be to identify and describe and examine overall patterns of transactions. It will seek to understand the factors that shaped those transactions and the impact they had on Maori communities in the district in terms of their authority to retain, use and manage their lands and resources across the nineteenth century.

Sources The nineteenth century land research will rely heavily on primary (original historical) sources. Official published sources such as royal commissions of inquiry, The Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR) and The British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP) have been searched during this scoping report. These contain reports and letters by various government officials and Members of Parliament. Acts of Parliament and the debate over the passing of that legislation in the House of Representatives and Legislative Council have been identified as a further source of material. New Zealand Gazette will be useful during the research for following up

16 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 references found in Maori Land Court and archives files. The private papers of various missionaries and government officials who were involved with Maori and their land in the inquiry district between 1840 and 1907 have been located at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington and at various libraries and museums in Auckland, Hamilton, New Plymouth and smaller centres in the district itself. Jane Luiten identified many of these sources in her scoping of regional repositories. Archives New Zealand in Wellington and Auckland hold many historical files of government departments such as the Department of Maori Affairs, Lands and Survey Department and the Maori Land Court.5 Some lands and survey files and many maps and plans are still held by the Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) office in Hamilton. The Hamilton and Wanganui Maori Land Courts retain Block Order files and correspondence files covering the nineteenth century for this inquiry district.6 Further maps and photographs from Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington and from regional museums will supplement the written record.7 Maps showing other administrative boundaries in the nineteenth century, such as the boundaries of New Munster and New Ulster and later of the Auckland and Taranaki provinces (up to 1877), Land Districts and Counties should be sought to assist researchers in locating primary sources.

In addition to research formally commissioned for Te Rohe Potae inquiry, a number of research support projects have recently been completed. The focus of these projects has been to identify and/or collect primary source material or to explore important Native Land Court processes and procedures. These include: ƒ Jane Luiten, ‘Research Guide to Local Te Rohe Potae (King Country) Historical Sources; ƒ Ann Beaglehole, ‘Te Rohe Potae Bibliography’; ƒ Paula Berghan, ‘Block Research Narratives related to Land Purchasing in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District’;

5 A list of the agencies searched during this scoping exercise is shown in appendix 3 of this report. A search of new accessions not yet on Archway (Archives New Zealand’s online catalogue) should be undertaken near the beginning of the research. 6 Appendix 4 of this report outlines recent changes to access arrangements at the Hamilton Maori Land Court and notes some material there that has not yet been catalogued. 7 Appendix 5 of this report provides more detail about these collections.

17 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ James Julian Mitchell, Excel spreadsheet index to King Country petitions and accompanying document bank; ƒ Cathy Marr, ‘A Brief Guide to Researching Petitions to Parliament (with particular emphasis on petitions by Maori )’, Waitangi Tribunal Report (Working Paper), 2007; and ƒ Lin Johnson, ‘A Brief Overview Petitions from Maori to the Crown/Governor, 1840- 1920’.

Many secondary sources (published sources based on historical material) have been identified as fruitful avenues for further explorations. These include research completed for other Tribunal inquiries, and the Tribunal’s final reports on particular districts. A wide variety of general and academic books and articles will be relevant to the land research. Some of these are briefly in the text and all those located so far are listed in Part I of the bibliography where they are arranged in three sections: general publications (arranged by type and place), these include local histories, local government material and family and marae histories. Academic material (books, articles and theses) are arranged by topic as are Tribunal reports, research reports and other Tribunal publications. This thematic arrangement is designed to assist in locating material on particular topic or about particular places.

Scoping structure This report suggests a five-chapter structure for a proposed report on land issues in the inquiry district from 1840 to 1907. Each chapter begins with a discussion of the kinds of questions suggested by the existing research and research from other Tribunal inquiries. This is followed by a discussion of the sources available to address those questions; a discussion of connections and potential overlaps with other reports being commissioned for this inquiry and a review of the existing research. Each chapter ends by listing the research that will be required and giving a time estimate for each of those research tasks, and suggests a number of projects that could be undertaken by a research assistant. The time estimates for each chapter are gathered together in the recommendations chapter along with a discussion of options for allocating resources to the report. The scoping

18 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 report ends with a number of appendices giving further information about sources and a bibliography of primary and secondary sources.

19 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 2: Rohe Potae Boundaries (Sources: Cathy Marr, The Alienation of Mori Land in the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block), 1840-1920, Rangahaua Whanui District 8, 1997, Figure 1)

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20 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 3: The Railway Alienation Area and the Main Railway Route

(Source: Cathy Marr, ‘The Waimarino Purchase Report: The investigation, purchase and creation of reserves in the Waimarino block, and associated issues, 2004, Wai 903 #A60, Figure 4)

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21 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 4: Te Rohe Potae Maps: Land and Autonomy and Te Rohe Potae in the 1880s (Source: Malcolm McKinnon (ed.), Bateman New Zealand Historical Atlas, 1997, Plate 84)

Te Rohe P6tae The opening of the King Country, 18805 to 19205

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22 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 5: Taranaki and Auckland Provincial Boundaries, 1853-1867

Source: Richard Hill, Policing the Colonial Frontier, Vol. 1, part 2, Historical Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1986, pp 950-951)

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23 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 6: Mission Stations, 1840-1860

(Source: Evelyn Stokes, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, University of Waikato, 1988, Figure 9)

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MISSION 1840 o, 00, ro,

24 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Chapter 1: Early European contact and non-Government land/resource transactions, prior to 1862

Introduction

This chapter discusses some of the research issues that will need to be explored in researching early European contact and non-government land and resource transactions in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. These include transactions that were investigated by the Old Land Claims Commission during the 1840s and 50s, and those that were not. This research should cover the period up to 1862 when Francis Dillon Bell, the Land Claims Commissioner presented his final report to Parliament, which constituted the end of the old land claims process in the inquiry district. 8 The chapter concludes by considering the available sources, the existing research and what research will need to be done on these issues. It also gives a preliminary indication of the time this research will take and indicates whether there are tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant.

Discussion

The first contacts between Rohe Potae iwi and hapu and Europeans prior to 1840 were limited in extent and confined mainly to the coastal areas. Kawhia, and later Mokau, Aotea and Whaingaroa harbours provided shelter on the treacherous West Coast of the North Island. Traders at Mokau and Kawhia in the 1820s ‘were involved in the export of flax and foodstuffs such as potatoes, maize, and pigs and the import of guns, tools, blankets, and other goods.’9 The mid-1830s saw the first mission stations established around these western harbours, with further missionaries arriving in the 1840s. The

8 The first Commissioners, Colonel Edward Godfrey and Captain Matthew Richmond, were appointed in 1840. However, their investigations left many claims unresolved. In 1856 the Office of Commissioner of the Court of Land Claims was established under the Land Claims Settlement Act 1856. Francis Dillon Bell was appointed sole Commissioner of the court, and published rules for claimants, investigated claims and presented his final report to Parliament in 1862. (Archives New Zealand, undated, Old Land Claims (OLC) Record Group administrative history) 9 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 3

25 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 location and approximate dates of these stations are shown in figure 6.10 A few Pakeha settlers came into Ngati Maniapoto territory during the 1840s and 1850s via Kawhia or up the Waipa Valley.’11 Some married into local communities and their families were absorbed into them. Robert Ormsby and Louis Hetet are well known examples whose children often became influential in later contacts between Maori and settlers.12 By the 1850s and 1860s these harbours became important in the coastal shipping route between New Plymouth and Auckland.

Some, but by no means all, of these early transactions with traders and with the churches became subjects of old land claims. Five old land claims by early traders at Kawhia have been identified: ƒ John Israel Montefiore (OLC 1008) ƒ John Vittoria Cowell and Edward Lee (OLC 1026) ƒ William Johnston (OLC 1040) ƒ John Laurie and Samuel Aron Joseph (OLC 1314) ƒ George Charleton (OLC 1353)

In addition there were two old land claims by the Wesleyan Missionary Society for land at Kawhia and at Whaingaroa (OLC 947 & OLC 948).13

It will be necessary to identify as many other non-old land claim land/resource transactions between Europeans and hapu and iwi in the district prior to 1860 as possible. This will give a sense of the extent and location of Maori -European engagement over land and resources in the district. However, it is likely that many of these transactions will not be able to be documented beyond a few lines from a source here or there, but a

10 O’Malley charts the earliest period of Wesleyan Missionary Society, Church Missionary Society (Anglican) and Lutheran missionary contact in the Rohe Potae (O’Malley, ‘Te Rohe Potae Political Engagement, 1840-1863: A Scoping Report’ [draft Nov 2008], pp 13-16) 11 O’Malley provides an overview of some of the traders visited and/or settled in the district before 1860 (O’Malley, ‘Political Engagement, 1840-1863 … [scoping draft Nov 2008], pp 9-11) 12 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 4 13 Berghan, ‘Block Research Narratives …, 1 April 2008 [draft], no page numbers

26 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 few may be able to be discussed in greater detail.14 With only seven old land claims in the district it will be possible to consider the investigation and outcome of each case up to the point where the case was dismissed or a Crown grant was made to the European applicant (at which point the land was alienated from Maori ownership). The legal effect of these decisions and the issuing of a Crown grant in terms removing or constraining Maori authority over the land/resources involved needs to be considered. A further issue of potential significant is the claiming of ‘surplus’ land by the Crown. Moore et al noted that where Commissioner Bell determined that Maori consented to the original transaction the difference between the area originally claimed and that awarded to the applicant was often claimed as ‘surplus land’ by the Crown. 15 Further research is needed to determine whether this was the practice with old land claims at Kawhia and Whaingaroa.

Research into early European contact and non-government land/resource transactions in this district needs to focus on the impact of economic and social change in the district, and the challenges and opportunities those changes bought, had on the ways in which hapu and iwi exercised of authority over lands and resources. There should be an emphasis on exploring how existing systems of authority over the district were coping (or not) and developing as a result. It will be important to consider what early transactions between hapu and iwi and private individual tell us about the changes to Maori leadership and the authority exercised over lands and resources. However, attention should also be paid to those things that remain constant or continue to underpin how land and resources are managed and controlled.

The research should present an overview of the way in which hapu and iwi in the inquiry district were organized. It should discuss the ways they were exerting authority and

14 For example, the transactions with Charles Davis and the Yates brothers at Kawhia could be explored further. See AJHR 1860, F-1 and F-2, Report on the Select Committee on the Petition of Charles Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yates. AJHR 1860, G-1, Petition of Charles Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yates relative to the compulsory abandonment of their establishment at Kawhia. AJHR 1860, G-2, Petition of Frederick and Leopold Yates relative to a case tried at Raglan arising out of an alleged breach of ‘The Arms Importation Ordinance.’ 15 Duncan Moore; Barry Rigby and Matthew Russell, Old Land Claims, Rangahaua Whanui Series, National Theme A, July 1997, p 5

27 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 managing their lands and resources (as far as this is possible from written evidence available) during the time of earliest contact with Europeans until the to the end of the 1850s. The research should ask what kinds of pressures (if any) are evident in the documentary evidence as a result of contact and settlement on exercise of authority over lands and associated resources? The kinds of pressures that come to mind here include warfare and the acquisition of muskets, economic pressures and new opportunities, technologies, ideas and perceptions brought into the district through Maori inter-tribal trading and gift exchange, and later by traders and missionaries and taken up by hapu and iwi.

For example, it may be that one of the reasons that hapu and iwi in the district engaged with early traders in the 1820s and 30s was that these Europeans were a welcome source of guns. Or such relationships enabled hapu and iwi to sell commodities such as flax in order to buy muskets. 16 The impact that the growth of New Plymouth and Auckland in the 1840s and 1850s had on shipping and trade along the West Coast of the North Island and on the kinds of economic opportunities available to hapu and iwi at this time should be considered. Wesleyan Methodist, Anglican and Lutheran (briefly) missionaries established mission stations on Maori land at Mokau, Kawhia, Aotea and further afield at Te Awamutu and Waipa during the 1840s.17 Research should be alter to the influence that the adoption and/or pursuit of such ideas, skills (such as Christianity and literacy) and material goods, new crops and farm machinery had on the types of land/resource transactions hapu and iwi entered into. There should be some discussion about what these transactions suggest about the way in which Maori authority was changing.

The range of hapu and iwi responses to new ideas and opportunities is unclear at this stage. Research from other inquiry districts suggests the kinds of questions that could be asked. For example, is there evidence of Maori accommodating new ideas into existing systems of authority, relationships and land-based economic activity? Aside from transactions that involved the right to use land, it is possible that hapu and iwi employed

16 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 3

28 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 other means of gaining commercially from their resources, such as levying charges (either in cash or goods) for use of the waters or landing places at these western harbours and river ports. While there was obviously change, was this apparently for the most part manageable and accommodated within existing practices or were there clear signs of fundamental change, new forms of authority, or a vacuum in authority? Is there any sign that old systems being overwhelmed? What was the impact that contact with Europeans had on Maori ideas and changing perceptions about authority – was there increasing individualism? If evidence suggests an increase in individualism, was this confined to particular sphere or to particular locations or activities? Were Maori able to gain from the challenges and opportunities that transactions with Europeans before 1860 or were problems with old forms of authority clearly holding them back and preventing benefits from accruing?

This general assessment of the impact of these changes and opportunities on nature of Maori authority over land/resources should be followed by a consideration of the nature of the transactions themselves. The focus here should be to what extent land transactions conducted between Europeans and hapu and iwi deliberately and willingly involve (on both sides) some form of agreed transfer of interests and rights in lands/resources from Maori ‘ownership’ and authority to private interests, including on a permanent basis. This evidence will assist in answering the wider question of the extent hapu and iwi in the district had adopted western notions the ‘sale’ of land as a valid and absolute alienation of land. Or does the evidence suggest that they were wholly or partly operating within tikanga Maori where such transactions over land/resources reflected the establishment of a cross-cultural relationship with reciprocal benefits and responsibilities. For example, research should consider any instances of conflict between Maori and Europeans over use of this land and what these can tell us about what each party understood about the transactions they had entered into.

17 See O’Malley, ‘Political Engagement, 1840-1863 … [scoping draft Nov 2008], pp 13-16 & 30-31 for details of missionaries in the district.

29 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Those many (though not all) early land/resource transactions between Europeans and hapu and iwi in the district were investigated by the Old Land Claims Commission during the 1840s and 50s. The underlying rationale for the establishment of the commission was the principle that title to land was recognised only where it was derived from Crown grant. So following the British Crown’s assertion of sovereignty in New Zealand any contracts for the direct purchase of land from Maori was declared null and void. As a result the office of Commissioner of Old Land Claims was established in 1841. Commissioners, who could recommend that a Crown grant be issued for the land claimed if the purchase appeared valid, would investigate all land purchases prior to 1840.

Research should consider what the Crown’s policies of pre-emption and investigation/validation of early non-government transactions over land and resources tell us about their views on the nature of Maori authority and its ability to cope with pressures. Does the introduction of this policy signal that Crown thought Maori weren’t coping? To what extent was the Crown pre-emption simply a legal assumption enacted in all British colonies rather than a response to local problems? What can the decisions of the commission tell us about the Crown views on the desirability (or otherwise) of European’s entering commercial arrangements with hapu and iwi and establishing themselves in the district? Similar, what impact the policies of Governor Grey regarding the role of missionaries in ‘civilising’ and ‘assimilating’ Maori had on the decisions of the land claims commissioners on validating the claims of the churches in this inquiry district?

Approach

Sources The researcher will need to be aware that many of the documentary sources on which this discussion will be based will contain some level of bias, being coloured by British Victorian values and assumptions, and by government policies about Maori authority and its place in the colony. It will be important to be mindful of these sources of bias and to ameliorate this concern by using a wide range of sources. Maori voices will need to be highlighted wherever they are available. Previous research has noted that one of the

30 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 difficulties of researching old land claims is that the written record does not capture Maori perspectives on these transactions.18 It should be noted that claimants might also have oral and traditional accounts of some of these transactions that they wish to present in evidence before the Tribunal. Obviously changes in the nature and exercise of hapu and iwi authority may differ in different parts of the district and given sources available for this time may not be able to be fully covered. But the research focus will be to find what evidence there is that seems relevant and identify and write up what it is possible to say from this.

Sources for an overview of Maori authority in the district Secondary sources will assist in setting out the general nature of iwi-hapu-whanau organisation and authority over land and resources in the period before 1860 and in discussion about the pressures which shaped changes to that authority in this period. Primary sources will provide details of particular transactions between Maori communities and Europeans in the district, which can then be discussed in terms of what they transactions show about the nature and exercise of that authority.

Sources relating to nature of Maori authority over land and resources The most recent text on the nature of traditional Maori authority and land tenure is Angela Ballara’s, Iwi: the dynamics of Maori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945, Victoria University Press, Wellington, 1998. Several older books such as (Ian) Hugh Kawharu’s, Maori land tenure: studies of a changing institution, 1977 and Evelyn Stokes’, Maori customary tenure of land, 1997 should be utilised. Ann Parsonson’s 2001 article ‘Stories for land: oral narratives in the Maori Land Court’ suggests that the Native Land Court minutes will provide evidence of the way that hapu and whanau traditionally regulated land and resource use.19

18 Waitangi Tribunal, Muriwhenua Land Report, GP Publications, Wellington, 1997, pp 2-3 and Moore et al, Old Land Claims, 1997, p 8 19 Ann Parsonson, ‘Stories for land: oral narratives in the Maori Land Court’, in Bain Attwood and Fiona Magowan (eds), Telling Stories: Indigenous history and memory in Australia and New Zealand, Allen & Unwin, 2001, pp 21-40

31 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Source relating to pressures shaping Maori authority in the district Vincent O’Malley’s report for this inquiry dealing with political engagement from 1840 to 1863 should be drawn upon to identify traders and missionaries in the district in the first instance. His research on the involvement of hapu and iwi in the district in the ‘musket wars’ of the 1820s-1830s should provide the basis for a discussion of its influence on their engagement with Europeans in the district. Where necessary the researcher should turn to Angela Ballara’s, Taua: ‘musket wars,’ ‘land wars’ or tikanga?: warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century, 2003 and R D Crosby, A History of inter-iwi conflict, Reed, Auckland, 2001. In addition, Evelyn Stokes, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, 1988 provides a summary of the traditional history of hapu and iwi in the wider Taranaki/Mokau area up until 1840 and an account of the Wesleyan mission station at Mokau in the 1840s.

Missionaries and new ideas, skills and technologies It is likely that these sources will provide enough material for an overview. However targeted research may be required to further understand the impact of missionary activity on Maori authority in the district. A number of monographs produced by the Wesleyan Historical society outline the establishment and the operation of various mission stations at in the district. There is a range of diaries, letters and reports generated by missionaries in the district; however, these are often voluminous so research will need to be targeted. These include journals and letters by the Rev John Morgan, CMS missionary, Otawhao (Te Awamutu), the Wesleyan missionaries the Rev James Wallis (Whaingaroa), Rev John Whitely (Kawhia), Rev Thomas Skinner and Rev Gideon Smales (both of Aotea), and the Rev Cort Henry Schnackenberg (Mokau). A full list of these sources appears in the bibliography attached to this report.

New economic opportunities The bibliography attached to this scoping report lists several secondary sources that examine and theorise about the engagement of Maori with the capitalist economy in the 1840s and 1850s. These include, Hazel Petrie’s book Chiefs of Industry: Maori Tribal Enterprise in Early Colonial New Zealand and a number of articles by her on this theme

32 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 in various journals. Petrie’s book may contain material of Maori economic ventures in the Waikato and King Country. There is also Watson and Patterson’s article, ‘The Growth and Subordination of the Maori Economy in the Wellington Region of New Zealand, 1840 – 1852.’ Also listed in the bibliography is an 1852 report by Rev John Morgan on the economic and social development in Southern Waikato and West Coast, including Kawhia & Aotea. An 1853 list and map of Native mills including those already built, underway or funds collected for in South Waikato and Kawhia also been located. Correspondence mentioning the building of a mill for Maori by a settler from New Plymouth, Edward Pratt in the 1850s is also available at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington. There is also a useful article on a Maori flourmill at Otorohanga in a local history journal, Footprints of History from 1996.

Evelyn Stokes’ regional study, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, and Margaret de Jardine’s, The Little Ports of Taranaki: being Awakino, Mokau, Tongaporutu, Urenui, Waitara, Opunake, Patea, together with some historical background on each will provide some background to trading around West Coast harbours. Customs statistics in New Zealand Statistics and possibly in AJHR may throw some light on the kinds of trade and its volume from these ports. Researchers should also refer to David McGill, (Anna Rogers(ed)), The Guardians at the Gate: The History of the New Zealand Customs Department, 1991. The Auckland City library holds an early sketch chart of Kawhia Harbour by Captain Thomas Wing from 1836. It would be worth checking customs statistics for West Coast ports in the 1850s and 60s (either in AJHR or NZ statistics). In addition, LE 1 series files contain ‘Returns of Customs Revenue at the several Ports of New Zealand’ for the years 1857 and 1858. They also include a schedule showing ‘Native Vessels, Return of the names and tonnage of, entering Auckland, and the value of cargoes imported into the several Ports of Entry in the years 1855, 1856 and 1857.’ The Auckland City Library holds an 1859 map of ‘the harbours and bays of Aotea and Kawhia, topographically and geologically explored by Dr Ferdinand von Hochstetter 1859.’

33 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Crown’s restriction of private transactions and views about the impact of pressures on Maori authority An examination of Native policy in the 1840s and 1850s is available in Alan Ward’s A Show of Justice: Racial amalgamation in nineteenth century New Zealand (1995 reprint). It would also be worth consulting chapter three of the Tribunal’s Hauraki Report on pre- 1840s transactions. A number of government and non-government witnesses from the Kawhia area appeared before the 1856 Board appointed to inquire into the system of purchasing land from the Natives, and other matters. Their evidence will assist in identifying early transactions but also in discuss about the Crown’s view of Maori authority over land/resources in the district, and to what extent Maori communities were coping with pressures on that authority.

Identifying early non-old land claims transactions Several avenues are available for identifying early land/resource transactions between hapu/iwi and Europeans in the district. These include papers relating to settlers who filed claims for destruction and/or abandonment of property because of the New Zealand Wars. There are also petitions in AJHR about such losses by Ann Charlton (Ruapuke, Aotea [Harbour], 1871), Samuel Morgan (Kawhia, 1872) and Frederick Laurie (Kawhia, 1888). Numerous local histories contain useful factual material about early European contact with the district, however most are poorly indexed and referenced so require some time to skim through. Several early traders and settlers at Kawhia and elsewhere can be identified from inward letters in the McLean papers. More information about Captain Amos Kent is to be found in Alexander Turnbull Library manuscript file containing an article relating to John Rodolphus Kent. Finally, reports from the district officer at Raglan throughout the 1870s (published in AJHR) occasionally mention traders who had land and businesses in Kawhia and Whaingaroa prior to the New Zealand Wars.

Old land claims process Moore et al Old Land Claims report probably provides as much background to a discussion of the statutory framework and operation of the old land claims commissions as will be needed for the proposed research. The report has no bibliography but the footnotes provide references to many important primary sources. The 1860 volume of the

34 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

British Parliamentary Papers contains a ‘select committee report on the nature and extent of outstanding land claims and the best mode of finally disposing of the same’ from August 1856 (see Bibliography). A thorough search of these papers for further material on old land claims would probably turn up further material. The reports by Bruce Stirling and by Grant Phillipson for Te Paparahi o te Raki (Northland) inquiry listed in the bibliography attached and the Tribunal’s Muriwhenua Land Report and Hauraki Report contain detailed research into old land claims and the old land claims policy and process. A helpful overview of that process can be found on Archives New Zealand’s online catalogue Archway under the OLC agency history.

Documenting old land claims The best starting point for researching the old land claims in the Rohe Potae inquiry district is Paula Berghan’s ‘Block Research Narratives Related to Land Purchasing’. This report is currently in draft but should be in its final form early in 2009. The current draft set out key facts about each of the known old land claims in the district. Berghan’s footnotes and supporting documents should provide the first point of entry into more detailed research. It is also worth looking up the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography and Scholefield’s Dictionary of New Zealand Biography for further information on those who filed old land claims. For example, there are entries for John Israel Montefiore and John Vittoria Cowell.

Several sources will provide an overview of what happened with each of the old land claims in the district. Tables appended to Moore et al’s report provide a summary of the key facts about each old land claim. The 1862 report of Commissioner Bell is included in LS 25/5 at Archives NZ Wellington. In addition, there are a number of Legislative Department (LE) files at Archives NZ, Wellington containing minutes of Legislative Council committees considering Bell’s report during 1862-1863 (see Bibliography). AJHR 1878, H-26 contains a return of land claims finally settled and AJHR 1921 Sess. I, G-5, pp 1-4 has a ‘Report of the Native Land Claims Commission’ which mopped up the last unsettled claims.

35 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Original deeds of old private land purchases will need to be located. Some of these will be included in LS 25/5, Archives NZ, Wellington which contains old private land purchases in New Zealand from 1815 to 1840. Turton’s Deeds has copies of eight old private land purchase deeds in the Waikato and West Coast District dating from 1834 to 1846. Of these five are clearly in our inquiry district – four around Kawhia and one around Aotea. These deeds should be compared with those in the LS file and against the old land claims reports, returns and tables discussed above to determine whether they match any of the old land claims already documented.

The OLC case files at Archives NZ, Wellington are the key source of information for a detailed examination of each of the old land claims in this district (these are listed in the bibliography). It is also worth looking at a number of general files on old land claims at Archives NZ. These include: ƒ OLC series 8 correspondence files – these are all indexed as they were used by the various OLC commissions (1840-1881); ƒ LE series 1 – land claims correspondence (1855-1856); and ƒ BAAZ 1108, 88, 2173 - Lands and survey file on Old Land Claims (1877-1902). Te Awamutu Museum hold some family history manuscripts for the Edwards and Cowell families, and letters from George Charlton to and from Governor Grey regarding land and liquor licenses (1853 – 1857). Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington also holds George Charlton’s papers from 1840. There is an Agent for the General Government, Auckland (AGG-A) file at Archives NZ, Auckland that deals with land acquired by Wesleyan Missions, it is dated 1867-1869. The Maori Land Court Minute Books for blocks around these harbours should be searched as narratives about early transactions with traders and missionaries over land are often included.20

It should be possible to locate the Crown Grants issued to individuals and churches whose old land claims were validated by the old land claims commissioners. In the

20 This is highlighted by Ann Parsonson in her discussion of the Pirongia East and West hearings in 1888 in her chapter, ‘Stories for land: oral narratives in the Maori Land Court’, in Bain Attwood and Fiona Magowan (eds), Telling Stories: Indigenous history and memory in Australia and New Zealand, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest NSW, Australia, 2001, pp 21 - 40

36 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ABWN files at Archives New Zealand, Wellington there are four ‘Crown grants registers – old land claims commission, Auckland’ from 1844, 1850-1856 and one volume that is a register for Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington and Otago, 1844-1845. These registers seem to relate to two volumes of ‘Crown Grants – Land Claims’, 1857-1861 and 1858-1864 and three volumes labelled as ‘Crown Grants – Record of Land Claims Commission’ covering the period 1857-1874 also in ABWN files. These are listed in the bibliography attached.

Links and overlaps with other casebook research There is potentially some overlap with the O’Malley’s first political engagement report, 1840-1863. His report will provide factual material on traders, missionaries and musket wars. But this chapter will focus only on the issues of authority over lands and resources and evidence for this and on early non-government land/resource transactions, their nature, and to what extent they appear to have been recognized by the Crown.

Existing research ƒ A summary of O’Malley’s sections on the musket wars and on missionary activities from his political engagement report for the 1840-1863 period will provide almost all the material required for a discussion on the impact of these two pressures on hapu/iwi authority over their lands and resources. ƒ Moore et al’s Rangahaua Whanui report on Old Land Claims, the Tribunal’s Hauraki report and various research reports completed for the Tribunal’s Northland inquiry could be summarised to provide an overview of Crown policy regarding pre-emption and the investigation and validation of old land claims. ƒ Berghan has identified and documented all the old land claims in the district. These narratives can be summarised and further research focused on the nature of these transactions and what they tell us about Maori authority in the district can be identified and carried out.

37 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Research needed ƒ Overview of the nature of Maori authority over land and resources from secondary sources; ƒ Summary of secondary sources on the impact of musket wars as a pressure of hapu and iwi to enter transactions with Europeans in the inquiry district; ƒ Summary of secondary sources on impact of new economic opportunities and of the skills, technologies and ideas introduced by missionaries on the desire of hapu and iwi to enter transactions with Europeans in the inquiry district before 1860 and the nature of those transactions; ƒ Supplementary primary research into missionary influences from letters and dairies of missionaries in the district (Schnackenberg at Mokau, Morgan at Te Awamutu and Smales and Skinner at Aotea); ƒ Summarise early transactions between European traders/settlers and hapu and iwi in the district, which did not become old land claims from secondary sources; ƒ Supplementary primary research to identify and document the nature of early non-old land claims transactions between European traders/settlers and hapu and iwi in the district (archives material on losses suffered by Europeans during the NZ Wars, petitions from settlers in AJHR and mentions in local histories of western harbours); ƒ Summary of old land claims policy and process from secondary sources; ƒ Summary of old land claims block narratives from Berghan’s report for this district; ƒ Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land claims from the OLC case files at Archives NZ, Wellington; and ƒ Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land claims from reports, deeds, correspondence and other archival sources.

Time and resources required The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are calculated based on 5 full-time days per week.

38 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Task Estimate time (days) Overview of the nature of Maori authority 5 Summary on impact of musket wars 3 Summary on impact of new economic opportunities 4 Summary on impact of skills, technologies and ideas introduced by 3 missionaries Supplementary primary research into missionary influences 5 Summary of secondary sources on early non-old land claim 4 transactions (local histories) Supplementary primary research into early non-old land claim 4 transactions Summary of old land claims policy and process 3 Summary of old land claims block narratives from Berghan’s report 2 Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land claims from 8 the OLC case files at Archives NZ, Wellington. Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land claims from 9 reports, deeds, correspondence and other archival sources. Total estimate time for researching and drafting this chapter 50 days (10 weeks)

Some of this work could be allocated to research assistance: ƒ Identify and document traders and settlers from New Zealand Wars compensation cases (3 days); and ƒ Extract and summarise any material pre-1861 on Mokau, Kawhia, Whaingaroa to do with settler-Maori land transactions in CFRT newspaper document bank (2 or 3 days).

39 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Chapter 2: Early Government contact and Crown land/resources transactions to 1865

Introduction

This chapter discusses some of the research issues that will need to be examined in researching early government contact and Crown land/resource transactions in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district before 1865. This discussion is followed by an overview of the primary and secondary sources that will assist in answering these questions. The chapter finishes by identifying areas where there is already adequate research and what research will need to be done. It also gives a preliminary indication of the time this research will take and indicates whether there are tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant.

Discussion

There were a number of these transactions between 1851 and 1857, which with the exception of the Harihari block north of the Marakopa River, were confined to coastal areas around the key trading harbours of Mokau, Kawhia and Whaingaroa.21 Correspondence from AJHR 1861 shows that John Rogan carried out the negotiations during the 1850s under instruction by Donald McLean, the Chief Land Purchase Commissioner. It appears that Wiremu Nera, a rangatira at Raglan, and Wiremu Tamihana offered land to the Crown in the areas around Whaingaroa and Waipa, and the coastal area from Te Akau to the Waikato Heads respectively in about 1864.

As with early non-government transactions, the principle focus of the research should be on what these transactions reveal about what each party understood about the authority of hapu/iwi over their lands and resources. In some cases it is difficult to ascertain the exact nature of the transactions that took place and which can reliably be considered to have been completed. For example, there is some indication that some of the purchasing around Whaingaroa in the 1850s may have been by private individuals, rather than by the

40 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Crown. The map of the Rohe Potae titled ‘Land and Autonomy’ in Plate 84 of the New Zealand Historical Atlas shows a large area on the southern side of the Whaingaroa Harbour as ‘private purchase’ (they give no reference for this, see figure 4). There are several files relating to the purchase of land by Captain J C Johnstone at Whaingaroa.22 But no case file for an old land claims by Johnstone can be found, so it appears that this transaction was not considered to be an old land claim, so he may have been involved in some sort of private purchase arrangement.

As has been noted in the context of early private transactions, from 1840 the Crown set in place the legal practice of Crown pre-emption. Under this policy ‘there can be no private ownership by the non-indigenous without the Crown first interposing and extinguishing the Native title in some lawful manner.’23 The Crown would not recognise as valid any private title to land ‘which is not either derived from, or confirmed by, a grant to be made in Her Majesty’s name, and on her behalf’.24 This made the old land claims process necessary but also opened the way for the Crown to acquire land from Maori and reselling it to settlers it at a profit, thus funding a programme of land acquisition.25

Research will need to explore what the Crown’s pre-emption practically meant for this district in the 1850s. Was it clearly necessary for the Crown to control land/resource transactions in this way to protect Maori from being taken advantage of by individual Europeans? If so, was that a reasonable response given the extent, nature and outcome of those early private transactions discussed in the previous chapter? Or was this policy something the Crown saw as protection for a new and different type of settlement – large- scale organised settlement still to happen? In attempting to answer these questions it will

21 These dates are suggested by a listing of all purchase deeds and deed receipts for the Mokau, Aotea and Kawhia districts from Turton’s Deeds. More reliable dates may emerge when copies of original deeds are examined. 22 LE 1, 15, 1856/123, 62, ANZ, Wellington contain correspondence between Captain J C Johnstone and the General Government respecting his land purchase at Whangora [sic]’, 1856. Te Awamutu Museum holds Captain J C Johnstone’s Letterbook for March 1881 to July 1882. Their catalogue notes that much of his writing appears to be petitions related to his claim to an early land purchase on the south side of the Whaingaroa Harbour. 23 Boast, R, Buying the Land, Selling the Land: Government and Maori Land in the North Island 1865- 1921, Victoria University Press/Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, Wellington, 2008, p 20 24 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, pp 20 - 21

41 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 be important to establish the specific reasons why the Crown chose to commence purchasing Maori land on the western coast of the inquiry district when it did in the 1850s. In particular, to what extent were these transactions aimed at securing access to safe harbours along the coastal route between New Plymouth and Auckland? Were they a response to immediate demand for land for settlement or was there some reason to believe that these locations could be future sites of settlement? Attention should be paid to the how these reasons may differ for each of these locations.

Another research focus on will be whether the Crown informed hapu and iwi in the district that they wished to enter transactions with them over lands and resources? Was there willing agreement from hapu and iwi that these kinds of transactions were needed? In attempting to answer these questions the researcher should examine how these transactions were initiated and what role Crown officials and hapu/iwi leaders played in seeking out one another. We need to know more about the presence of the Crown in the district during the 1840s and early 1850s.26 What role did visits to the district by Donald McLean, as Protector of Aborigines and as Inspector of Police, in the 1840s play in beginning a process that led to the transactions from 1854 onwards?27 To what extent did Crown officials actively seek out communities where they wished to acquire land? Or were communities willingly offering land for European settlement?

Research should also consider evidence relating to why hapu and iwi entered these transactions with the Crown. Were there particular expectations about what would be gained from the transaction in terms the number of Europeans who would settle in the district, and/or an increase in trade and other economic activities? On the other hand, is there any evidence that the cash payment was sought in order to support traditional displays of wealth or rounds of reciprocal exchange with other hapu or iwi and thereby

25 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, pp 20-21 26 For example, it is also possible that the Crown had established a customs house at Kawhia on land it sublet from Europeans who had entered an agreement for it with hapu and iwi, but it is unclear whether this took place before or after the 1854-1857 transactions (AJHR 1860, F-1 and F-2 & AJHR 1860, G-1 & G-2) 27 Stokes notes that Donald McLean, at that time a Protector of Aborigines and later Land Purchase Officer, and the Wanganui Missionary, Rev Richard Taylor made a journey down the Mokau River in 1845 (Evelyn Stokes, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 1988, pp 95-96 citing A D Mead, Richard Taylor Missionary Tramper, Reed, Wellington, 1966, p 87)

42 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 enhance the mana of the community?28 Or was the desire for ready cash to repay debts incurred in trade and farming in the 1840s and 1850s a factor for any of the communities involved in these transactions? 29 If debt can be shown to be a significant factor in this inquiry district in the areas these purchases were made, it may also be worth considering whether the Crown’s response to the Maori commercial development adequate, especially given that systematic assistance could have been afforded by the Protectorate of Aborigines, which had been abolished by Governor Grey.30 If the response was inadequate it may be possible to consider whether this contributed to Maori willingness to enter transactions and received payment for their interests in land.

The research will need to explore the nature of the transactions themselves and consider whether they were carefully explained by the purchaser and willingly agreed to by the owners? This will involve exploring the extent to which Crown officials conducted the negotiations in a transparent manner and what impact the way in which they secured the consent of individuals to the transaction had on the exercise of hapu and iwi authority over the land. In particular, what was the Crown’s general approach to the complex intersecting interests of the hapu?’31 Did the land purchase commissioners entered into transactions before establishing which individuals and groups had rights to the land? Did they enter transactions knowing that those rights were disputed or where there were sections of the known right-owners did not wish to sell?32 Just which individuals the Crown dealt with and how opposition by other was handled is an issue that needs further exploration.

A number of questions should be asked regarding what hapu and iwi understood and intended with regard to these transactions. The kinds of questions raised by previous

28 Ann Parsonson, ‘The Pursuit of Mana’, in The Oxford History of New Zealand W H Oliver, and B R Williams, (eds), Oxford University Press, Wellington, 1981, pp 140-167; Angela Ballara, ‘The Pursuit of Mana? A Re-evaluation of the Process of Land Alienation by Maori, 1840-1890’, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 91, 1982, p 519; Ann Parsonson, ‘The Challenge to Mana Maori’ in The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd Edition, Geoffrey Rice (ed), Oxford University Press, 1992, pp 167-200 29 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 2006, p 179 30 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 181 31 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 177 32 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 177

43 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 research include to what extent Maori could reasonable expected to understand the transaction as a ‘sale’ in the western sense? To what extent did hapu and iwi see the transaction primarily in terms of incorporating more European friends and allies into their communities? 33 Is there any evidence that will help clarify what these communities understood about the nature and extent of their authority over the land and over the Europeans who might settle on it once after the transaction were completed? Or did hapu and iwi consider that they were entering some kind of alliance or partnership with the Crown with mutual responsibilities and benefits on each side?34 In particular, what does the gifting of pieces of land by hapu and iwi for schools around the same time as these transactions were completed suggest about Maori understandings of the nature of the transactions?35 Were there expectations amongst hapu and iwi that entering these transactions would create long-term benefits? If so, to what extent (if at all) did Crown officials set out those benefits during negotiations around these transactions? For example, did Crown officials in these transactions make any commitment to set aside 10 percent of the profits for ‘Native purposes’ such as hospitals, medical officers, hostels and schools from the sale of the land to settler? If so was this commitment carried through and were amenities provided for Maori in the district?

For their part what did the Crown intend and understand by these transactions? Were these deeds effectively political cessions for which the main payment was the reservation of settlements and cultivations coupled with a cash grant which bore little relation to the land’s actual value.36 To what extent were they seen by Crown officials at that time as treaties ceding substantive sovereignty.’37 Closely connected to these questions are matters of the ‘payment’ for the land. The fact that there was no open market for land because hapu and iwi could not deal directly with settlers, and could only deal with the Crown means that there is little available evidence of what the ‘market’ price of land was

33 Waitangi Tribunal, National Overview, 1997, vol. I, p 59 34 Vincent O’Malley, ‘Land Deeds as Treaties: The New Zealand Experience’, A Paper Presented to the 17th Annual Australian and New Zealand Law and History Society Conference, La Trobe University, Melbourne, July 1998, p 15 35 Three deeds for the gifting of land for schools in the Kawhia and Aotea district in 1854 are found in Turton’s Deeds. 36 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, p 29 37 O’Malley, ‘Deeds as Treaties … , 1998, pp 12-13

44 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 at that time.38 Therefore, with no reliable measure of what Maori land was worth commercially the researcher will need to examine official correspondence to draw conclusions about how the Crown determined what price it would offer in these transactions. It may be interesting to consider whether the particular Maori communities involved in these transactions in the inquiry district attempted to bargain with the Crown to increase the purchase price paid, and if so to what extent they were successful.39

The question of whether hapu and iwi were paid a ‘fair’ price by the Crown for their land is closely connected with the issue of how the Crown understood these transactions. It needs to be asked to what extent Crown officials considered that a low price per acre was acceptable because of the benefits to Maori of European settlement and economic growth.40 This certainly raises the question of what benefits were promised to the various hapu and iwi communities around these harbours, and what, if any of those benefits materialised in the decades after the purchases?

With regard to the nature of the payments made, the original deeds will need to be examined alongside official correspondence to determine whether there were ‘buy-back’ provisions in any of these purchases. McLean and Rogan used these provisions in several deeds for the Hua and Waiwakaiho blocks, north of New Plymouth in 1853 and 1854, at the same time as they were concluding in negotiations for land in the Rohe Potae inquiry district. The effect of these clauses was to channel a proportion of the purchase money into a fund to allow individual Maori who signed the deed to ‘buy back’ a certain portions of the block and to hold that land in a Crown grant. The remaining land was then thrown open for selection by settlers. This had an impact on the quantity of Native reserves allocated in the deed and on the size of the cash payment made.41

38 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 173 39 It has been suggested that in general ‘part of the reason for accepting low prices, minimal reserves, and little else was the lack of countervailing advice. Grey had got rid of the Protectorate Department in 1846, just at a time when it was showing a real understanding of emerging problems and some vigour, sometimes, in defending Maori interests.’ (Waitangi Tribunal, National Overview, 1997, vol. I, p 59) 40 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, p 29 41 Leanne Boulton, ‘Native Reserves, Assimilation and Self-determination: Te Atiawa, the Crown and Settlers, North Taranaki, 1840-1875, MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2004, pp 167-172, 176-180

45 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

What hapu and iwi thought the transactions meant in terms of the practical exercise of their authority and ability to use, manage and control of the lands and resources encompassed by the transaction also needs to be explored. For example, to what extent did Maori expected to stop using the land and concentrate their settlement onto the small Native reserves allocated to them? Did they if fact continue to use the land in the same way as they always had, and what does this tell us about their understanding of the transaction?’42 The researcher should identify what reserves were promised, orally and in the purchase deed, and establish whether they were created and if/when they were surveyed and/or included in a Crown grant to Maori individuals. Attempts should be made to trace anything that is known about their administration by the Crown under Native reserves legislation in the period up to 1907. One of the principal issues for investigation will be what land Maori communities asked to be reserved for them at the time of the initial negotiations and how Crown officials dealt with these requests. In cases where no requests seem to have been made it is important to look at what reserves the Crown decided to provide and why. Both the quantity, the proportion of the sale block reserved for Maori, and the number and size of the reserves, and the quality (location, access to natural resources and topography) should be considered. The researcher should then document the subsequent alienation history of these reserves and discuss whether the reserves served the purpose intended when they were created.

Several wider questions about the nature of Native reserves will need to be considered. In considering the negotiations around the provision of Native reserves in these transactions the researcher should seek evidence about what Crown officials, missionary witnesses and Maori themselves understood about the purpose of the reserves. For example, were they to protect wahi tapu? Or were they intended to provide land for the community to live on? Or to provide an endowment for fix term leasing that would generate revenue to be paid for Maori?43 The researcher should also be alert for any signs of confusion over whether Maori customary title over the reserves within the boundary of

42 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, pp 30-31. O’Malley cites examples from the Ahuriri ‘purchase’ in Hawkes Bay of Maori continuing to occupy portions of it, running sheep, cultivating crops, and hunting and collecting traditional foods in the area (O’Malley, ‘Deeds as Treaties …’, 1998, p 12) 43 Waitangi Tribunal, National Overview, 1997, vol. I, p 55

46 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 purchase blocks had been extinguished by the purchase itself or whether the reserves had been excluded from the purchase. This distinction often only became apparent when the reserves were bought under the Native reserves legislation after 1856.44

Once the transactions were considered complete by officials ‘a block would be listed in the New Zealand Gazette as an area over which ‘the Native Title has been extinguished.’ The land was then passed to the provincial governments who controlled its distribution to the settler community by means of Crown grants.45 Research will need to determine whether such proclamations actually appeared in the Gazette, and whether the Auckland and Taranaki provincial governments then dealt with those pieces of land. Attempts could be made to trace Crown grants issued to settlers and Maori for land in these blocks. If, on the other hand, survey and settlement was delayed until the Rohe Potae began to be opened up in the 1880s was there confusion about the status of the land for the Crown and/or for Maori?

Approach

Sources

Early Crown contact in the district McLean’s letterbooks and diaries from the 1840s may provide material on the Crown’s early engagement in this district. In particular, Stokes notes that Donald McLean, at that time a Protector of Aborigines and later Land Purchase Officer, and the Wanganui Missionary, Rev Richard Taylor made similar journeys in 1845.46 ‘Extracts from a journal kept during a visit to the interior of the Northern Island of New Zealand, 1845’ in the McLean papers at the Alexander Turnbull Library will provide further information.

In addition, it may be worth looking at two files of papers from 1850 to 1856 kept by McLean about his work as Inspector of Police for the Taranaki province, since this was a

44 Boulton, ‘Native Reserves, Assimilation and Self-determination …’, MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2004, pp 167 – 172, 176 - 180 45 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, p 27 46 Stokes, Mokau, 1988, pp 95-96 citing A D Mead, Richard Taylor Missionary Tramper, Reed, Wellington, 1966, p 87

47 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 role he undertook at the same time as the purchases were being negotiated. MA 2/3, Archives NZ, Wellington contains ‘Letters re land purchases mostly received by D McLean – 26 April 1848 - 29 November 1852.’ Further material might be provided by his published reports as protectors of aborigines, it is possible that these are in AJHR or the British Parliamentary Papers.

Crown purchasing policy and practice in the 1840-1866 There is a significant body of research relating to Crown purchasing from the 1840s and 1850s already on various Tribunal records of inquiry, particularly those of the Hauraki, Muriwhenua, Wairarapa and Taranaki districts. The Tribunal’s Ngai Tahu, Mohaka-ki- Ahuriri, Hauraki and Muriwhenua Land reports explore this evidence further. There are also a number of reports and theses dealing with the creation and administration of Native Reserves that provide the policy and legislative background that will be required. In addition there are some general texts and articles on this period which should be referred to, in particular Alan Ward’s A Show of Justice and Michael Belgrave’s New Zealand Journal of History article ‘Pre-emption, the Treaty of Waitangi and the Politics of Crown Purchase.’ These sources are listed in the bibliography.

As discussed below, there are some letters by McLean in AJHR 1861 giving instructions to John Rogan about how to go about purchase negotiations. Similar letters for other districts are also likely to be found there. In addition, there is a small amount of miscellaneous material relating to ‘Native Affairs’ in Donald McLean’s papers at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington that should be checked. The minutes, report and evidence given before the 1856 Board of Native Affairs provides material about Crown policies and attitudes towards Maori land and land purchasing and includes statements by McLean and settlers and missionaries along this western coast.47

The funding and organisation of Crown purchasing before 1866 Some of the general instructions given by McLean to Rogan with regard to the acquisition of land in the inquiry district can be found in the AJHR 1861 C-1 series of correspondence about these transactions. It may also be useful to look at what McLean

47 BPPNZ10, 1860[2719], pp 235-337

48 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 was saying to his deputies purchasing land in Taranaki and Wairarapa and Hawke’s Bay at the same time, especially since John Rogan was acting for McLean in Taranaki and in the Rohe Potae area during the 1850s. My thesis on Native Reserves and Ann Parsonson’s report for the Taranaki inquiry (Wai 143, #A1 (a)) capture some of that for Taranaki. Research already on Tribunal records of inquiry may cover this as well. There are a set of LE series 1 files that set out the amounts spent on land purchasing and show what money was made available for purchasing, two of these files are from 1854 and 1856 and deal specifically with McLean’s purchasing activities.

In other districts there are indications that McLean used payments to chiefs to secure purchases – there was often confusion over whether these were gifts, loans or down payments. It is important to check any sources that itemise McLean’s expenditure of anything relating to loans to individual Maori. LE 1, 15, 1865/139, 39a contains papers dealing with ‘Natives, outstanding loans to. Return of outstanding loans in the Province of Auckland’, 1856 and LE 1, 13, 1856/57 includes ‘correspondence regarding special scrip issued by Sir G Grey to certain Native chiefs, 1856.’

The transactions themselves Berghan’s block narratives for this district identify and document a number of pre-1865 Crown purchases in the inquiry district. This should be the starting point for further research. However, from the primary material identified in this scoping it appears that there may have been more transactions between the Crown and hapu and iwi in the district than Berghan has so far documented. Transaction around the Whaingaroa and Kawhia areas are more confusing than those at Mokau/Awakino which seem to be fairly clear cut. Schedules and return of land purchased, copies of deed and official correspondence will be the key sources in clarifying these transactions. These sources are dealt with in turn below.

Schedules/returns of land purchased by the Crown As well as the financial returns for land purchasing discussed above, the LE series 1 files contain returns of land purchased in various districts in New Zealand for the years 1855,

49 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

1856, 1860 and 1861. Two further returns, those from 1854 and 1859 have been located in the British Parliamentary Papers.

Purchase deeds Microfilm copies of Crown purchase deeds for the South Auckland and Taranaki Land Districts are held at Land Information New Zealand (LINZ), Hamilton. The ABWN files at Archives New Zealand, Wellington include an index to Native deeds between 1841 and 1874 and bound books of deeds of conveyance for the Auckland district from 1858 to 1864. It is hoped that these will provide originals (or at least original copies) of these purchase deeds, with plans attached. These deeds are reproduced in published form in Turton’s Deeds which contains 20 deeds and deed receipts for land in the Mokau, Kawhia and Aotea districts purchased by the Crown before 1865. They are dated from March 1851 to December 1857. In addition, there are three deeds of gift from the Kawhia and Aotea districts in January 1854, all for the purpose of a school (these are listed in the bibliography).

Correspondence between or from Crown officials There is a body of correspondence between Donald McLean and John Rogan during the negotiations for purchases in the inquiry district during the 1850s. These include 28 letters in AJHR 1861 C-1 Whaingaroa District. The majority of these letters are about the negotiation and payment for blocks of land. However there are a number of letters that give instructions from McLean to Rogan about land purchasing procedures. All date from March 1854 to June 1857. McLean’s papers at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington include five files containing letters from Rogan to McLean between 1852 and 1870. There are also McLean’s papers and diaries recording his work in various Government roles. These include two files containing land purchase accounts for the period from 1853 to 1856 and two files containing Native Land Commissioner - papers from 1850 to 1857. There is also a file of undated sketches and rough maps relating to land purchases. Finally, there is a file of printed papers relating to land from the 1850- 1877 period.

50 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

MA 2/3, Archives NZ, Wellington contains a ‘Register of Deeds, Whaingaroa papers, 25 June-21 November 1856; and ‘Index to Native Land Purchase 1848-1853’. At the back of a register of inwards memoranda (MA 2/46) is a list of letters received by Land Commissioner Donald McLean – 13 July 1855-30 March 1860. There are also several general LE 1 series files from 1856 and 1858 relating to land purchasing.

There are a number of sources that deal with the offers made by Wiremu Nera and Wiremu Tamehana in about 1864. In particular, an 1863 file titled ‘From: Rogan John, Judge Native Land Court, Kaipara – Subject: Nero's [sic] Offer of Land memo re Block between Waitetuna and Waipu, BBOP, 4309, 9a-254, 1863/125, Archives NZ, Auckland. A ‘Map showing conquered territory in Northern Part of North Island of New Zealand’ annotated and signed by Lt. General Cameron on the 16 December 1864 appears in The British Parliamentary Papers. This shows these pieces of land and a number of areas within the blocks offered for sale are marked off as reserves.48 It is possible that LE 1, 42, 1865/137, 22, Archives NZ, Wellington containing a letter from Mr Dillon Bell to Waikato Chiefs dated 7 May 1863 will throw some light on these offers.

There is also a considerable amount to correspondence from the 1860s from and about Maori, including Wiremu Nera, at Raglan in the Agent to the General Government, Auckland (AGG-A) papers at Archives NZ, Auckland and in the Maori Affairs Department (MA) papers, Archives NZ, Wellington. Various newspaper articles also throw light on the Crown’s relationship with Wiremu Nera and on the general situation between Maori and settlers around Raglan at that time. These sources may provide a context for this ‘offer to sell’. Information about the offer of land to the Crown by Wiremu Tamihana may be found in Evelyn Stokes’ biography of him and in Gorst’s book The Maori King.

Correspondence and other statements by Maori There are a number of possible sources of correspondence by Maori relating to Crown purchases in the inquiry district. Some of this material is in te reo Maori, and will be

48 BBPNZ14, 1866[3695], btw pp 26 & 27

51 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 identified and summarised by Meredith and McCrae in their project on te reo Maori sources. A letter from Te Haratua Kiripakopako Pingareka on 13 January 1855 opposing the selling of land at Kawhia and Aotea has been located in the British Parliamentary Papers. Two letters from Ngati Maniapoto to Queen Victoria in 1854 and 1855 about the Taumatamarie and Mokau purchases have been found in the BACS A806 papers at Archives NZ, Auckland. There are also letters from Maori in the 1870s and 1880s inquiring about outstanding purchase money and about the survey of land that had been purchased at Aotea and Kawhia. Further letters from Maori could be located by searching a number of letterbooks held at Archives NZ in Wellington and Auckland. In particular inward and outward letters from of the Superintendent for the Auckland Province (1853- 1876), the Governor, the Survey Department and Maori Affairs Department (see bibliography for details). There are also five petitions from Maori regarding the boundaries of the Karioi block and payment for that land. There is also a Maori Affairs file relating to a petition by Timi Piripi and other regarding Te Mata Takapaunui Ohiapopoko and Te Uku reserved from sale of Whaingaroa Block and exchange of Te Uku for Karioi Block, the file is dated 1893-1948.

Ten percents and its funding of ‘Native purposes’ It is possible that the Crown set aside a proportion of the profits from these land sales for ‘Native Purposes’ such as hospitals, hostels and schools. LE 1, 35, 1862/200 contains a ‘statement of sales of land in Auckland Province from the proceeds of which ten per cent has been guaranteed to be expended for Native purposes, January 1854 to June 1862’.

Native reserves It should be possible to identify Native reserves created in these purchases from the purchase deeds themselves and from later roll plans and ML plans held at LINZ, Hamilton. However, it is also useful to trace the administration and status of these reserves through comparing schedules of Native reserves, these should be available in AJHR. Native reserve accounts were also published in the provincial gazettes for Auckland and Taranaki before 1877 and in AJHR after this date. These will assist in tracking which reserves remain in Maori ownership. In addition there are a number ABWN 8771 W5280 registers and files from 1868 onwards that may also be useful (these

52 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 are listed in the bibliography). Depending on the outcome of this initial search it may be worth searching the office of the Maori Trustee in Hamilton for files relating to their administration of the reserves in the twentieth century.

There are several files of interest relating to attempts to put roads through the Puketutu Maori Reserve (Whaingaroa area) and the Papahua Native Reserve (Karioi area) in the 1870s. There appears to have been considerable contention over the Native reserves in the Mokau and Awakino purchases. There is a undated survey file (AADS W3562, 231, 22/3009S, Archive NZ, Wellington) about the Awakino and Mokau Native Reserves and LINZ, Hamilton holds a box of historical records about the Awakino, Mokau and Taumatamarie purchases and their Native reserves (see bibliography for full details).

Sources for tracing the survey and disposal of purchased land As set out in the background section of this chapter, the normal procedure for disposing of land purchased by the Crown before 1865 was for a proclamation to be issued declaring Native title to have been extinguished. The land was then handed over to the provincial government who would on-sell it to settlers. Those who purchased the land then applied for a Crown grant to be issued in their favour. It is unclear whether this process was followed for all or some of the land purchased in this district in the 1850s. There are a number of sources that should be able to tell us what happened:

Native Land Court local registers The first line of inquiry should be the local registers for Waikato, Raglan & Aotea and Kawhia and Mokau in the BBOP 5966 papers at Archives NZ, Auckland (details listed in bibliography). These date from 1865 and appear to have been kept by the Native Land Court as working books that record all the transactions on blocks within each area. They should be thoroughly examined. This should give references to proclamations in the New Zealand Gazette.

Survey files There are survey files (ABWN 8102 W5279 files, Archives NZ, Wellington) for these purchase blocks, all are dated from 1854 to 1857. These files are labelled with a block

53 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 name and then a dash followed by a district name (mostly Whaingaroa or Whangaroa – the spelling varies). As well that those blocks already identified through Turton’s Deeds and the AJHR correspondence, there are a number of others for the Whaingaroa district. These files have been listed in the bibliography and should be investigated. There is also an LS series 1 file for the Mokau block for 1884 and an Army Department file (AD 1, 1865/4303) relating to the ‘Hari Hari Block, Kawhia’.

Wastelands records for the Auckland Province There are a number of LE series 1 files from 1856 to 1863 that deal with the disposal of wastelands by the provincial governments, including several specifically about the Auckland Province. In addition, AGG-A 1, 1, 55/65 is a copy of a memo from Charles Heaphy, Auckland 19 July 1865 enquiring about the interpretation of Auckland Waste Lands Act, 1858. LE series 1 also contains minute books of the Auckland Wastelands Committee for 1863.

Crown grants It would be useful to see if any of the land in these transactions was Crown granted to settlers. There are three volumes of Crown grants registers for the Auckland from 1865 to 1910 (ABWN, 890, W5274) at Archives NZ, Wellington. In addition, LE 1, 31, 1861/206, 69 contains ‘a return of all Crown Grants issued, or in course of preparation, to Native subjects of Her Majesty’ from 1861.

Grants to military and naval settlers It is not clear at this point whether any of the land acquired by the Crown in the 1850s was later granted to military or naval settlers. Given the proximity to the confiscated territory to the North of the Puniu River it is possible that areas around Whaingaroa Harbour were granted in this way. This needs checking. BAAZ 4708, 1a, Archives NZ, Auckland is a file that relates to New Zealand [Army] pensioners pre-emption selections [of land] from 1853 to 1856.

54 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Links and overlaps with other casebook research There is potential for overlap with O’Malley’s political engagement report for the 1840- 1863 period. It is intended to avoid overlap by limiting the scope of this chapter to the particular transactions between hapu and iwi and the Crown over land and resources. The focus of the research will be on questions about the motivations, intentions and understandings of each party with regard to the nature of these transactions, in particular what these transactions can tell us about the nature and extent of Maori authority over lands and resources in this period. There will also be a practical emphasis on how the land was disposed of after the transactions were completed and how Native reserves were created, and administered. O’Malley’s report may be drawn on to inform this chapter and a limited amount of material may be summarised from it for context.

Existing research ƒ Evelyn Stokes’ book on Mokau briefly covers the Awakino, Mokau, Taumatamaire and Rauroa transactions. Appendix 1 of her book has copies of Turton’s deeds for all four purchases plus the deed plans. Also appended are original ownership lists (including minors and their trustees) for the Native reserves in these blocks; ƒ Berghan block narrative provide the basic facts of all the Crown-Maori transactions identified so far but the narratives do not explore issues around Maori authority; and ƒ A number of research reports for other inquiries provide an overview of 1840s-1850s Crown policy on land purchasing.

Research needed ƒ An account of early Crown contact in the district, especially by Donald McLean as Protector of Aborigines and Inspector of Police in Taranaki in the 1840s; ƒ Summary of Crown purchasing policy and practice from secondary sources; ƒ Supplementary primary research on Crown purchasing policy and practice in the inquiry district in the 1840s-1850s; ƒ Summary of Berghan’s narratives for each transaction between hapu and iwi and the Crown in the district;

55 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Primary research to clarify the number and nature of these transactions, especially around the Whaingaroa Harbour; ƒ Primary research into the negotiations for each transaction and their outcome; ƒ Primary research into the creation and history of the Native reserves in each transaction; and ƒ Primary research into the disposal of land from these transaction.

Time and resources required The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are calculated based on 5 full-time days per week.

Task Time estimated (days)

Primary research for account of early Crown contact 6

Summary of Crown purchasing policy and practice from 5 secondary sources

Supplementary primary research on Crown purchasing policy 4 and practice in the inquiry district

Summary of Berghan’s narratives for each transaction 4

Supplementary primary research to clarify the number and 7 nature of these transactions

Primary research into the negotiations for each transaction and 10 their outcome

Primary research into the creation and history of the Native 5 reserves in each transaction

Primary research into the disposal of land from these transaction 10

Total estimate time for research and writing up first draft 51 days (10 weeks & 1 day)

56 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Possible research assistance projects ƒ Collecting Crown purchase deeds and maps and providing an analysis of price paid, reserves set aside and some comment on consistence of te reo and English terms used in the deeds; ƒ Locate and copy all Native reserves schedules and provide an analysis of which reserves from this district are shown and what happened to them; ƒ Locate and copy all NZ gazette notices for land in these transactions; and ƒ Using the Crown grants registers in Archives NZ, Auckland, trace any land granted to settlers or Maori within the areas involved in these transactions

57 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 7: Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District: Boundaries in the Northern Area

, { " .'

" , ', .. .,, ~_J . ,

R.ihny Aen

r,,::,:; ;\- orfhun bound.,), of th. Roh.po, •• (A.,.. ) Block. 1886 I: .... - Ar.. p~r

58 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Chapter 3: The introduction of new land legislation and the Native Land Court to the district, 1865-1886

Introduction

This chapter identifies research issues around how hapu and iwi used and controlled their land both inside and outside the aukati in the period from 1865 to 1886 and how Crown authority and actions influenced this. It begins by describing this period and then goes on to define what the focus of this research should. This discussion is followed by an overview of sources that will assist in examining these issues. The chapter finishes by assessing the existing research and indicating where further research should be concentrated. It also gives a preliminary indication of the time this research will take and indicates whether there are tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant.

Discussion

This chapter of the main report will pick up the research on land issues at 1866 and to cover the period up to 1886 when the RohePotae (Aotea) block came before the Native Land Court for the first time. The period begins in the aftermath of the war and confiscation in the Waikato district. This report will not deal with those topics, as they are the subjects of separate reports to be completed by Vincent O’Malley.

The Native Land Court had been established under the Native Lands Acts 1862 and 1865. This legislation and the creation of the court heralded a major change in the way that the Crown dealt with Maori land. It provided the basic legal framework for the investigation and determination of title to Maori land and over time came to apportion shares in that title to individuals. At around the same time, from about 1866 until the Rohe Potae agreement in 1883 the central King Country remained largely autonomous, controlled by the King movement. This autonomy maintained by the revival and extension of an ‘ancient aukati that had once apparently regulated movement between Te Arawa and Waikato across the Patetere plains.’49 In practice this meant that Europeans seeking

49 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 7

59 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 access to the district required what was effectively a visa, issued under the authority of the Maori King. The district remained beyond the authority of the Settler State and government diplomatic entry into the district was limited.50 As a result the Native Land Court did not operated within the aukati until 1886. However, by the 1870s, the Native Land Court was operating around the edges of the King Country district and by the early 1880s was gradually whittling away the outer boundaries. Courts were sitting in the Waikato district to the north, in the Taupo area in the east, and in Whanganui to the south.51 As a result the court began to investigate title to some of the blocks in these areas prior to 1883. So hapu and iwi living in those areas, and possibly people within the aukati itself, had direct experience of the court before it began hearing evidence relating to the ownership of the RohePotae (Aotea) block in 1886.

The land research for this period provides an opportunity to compare what was happening outside the aukati, which was not barred to the court, with what was happening in the aukati. Within this general framework the research will need to focus on two interconnected matters. Firstly, we are interested in what leases and other arrangements with Europeans over land and resources inside and outside the aukati can tell us about the way that Maori were able to control, manage and use their land/resources for traditional purposes and to engage with new economic opportunities. Secondly, research should examine the nature and extent of hapu, iwi and individual practical experience of the Native Land Court. The connections between these two matters should be explored. For example, the reasons why particular groups or individuals engaged with the court and what the impact of the court’s processes and the title it granted for land had on the ability of Maori communities and individuals to control, manage and use their land and associated resources will need to be addressed. This research will then assist in understanding ongoing attitudes amongst Rohe Potae Maori to the court and to land title in the period after 1883 (discussed in the following two chapters).

50 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 7-8 51 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 11

60 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Before research for this chapter can begin it will be necessary to define which areas of the inquiry district lie outside the aukati, and were excluded from the RohePotae (Aotea) block, which was first dealt with by the court in 1886. In the south of the inquiry district, the Mohakatino-Paraninihi and Mokau-Mohakatino blocks were dealt with by the court in 1882, and hence were excluded from the 1886 Aotea block. On the eastern side of the inquiry district are two blocks, Mareroa and Ketemaringi, which were included in the Tauponuiatia block (the eastern area of the Rohe Potae as defined in the1883 petition).52

The largest areas of the inquiry district that lie outside the Aotea block are in the north of the inquiry district. The northern boundary of the block cuts through the peninsula between the Kawhia and Aotea Harbours. About half of this northern area outside the aukati were acquired by the Crown in transactions during the 1850s. Berghan indicates that these areas were the Karioi, Ruapuke, Wharauroa and Whaingaroa blocks they are all locate between Aotea and Whaingaroa Harbours (see figure 7). The remainder of this northern area can be divided into the following four types of land:

1) Land that lay within the Waikato confiscated zone, parts of which was returned to Maori in individual grants by the Compensation Court in 1866. This includes the southern part of the Te Akau block, north of Whaingaroa Harbour and areas north of the Punui River (see the areas dotted area on figure 1); 2) Land which fell outside the Aotea block but was included in the 1884 railway area (the Crown’s pre-emption zone). These blocks are the Aotea South and Moerangi/Matakowhai blocks; 3) Small blocks of land on the northern shore of the Aotea Harbour which lies outside the Aotea block and 1884 railway area. These blocks: Manuaitu, Tahere, Rahinui, Te Rete, Oioroa, Rauriri, Raoraokauere, Tauranga and Te Pahi; and 4) Blocks of land that appears to have been excluded from or created later from blocks purchased by the Crown prior to 1865. These blocks: Whaanga, Te Kopua, Te Papahua, Rakaunui, Takapaunui and Ohiapopko (see figure 7).

52 Te Heuheu Tukino Horonuku and others made a separate application to the court on 31 October 1885. As a result of this application the Native Land Court began sitting at Taupo on 14 January 1886 to investigate

61 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

In addition, research should consider the activities of the Native Land Court, leasing and purchasing in the wider area which is now considered to be Waikato proper, particularly the Pukekura-Maungatautari district, in such blocks as Pukekura, Puahue/Puahoe, Ngamoko No.2 and Maungatautari, between 1866 and 1886.

For the area outside the aukati, a range of questions is suggested by research in other inquiry district. These include the extent to which hapu and iwi leased land in these areas to Europeans? What does the nature of those arrangements tell us about the nature of Maori authority over land/resources in this period? For example were these arrangements negotiated by rangatira on behalf of hapu or whanau, or did individuals have control of certain areas of land and negotiate alone with Europeans? If there was a degree of individualism, to what extent did individuals still require the consent of hapu or whanau to deal with the land/resources? Did these arrangements work smoothly? If there were conflicts over leases/resource arrangements what were their nature, who were they amongst and how were they resolved?

What motivated hapu, iwi and individuals with land outside the aukati to go to the court? Were conflicts a factor in individuals, hapu or iwi making applications to the court to have the title of blocks outside the aukati investigated before 1883? Or were there other constraints imposed by the Crown on leasing of Maori land and resource licenses for timber, coal and gold on Maori land that made seeking a title from the court attractive? For those hapu and iwi whose land outside the aukati was investigated by the court, what was the nature of the title the court provided? In what way did it change the way in which communities and individuals could exercise authority over their lands/resources? Did the new form of title enable Maori to take advantage of new economic opportunities, and on what terms – as communities or as individuals? Or did new forms of title cause any problems or disadvantages for hapu, iwi or individuals in using and controlling their land/resources in this period? What was the nature and extent of protections against land alienation provided by Maori land legislation? If comparisons are possible, how did land-

title to lands in the Tauponuiatia block (Waitangi Tribunal, Pouakani Report, 1993, p 116)

62 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 use and land development vary between lands inside of the aukati and lands outside of it which had and had not passed through the court?

The situation inside the aukati before 1883 requires further research, to the extent that the research should describe the nature and extent of leasing and other resource arrangements between hapu and iwi and Europeans within the aukati. What can these arrangements tell us about the way in which hapu, iwi and individuals were exercising their authority over land and resources and the European’s involved? Were these purely commercial transactions or did they have an element of a broader relationship about them?

It is likely that at least some hapu and iwi within the aukati were drawn into filing applications with and appearing before the court in cases where other groups had already applied to have the title of the block investigated. How did the experience of defending their customary interests against those of the original applicant differ from cases where they entered the court in order to obtain a title so they could lease or otherwise use their land? What impact did these different experiences have on the attitude of various hapu- iwi towards allowing the court to adjudicate on lands within the Rohe Potae itself? What experiences of the court on the margins of the aukati influenced the attitudes towards the court system by those involved in the 1883 Rohe Potae petition?

In 1882 the Crown began laying out a township at Kawhia on about 44 acres of land that had been Crown-granted, presumably before the wars as a result of an early purchase. In about 1880, the then Premier, John Hall, purchased the site at auction.53 It is not entirely certain where this land was located, or whether it lies just inside or just outside the aukati line. Were hapu and iwi consulted about the plans to build a township at Kawhia and to open the harbour? Was an agreement reached over the matters between hapu and iwi and the Crown? Did the arrival of the armed constabulary in October 1883 and their continued presence signal a break down in that agreement or an act of force on the part of

53 Marr, Te Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 18-19

63 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 the Crown?54 If the Crown’s actions were unilateral, was there any recognition amongst hapu and iwi that their loss of control of the land, which became the site for a township, was not what they had intended when they originally enter a transaction over the land prior to the wars?

Approach

Sources This is perhaps the most difficult period of the nineteenth century to research in this district. One of the consequences of the restrictions on government officials and most Europeans entering the Rohe Potae during this period is that there were no Crown officials reporting to the government from within the aukati. Those officials in nearby locations such as Kihikihi, Te Awamutu, Cambridge and Raglan were only able to gather intelligence from Maori who had visited and returned from within the aukati, or report rumours and hearsay. This leaves an incomplete documentary record on which to rely.

The Maori Land Court material, minutes, block and correspondence files, coupled with newspaper accounts will indicate which land outside the aukati passed through the court and who was involved. However, statements by Maori about their experience of the court, why they attended or made applications to the court and what concerns that had about its operation and its impact on their authority over their land and resources will be more difficult to locate. It is expected that examples of leasing and other arrangements between hapu and iwi and Europeans will be the most difficult to find, particularly for the area inside the aukati. Although specific research into this period should be conducted, it is likely that small but important pieces of information will continue to be uncovered when researching the 1886-1890 period (covered in the next chapter), particularly where these earlier arrangments are described in subsequent court hearings in relation to the

54 Tawhaio certainly continued to voice his protest about the occupation of Kawhia by troops until at least 1887. (AHJR 1885, A-2, No. 3 and enclosure, ‘Despatches from Secretary of State to the Governor: Copy of letter from Tawhiao and others to Imperial Govt. Complaint over taking land and entering Kawhia; AJHR 1886, A-1, No. 15, ‘Despatches from Governor to the Secretary of State: Tawhiao letter to Jervois. Complaints about Govt abuse of Treaty, particular reference to Kawhia’; AJHR 1887, A-2, No. 9, ‘Despatches from the Secretary of State to the Governor: Correspondence between Tawhiao and Gorst. Calling of Government behaviour oppressive. Reference to soldiers stationed at Kawhia.’)

64 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 lands. Therefore some addition time will be needed to re-evaluate this chapter once they have been collected together.

Sources relating to Maori use, management and control of land/resource There are annual reports from the Resident Magistrate at Raglan and at the Native Agent at Alexandria (later Pirongia) throughout the 1870s and early 1880s. These provide insights into the activities of the Native Land Court in the district but also often mention Maori economic activities and should be searched for any mention of transactions between hapu and iwi over land and resources. There is also a report by Alexander Mackay on the state of the Waikato district from 1868 LE series 1, Archives NZ, Wellington. There is a general report on ‘Native’ matters by the Resident Magistrate at Raglan in 1879 (AJHR 1879, G-1c). AJHR also contains census reports and some statistics of Maori population for the Waikato, Raglan, Kawhia and Taupo regions for 1878, 1881 – these are briefer but may provide some insight into economic activities and leasing etc. The CFRT index and document bank of newspaper clippings should be check for the period from 1865 to 1883. It is expected that the work being carried out by Barclay and Marr on political engagement will uncover sources that give details of Maori economic activity, the way that it was organised and what arrangements were being made between hapu and iwi and Europeans in the district.

A few miscellaneous records of leases of Maori land in the district have survived amongst settler’s papers. These include: • a folder containing original leases of some 10 Maori land blocks no date, Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum); • Papers of Edward Metcalf Smith about coal and limestone deposits in the Mokau district and the utilisation of iron sand deposits, 1870-1965 (Pukeariki, New Plymouth); • STOCKMAN, George – Copy of Deed, dated 15 June 1887, of a memorandum of agreement between the aboriginal Natives of New Zealand and George Stockman of Tikorangi for access to lands on the northern side of the River Mokau for the prospecting and mining of minerals, dated 7 December 1881 (Pukeariki, New Plymouth);

65 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

• STOCKMAN, George – An agreement for the sale and purchase of coal delivered at the Mokau River between George Stockman and Te Huia, Te Rira, Te Hapa, Te Aira, Mareikuia and others, dated February 1885 (Pukeariki, New Plymouth); • ATKINS, Fred – A memorandum of agreement regarding a gold mining partnership between Fred Atkins of Taranaki, Alexander Gilmour of Waitara and Henry Phillips of Mokau. Dated 18 February 1884 and witnessed by Thomas Finch (Pukeariki, New Plymouth); • There are a small number of files in the Maori Land Court (BBOP series 4309) files at Archives NZ, Auckland that contain letters from Henry Falwasser and from the ‘Ngatitamaniu Tribe’ regarding a ‘copy Deed of Mortgage to Queen’ for land at Raglan in 1874. Henry Falwasser was the publisher of the Auckland Times from 1842-1846.55 There is also an 1873 Auckland Provincial Government file (AP 2/3, 401/73) regarding the Puketutu lease; and • The Auckland entrepreneur, J C (Josiah Clifton) Firth was leasing land in the King Country during the 1860s and 1870s. His correspondence for 1865-1874 is available at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington (MS-Papers 5059-16). It is also possible that the papers of the Resident Magistrate in the Waikato, William Nicholas Searancke contain cases of disputes between Maori and between Maori and Europeans over leases or other arrangements. These may reveal something of the understanding of the parties about the agreement and indicate the extent to which Maori authority was able to cope with changing economic opportunities. The Alexander Turnbull Library holds his correspondence from 1847 to 1887. The Hamilton City Library holds his correspondence from 1856-1883 and from 1886-1904. They hold his diaries for 1880 and 1884.

There are several files in the BBOP 4309 series at Archives NZ, Auckland that appear to relate to applications to the court or to the sale of land. All contain letters by Maori that possibly refer to land being offered by them or others for sale prior to or at the time of the 1883 Rohe Potae agreement. These include:

55 National Library electronic catalogue entry for Auckland Times

66 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ BBOP, 4309, 6a-525, 1876/1272 - From: Horomona Wahanui, Raglan - Subject: Giving the boundaries of certain lands for publication (1876) ƒ BBOP, 4309, 7a-107, 1876/2067 - From: Te Reti Ngataki, Alexandra - Subject: Enclosing list of lands and wishing it to be printed (1876) ƒ BBOP, 4309, 11a-11, 1883/228 - From: Tamehana Te Angatoheroa, Kopua- Subject: Applying to have it withdrawn Kakepuku (1883). There are a number of reports and letters between Crown officials regarding the re- opening of Kawhia Harbour in AJHR from as early as 1873, but particularly in 1883 and 1884 and in the British Parliamentary Papers. There are also a series of letters in AJHR 1885-1887 of complaint from Tawhaio and others about the Crown’s acquisition of land there and the presence of the armed constabulary (these are all listed in the bibliography). The CFRT newspaper index and document bank also provides some accounts of these events.

The Alexander Turnbull Library holds some photographs of the armed constabulary at Kawhia in 1883 and a series of images showing a powhiri for Governor Sir William Jervois and his party at Kawhia. The photographs show a scene by a house, where a group of Maori are seated under the verandah with the Governor and his group seated outside on the right. According to information with the photographs the photographs were taken by William Williams on Friday, 14 March 1884. The guests arrived on the S. S. Hinemoa at 4pm and left at 6pm. Those present included Lady Jervois, Miss A Jervois, Reverend W Jervois, Miss A Richmond, and Major C V Eccles. They were welcomed by chiefs from Ngati Hikairo (Hone Te One, Hone Wetere, and Pikia) and Ngati Haua (Tetahi Rahi), and by Tiki Taimona.

Sources relating to engagement with the Native Land Court It should be possible to trace applications made to the court prior to 1883. Archives NZ, Wellington holds a contains a court application register for the period 1869 to 1900 and Archives NZ, Auckland have a file labelled ‘Native Land Court Applications’ for the 1880-1884 period. The BBOP series 4309 files at Archive NZ, Auckland contain a number of inquiries to the court in 1883 and 1884 about applications, claims to and possible hearing of certain blocks of land.

67 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

The electronic Maori Land Court Minute Book database for the period before 1913 has been searched for all known blocks within the inquiry district and can provide the dates and details of hearings for each block and the minute book references. A search of archives files has located files with dates in this period. Some of these blocks lie just outside the inquiry district but hapu and iwi within the inquiry district most likely held customary interests in them. These files relate to the following blocks outside the aukati (excluding 1850s ‘purchase’ blocks):

ƒ Karamu; ƒ Kawhia (pt inside and pt outside); ƒ Maungatautari; ƒ Raoraokauere; ƒ Te Rape; ƒ Waiharakeke; and ƒ Whaingaroa Homesteads.

There are also files relating to blocks inside the aukati which indicates that some applications or inquires were made to the court about them before1883. These applications were potentially a significant factor in the application for the RohePotae (Aotea) block. There is some suggestion that the Tauponuiatia application was made to avoid a situation where the court heard many individual applications to lands within it.

These files relate to the following blocks: ƒ Awaroa; ƒ Kopua (unsure whether Pirongia or Raglan); ƒ Mangamahoe; ƒ Mangawhero (unsure whether at Kawhia or Ototohanga); ƒ Mangoira; ƒ Puketarata; ƒ Tapuwahine; ƒ Waikaukau; and Wharepuhunga.

68 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

The Ngatikauwahata Claims Commission in 1881 dealt with a number of blocks in the Pukekura-Maungatautari district, north of the Punui River. Both the report and minutes of evidence should be considered.

Links and overlaps with other casebook research ƒ It is not intended to deal with the rise of the Kingitanga, the war or confiscation as these will be dealt with fully by O’Malley in his political engagement report for 1840- 1863 and in his report on war and raupatu. These reports will assist the researcher in understanding the broader political context of the period and may be drawn on for a limited amount to contextual material. ƒ Barclay and Marr will cover political relationships between hapu and iwi and the Crown in this period in their political engagement report, 1860-1913. The land research will focus instead on the extent and nature of Maori practical experience of the court, and of leasing or entering other arrangements with Europeans over land and resources inside and outside the aukati. However Barclay and Marr’s research will assist the researcher in understanding broader concerns and inter-hapu/inter-iwi relationships throughout this time. A small amount of material from that report may be used as context. ƒ A separate report on the history of the Mokau-Parininihi and Mokau-Mohakatino blocks has been commissioned. Therefore, it is proposed to discuss these blocks only in terms of what they reveal about experience of court of hapu/iwi inside the aukati prior to 1883. Summarizing Stokes’ account of the court hearings of each of these blocks can do this.

Existing research ƒ There is very little existing research about the Rohe Potae in this period when it was functioning as an ‘autonomous’ state behind the aukati. Marr’s first Rohe Potae Rangahaua Whanui report devotes just a page to this period, but does provide some mention of early leases both inside and outside the aukati. Alan Ward’s ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto research report does not make any significant comment on this period.

69 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

However, both these reports have small but useful sections about the attempts to reopen Kawhia Harbour and the establishment of a township there. ƒ This relative lack of existing research suggests that considerable new research will be needed for period, much of it based on primary sources. It should be noted that some sources will need to be handled cautiously. Many of the missionaries and officials including Resident Magistrate’s and District Officer’s reporting on the district were actually stationed outside the aukati in places like Raglan, Alexandria, Te Awamutu, Kihikihi and Cambridge and did not have first hand knowledge of what was happening inside the aukati.

Research needed ƒ Primary research on leases and other arrangements between hapu & iwi and Europeans from 1865-1883 inside and outside the aukati from sources discussed above; ƒ Summary of secondary sources on the reopening of Kawhia Harbour; ƒ Supplementary primary research on the reopening of Kawhia Harbour; ƒ Summary of existing research on Native land legislation and its impact on the nature of the title provided by the court from secondary sources, 1865-1883; ƒ Summarise Parsonson’s article on the giving of evidence in the Native Land Court; ƒ Identify and document blocks outside the aukati that went through the Native Land Court prior to 1883; ƒ Primary research into applications and other inquiries to the court for land inside the aukati prior to 1886.

Other reports that should be commissioned ƒ Separate report on the history of the land returned by the Compensation Court in the Te Akau block and in the area of Ngaroto, Pukekawa, Mangapiko and Puniu Parishes north of the Punui River (dotted area on Te Rohe Potae inquiry boundary map in figure 1). ƒ For the Te Akau block there is a notable source:

70 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Report and evidences given before the Te Akau Commission (1904) A royal commission into the Te Akau block was held in 1904 in response to the petitions from Honana Maioha and of Tuaiwa Ngatipare complaining about the decision of the Native Appellate Court in 1894. The commissioners appointed to the inquiry were Henry Alfred Home Munro and James Mackay, both commissioners in the Compensation Court that heard claims for the return of confiscated land in the Waikato in 1866.

The Te Akau commissioners heard evidence at Mercer from 6th to the 13th of April 1904 and at Ngaruawahia from the 14th to the 28th April 1904. The report of the commission sets out the history of the Te Akau block, it notes that the block was confiscated under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863. As a result those with interests in the block appeared before the Compensation Court at Port Waikato in February 1866. The block was then apportioned between the Crown and the 77 owners that the court deemed to be loyal (there were also 44 ‘rebel owners). At the request of those owners, application was made to ‘have a Crown grant issued to fourteen of their number in trust to divide the land among themselves and the other owners’ so that they could lease the land to settlers. This did not happen, and eventually a single Crown grant was issued to 87 owners of the Ngatitahinga and Tainui, and Honana Maioha of the Ngatimahuta on 23 October 1874.

There was a further Native Land Court hearing in 1891 where the block was subdivided into 19 pieces and the relative interests of the owners were ascertained. This subdivision was unacceptable to some of the Tainui owners who applied for a rehearing of the case. The matter was reheard in the Native Appellate Court at Raglan from 12 to 20 June 1894. As a result the 1891 partitions were overturned and the block was re-partitioned into three: Te Akau No. 1 (600 acres), Te Akau No. 2 (28,152 acres) and Te Akau No. 3 (61,608 acres). In 1897, Te Akau No. 3 was partitioned into 3A and 3B.

The 1904 Te Akau block commissioner made recommendations which adjusted the boundaries between blocks 1, 2 & 3 between Honana Maioha and Tainui, and between the Tainui and Ngatitahinga. Petitions relating to the Te Akau block can be found in Jamie Mitchell’s spreadsheet and document bank of petitions.

71 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Correspondence files at Archives New Zealand There are also a large number of pieces of correspondence re Te Akau in the BBOP 4309, 4a-series, Archives NZ, Auckland from 1873 and 1874. Also notes on compensation court hearings for Te Akau in 1866 (BBOP A52, 25/56).

Time and resources required The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are calculated based on 5 full-time days per week.

Task estimate time (days) Primary research on leases and other arrangements inside and outside the aukati: ƒ Annual reports from the district (AJHR) 3 ƒ Maori population census reports 1878 & 1881 1 (AJHR) 1 ƒ Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document 3 bank) 8 ƒ Manuscript sources related to leases 3 ƒ Searancke papers 5 ƒ Miscellaneous archives files ƒ Drafting this section of the chapter Summary of secondary sources on the reopening of 1 Kawhia Harbour Supplementary primary research on the reopening of Kawhia Harbour: ƒ Reports and correspondence in AJHR 2 ƒ Reports and correspondence in BPP 2 ƒ Newspapers sources (CFRT index and document 1 bank)

72 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Photographs 1 ƒ Drafting this section of the chapter 5 Summary of Native land legislation and its impact on the 2 nature of the title provided by the court, 1865-1883 Summarise Parsonson’s article on the giving of evidence 1 in the Native Land Court Identify blocks outside the aukati that went through the Native Land Court prior to 1883 and document Maori experience of those hearings: ƒ Maori Land Court minute book index 1 ƒ Maori Land Court Minute Books 10* ƒ Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document 1 bank) ƒ Drafting this section of the chapter 7

Primary research into applications and other inquiries to the court for land inside the aukati prior to 1883: ƒ Annual reports of the district officers 2 ƒ Native Land Court applications registers, 1865-1883 2 ƒ Correspondence file re applications, 1880-1884 1 ƒ Survey office files for blocks where early 3 applications were made (BAAZ files, Archives NZ, Auck) 5 ƒ Drafting this section of the chapter Total estimate time to research and draft this chapter 71 days (14 weeks & 1 day) * NB: Includes additional time, as many of these are handwritten and difficult to decipher.

73 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Possible research assistance projects ƒ Go through the Searancke papers and extract any evidence of cases where the Resident Magistrate dealt with disputes between Maori or between Maori and Europeans over leases or other arrangements; and ƒ Using the court applications registers put all details of applications to the court into spreadsheets for areas inside and outside the aukati and provide a summary of who filed these applications and why and anything that is known about how they were subsequently dealt with by the Crown.

74 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Chapter 4: The Native Land Court system in Te Rohe Potae, 1886-1890

Introduction

This chapter set out some of the research issues that will need to be explored in a discussion of hapu and iwi engagement with the Native Land Court system and its impact on their ability to exercise authority over their land and resources in the period. The chapter will cover the period from the court’s first hearing of the RohePotae (Aotea) block in 1886 to the formal beginning of the Crown’s land purchasing programme in the district in1890. A discussion of the sources available to address these issues follows. The chapter ends by identifying existing research that could be utilised and assessing what further research is required. Preliminary indications of the how long this research will take and which tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant are included.

Discussion

This chapter is not intended to outline the Rohe Potae agreement of 1882-1883, nor how the Native Land Court came to be operating inside the area formerly restricted by the aukati. Cathy Marr and Don Loveridge have done that elsewhere, and these topics will be the subject of Barclay and Marr’s political engagement report for this inquiry.56 That report will help to inform research on that period and some material from that report may be summarised and provide context for the issues that the land research will explore. The focus of the land research in this report will be on how the Native Land Court operated in the inquiry district. In particular it will ask to what extent that process affected the nature of the authority hapu and iwi were able to exercise over their lands and resources, and to what extent they were able to resist the activities of the court and the acquisition of that land?

56 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1; Marr, ‘The Waimarino Purchase Report: The investigation, purchase and creation of reserves in the Waimarino block, and associated issues’, 2004, Wai 903, #A60; Donald Loveridge, ‘The Crown and the Opening of the King Country, 1882-1885’, Wai 1130, #A72

75 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

With regard to the Rohe Potae agreement, it is sufficient to note here that during 1882 and 1883 hapu and iwi leaders and government officials reached a series of understandings or agreements collectively known as the ‘Rohe Potae’ or ‘Aotea’ agreement.57 In June 1883 a petition on behalf of an alliance of five tribes: Ngati Maniapoto, Ngati Raukawa, Ngati Tuwharetoa, Whanganui and Ngati Hikairo, was presented to Parliament. It asked that they be able amongst themselves to ‘fix the boundaries of the four tribes mentioned, the hapu boundaries in each tribe, and the proportionate claim of each individual within the boundaries set forth.’58 This desire eventual led to an application by an alliance to the Native Land Court to have the external boundary of the Rohe Potae surveyed. In response to this petition the Crown passed several pieces of legislation relating to the administration of Maori land and the control of liquor in the district. In particular, the Native Committees Act 1883 made provision for Native committees to be elected and gave them some power to investigate matters relating to land title and report to the Native and court on them. The Kawhia Native Committee chaired by John Ormsby was active in the district from 1884.59

However, when the Native Land Court began sitting in Kihikihi, and later in Otorohanga in June 1886 it was to determine the boundaries of the Aotea block (approximately 1,844,780 acres), a much more limited area than had been intended by hapu and iwi who submitted the 1883 petition. 60 A search of the index to the Maori Land Court Minute Books indicates that five blocks: Korakonui, Te Taharoa, Te Awaroa, Kawhia, Kaipiha were created by the court on 4 October 1886 with the remainder of the surveyed block becoming known as the ‘RohePotae’ (Aotea) block.61 ‘Within two years, by 1888, the Native Land Court had also begun hearings on internal divisions within the Rohe Potae (Aotea) Block.’62

57 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 20 58 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 22-23 and Cathy Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, pp 111-113 59 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 23-24 60 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 46 61 Otorohanga Maori Land Court Minute Book No.02 (Waikato Maori Land Court Minute Book No.15), pp 1-70 62 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 46. Alan Ward noted that ‘complex claims and counter-claims also focused on Kawhia Harbour … On 20 October 1886 [Judge] Mair found for N’Maniapoto and N’Hikairo while recognising that a section of Waikato (‘Kiwi’s people’) had acquired ownership rights there. (‘Kiwi’ had

76 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

The focus of research for the period 1886 to 1890 will be on questions such as to what extent did hapu and iwi expressed a need for a new form of title to assist in retaining control of land and resources by leasing? What role did hapu and iwi see for themselves and for the Native Land Court in providing that title? In particular, the research should consider what hapu and iwi understood they had agreed to with regard to how the court would operate in the district? In what ways and to what extent would they be able to control the court process, its outcomes and the impact of its decisions? This should be measured against the reality of what level of control they were able to gain and to what extent this was sustained over the period. How did the court move from hearing the RohePotae (Aotea) block to consideration of its subdivisions and to what extent did this reflect the wishes of hapu and iwi?

It will also be important to consider the nature and extent of the preparations the Crown made for purchasing between 1886 and 1890 and hapu and iwi responses to these preparations. The impact of the type of title provided by the court will be dealt with in the next chapter when evaluating its effect on the ability of hapu and iwi to retain, use and manage their land and resources in the face of the Crown’s programme of land purchasing.

Existing research indicates that iwi leaders in the greater Rohe Potae favoured taking advantage of economic opportunities by leasing rather than selling land. It will be important to explore the impact that the prohibitions on dealing with Maori land in the 1884 railway area had on the ability of Maori communities to enter leases and other arrangements over land and resources. Where hapu and iwi and Europeans entered into leases and other resource arrangements, how were these managed and what can that tell us about the nature of Maori authority in the district by the 1880s? To what extent had this authority devolved to the Native Committee and how did their authority over these arrangements relate to that of the hapu or whanau with traditional authority over the land purported to sell 20,000 acres to John Cowell in 1840 …) Mair made orders for various named portions in the NE of the Aotea block in favour of the claimant’s ‘and such members of Waikato as can prove they or their elders were in occupation about the year 1840’. The balance of the Rohe Potae was ‘to issue in favour

77 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 or resource? What was the government’s position on leasing in this district at this time? Existing research indicates that in the early 1880s there was support amongst government officials for Maori preferences to lease land. But by the mid-1880s financial pressures on the government and pressure from settlers seem to have increasingly persuaded governments towards a policy of outright purchasing rather than encouraging the leasing of Maori land. 63 Research should explore the circumstances around this change of policy with particular attention to the Rohe Potae. In particular the researcher should examine hapu and iwi and Crown desires, intentions and understandings over the extent to which leasing of Maori land to Europeans could continue and be formalised in the inquiry district. The research should document Maori aspirations for the continuation and expansion of leasing land to settlers and what Crown officials said about the place of leasing in their vision of how the King Country would be opened up to settlement. The researcher should also consider the impact of Crown attitudes towards the Kingitanga had on policies and practices relating to leasing, and the place of leasing.

There has been considerable debate in existing research about the extent to which changes to Maori land tenure were needed, how much formal tenure change was necessary, and what form that change should have taken? Could the aspirations of all parties be met within the framework of customary law?64 It is not intended to examine this question in general terms but to test whether the existing interpretations of this question apply in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. For example, Maori in the Rohe Potae seemed to be thriving in the 1850s growing and exporting produce to Auckland and further afield. At least some hapu and whanau were leasing their land productively in the late 1860s-early 1880s period. Given this level of success in using their land and other resources was a new form of title in fact needed? What factors had changed by the 1880s and 1890s to make a new form of title so urgent? Were disputes amongst Maori over interests in land and resources unable to be resolved except by granting a title that could be legally defended? What role did the Native Committee and the court take in this

of the claimants of the five tribes (Alan Ward, ‘‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto: preliminary historical report Wai 48 and related claims’, Wai 903 #A11, pp 79-80) 63 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 48 - 49 64 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 662

78 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 district in terms of resolving these disputes and adjudicating on customary entitlement to land and resources?

The researcher will also need to consider how well the courts decisions over the Aotea block itself and the smaller blocks it created were able to interpret and give effect to the pattern of customary interests in the district. To what extent did they take account of customary mechanisms and principles providing for co-existence, overlapping interests, inclusiveness, flexibility and compromise alongside more clear-cut rights through discovery, ancestry, conquest and long continuous occupation or gift?65 To what extent did the court recognise post-1840 developments such as agreements to vest authority in land with the Kingitanga or the movement of refugees from war?66

Given hapu and iwi expectations, what was the extent and nature of Maori participation, engagement and control of the title determination process? One of the aspects of hapu and iwi engagement with the court was the applications made to the court for title determination of particular areas of land. Of particular interest is the question of what, if any applications were made to the court after the initial application in 1883 to have the title to the whole Rohe Potae block determined? What can the evidence about these applications tell us about how the process of making applications – for title investigation and for survey worked in this inquiry district in the 1870s and 1880s? What decisions were made about which, if any, of these applications should go to hearing in the court, and what was the outcome in these cases? What was the impact of such decisions on those whose applications were not selected? If such applications were made, is there any evidence that the Crown was actively encouraging such applications in order to push forward with the division of the RohePotae (Aotea) block into smaller blocks?67 What factors led to hapu, iwi and individuals in the district to make applications to the court and to what extent can these applications be construed as a rejection of the initial decision to have the external boundary and ownership of the whole block only determined?

65 Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, pp 41-42 66 Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, p 42

79 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

There are a number of issues relating to the ability of hapu and iwi to control the operation of the Native Land Court within the district between 1886 and 1890. One of the questions to be addressed in this chapter will be the authority and practical role of the Native Committee and its relationship with the processes of the court. The committee was established under the provisions of the Native Committees Act 1883 that gave the committee some powers to investigate matters related to land title and report to court regarding those matters. The Kawhia Native Committee, chaired by John Ormsby, was active from 1884 and in May 1886 it met at Kopua to determine who had interests within the Aotea block. 68 Research should examine the motivations of the Crown in establishing the committee system including any connections the policy had specifically to the situation in the Rohe Potae in 1882/1883. National policy background is provided by O’Malley’s book on Maori Committees and Maori autonomy in the nineteenth century and this should be coupled with an examination of the Parliamentary debate around the 1883 Act itself.69 The statutory powers, establishment and operation of the Native committee under the Native Committees Act 1883 in this inquiry district should be discussed in terms of its potential as a means for Maori to retain control over their land. What does the experience of the Kawhia Native Committee tell us about the extent to which they were given real power to determine title? To what extent did the Crown provide a mechanism for managing customary title to enable the land to be leased and used for economic purposes?

In reality the Native committee’s functions were defined in relation to those of the court and connected to the court’s title determination process. This raises a number of questions regarding the nature and operation of Native committees. Firstly, what was the role of the committees in determining title, how well did this work? In other districts the Tribunal has considered that one of the factors that made Native committees less effective was the large area each one covered and committee boundaries did not reflect tribal

67 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 36 - 37 68 Ward, ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto’, 1992, p 79 citing the Waikato Times, 1 May 1886 & Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 23 also see Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, pp 116 – 121 for more details on the evolution of the committee idea in law and for detail of these legislative reforms 69 Vincent O’Malley, Agents of Autonomy: Maori Committees in the Nineteenth Century, Huia Publishers, Wellington, 1998

80 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 rohe.70 It will be interesting to see if hapu and iwi expressed similar concerns about the Kawhia Native Committee and what impact this had on its operation. Existing research suggests that the committees were very active in determining who had customary interests in land and then taking those ownership lists to the court to be validated and translated into title. To what extent did this minimise the problem that were occurring elsewhere where one party’s application to the court resulted in all those with interests being put in a position of having to appear in the court to defend their interests? Was the committee able to reach agreement about customary ownership even where there were competing claims to customary interest? Did the committees continue to be successful in resolving these conflicts? If the committees’ effectiveness declined as time went on, what factors contributed to that?

The role of Maori as applicants and witnesses in the court should be examined more closely. The focus should be on determining how flexible the court’s procedures were and to what extent Maori were able to control the evidence presented and the process by which decisions were made by the court about interests in Maori land. The role and impact of lawyers hired by Maori should be examined. This should include an investigation of the impact of lawyers being barred from the court all together for certain periods. The extent of the Native Assessor’s powers in the court as is evidenced in the RohePotae (Aotea) cases, and their role generally should be considered.71

Although the Native Land Court began dealing with the RohePotae (Aotea) block in 1886, the Crown did not formally begin to purchase land in the district until 1890. The reasons for this delay need to be explored, as does its meaning. To what extent was Te Rohe Potae Maori resistance to selling their interests a factor in this delay? Or were there other causes related to the court’s progress in determining title or in the survey of blocks or in broader land purchasing policy and legislation?

70 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 752 and Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, p 201 71 See Pickens, ‘The Introduction and Operation of the Native Land Court in the Central North Island, Wai 1200, #A78, p 308 & 311-312 and Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, p 41 for discussion on Native Assessors

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According to the report of the 1907 Stout-Ngata Commission, the Crown began its purchasing of Maori land in the RohePotae (Aotea) block in 1892 and by 1900 purchasing had practically ceased, aside from competing purchases already underway. This was a brief hiatus with the Crown resuming its purchasing in 1906.72 However, there are strong indications that the Crown began setting up its purchasing programme in the district much earlier. Existing research indicates that from 1884 the Government was collecting information for possible purchasing through applications already sent to the court.’ 73 At the same time, the Crown established its pre-emptive right to purchase within the entire Aotea block and beyond by passing the Native Land Alienation Restriction Act 1884, effectively blocking any competition from private buyers. The 1884 Act also made provision for a loan to pay for land purchasing and for the profits of the sale of that land to fund the construction of the Main Trunk Line.

By the time the court began hearings to determine the boundaries of the Aotea block in 1886 Native Land Purchases officers were already active in the district. 74 The process of title determination was very rapidly connected to the Crown’s land purchasing programme. For example, during the 1886 hearing Judge Mair ordered that lists of owners be printed and circulated to chiefs for inspection, but at the same time these lists were also sent to the Native Land Purchase Office and to the Native Minister for their information.75

So given all this preparation for purchasing, why was it 1892 before the first purchases were completed? Although the Crown had reserved its right to purchase and arranged finance for that purchasing in 1884 the economic slowdown of the 1880s may have made purchasing less attractive to the Government. It also appears that attempts to purchase were meet by some resistance by hapu and iwi.76 In any case the Crown was reluctant to

72 Stout Ngata Commission ‘Native Lands in the Rohe-Potae (King Country) District, an interim report, AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 4 73 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 49 74 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 51 75 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 52. Marr notes that owners were aware of this practice and were very reluctant to provide lists until the court forced them to do so. She cites an example of this with regard to the Rangitoto-Tuhua block in 1890 (p 58) 76 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 52

82 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 purchase land before the court had determined what share of the block individuals were entitled to. Acquiring the interests of owners without knowing what proportion of the block they actually held was seen by G T Wilkinson, one of the Crown’s land purchase officers in the district, as a risky venture.77 Many blocks returned to the court in 1888 and 1889 to have shares apportioned to those who had previously been determined as owners. So it was not until the end of 1889 that it became feasible for the Crown to purchasing.’78 There may also have been hesitation on the part of the Crown about which land should be purchased because the route of the railway through the district was still being debated and wasn’t finally confirmed until 1892. 79

Eventually, ‘in June 1889, the Government informed Ngati Maniapoto chiefs that it intended to begin land purchase operations in the district.’ These letters, amongst them separate letters from the Native Minister to Wahanui, Taonui, and Hauauru, indicated that purchasing would begin as soon as the court had ascertained title. Chiefs were asked for their co-operation and assured that by selling their ‘surplus land’ that the land they retained would be ‘greatly increased in value by the progress of settlement upon the area disposed of’. The Minister also made it clear that ‘the Government did not intend to see the owners denuded of their lands and promised that sufficient reserves would be made for them.’80 Returns of land purchased and leased from Maori for 1891 and 1892 show that the first official payments for land within the inquiry district were made between April and November 1890 for land within the Hauturu East No. 3, Mangauika, Oruwhero, Puketarata, Takotokoraha, Waiwhakaata and Wharepuhanga blocks.81

77 See for example AJHR 1890, G-2, No. 4, G T Wilkinson, Native Agent, Otorohanga, to the Under- secretary, Native Department, 19 June 1890 78 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 53 79 Christine Johnson, Ruth Larsen and Kevin Ramshaw (compilers), Main Trunk: Portrait of a Railway, Grantham House, Wellington in association with ONTRACK, 2008, p 34 80 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 52-53 81 AJHR 1891, G-10, p 6 ‘Particulars respecting the Native Lands in the Colony’, and AJHR 1892, G-4, p 5 ‘Lands Purchased & Leased from Natives in the North Island’

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Approach

Sources There are several core sources for examining land issues in the 1886-1890 period in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. These include Berghan’s Block Narratives commissioned for this inquiry district. Primary sources include the minutes of the Native (later Maori) Land Court, Block Order and correspondence files for specific blocks (held at the Maori Land Court in Hamilton or, for some of the blocks in the south of the inquiry district, at the Aotea District Maori Land Court in Wanganui). Archives New Zealand Auckland and Wellington hold many Survey Office and Maori Land Court files for specific blocks in the district. The index to and document bank of newspaper articles compiled for this inquiry should be checked for articles about Native Land Court sittings and meeting of the Native Committee during this period. Annual reports by Officers in Native Districts will provide material about the court’s activities and hapu and iwi engagement with them as well as possible mentions of leasing, resource arrangements and Maori economic activity. The reports by enumerators taking a census of Maori population in the district in 1886 and 1891 may also provide similar material.

Leasing and other resource arrangements, 1886-1890 The letterbook of the Kawhia Native Committee, part of the Ormsby papers held at the Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum, contains a number of copies of invoices sent to settlers for rent on businesses built on Maori land. The book also contains letters discussing requests by settlers to prospect for gold etc. for the period from 1884 to 1889. J J Mitchell’s Excel spreadsheet indexing petitions from hapu and iwi in the district (Wai 898, #A9) includes several about leases and timber licences (these are listed in the bibliography). The evidence given by Maori, settlers and Crown officials to the Commision to inquire into the subject of the Native Land Laws (the Rees-Carroll commission) in 1891 will need to be checked for any reference to leases and other arrangements between hapu and iwi and Europeans, and any indications of difficulties faced and what their causes were. Hearings at Cambridge on 24 and 25th March 1891, Otorohanga on 15 April 1891 seem to be those most relevant to Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. However, a quick scan of some of the evidence given by Pakeha witnesses at

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Auckland hearing indicates discussion of the King Country so these sections need searching as well. The evidence from Pakeha witnesses at Cambridge on 25 March and at Otorohanga should also be examined. There is section containing Correspondence addressed to members of the commission (mostly Pakeha officials and lawyer involved with Maori land) who couldn't attend but give their views in writing. Also in AJHR 1891, G-3 is a submission by Edwards, Otorohanga, on behalf of Ngati Maniapoto making suggestions respecting Native Land Courts and dealings with Native lands. There are some original documents relating to the Rees-Carroll Commission in the MA 73 series at Archives NZ, Wellington. These include minute books and letter books of the commissioners from 1891. Pukeariki Museum, New Plymouth hold an early Lands and Survey Department file labelled ‘Mokau River Harbour and Waterway’ (1884-1901). This includes plans, such as ‘Land on North Bank of Mokau River leased from Natives’, 1899 and may provide other material as well.

The court’s operation in the district - general Archives New Zealand, Wellington holds a number of Maori Affairs Department ‘special files’, the MA 13 series, MA 13/43 and MA 13/78 files (the general files on the King Country) should be searched. These contain early correspondence and records of meetings between rangatira and Crown officials during this period.

The sittings themselves There are considerable quantities of diaries kept by Judge William Gilbert Mair of the Native Land Court. The Auckland War Memorial Museum hold 36 volumes of his diaries from 1876 to 1912 (1877 is missing). Typescripts of these diaries up to 1904 are available at the University of Auckland Library. In addition they hold thirteen volumes of evidence in the land courts, 1883-1891 and an account book containing the return of fees, 1882- 1891.

Aside from the official Maori Land Court minute books there are a number of manuscripts in English and Maori containing minutes and notes from various court sitting, but especially from 1886 hearings into the Aotea block. Of particular note is the Maori scholar, Bruce Bigg’s transcript and notes on portions of vols. 6 and 7 of Judge W

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G Mair’s Native Land Court notebooks, 1883-1891. This is held at the University of Auckland Library. Of equal importance is the Pei Te Hurinui Jones collection at the University of Waikato Library. This also includes Native Land Court notes of Judge W G Mair 1886. Newspaper accounts of hearings often provide detailed accounts of the evidence given. It is possible that the minute books kept by Native Assessors in the court in this district, particular those of Paratene Ngata who was involved in the RohePotae block hearings of 1886, still exist and are being cared for by particular whanau and rangatira.

Native Committee – exercise of Maori authority/control over process and over land & resources The Ormsby family papers at the Alexander Turnbull Library cover the period 1880 to 1984 and papers of the Native Committee (Waikato) from 1884 to 1950s. The Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum has three A4-size hardbound books saved from a fire at the Ormsby house at Otorohanga; these contain records of the Kawhia Native Committee. They also hold John Ormsby’s letterbook, which contains copies of Correspondence from John Ormsby (Hone Omipi) writing as chairman of the Kawhia District Committee, 1884-1905. The University of Waikato Library also have some Ormsby family papers containing Kawhia Native Committee Minutes; record of speeches at tribal hui; notes on Native Land Court hearings, etc from 1884 to 1914.

There are two general files in the MA 23 series at Archives NZ, Wellington that deal with Native Committees in the 1880s and 1890s. They are worth checking for material relevant to this inquiry. Analysis of the statute establishing the committees (and the accompanying Parliamentary debate), available newspaper material, especially in the weeks leading up to court hearings, and discussion of the committees in reports and letters by Crown officials are also likely to be useful.

Preparations for Crown’s purchasing programme (1886-1890) The reports of officers in Native districts published in AJHR discuss the activities of the Land Court (including mentions of survey costs) and land purchasing activities. The papers of W H Grace will be an important source and should be used in conjunction with the MA-MLP files and with the papers of G T Wilkinson discussed below. The

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Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington also has a significant collection of material. This includes: ƒ Letterbooks for 1886-1887 and 1880-1892; ƒ Diaries for 1882, 1884, 1904, 1906; and ƒ Various papers of the Grace family, 1880-1994. A significant volume of correspondence and other papers by G T Wilkinson have survived. These will need to be examined in detail and should provide some important material. The University of Waikato library holds his diaries for 1881. The Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum has a diary for part of 1891 and a notebook for1889. The Auckland War Memorial Museum Library have some Wilkinson papers that include two notebooks, a waiata book, a scrapbook, newspaper cuttings and maps relating to Maori land. The date range of this material is not clear. At the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington there are a number of letters from Wilkinson in 1881 in the correspondence of William Rolleston.

General material National Archives, Wellington hold a large number of files of inward and outward correspondence and circulars received and sent by government departments and agents (see bibliography for list). These include the Governor, Land and Survey Department, Maori Affairs and Maori Affairs-Land Purchasing Departments and the Native Land Court. They are voluminous and time consuming to search (most are not indexed) but they may provide some relevant material. Given the likely time constraints on the research, more specific files should prioritised and if time allows or there are significant gaps still needing to be filled these letterbooks could be searched.

Native Minister, John Ballance’s (Native Minister from August 1884 to October 1887) papers are held by the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington and include his papers from 1875 to 1898.

Links and overlaps with other casebook research ƒ There will obviously be close links with the Barclay and Marr’s political engagement report. However the research for this chapter will deal with any potential overlap by

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concentrating on what happened the ground level in the court between 1886 and 1890, and with the Crown’s preparations for the purchasing of Maori land in the district prior to 1890. The political engagement report will be drawn on to provide evidence about what can be said about the understanding of each party regarding the role of the Native Land Court and of the Native Committees in providing title to Maori land in the district. That report will also assist the research in understanding the wider political context in the district throughout this period. ƒ There is also a strong link to the Cleaver and Sarich’s railways report. This is particularly true for the material on the funding of the railway construction by the Crown’s purchasing and reselling of Maori land in the district. They intend to explore this issue in the context of the impact those activities had on the funding and construction of the line itself. The material they uncover should be used to consider a different question, that is to what extent the railway loans and purchasing of land to fund the construction of the railway drove the Crown’s overall land purchasing programme in the district? One area that the railways report will contribute to this chapter will be in providing evidence about the extent to which the Crown collected information about land quality in explorations and surveys for the railway. The researcher should discuss whether the Crown used this information to deliberately target the most productive land for purchase in the 1880s and 1890s. If so, did this resulted in Maori being left with the poorest quality and least accessible land in the district, which may have had a negative impact on Maori economic opportunities and choices. Once again, the railway report will inform the research on land in the same period and some material from that report may be summarised to form a context for the land research.

Existing research ƒ Three existing pieces of research provide histories of the opening of the Rohe Potae, the activities of the Native Land Court and Crown purchasing in the district from 1882 to 1907. These reports are Cathy Marr’s The Alienation of Maori Land in the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block), 1840-1920, Rangahaua Whanui District 8, Dec 1996 and ‘The Waimarino Purchase Report: The investigation, purchase and creation of

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reserves in the Waimarino block, and associated issues’ (Wai 903 #A60). A further report by Donald Loveridge, ‘The Crown and the Opening of the King Country 1882- 1885’, A report for the Crown Law Office, February 2006, (Wai 1130 #A72) is more narrowly focused on the Rohe Potae agreement negotiations from 1882 to 1885. Marr’s two reports provide a good starting place for understanding the Rohe Potae during the 1886-1890 period. Alan Ward’s early report, ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto’ should not be overlooked, it cites some significant primary sources, especially in relation to the railway negotiations and the Native committees. However, neither of these reports is specifically land focused for the period prior to 1890. ƒ Other secondary sources include the Tribunal’s Pouakani Report, and ‘Te Taumarumarutanga O Ngati Tuwharetoa The Shadow of Ngati Tuwharetoa A Traditional and Oral History Report Nga Korero A Ngati Tuwharetoa’ Wai 903, #A150. However, confidentiality conditions will need to be complied with if this is to be used as a source. ƒ In this report the events covered by the standard histories (Marr, Loveridge etc) are woven around discuss of alliances and relationships between key figures. This forms a useful counterpoint to the reports based primarily on government records. In particular it gives a sense of motivations of Maori actors in this period. However, it is important to be aware that this is a Tuwharetoa perspective, no doubt the perspectives within other iwi are different – these have yet to be place on the Tribunal’s record and will probably emerge later in the casebook. The briefs of evidence of witnesses for Ngati Tuwharetoa, Ngati Hikairo ki Tongariro, Whanganui groups and Ngati Maniapoto in the CNI, National Park and Whanganui inquiries should be explored. There is also evidence from Ngati Maniapoto and Whanganui witnesses on the record of inquiry for the Whanganui inquiry. These should be utilised to capture something of their perspectives. ƒ Berghan’s block narratives for this inquiry document the title history of each block in the inquiry district and will provide the starting point for any discussion of the court’s dealings with particular blocks. Berghan also has a full account of the 1886 RohePotae (Aotea) block hearing, this is particularly useful as it summarises hundreds of pages of court minutes and will allow the researcher to understand the

89 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

whole hearing and locate particular moments in the hearing that they wish to investigate further. Research needed ƒ Primary research into leases and other arrangements between hapu and iwi and Europeans over land and resources; ƒ Summary of Maori land legislation and its impact on the nature of the title provided by the Native Land Court from 1886 to 1890 from secondary sources; ƒ Limited supplementary primary research on 1886-1890 Native land legislation (statutes, regulations and Parliamentary debates) as it relates to Te Rohe Potae lands; ƒ Overview of the activities in the inquiry district from 1886 to 1890 from secondary sources and statistics calculated from Maori Land Court Minute Book database; ƒ Summary of Berghan’s block narrative on the 1886 sittings of the court to determine title to the RohePotae (Aotea Block); ƒ Supplementary primary research about hapu and iwi engagement with the court in the 1886-1890 period; ƒ Summary of secondary sources relating to the delay to the Crown’s purchasing programme; and ƒ Supplementary primary research into the delay to the Crown’s purchasing programme

Time and resources required The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are calculated based on 5 full-time days per week

Task Estimated time (days) Primary research into leases and other arrangements: ƒ Returns of land purchased and leased (AJHR) 2 ƒ Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR) 2 ƒ MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington 4 ƒ Kawhia Native Committee papers 1

90 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Rees-Carroll Commission 1891 – published report and 1 evidence ƒ Rees-Carroll Commission 1891 – archives material 2 ƒ Mokau file at Pukeariki Museum, New Plymouth 1 ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 5 Summary of Maori land legislation and its impact on the 4 nature of the title provided by the court, 1886-1890 Supplementary primary research on 1886-1890 Native land legislation: ƒ Statutes 2 ƒ Regulations 1 ƒ Parliamentary debates 3 ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 5 Overview of the Native Land Court’s activities in the inquiry district from 1886 to 1890: ƒ Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR) 2 ƒ MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington 4 ƒ Stout-Ngata Commission report, 1907 (AJHR) 1 ƒ Berghan block narratives for the inquiry 3 ƒ Statistics generated from Maori Land Court Minute 2 Book index ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 5 Summary of Berghan’s block narrative on the 1886 sittings 1 of the court Supplementary primary research about hapu and iwi engagement with the court: ƒ Maori Land Court Minute Books 7 ƒ Maori Land Court Block Order files 7 ƒ Judge Mair’s papers 10 ƒ Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document bank) 2 ƒ Kawhia Native Committee papers 3

91 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 10 Summary of secondary sources on the delay to the 1 Crown’s purchasing programme Supplementary primary research into the delay to the Crown’s purchasing programme: ƒ Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR) 2 ƒ MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington 4 ƒ MA-MLP files, especially general ones 5 ƒ W H Grace papers 5 ƒ G T Wilkinson papers 5 ƒ John Ballance papers 2 ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 5 Total estimated time for research and drafting this 122 days (24 weeks & 2 days) chapter

Possible research assistance projects ƒ Statistical analysis of locations, number of sitting days, judges, type of hearing etc from the Maori Land Court Minute Book index (pre-1913)

92 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 8: Land Alienation in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District, 1840-1910 (Source: drawn from land alienation maps in The New Zealand Centennial Atlas, 1940)

30m",

1860 715,500 ha 702,900 ha 1,768,000 ae. /'- ...... , ...... 1,737,000 ae

,~ . , . t"]~ :L", ..t"·'mt ~" ;. .:/i'liN 1910 375, 100ha f " .~ ,,'-'1939 174.100 ha ., ... - -,", 926,900 ae / .:. :C.,J ------, j "'-< --./ 430.100 ha

._ E~~ __ , : , ! i I 191' 1919

93 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Figure 9: Land Tenure in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District, 1903-1904 (Source: detail from AJHR 1904, C-1)

94 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Chapter 5: Land title issues and land/resource transactions in the inquiry district, 1890 - 1907

Introduction

This chapter sets out some of the research issues that will need to be explored in relation to the acquisition of land/resources by the Crown in the inquiry district from 1890 to 1907. It will also identify a number of issues about the impact that new forms of title conferred by the Native Land Court had on the ability of hapu and iwi in the district to retain, use, manage and control their lands. This discussion is followed by an outline of sources that will assist in examining these issues. The chapter finishes by identifying and assessing the existing research and what further research will need to be done. It also gives a preliminary indication of the time this research will take and indicates whether there are tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant.

Discussion

As mentioned in the previous chapter, the formal beginning of the purchasing programme in the inquiry district was signalled by Crown’s official letter to certain rangatira late in 1889 and the first payments for interests in land are record as having been made in the first six months of 1890. It is unclear what, if anything, Crown officials told hapu and iwi prior to the 1889 about their intentions to purchase land from them within the Aotea block. Statements, petitions and correspondence with Maori should be used to discover what Maori understood about what land would be purchased and by what means. If there were discussion between hapu and iwi and Crown officials about prospective purchasing was any agreement reached, and if so what were the terms of that agreement?

What is clear from existing research is that the period covered by this chapter was characterised by a very marked upswing in the alienation of Maori land in the inquiry district in the 20 years between 1890 and 1910. In 1860, 92.3 percent of the inquiry district remained in Maori hands and this has scarcely changed by 1890 when 90.7 percent of the inquiry district remained as Maori land. But, by 1910 over half of the inquiry area had been alienated from Maori ownership. This is shown in figure 8, which

95 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 has taken the 1940 Centennial Atlas maps of land tenure and overlaid the Rohe Potae inquiry district boundary. It is worth noting that this period of rapid land alienation coincides with the building of the Main Trunk Line through the Rohe Potae from 1890 to 1903. While this pattern of alienation is remarkable it does to some extent mirror the national pattern of Maori land alienation during the Liberal Government period of the 1890s.’ 82

The 1907 Stout-Ngata Commission gives some indication of the pattern of this land alienation in the inquiry district. With regard to land alienation in the ‘Rohe-Potae (King Country) District’ the commissioners note a particularly strong difference between the areas east and west of the main Trunk Line. They concluded that ‘the blocks in the west of the railway-line have been minutely subdivided according to the Native ownership, and in consequence of Crown purchases’. They pointed out that this degree of subdivision and alienation was quite exceptional given the late entry of the Native Land into the district: ‘We are not aware of any Native district, which until 1888 was closed to the law-courts, where the Native Land Court has been so active and where subdivision has proceeded so far as in this portion of the Rohe-Potae.’83 On the other hand the subdivision of land lying east of the railway line (largely the Rangitoto-Tuhua block) was much less advanced because of delays to survey.84 This strong east-west divide can be seen quite clearly in the 1904 Land Tenure map in figure 9.

The Stout-Ngata Commission provides some figures for the alienation of the Rohe-Potae (Aotea) block by purchase and by lease. No doubt Heinz’s land alienation quantitative study will provide more accurate and comprehensive figures. These figures have been set

82 Tom Brooking has argued that the Liberal land-buying programme of the 1890s was the biggest of any administration after the New Zealand Wars, both in terms of expenditure and the area of land acquired. The figures Brooking gives show that ‘between 1891 and 1911 the Liberal Government purchased some 3.1 million acres of Maori land for an average price of 6s 4d an acre, and most of it was purchased in the 1890s. (Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 69 citing Tom Brooking, ‘ “Busting Up the Greatest Estate of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy, 1891-1911’, New Zealand Journal of History, 1992, vol. 26, No. 1, p 78) 83 AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 2 84 Stout Ngata Commission ‘Native Lands in the Rohe-Potae (King Country) District, an interim report’, AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 3

96 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 out in the table below and each one calculated as a percentage of the total area of the Aotea block.

Table 1: Stout-Ngata Commission land alienation figures for the RohePotae (Aotea Block) (Source: AJHR 1907, G- 1b, pp 10-11)

Type of alienation Acres Percentage SALES to Crown (before 1905) 687,769 37.3% to Crown (after 1905) 69,390 3.8% Total sales to the Crown 757,159 41.0%

to private persons 17,818 1.0% Total sales 774,977 42.0%

LEASES for timber milling purposes 62,439 3.4% for coal prospecting 5,059 0.3% to Joshua Jones 26,480 1.4% for Native Township sites 893 0.0% for pastoral and agricultural purposes, approved by the Council or Board and under 122,892 6.7% Total under lease or negotiation 217,763 11.8%

TAKINGS Taken for public works or scenic reserves 110 0.0%

Area of Aotea Block 1,844,780 100.0% Total area alienated by 1907 992,850 53.8% Total area remaining 851,930 46.2%

The focus of land research in the period from 1890 to 1907 should be what pressures were experienced by hapu, iwi and individual Maori within the inquiry district in attempts to retain land and resources to support themselves and to continue to take advantage of economic opportunities? To what extent were they able to resist, control/limit, or minimize the impact of those pressures? What was the outcome in terms

97 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 of both the nature and extent of their authority over the land/resources and the amount and quality of that land/resources remaining in Maori ownership by 1907?

The Crown established a pre-emptive right to purchase Maori land with in an extensive area of the Central North Island including all but the northern portion of the inquiry district (see figures 3 and 7). The Native Land Alienation Restriction Act 1884 ‘prohibited all dealings with lands therein contained, saving only the rights of the Crown to purchase or otherwise acquired ‘on such terms as might be agreed upon between the Crown and the owners over a large area which became known as the ‘railway area’ (see figure 3).’85 Finance of £100,000 for the purchase of Maori land in the district was provided by the North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Application Act 1886. So, as the Stout-Ngata Commission noted, at the time of the court began investigating the title to the Aotea block in 1886, ‘Parliament had closed all lands to private dealers, had reasserted the pre-emptive right of the Crown, and had earmarked a proportion of the territory for the purposes of the Main Trunk Railway.’86 Aside from a brief period in 1888-1889, the Crown’s pre-emption continued until the introduction of District Maori Land Councils (later Boards) in 1900.87

A number of issues arise in relation to impact of the Crown’s monopoly on Maori authority to deal with their lands and resources. Firstly, to what extent did Rohe Potae hapu and iwi try to have the restrictions on private deals removed, either across the whole district or over certain blocks? If so, were they successful and what was the outcome in terms of land alienation? To what extent did this pre-emption prevent hapu and iwi and individuals from entering any form of leasing, mortgages, royalties, sale of timber rights, or even the placing of such land in trust? 88 If these avenues for profitable utilising their

85 AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 2 86 AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 2 87 The 1884 Act was repealed by the Native Land Administration Act 1888, but this was quickly reversed and pre-emption re-established by section 5 of the North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Act Amendment Act 1889. Initially this pre-emptive right was to apply for two years until January 1892. This was extended to January 1894 by the Amendment Act of 1892. The pre-emption was then continued by the Native Land Court Act 1894 until the introduction of a new system of Maori land administration in 1900 (AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 2) 88 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo: Report on Central North Island claims, Stage One, 2008, vol. 2, pp 586-589

98 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 land/resources as alternatives to sale were remove or constrained, to what extent did this contribute to individuals selling their interests in land to the Crown? To what extent did Crown officials regard the restrictions on private dealings to be a protection for Maori? Did the Crown recognise a tension between Maori authority to deal with their land (including dealing with settlers privately for lease, licence or sale) and the protection of Maori from fraud and other crooked practices? If so what was done to balance these tensions? Did the benefits of protection that pre-emption offered Maori in the district outweigh the disadvantages suffered because of loss/constrain of their authority?

Another issue with regard to the impact of Crown pre-emption is the effect that the lack of competition had on the price paid for interests in land, which was one the benefits Maori derived for selling their interests. The Stout-Ngata Commissioners were critical of the impact Crown pre-emption had on the price paid for Maori land in the district, which on average was sold for 4s per acre: While restricting private alienation, Parliament had reserved the right of the Crown to purchase ‘on such terms as might be agreed upon between the Crown and the owners.’ This was the fiction. In practice the Crown bought on its own terms; it had no competition to fear; the owners had no standard of comparison in their midst, such as the rents of land under lease or profits from farming might have afforded; they had been reduced by cost of litigation and surveys, by the lack of any other source of revenue, to accept any price at all for their land … The price was, in our opinion, below the value. It was the best possible bargain for the State.’89 It will be necessary to closely examine what systems the Crown had in place for calculating the price to be paid per block, and more broadly, what mechanisms were put in place by the Crown to ensure a fair price was paid and whether those mechanisms were consistently applied? Such mechanisms included establishing an independent authority to audit land dealings from 1870 onwards in the form of Trust Commissioners. The Native Land Court was also provided with additional monitoring powers from 1873 to ensure

89 AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 4

99 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 that transactions involving Maori land were equitable, including the price paid.90 The researcher will also need to investigate, how stable the price per share was in particular blocks over time, and if this price was unstable, what factors influenced a purchase agent’s willingness to increase or decrease the offer made to individual owners. There is also a question of whether and to what extent extra or discretionary payments were made to particular chiefs to promote purchasing? 91

To state an obvious point here, the Crown’s purchasing activities in the district were going on side by side with the proceedings of the Native Land Court. There are a number of issues relating to the pressures that participating in court hearings and obtaining title from the court created on Maori to sell their interests in land/resources. Survey costs and court fees had the potential to burden Maori owners with debt. In some case this contributed to poverty and made selling interests more necessary. Research should consider what the extent of these costs were for blocks in this inquiry and to what extent did the costs contribute to land loss?92 Was there a collective strategy by hapu and iwi in the inquiry district to manage pressures such as debt from survey and court costs (to avoid the need to sell), or were hapu, whanau and individuals simply left to do what they could to pay these debts? To what extent were rents from leases able to provide enough income to cover these expenses?

It is also possible that those facing such debts and wanting to raise capital to develop their land decided to sell certain pieces of land to raise capital to develop more viable or important land? Is there any evidence of this in this inquiry district? The research should also consider to what extent the financial costs of resisting offers to sell interests were a disincentive to retain shares in the land, especially in blocks where a number of others had already sold. For example, the costs of hearing, survey and partition where the court ordered a partition.93 It is expected that the impact of succession and partitioning on fragmentation of ownership and land will prove to be largely a twentieth century issue,

90 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo … 2008, vol. 2, p 581 91 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo … 2008, vol. 2, p 584 92 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo …, 2008, vol. 2, p 508 93 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo …, 2008, vol. 2, p 616-617

100 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 and will be dealt with in the reports covering land issues after 1907. However, some discussion of the court’s use of partition order to partition out land purchased by the Crown in the 1890s will be necessary.

The research will need to consider the impact that the nature of the title provided by the court had on the ability of owners to retain, use and manage their land/resources. In particular, the researcher should investigate the extent to which it balanced the power of the individual to deal with their interests against the power of the whanau, hapu and iwi to control the retention, use and management of land/resources collectively.

Attention should also be given to the nature and extent of any protections the forms of title offered owners, during this period. For example research should consider: ƒ Provisions on restrictions on alienation and how these changed throughout the 1880s and 1890s; ƒ Fraud prevention measures and the role of the Trust Commissioners; ƒ The right to appeal and the provisions for re-hearing; ƒ Protections for the interests of minors; and ƒ Provision for reserves for ‘sellers’ and ‘non-sellers.’

In particular the Native Land Court Act 1894 established the Native Appellate Court, to confirm titles previous issued by the court under certain legislation and circumstances. This process ‘improved the prospects of a full analysis of intersecting customary rights, and provided a venue for appeals, promptly and frequently made use of by contending Maori claimants.’94 The extent to what the Validation Court and Appellate Court sat in the district, and what the outcome of its deliberations were for the owners of particular blocks needs to be explored. The research should consider to what extent legislation struck a balance between providing freedom for individuals to deal with their interests in the land/resources and enabling hapu and iwi to exercise communal control over it.

94 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, pp 766-767

101 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

The researcher should consider the impact that Crown purchasing strategies had on hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources collectively. The way that Crown official purchasing land operated in this district should be compared with the procedures used in other districts such as CNI. Some of the questions suggested by research in other inquiry districts include, to what extent were land purchasing officers in this district using ownership lists from the court to target those individuals first who were thought likely to be most co-operative or vulnerable in selling their shares? These included absentee owners, those with particular small interests, those seeking to raise capital to develop their other lands, and those burdened with debts.95 Did the land purchase officers deliberately target the interest of minors in this district, and what was the effect of changes to legislation governing who could be appointed as a trustee for a minor on these practices?96 The research should consider whether there is any evidence of a collective strategy by Maori in this district to resist these practices. For example, is their any evidence that hapu and iwi attempted to withhold ownership lists or resist defining of shares in blocks (to make purchasing of interests less viable or attractive) or voluntarily partitioning blocks into portions to be sold and portions to be retained? How successful were these strategies?

Researchers should also try to determine to what extent, if any, the multiple official positions held by G T Wilkinson and W H Grace, alongside their roles as land purchase officers constituted a conflict of interest, and were any steps taken to manage such conflicts?97 It will also be important to consider how the marriage of these men into Ngati Maniapoto affected their ability to gather information and use that information in purchasing Maori land. Research should focus on the extent, if any, of purchase agents’ interference or influence over the ownership lists drawn up by the Native committee. Did

95 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo …, 2008, vol. 2, pp 614-615 96 The CNI Tribunal found that land purchase officers were able to target minors and seek to have trustees appointed for them who would sell. The opportunities for this were greatly strengthened from 1877, when powers under the Maori Real Estate Management Act were expanded to enable officials such as Resident Magistrates, Officers in Native Districts, Native Land Court Judges or even Land Purchase Officers themselves to be appointed as trustees for minors. This only required formal confirmation from the Court for appointment, and trustees could then alienate the interests of minors to the Crown (Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo …, 2008, vol. 2, p 615) 97 Marr Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 61-62 points out some of these potential conflicts

102 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 they, for example promise to purchase the interests of particular interests and then contrive to have those individuals included on the ownership list? Was there collusion between purchase agents and shopkeepers in terms of providing information about the level of debt owed by individual owners? Or of shopkeepers in towns where the court sat and land purchase officers worked together so that money received by Maori for purchased interests after a court sitting was channelled directly into debts/or good bought? The researcher should also consider whether there is any evidence that purchase agents targeted individuals in times of particular poverty at the time of expensive events such as tangi? Was there any confusion about whether payments were made as loans or gift or for the purchase of interests?

The researcher should also assess the extent to which it was clear on the ground just how much land the Crown had acquired and where it was located? Some research is also needed into what extent changing requirements of the legislation that titles granted by the court need to finalised by a Crown grant or by a certificate of title issued by the Land Transfer Office before the title is legally binding. This has implications for Maori owners in terms of the legal status of their title, potential addition costs, delays and confusion.98

Approach

Sources There are several sources that will be critical to this chapter these include the MA-MLP series of files at Archives NZ, Wellington which contain correspondence between Crown officials about the purchasing Maori land in the district. There are some general files in this series dealing with Crown purchasing in the district and well as files for specific blocks. These will be used in tandem with the survey office (BAAZ) files for particular blocks now held at Archives NZ, Auckland. As with the preceding chapter, the annual reports of the officer in Native districts will contain basic information.

98 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, pp 767-768

103 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Pressures on hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources

Desire for title to facilitate leasing and retention of land/resource A small amount of material about leasing of Maori land in the period after the Rohe Potae agreement has been located. There are two volumes labelled ‘Auckland Land District – Leases’ in the ABWN files at Archives NZ, Wellington. The volume first covers 1894 to 1903 and the second overlaps covering the period 1898 to 1902. There is also an AADS file for Rural lands for Lease in Perpetuity in Pirongia Survey Districts, Waitomo County for 1906. Further material will be found in the survey office files for particular blocks (BAAZ files, Archives NZ, Auck) and in the MA-MLP files for individual blocks (Archives NZ, Wellington).

Impact of Crown pre-emption The Native Land Alienation Restriction Act 1884 and subsequent legislation establishing and extending Crown pre-emption over the inquiry district will provide information about how the Crown’s pre-emption worked in the district. Parliamentary debates will fill in the background to this policy. Annual reports of officers in Native districts should be checked to see if there were any attempts by hapu and iwi to have this pre-emption modified or removed from all of part of the district and what the outcome of those attempts was. J J Mitchell’s petitions database and supporting documents (Wai 898, #A9) may provide further Maori views on the desire to enter into lease or sale arrangement with private individuals. Maori Affairs (MA) and Maori Land Purchase Office (MA- MLP) correspondence registers at Archives New Zealand may also contain letters from Maori about these issues. Further material may be found in the survey office files for particular blocks (BAAZ files, Archives NZ, Auck) and in the MA-MLP files for the district and for individual blocks (Archives NZ, Wellington).

Impact of court costs and survey charges Considerable material on court costs and survey liens can be extracted from the rules and regulations and statutes governing the Native Land Court. Paula Berghan’s block narratives and supporting documents will supply considerable data on court costs and

104 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 survey liens, if more detail is required local registers from the Native Land Court held at Archives NZ, Auckland seem to be a particular rich source of date, these have been discussed above. The Block Order files at the Maori Land Courts in Wanganui and Hamilton can also be consulted.

Of particular use to the research is a typed schedule: ‘Waikato Maniapoto Maori Land Court Survey Liens incurred before 1916’, and some papers labelled ‘Outstanding survey liens and compromised charges in the Aotea Maori Land Court District’. These are held at LINZ in Hamilton (Maori Historical Records SA 2157, 131/2 originals). There are some very general files on ‘survey liens’ in the formerly survey office material (BAAZ series 1108 files) at Archives NZ, Auckland. However this only covers the late period from 1904 to 1914. Here there are also a series of files containing applications for determination of survey charges and survey certificates covering the period from 1881 to 1910 (BBOP series 10002 files). There are a number of miscellaneous files in the LS 1 series at Archives NZ, Wellington that deal with survey charges and surveyors expenses, including expenses filed by C W Hursthouse from Te Kuiti. Court fees are generally recorded in the margins of the Maori Land Court Minute Books and they appear to be documented in the local registers. In addition, there is one general file title ‘Northern Court Fees’ covering the period from 1878 to 1892 (BBOP A52 file, Archives NZ, Auckland). These sources are all listed in the attached bibliography.

Impact of nature of title provided by the court The Tribunal’s report for the Turanga (Gisborne), Hauraki and CNI inquiries examine issues relating to the nature of title provided by the court and its impact on hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources. Research reports from those inquiries provide further detail (see bibliography attached). Research is sparser on 1890s Native land legislation than for earlier periods, and this gap will need to be filled in. Alan Ward’s early research report ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto’ briefly summarises national and Rohe Potae specific legislation for this period. In addition, there is a considerable body of academic research on the Liberal Government and its land settlement and Native affairs policies which could be used to fill out the background to policy and legislation. Articles

105 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 by Tom Brooking in the New Zealand Journal of History, David Hamer’s study of Liberal politics and a recent thesis on Liberal Government Native policy by Nicola Blackburn appear to be particularly useful.99 The CFRT Maori land legislation manual is a good place to start identifying relevant legislation from this period.100 Statutes, regulations and Parliamentary debates for Native land legislation in this period provide evidence of the provisions made to protect Maori. Research reports from other Tribunal inquiries contain overviews of many of these provisions, for example the matter of ‘seller’ and ‘non-seller’ reserves was cover in Peter Clayworth’s report ‘Located on the Precipices & Pinnacles – A report on the Waimarino Non-Seller Blocks & Seller Reserves’, Wai 903 #A55.

An Excel spreadsheet index and accompanying document bank by J J Mitchell contains petitions from Maori in the inquiry district to parliament (Wai 898, #A9). These petitions can be studied by block or by the type of issue. By block will reveal blocks that where iwi and hapu consistently felt that the Crown’s processes were flawed. By issue will allow for a wider look at the kinds of downstream impacts of the courts transformation of title and how iwi and hapu considered they were affected. Issues include: ƒ Original survey/application for survey or boundaries; ƒ Boundaries; ƒ Requests for special legislation to be enacted; ƒ Failure to protect wahi tapu from alienation and or desecration and/or reserves promised; ƒ Ownership and/or allocation of interests; ƒ Request for inclusion of names on owners list; ƒ Disputed partitions; ƒ Requests for partition by non-sellers;

99 Tom Brooking, ‘ “Busting Up the Greatest Estate of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy 1891-1911’, New Zealand Journal of History, April 1992, vol. 26 No. 1, pp 78-98; ‘Use it of Lose it: Unravelling the land Debate in Late Nineteenth Century New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of History, October 1996, vol. 30, No. 2, pp 141-162; David Hamer, The New Zealand Liberals: The Years of Power, 1891-1912, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1988, and Nicola Blackburn, ‘An Ambivalent Agency: The administration of Native affairs by the Liberal government, 1893-1906’, MA thesis, Massey University, 1997 100 Heather Bassett, Rachel Steel & David Williams (for CFRT), Te Maori Land Legislation Manual: Te Puke Aho Hangahanga mo nga Ture Whenua Maori, CFRT, 1994

106 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Succession; ƒ Timber licenses; ƒ Partition of land for survey liens; and ƒ Leases.

There is also a file marked ‘Petitions from the Native Affairs Committee’ (1893-1912) in the MA 24 series at Archives NZ, Wellington that may hold useful material. There are a number of registers kept by the Native Land Court, which provide systematic data on the court’s process in the district. These are found in the BBOP files at Archives NZ, Auckland: • Local Registers – four volumes for Waikato (1874-1907); • Subdivision and Partition Register – One volume, Auckland district (1885- 1908); • Various registers of applications under various pieces of legislation - see bibliography for details, 15 volumes (1883-1910); and • Personal Estates Registers – one volume, (1885-1889).

These are found in the BBOP files at Archives NZ, Auckland: • Subdivision and Partition Register – One volume, Auckland district (1885- 1908); • Various registers of applications under various pieces of legislation - see bibliography for details, 15 volumes (1883-1910); • Various register of Applications relating to interests of minors – see bibliography for details, two volumes (1896-1910); • Registers of Applications for removal of restrictions – two volumes (1890- 1910) [also see also two volumes of a register of restrictions removed (1848- 1906) in the ABWN papers at Archives NZ, Wellington]; and • Appeals registers – four volumes, (1895-1915)

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Impact of Crown’s purchasing operation and strategy Annual reports of Officers in Native Districts, survey office files and MA-MLP files will provide evidence of the Crown’s purchasing operation and strategies. In addition, there is a significant volume of correspondence and other papers by the Crown Purchase Officer, G T Wilkinson have survived. These will need to be examined in detail and should provide some important material. The University of Waikato library holds his diaries for 1904 and 1906. The Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum has a diary for part of 1891. The Auckland Memorial War Museum Library have some Wilkinson papers that include two notebooks, a waiata book, a scrapbook, newspaper cuttings and maps relating to Maori land. The date range of this material is not clear. At the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington there are a number of letters from Wilkinson in the inward correspondence of H W Williams between 1890 and 1908.

Protections for Maori owners Restrictions on alienation Appendix 7 of David V William, Te Kooti Tango Whenua: The Native Land Court, 1864- 1909 provides a summary of the legislative provisions for restrictions on alienation and their removal. This could be used as a starting point for an analysis of the statutes and Parliamentary debate on this issue. Inquiries into this issue stretch back as least as far as the 1856 Board of inquiry into Maori land. MA 11/3 Archives NZ, Wellington contains papers relating to the Commission on the removal of restrictions on the sale of Native lands between 1883 and 1891. There are also two volumes of a register of restrictions removed (1848-1906) in the ABWN papers at Archives NZ, Wellington.

Fraud prevention and the Trust Commissioners Native land fraud prevention legislation will provide details of the measures taken and the Parliamentary debate over that legislation will indicate the policy and concerns behind the legislation. Several research reports from other Tribunal inquires will provide background on the establishment and operation of the Trust Commissioners. Te Awamutu Museum holds two files of papers by Henry William Northcroft, the first contains a register of the Native Trust Commission, December 1889-August 1893, and the second contains an enquiry book: Trust Commission, and papers for the period 1892-

108 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

1894. Records of the Appellate Court for this district should be located to examine the protective role this court provided after 1894.

Reserves made during purchasing operations It will be important to document the creation and fate of any reserves made for sellers in blocks that were being purchased by the Crown in 1890s and 1900s. Archives NZ, Wellington, LS 1, 1299, 22668 relates to miscellaneous reserves in the period 1895 to 1899. MA-MLP 6/5 includes copies of requests to the Crown Lands Department for Crown Grants on reserves set aside for Maori, 31 May 1881-11 July 1892. This also contains an alphabetical index of blocks of land or reserves. Maori Affairs-Maori Trustee (MA-MT) should be checked for material relating to Native reserves within purchased blocks.

Records of purchases, 1890-1907 Overview of purchasing in the district Some of the findings of the Stout-Ngata Commission have already been discussed above, there reports and appended tables should be examined thoroughly. The main report of interest for the inquiry is AJHR 1907 G-1b – ‘Interim Report on Native Lands in Rohe Potae District’ but a supplementary report, AJHR 1907, G-1o – Report of Native Land Commission on Native lands in the Rohe Potae District’ should also be checked. Also of interest is AJHR 1907, G-3a ‘Maori Land purchase options – Report from W H Grace, Kihikihi on Land Settlement Act.’ Again, Archives NZ Wellington in the MA 78 series holds the working papers of the commission. At Archives NZ Auckland the BAAZ 4728/1a file ‘Native Land in the Auckland Land District suitable for settlement; Return of Native Land in North Island (Auckland Land District)’, 1907 also looks useful.

There are a series of land tenure maps for the North Island which show the whole island shaded to indicate areas of Crown land, Maori land (passed through the court), Maori customary land (not yet passed through the court), land taken up by settlers and pastoral leases etc. These begin at AJHR 1884 (seess II, C-1), 1891 (G-5 & G-10) and regularly at C-1 after 1892 until 1908. Also of interest are two other land tenure maps:

109 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ AJHR 1903 D-9 ‘N.I.M.T.Ry Plan showing tenure of land for twenty five miles on each side of Awakino, Waitara, Stratford and Central Routes’; and ƒ AJHR 1907 G-3a ‘Map of Auckland region showing Blocks purchased.’ These maps should provide an overview of the pattern of land alienation and its change over time.

Financial records/funding of purchasing There are several land purchase journals at Archives NZ for the period 1876 to 1911: ƒ BBOP, Archives Auckland – Native Land Purchase Journal – one volume (1898- 1911); and ƒ MA-MLP, Archives NZ Wellington – Land Purchase Accounts Journal (1876-1900).

Returns of land purchased There is a set of returns itemising land that had been purchased and/or leased in the inquiry district. These returns also indicate whether the land was within the 1884 railway loan area or not. The first return appears in 1888 and then yearly until 1902 at AJHR C-3 from 1896 onwards (see bibliography for further details). Several other similar returns should also be checked: ƒ AJHR 1885, G-6 – Lands passed through the Native Land Court and purchased by Europeans, (return of) since 1873; ƒ AJHR 1888, G-2 – Native Land Purchases in the North Island, (return of) since 1st April 1884; ƒ AJHR 1891, C-8 – Table showing Land Acquired for Settlement along North Island Main Trunk Railway [Area of Freehold and leasehold land between 1881-1891]; and ƒ AJHR 1891, G-10 – Native Lands in the Colony [shows lands within area reserved by Main Trunk railway loan application Act].

Files for blocks purchased The majority of the material relevant to land purchasing after 1886 is contained in files that relate to specific blocks of land. These files were kept by a variety of government departments and will need to be used together to form an accurate and comprehensive

110 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 picture of the Crown’s purchasing activities and their impact in the inquiry district. It is difficult at this stage to prioritise this vast amount of material but there are clearly two sets of files that will be of major importance to the proposed research. These are the Maori Land Purchase Office files (MA-MLP series 1) at Archives NZ, Wellington and Survey Office files (BAAZ series 1108) at Archives NZ, Auckland.

Survey files (BAAZ 1108 series, Archives NZ, Auckland) The BAAZ series 1108 files were created by the Survey (later Lands and Survey) Department to hold correspondence and other papers relating to particular blocks of land. These are a significant source for material on survey and land court activity as well as for land purchasing. A search of the Archway catalogue by block name turned up a large number of files about individual blocks. These have been listed in an Excel spreadsheet. Many cover the 1880s and 1890s with the remainder from the early 1990s. This set of files connects to the 20/- files, which are still held by LINZ Hamilton. In addition there are some post-1900 files for blocks and survey districts in the BAOB papers at Archives NZ Auckland.

Maori Affairs-Maori Land Purchase Department files (MA-MLP series 1, Archives NZ, Wellington) These are the files of the land purchase department, each block has one or more files and there are at least 50 boxes of files in this series. So it will be important to create a list of files so that when certain blocks are selected for detail research the appropriate files can be quickly located. Unfortunately, the files are poorly indexed in Archway (the online catalogue), however it is possible that one of the staff at the Wellington office, Honiana Love, has a list of these files. Attempts should be made to contact her about this. There are several general files on land purchasing that may hold information relevant to this inquiry district. Archives NZ, Wellington MA-MLP1, box39, 1895/428 contains material about ‘purchasing from owners living in other areas’, 1895 and MA-MLP 6/4 contains Native Land Court judge’s decisions of purchases of blocks by the Crown from 1897 to 1901.

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Maori Land Court – Waikato-Maniapoto district files (BAAC, Archives NZ, Auckland) This is another significant set of files, there are two types of files: application files and correspondence files in this set. The dates covered by the files range widely from the 1870s to the post-1900 period.

Other Survey files (AADS, ABWN and LS files, Archives NZ, Wellington) There are a number of AADS files relating to Awakino, Kawhia, Raglan and Waitomo counties and survey districts, one file on a subdivision of Rangitoto-Tuhua and some files on the Te Akau block. The files are predominately post-1900 but a few contain material from as far back as the 1850s.

The ABWN files relate to the Hauturu block (unexecuted deed from the 1890s), the Maungarangi block (post-1900), the Moerangi blocks (post-1900), and Mokau village (1880s-1890s). There is also a general file on Rangitoto/Te Akau other blocks for the 1880s to early 1900s period.

The LS files contain material about special reserves, townships and harbour endowments in or around the Awakino, Awaroa, Kawhia, Mokau, and Otorohanga blocks. There are also files about the Mangapapa and Taurangi blocks, as well as of late subdivisions of Kinohaku West, Rangitoto-Tuhua, Rangitoto A and Wharepuhunga blocks.

Other Maori Land Court and Maori Affairs Department files (Archives NZ, Wellington) There are a number of files in MA series 1 for subdivisions of Rangitoto Tuhua and for Mangapapa 1C (late 1890s-post-1900). MA series 14 and series 76 hold files relating to the Te Akau block. Various MA accessions contain files for the Te Akau Block Aorangi, Te Awaroa, Rangitoto-Tuhua and Wharepuhunga blocks for the same period. The Maori Affairs, Wanganui district office (MA-WANG) holds some files about the Mangapapa and Puketarata blocks (1870s-post 1900s) and for the Maraetaua, and Rangitoto-Tuhua (1890s-post 1900s). There are further files for Rangitoto-Tuhua block subdivisions after 1900 in the Maori Land Court – Aotea (MLC-WG) files.

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Other archives of Government departments, Archives NZ, Wellington There are a small number of Justice Department (J) files relating to land registry fees on the Maungapapa block in the 1880s. There is also some material on litigation over the Maungapapa block in 1887 and some files about the Mokau River and Mokau coalfield in the 1880s in the LE files. Some post-1900 material on the Awakino, Marakopa, Mokau and Kawhia Harbours can be found in the Marine Department files (M).

Miscellaneous Native Land Court material, Archives NZ, Auckland In the BBOP files at Archives NZ, Auckland there is a series of letters from 1882 regarding whether a court sitting would be held at Mokau and some early material relating to the Te Akau block (1860s-1870s). In addition to these files the block order files, correspondence files and Maori Land Court minute books will contain relevant material.

Surveys Survey and/or Lands and Survey Department registers (ABWN, Archives NZ, Wellington) • General Index, Department of Lands – consecutive volumes from 1883 to 1905; • Native Block Register – one volume from 1894 onwards (end date unclear); • Registers of Authorised Native Survey – one is dated 1890 and the other is dated 1890-1903. In addition there is a ‘Maori Land Survey Register’ dated 1910- 1913; and • Register of Applications for unsurveyed land, Lands and Survey, Wellington – one volume from 1891 to 1910.

At Archives NZ, Auckland BAAZ 1108, 159, 4429 is titled ‘plans to Land Purchase Officers’ and covers the period 1895-1904.

There are three general files on ‘Native Land Survey’ from 1906 to 1914 and ‘miscellaneous survey’ from 1907 to 1918 in the former files of the Maori Land Court (BAAZ series 1117) at Archives NZ, Auckland. These should be checked in case they relate to delayed surveys in the district.

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There are also a regular series of maps showing the state of public survey. The first are from AJHR 1879, H-19 and AJHR 1880, H-27. They appear variously at C-2 to C- 5 up till 1891 and then regularly at C-1 from 1892 to 1906.

Crown purchase deeds, 1890-1907 It should be possible to locate a significant number of deeds of purchase for the inquiry district. At Archives NZ, Wellington there are 30 volumes of material in ABWN 8102 containing Crown Purchase Deeds for the Auckland Land District from 1872 to 1920.

Crown grants and titles Maori Affairs Department registers • MA series 12 – two volumes for Waikato and two for Taranaki (no date) – each containing printed forms showing briefly the title to Maori lands, the Act under which the grant had been made, locality, names of the Maori grantees, date of the grant and the restriction placed on its alienation. Volumes are divided according to area.

Maori Land Court registers (BBOP, Archives NZ, Auckland) • Local Registers – four volumes for Waikato (1874-1907) and one for Kawhia and Mokau (1902-1907); and • Titles Index – one volume, Northern District titles indexes (1894-1910).

Maori Affairs Department registers • MA series 12 – two volumes for Waikato and two for Taranaki (no date) – each containing printed forms showing briefly the title to Maori lands, the Act under which the grant had been made, locality, names of the Maori grantees, date of the grant and the restriction placed on its alienation. Volumes are divided according to area.

Maori Land Court registers (BBOP, Archives NZ, Auckland) • Local Registers – four volumes for Waikato (1874 – 1907) and one for Kawhia and Mokau (1902-1907); and

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• Titles Index – one volume, Northern District titles indexes (1894-1910).

Methodology It is clear that the research will not be able to document each block in the inquiry district. In part this function will be performed by Berghan’s block narratives in any case. It will be necessary to select blocks to investigate in greater detail. As discussed in the previous chapter certain cases will need to be chosen from the northern area of the inquiry district. In terms of selecting blocks for study from within the Aotea block (1886) two main criteria should be considered:

1) Selecting on the basis of type of tenure near the end of the research period: Land tenure maps from around the end of the research period (1904 &1905) show the land shaded according to whether it remains as customary Maori land, has passed through the court but remains in Maori ownership, has been on-sold to settlers, or remains as Crown Land. The geographical differences in these patterns suggest that this map could be divided into zones based on areas of similar patterns. Blocks for case studies should then be choose to represent each of these different zones and types of tenure.

2) Selecting on the basis of clusters of land that went through the court: Berghan has identified the sequence in which land came within the RohePotae (Aotea) block came before the court and the blocks that were created as a result. She has also identified blocks that came before the court as a single block. Blocks for more detailed examination could be chosen to ensure that there were a spread of cases from each of these significant clusters of land, as well as a sample from the blocks were investigated as single blocks.

Other factors to consider in selecting case studies will be: ƒ The wishes of the claimant community; ƒ Spread of iwi/hapu interests (these could be obtained from looking at the initial title investigation in the Maori Land Court Minute Books);

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ƒ A mix of ‘normal’ blocks and those over which there was protest or which were specially investigated by the Crown at a later date (these can be identified by looking at surviving petitions and commissions of inquiry); and ƒ Availability of records – comprehensive files, especially Maori Land Court and survey files, need to be available.

Paula Berghan’s block narratives will provide data on such matters as survey liens, court costs, removal of restrictions of alienation, rate of subdivision, and the interests of minors. An analysis of these aspects of the usability of the title the court provided will create an overview of general patterns. Berghan is not able to be comprehensive and so her data could be supplemented by a systematic extraction of data from the various registers of the Maori Land Court now held at Archives NZ Auckland. In particular, the local registers appear to be the main working registers of the court at Auckland and record all transactions on each block (and court and survey cost). A statistical analysis of in how many days the court sat, who were the assessors, judges, and what the nature of the hearing was (title investigation, partition, succession etc) could be done using the index to the Maori Land Court minute books and the minutes themselves (where necessary). This data could sit alongside case study material and help to ensure and demonstrate that the case studies are representative.

Links and overlaps with other casebook research ƒ There is an obvious link between this chapter and Barclay and Marr’s political engagement report for this period. That report will assist by informing the researcher of the wider context of Crown-hapu/iwi relations in the district at the time and may provide a limited amount of material to be included as summary context. However, this chapter will focus more narrowly on the range of pressures affecting hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources in the face of an organised Crown programme of land purchasing. ƒ There are also connections with the land alienation quantitative study currently being undertaken for this inquiry. This chapter may draw on and summarise results from that study (depending on availability). However it is intended that this chapter will

116 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

provide as more detailed discussion of the various pressures on hapu and iwi attempting to retain, use and control their land/resources. A general overview of the purchasing programme and its impact will be followed by more detailed discussion of what happened in certain blocks. This should complement rather than overlap with the land alienation quantitative study.

Existing research ƒ There are some gaps in research about 1890s Maori land legislation and its impact on the nature of the title the court provided. Research placed before the Tribunal has provided good coverage of the origins of the Native Land Court in the 1862-1865 period. In particular, research for the Turanga (Gisborne), Hauraki, CNI and Whanganui inquiries mentioned above focuses strongly on the changes made to the type of title provided by the court under the Native Land Act 1873. The Tribunal’s Hauraki Report does provide some analysis of the legislation for the 1880s and 1890s. Alan Ward’s early research report Whanganui ki Maniapoto briefly summarises national and Rohe Potae specific legislation for this period. In addition, there is a considerable body of academic research on the Liberal Government and its land settlement and Native affairs policies which could be used to fill out the background to policy and legislation. Richard Boast’s recent book, Buying the Land, Selling the Land: Government and Maori Land in the North Island 1865 – 1921 has a strong focus on the 1880s and 1890s. Articles by Tom Brooking in the New Zealand Journal of History, David Hamer’s study of Liberal politics and a recent thesis on Liberal Government Native policy by Nicola Blackburn appear to be particularly useful.101 The CFRT Maori land legislation manual is a good place to start identifying relevant legislation from this period.102

101 Tom Brooking, ‘ “Busting Up the Greatest Estate of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy 1891-1911’, New Zealand Journal of History, April 1992, vol. 26 No. 1, pp 78-98; ‘Use it of Lose it: Unravelling the land Debate in Late Nineteenth Century New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of History, October 1996, vol. 30, No. 2, pp 141-162; David Hamer, The New Zealand Liberals: The Years of Power, 1891-1912, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1988, and Nicola Blackburn, ‘An Ambivalent Agency: The administration of Native affairs by the Liberal government, 1893 – 1906’, MA thesis, Massey University, 1997 102 Heather Bassett, Rachel Steel & David Williams (for CFRT), Te Maori Land Legislation Manual: Te Puke Aho Hangahanga mo nga Ture Whenua Maori, CFRT, 1994

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ƒ As already mentioned the Tribunal’s report and research reports for the Turanga (Gisborne), Hauraki and CNI inquiries examine issues relating to the nature of title provided by the court and its impact on hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources. These reports also consider the strategies employed by the Crown in purchasing Maori land in those districts. ƒ Part one of Marr’s Rangahaua Whanui report on the Rohe Potae has three chapters on Crown purchasing in the inquiry district. This includes a chapter on the overall framework including discussion of the Native Land Court process, the influence of Government officials and the Government’s policy and the legislative framework. There is an overview chapter discussing patterns and characteristics of the Crown’s land purchasing in the district in the 1890s. This chapter includes discussion of the Crown tactics, the interface between the court and the purchasing officers, the pressures of debt and costs and the effect of Crown pre-emption on the setting of purchase prices. There is also some material on the reserves policy for sellers. The third chapter contains a more detailed discussion of how this worked in practice for the Taorua and Wharepuhunga blocks. Marr’s Waimarino report also provides an extended study of Crown purchasing in the Waimarino block. ƒ Berghan’s block narratives set out the basic facts for the purchasing of each block in the inquiry district.

Research needed ƒ Overview of Native Land Court activity and the type of title provided by the court in the district, 1890-1907; ƒ Summary of secondary sources on nature of title provided by the court, 1890-1907; ƒ Supplementary primary research on the nature of title provided by the court; ƒ Primary research into the impact of title on ability of whanau, hapu, iwi and individuals to use and control their land/resources in this district after 1890 (selected blocks), e.g. nature of interests, succession, partition, mechanisms for community control; ƒ Overview of purchasing of Maori land in the district by the Crown, 1890-1907;

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ƒ Summary of legislation and policy relating to Crown pre-emption from secondary sources (including its impact on ability of Maori to lease and otherwise deal with land/resources); ƒ Supplementary primary research on legislation and policy relating to Crown pre- emption etc.; ƒ Summary of secondary sources on the impact of Crown pre-emption on the price paid for Maori land; ƒ Supplementary primary research on how prices were set and varied in this district and hapu and iwi response to this (general sources and for selected blocks); ƒ Summary of secondary sources on impact of court costs, survey costs and other charges on hapu and iwi ability to retain their land/resources; ƒ Summary of legislative provision for court costs, survey costs and other charges; ƒ Primary research into the court costs, survey costs and other charges and their impact on hapu and iwi decisions about their land/resources in this district (general sources and for selected blocks); ƒ Summary of secondary sources on Crown purchasing tactics and hapu and iwi responses to these in this district; ƒ Overview of protective measures in Native land legislation (restrictions on alienation, reserves for sellers/non-sellers, protection including the Trust Commissioners) and the protective role of the court; ƒ Supplementary primary research into restrictions on alienation in this district; ƒ Supplementary primary research into reserves for sellers/non-sellers in this district; ƒ Supplementary primary research into protection from fraud including the Trust Commissioners in this district; ƒ Summary of secondary sources on extent of confusion about what the Crown had acquired and what remained in Maori ownership by 1907; and ƒ Supplementary primary research into confusion about ownership of land/resources by 1907.

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Time and resources required The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are calculated based on 5 full-time days per week:

Task Estimated time (days) Overview of Native Land Court activity and the type of title provided by the court in the district, 1890-1907: ƒ Maori Land Court minute book statistical analysis 3 ƒ Compiling data from Maori Land Court minute book 3 index 3 ƒ Summarise Annual reports by officers in Native districts on progress of the Native Land Court 4 ƒ Summarise Berghan narratives on progress of Native Land Court 4 ƒ Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter Summary of secondary sources on nature of title provided 3 by the court, 1890-1907 Supplementary primary research on the nature of title provided by the court: ƒ Statutes & regulations 4 ƒ Parliamentary debates 5 ƒ Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter 5 Overview of purchasing of Maori land in the district by the Crown, 1890-1907: ƒ Annual reports by officers in Native districts on 3 purchasing 4 ƒ Returns of land purchased and leased 4 ƒ Stout-Ngata Commission report and papers 2 ƒ Land Tenure maps 5

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ƒ Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter Summary of legislation and policy relating to Crown pre- 4 emption Supplementary primary research on legislation and policy relating to Crown pre-emption ƒ Statutes and regulations 4 ƒ Parliamentary debates 5 ƒ Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter 5 Summary of secondary sources on the impact of Crown pre- 2 emption on the price paid for Maori land Summary of secondary sources on impact of court costs, 2 survey costs and other charges Summary of legislative provision for court costs, survey 2 costs and other charges: Summary of secondary sources on Crown purchasing tactics 2 and hapu and iwi response to these in this district Overview of protective measures in Native land legislation 5 ƒ restrictions on alienation, ƒ reserves for sellers/non-sellers, ƒ protection from fraud including the Trust Commissioners Summary of secondary sources on extent of confusion about 1 what the Crown had acquired and what remained in Maori ownership by 1907 Primary research into the impact pressures and protective measures on ability to retain, use and control land ƒ Berghan blocks narratives 5 ƒ Annual reports by officers in Native districts 5 ƒ Petitions 7 ƒ BAAZ (survey office files) 10 ƒ MA-MLP files 10

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ƒ Registers at Archives NZ, Auck 5 ƒ Maori Land Court Minute Books 10 ƒ Block order and correspondence files 8 ƒ Miscellaneous archives files 7 ƒ Te reo Maori sources 5

Total estimate time for research and first draft of 151 days (30 weeks & 1 day) chapter

Research assistance projects Work by a research assistant could contribute substantially to a number of the tasks listed in the timeframe above. These include: ƒ Maori Land Court minute book statistical analysis (3-5 days); ƒ Compiling data from Maori Land Court minute book index (3-5 days); and ƒ Tabulating restrictions on alienation, survey and court costs, successions and partitions from various registers at Archives NZ, Auckland (5 days).

122 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Chapter 6: Recommendations

Introduction

This chapter summarises conclusions drawn in the body of the report about structure of the proposed report and the estimated timeframe for its completion. This chapter also sets out briefly a number of options for resourcing the main research commission. It should be noted that the timeframes indicated are estimates for how long it is likely to take a sole researcher to complete a single comprehensive examination of the many issues identified. If choices are made which narrow the scope of the research and/or allow the work to be divided amongst two or more researchers and/or research assistants this timeframe could be reduced.

Chapter outline

It is suggested that a nineteenth century lands report for Te Rohe Potae inquiry be commissioned following the structure that has been set out in this scoping report. In summary the main chapter heading will be:

ƒ Introduction ƒ Chapter 1: Early European contact and non-Government Land/Resource Transactions, prior to 1862 ƒ Chapter 2: Early Government contact annd Crown land/resource transactions to 1860 ƒ Chapter 3: The introduction of new land legislation and the Native Land Court to the district, 1865-1883 ƒ Chapter 4: the Native Land Court System in the Rohe Potae, 1886-1890 ƒ Chapter 5: Land titles and land/resource transactions in the inquiry district, 1890- 1907 ƒ Conclusion

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In addition, I recommend that, a separate report identifying the land returned to Maori by the Compensation Court after 1866 in the Te Akau block and in the other areas conditionally included in the inquiry district north of the Punui River be commissioned. This report should trace the title history of each piece of land until it passed from Maori ownership. It will be important to consider the impact that Crown granting the land to individuals and the form of title conferred had on the ability of Maori to retain, use and control their land. A separate report is recommended because identifying this land will be time consuming and, experience of the Compensation Court elsewhere in the country suggests that the land was Crown granted to individual Maori by the Compensation Court rather than passing through the Native Land Court as the land in much of the rest of the inquiry district did.

I recommend against commissioning a separate report to cover blocks in the northern area of the inquiry district (figure 7). There are good reasons for wanting to include discussion about land in this area as part of an overview report. The three blocks purchased by the Crown north of Aotea Harbour in the 1850s should be examined alongside other 1850s Crown purchases at Mokau, Awakino and Harihari. All of these purchases were part of a Crown purchasing programme in this district and to study Crown actions in relation to these particular blocks would reduce the ability to see them as part of an overall Crown agenda. They took place within four years of each other and were carried out by John Rogan under the instruction of Donald McLean. However, the small blocks of land that lie within the boundaries of these purchases can be dealt with by ensuring that the researcher explores how these blocks came about – either as reserves or exclusions from the original purchase or blocks created by the court in the 1880s and 1890s. The two blocks that lie outside the Aotea block but inside 1884 railway area should be examined as case studies. Similarly, the blocks on the northern shore of the Aotea Harbour could be dealt with by selecting some as case studies. Examining these blocks in the same report that looks at blocks with the aukati would enable these blocks to be compared and contrasted with blocks inside the RohePotae (Aotea) block.

124 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Estimated project timeframes

This section draws together the timeframe estimates from each chapter into a single project plan and timetable. Those estimates were for research and writing a rough first draft. The timeframe below adds time for rewriting and rethinking that draft, for the draft to be read and commented on by the project supervisor and reworked and for the draft report to go through a quality assurance process (QA) and to be edited and formatted for filing.

Chapter 1: Early European contact and non-Government Land/Resource Transactions, prior to 1862 Task Time estimated (days) Overview of the nature of Maori authority 5 Summary on impact of musket wars 3 Summary on impact of new economic opportunities 4 Summary on impact of skills, technologies and ideas 3 introduced by missionaries Supplementary primary research into missionary influences 5 Summary of secondary sources on early non-old land claim 4 transactions (local histories) Supplementary primary research into early non-old land claim 4 transactions Summary of old land claims policy and process 3 Summary of old land claims block narratives from Berghan’s 2 report Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land 8 claims from the OLC case files at Archives NZ, Wellington. Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land 9 claims from reports, deeds, correspondence and other archival sources.

125 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Total estimate time for researching and drafting chapter 1 50 days (10 weeks)

Chapter 2: Early Government contact annd Crown land/resource transactions to 1860

Task Time estimated (days)

Primary research for account of early Crown contact 6

Summary of Crown purchasing policy and practice from 5 secondary sources

Supplementary primary research on Crown purchasing policy 4 and practice in the inquiry district

Summary of Berghan’s narratives for each transaction 4

Supplementary primary research to clarify the number and 7 nature of these transactions

Primary research into the negotiations for each transaction and 10 their outcome

Primary research into the creation and history of the Native 5 reserves in each transaction

Primary research into the disposal of land from these 10 transaction

Total estimated time for researching and drafting chapter 2 51 days (10 weeks & 1 day)

Chapter 3: The introduction of new land legislation and the Native Land Court to the district, 1865-1883 Task Time estimated (days) Primary research on leases and other arrangements inside and outside the aukati: ƒ Annual reports from the district (AJHR) 3 ƒ Maori population census reports 1878 & 1881 (AJHR) 1

126 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document bank) 1 ƒ Manuscript sources related to leases 3 ƒ Searancke papers 8 ƒ Miscellaneous archives files 3 ƒ Drafting this section of the chapter 5 Summary of secondary sources on the reopening of Kawhia 1 Harbour Supplementary primary research on the reopening of Kawhia Harbour: ƒ Reports and correspondence in AJHR 2 ƒ Reports and correspondence in BPP 2 ƒ Newspapers sources (CFRT index and document bank) 1 ƒ Photographs 1 ƒ Drafting this section of the chapter 5 Summary of Native land legislation and its impact on the 2 nature of the title provided by the court, 1865-1883 Summarise Parsonson’s article on the giving of evidence in the 1 Native Land Court Identify blocks outside the aukati that went through the Native Land Court prior to 1883 and document Maori experience of those hearings: ƒ Maori Land Court minute book index 1 ƒ Maori Land Court Minute Books 10 ƒ Newspaper sources 1 ƒ Drafting this section of the chapter 7

Primary research into applications and other inquiries to the court for land inside the aukati prior to 1883: ƒ Annual reports of the district officers 2 ƒ Native Land Court applications registers, 1865-1883 2 ƒ Correspondence file re applications, 1880-1884 1

127 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Survey office files for blocks where early applications were 3 made (BAAZ files, Archives NZ, Auck) ƒ Drafting this section of the chapter 5 Total estimated time for researching and drafting chapter 3 71 days (14 weeks & 1 day)

Chapter 4: the Native Land Court System in the Rohe Potae, 1886-1890 Task Estimated time (days) Primary research into leases and other arrangements: ƒ Returns of land purchased and leased (AJHR) 2 ƒ Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR) 2 ƒ MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington 4 ƒ Kawhia Native Committee papers 1 ƒ Rees-Carroll Commission 1891 – published report and 1 evidence ƒ Rees-Carroll Commission 1891 – archives material 2 ƒ Mokau file at Pukeariki Museum, New Plymouth 1 ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 5 ƒ Summary of Maori land legislation and its impact on the 4 nature of the title provided by the court, 1886-1890 Supplementary primary research on 1886-1890 Native land legislation: ƒ Statutes 2 ƒ Regulations 1 ƒ Parliamentary debates 3 ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 5 Overview of the activities in the inquiry district from 1886 to 1890: ƒ Annual reports of Officers in Native districts (AJHR) 2 ƒ MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington 4

128 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Stout-Ngata Commission report, 1907 (AJHR) 1 ƒ Berghan block narratives for the inquiry 3 ƒ Statistics generated from Maori Land Court Minute Book 2 index ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 5 Summary of Berghan’s block narrative on the 1886 sittings of 1 the court Supplementary primary research about hapu and iwi engagement with the court: ƒ Maori Land Court Minute Books 7 ƒ Maori Land Court Block Order files 7 ƒ Judge Mair’s papers 10 ƒ Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document bank) 2 ƒ Kawhia Native Committee papers 3 ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 10 Summary of secondary sources on the delay to the Crown’s 1 purchasing programme Supplementary primary research into the delay to the Crown’s purchasing programme: ƒ Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR) 2 ƒ MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington 4 ƒ MA-MLP files, especially general ones 5 ƒ W H Grace papers 5 ƒ G T Wilkinson papers 5 ƒ John Balance papers 2 ƒ Time for drafting this part of the chapter 5 Total estimated time for researching and drafting chapter 4 122 days (24 weeks & 2 days)

Chapter 5: Land titles and land/resource transactions in the inquiry district, 1890-1907

129 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Task Estimated time (days) Overview of Native Land Court activity and the type of title provided by the court in the district, 1890-1907: ƒ Maori Land Court minute book statistical analysis 3 ƒ Compiling data from Maori Land Court minute book index 3 ƒ Summarise annual reports by Officers in Native districts on 3 progress of the Native Land Court ƒ Summarise Berghan narratives on progress of Native Land 4 Court ƒ Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter 4 Summary of secondary sources on nature of title provided by 3 the court, 1890-1907 Supplementary primary research on the nature of title provided by the court: ƒ Statutes & regulations 4 ƒ Parliamentary debates 5 ƒ Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter 5 Overview of purchasing of Maori land in the district by the Crown, 1890-1907: ƒ Annual reports by Officers in Native districts on purchasing 3 ƒ Returns of land purchased and leased 4 ƒ Stout-Ngata Commission report and papers 4 ƒ Land Tenure maps 2 ƒ Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter 5 Summary of legislation and policy relating to Crown pre- 4 emption Supplementary primary research on legislation and policy relating to Crown pre-emption ƒ Statutes and regulations 4 ƒ Parliamentary debates 5 ƒ Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter 5

130 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Summary of secondary sources on the impact of Crown pre- 2 emption on the price paid for Maori land Summary of secondary sources on impact of court costs, 2 survey costs and other charges Summary of legislative provision for court costs, survey costs 2 and other charges: Summary of secondary sources on Crown purchasing tactics 2 and hapu and iwi response to these in this district Overview of protective measures in Native land legislation 5 ƒ restrictions on alienation, ƒ reserves for sellers/non-sellers, ƒ protection from fraud including the Trust Commissioners Summary of secondary sources on extent of confusion about 1 what the Crown had acquired and what remained in Maori ownership by 1907 Primary research into the impact pressures and protective measures on ability to retain, use and control land ƒ Berghan blocks narratives 5 ƒ Annual reports by Officers in Native districts 5 ƒ Petitions 7 ƒ BAAZ (survey office files) 10 ƒ MA-MLP files 10 ƒ Registers at Archives NZ, Auck 5 ƒ Maori Land Court Minute Books 10 ƒ Block order and correspondence files 8 ƒ Miscellaneous archives files 7 ƒ Te reo Maori sources 5 Total estimate time for research and first draft of chapter 151 days (30 weeks & 1 day)

131 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Rewriting 80 days (16 weeks) Reading and feedback from project supervisor 10 days (2 weeks) Reworking following feedback 30 days (6 weeks) Reading and feedback from QA (distributed to parties for 15 days (3 weeks) comment) Post-QA editing 25 days (5 weeks) Formatting, editing and proof-reading for filing 10 days (2 weeks) Total estimated time for completing commissioned report 614 DAYS (122 weeks & 4 days)

Resourcing

The main report It is clear from the estimated time frame and itemised research task list above that the time that a single researcher would take to complete the whole report would be unacceptably long. The figure above presumes a five-day working week but does not factor in time for office tasks, leave, sick leave or any contingency. There are several options that would shorten this timeframe and reduce the workload of the researcher while still preserving the continuity of thought and style throughout the report.

Option 1: Divide the research tasks between a commissioned researcher and a number of research assistance. This has the advantage of keeping the report as a single authored document and allowing some of the mechanical data gathering and analysis to be devolved to research assistance while the commissioned researcher gets on with making sense of the material supplied and writing. However, the research assistant project would need to be carefully defined, time would need to be spend instructing and supervising their work if this is to be successful. If this becomes the responsibility of the commissioned researcher the time lost in doing these tasks has the potential to reduce any time gained by employing research assistance.

Option 2: Divide the research between two commissioned researchers and a number of research assistance. The report falls relatively neatly into two parts – the early private and

132 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 government transactions prior to 1860 and the later Native Land Court and Crown purchasing period from 1865 to 1907. Though the length of the two projects would be uneven, with the second clearly requiring more time than the first. This would be an effective way to divide the workload and reduce the total time the project takes. If both commissioned researchers were committed to pursuing the central theme of the changing nature of Maori authority over land and resources and the impact of various events and policies on that the final report, though authored by two individuals, would be unified. With a research assistant available to each researcher the time required by each of the authors would be reduced further.

Suggested research assistant project Early private and Government transactions prior to 1860: ƒ Identify and document traders and settlers from NZ war compensation cases; ƒ Extract and summarise any material pre-1861 on Mokau, Kawhia, Whaingaroa to do with settler-Maori land transactions in CFRT newspaper document bank; ƒ Collecting Crown purchase deeds and maps and providing an analysis of price paid, reserves set aside and some comment on consistence of te reo and English terms used in the deeds; ƒ Locate and copy all Native reserves schedules and provide an analysis of which reserves from this district are shown and what happened to them; ƒ Locate and copy all NZ gazette notices for land in these transactions; and ƒ Using the Crown grants registers in Archives NZ, Auckland, trace any land granted to settlers or Maori within the areas involved in these transactions.

The Native Land Court and Crown purchasing, 1865-1907 ƒ Go through the Searancke papers and extract any evidence of cases where the Resident Magistrate dealt with disputes between Maori or between Maori and Europeans over leases or other arrangements. ƒ Using the court applications registers put all details of applications to the court into spreadsheets for areas inside and outside the aukati and provide a summary of who

133 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

filed these applications and why and anything that is known about how they were subsequently dealt with by the Crown. ƒ Statistical analysis of locations, number of sitting days, judges, type of hearing etc from the Maori Land Court Minute Book index (pre-1913) ƒ Compiling data from Maori Land Court minute book index for particular blocks ƒ Tabulating restrictions on alienation, survey and court costs, successions and partitions from various registers at Archives NZ, Auckland.

134 ICiaimants contend that the Crown did not adhere to agreements effected with the Rohe Margaret Makariti Pangia That sUiveys and laws and the application thereof under which the Court (original claimant, ITnnot=lriroll were made were contrary to the Treaty, and broke tribal rangatiratanga. Further, IOkahukura Block Ideceased); Alec Phillips Illn;;::lIlthnri~prl survey and individualisation of blocks with the Rohe P6tae breached the 37 of 'undisturbed

Claim to have been prejudicially affected by Crown's failure to recognise and protect ~itiratanga; imposition of NLC and European Tenure; Crown break up of Rohe Potae; alienation of a substantial portion of Ngati Haua asset; Crown breach of Rohe Potae Compact and Aotea Agreement (2) It is claimed that the Native Townships Act 1895 and Akapita and Te Waitai actions taken under it (the townships of otorohanga, Te KUiti, Taumarunui, Hihitahi, IWhanoanui Ki land several others Utiku) were contrary to the principles of the Treaty and there was substantial land 48 and Dreiudice to Maori.

(1) Claim to have been prejudicially affected by Crown's failUre to recognise and protect rangitiratanga; imposition of NLC and European Tenure; Crown break up of Rohe Potae; ;'Ilipn;'ltinn of a substantial portion of Ngati Haua asset; Crown breach of Rohe Potae 81 Aotea

ali Koata (ki IWhaingaroa), Kangi Kahui, (1) Claimants allege to be prejudicially afftected by the Crown taking Karioi Allotment No. -.. Tahau, Ngati Te 15 as a pilot and signal station in 1883, the proclamation was revoked and the land Ngali Pukoro, Ngati in the Raglan County Council. Claimants dispute the survey boundaries of the Pilot Reservel lkaunahi, Ngati Tira, note that it conatins Waahi Tapu and Pa sites which should be returned. (2) The - .. Heke, Ngati Rua includes Karioi Native Reserve lands (Te Pepepe 170jWhangape) which were Ngati Hounuku, to be inalienable, but the interests of the orginal grantees in the block have and the use of Maori Affairs prejudicially affected by Crown's failure to Irangitiratanga; imposition of NLC and European Tenure; Crown break up of Rohe Potae; of a substantial portion of Ngati Haua asset; Crown breach of Rohe Potae Aotea ----~

Claims make specific reference to political engagement in the Rohe Potae and Te Rohe compact; (2) Assert Crown breaches over a wide range of issues including in Ngati Mahana to land alienation, purch.asing policies and practices, survey liens, Native Claim

claimants contend that the Crown's acquisition of the Rohe P5tae constitutes a breach the Treaty of Waitangi, as well as a breach of the Rohe P5tae agreement. The claimants also allege that the Crown's subsequent actions following the acquisition of the Rohe P5tae further breached the Rohe P5tae Agreement. The statement of claim does not what these actions were.

and claimants allege that the Crown breached the Treaty of Waitangi and the Rohe P5tae 389 claim in its dealinqs with the acquisition of Maori Lands in that area. r

. Sam Rangi, IMatanga Hepi, Elthia Ranui Te Kapu8, Smith, Peter for Ngati Nothing specific but Claims Summary lists Rohe Potae agreement in 'key words 443 Raukawa

claimant alleges that the owner/shareholders of Pukepoto Farm Trust have been

-., Rorar Ngati Iprejudicially affected by the taking of the land to pay surveying fees. [Unclear whether Ipukepoto (pt Rangitoto­ 478 Haar to 19thc

The claimants believe that the survey of the Waiaraia block, done on behalf of the in 1891, wrongfully included part of the Umukaimata land. They allege that this Iresulted in the loss of 11,000 acres of the south-west corner of the Umukaimata block. (2) of 2r500 acres was awarded to the owners in 1915 but the owners only !received 2,465 acres and a further 500 acres of this was taken in l1eu of payment for The balance of the land was apparently awarded by Judge Palmer to the owners

No. 5r instead of the rightful owners. Parts of the Umukaimata and all of the IMereana Bidois and were subsequently acquired under the 'North Island Main Trunk Railway 483 1886', but not used for this Umukaimata

is a broad claim which relates to various historical and contemporary grievances Ir-nnrprning Ngati Maniapoto lands and resources in the South Waikato and King Country The historical claims relate to the loss of tina rangatiratanga and loss of lands Ngati Maniapoto throu9h confiscation. The claim also relates to other lands taken for survey charges, and Ipastoral leases, catchment control, roads, forestry, reserves, schools, churches, post 535 Claim Wetere stations and radio and television stations. of surveys on specified Kakepuku blocks, alienation of land through non M 551 liens. _ _. resources including the Ngati Rora hapO of Ngati lumukaimata block through acts, policies and legislation of the Crown. This is Similar to 556 it concerns land taken in Dayment of survey liens.

provided is Rangitoto Tuhua 577 but claims lists "Blocks' and 'alienation of land' in words

claim concerns actions and omissions of the Crown which have prejudicially affected land and resources of Ngati Te Putu hapO of Ngati Maniapoto. These include the of land in payment of survey liens, the destruction cjf tikanga Maori over the blocks -.. Te Puta hapO, Ngati placing them through the Land Court and other Crown agencies, land taken for ITapUiwahine and forests. as well as schools.

general claim concerns legislation and Crown acts and omissions which it is claimed /Marakopa; Kinohaku Block Pou Haerati and prejudicially affected the lands and resources of Ngati Te Kanawa and Ngati Te Peehi (between Marokopa and 587 Moeroa I

claim concerns the actions of the Crown in relation to land at Te Maikar Kawhia Harbour. The claimants allege that the Crown granted title to the northern and southern IDortions of Parawai Maori Township to certain Maori owners instead of Klng Tawhiao. The ceded the land in question to the Crown in the late 19th/early 20th centuries for Itownship development. The township failed and not all the land given was returned. The returned was returned in a condition which made effective utilisation difficult if not limpossibie. When the Crown chose to return some of the land it did so in the 'condition of Maika Land failed sub-division and with perpetual leases over a number of the blocks that effectively 614 the owner from . Native T,,"'.... <-hi ....

Firstr the claimants allege that the Crow'n breached the 'sacred agreement' known as Rohe P6tae Compact in relation to the continuation of the Crown's Main Trunk Railway and no liquor being allowed into the Rohe P6tae. (2) As well as lands taken for surveys, Pukenui No.2 Block, railways, pastoral leases, it is also alleged that the Crown took land for the natural Kuiti No. 2B, and No. Rora hapO of Ngati Iresources below the surface. Resource management and the conservation estate are also including Te Kuiti Rora Claim IPura Turner included.

The claimant alleges that the Ngati Rereahu hapG have been prejudicially affected by I~giSlation and by acts and poliCies of the Crown, particularly in relation to the Maraeroa C block. As with other claims in this district, the Crown's alleged breach of the Rohe P6tae I rnmn.::Jrt is seen as a breach of the Treaty of Waitangi. (2) Other issues at claim are RererahulKawe Kehu Wehi; other King Country claims, including land taken for survey l1ens, for land forests, ~~ ~ ... _ .. _~I ~& _ ...... _ •• ..l:"__ ~ resources and erosion of

claim concerns the acquisition of the Rohe P6tae by the Crown, as well as the Ithorised surveying and individualisation of land within the Rangitoto Tuhua rohe. included as lands wrongfully acquired, are Crown Forest lands in this area. The irl,;m,nts also state that the policy of shifting Maori from their land was contrary to the as Maori wished to retain their land, and this was not the policy exercised in to other non-Maori British subjects. Thepolicy of reserves is also alleged to be a as it resulted in exclusion from access to the economy and resources of the area. Rereahu, Ngati claimants also sate that tribal lands were taken through the Supreme Court decision 729 to Pouakani. ---~------'------

Puhi Paparahi Marakopa; Kinohaku Block (deceased); Stephen - .. Kinohaku hapO of I(between Marokopa and Claim Walsh Gloria Kereama Baker Southern Waikato (replaced 1.1(b)); including Rangiaohia, and Rodney Graham (added actively encouraged disputes over ownership through the Native Land Act 1862 possibly northern TRP 784 Kauwhata Land Court.

Ormsby, Aliaria claim relates to the boundary between Ngati Maniapoto and Ngati Tarna, and the Ormsby Takiari, settlement negotiations between Ngati Tama and the Crown. The claimants allege that Wikiperi Hiriaki, Crown has used its various processes to acquire and/or distribute taonga to other iwi Mohakatino block; Barbara Ngawai Taite claimants and have failed to consult with, take into account, and provide for, the ongarue land blocks: Te Marsh, Wareriana nrpservation of the land and boundaries of Ngati Maniapoto. This includes the failure of lKawakawaAl, Rangitoto Ngauru, Muiora Barry, Crown to investigate and inquire into historic facts as confirmed in the 1995 Taranaki 76B! Rangitoto 788 Claim IPatrick I nllie T",,,lnr 76B1.

Mahuta, Lawrence Bradshaw, MikilNgati Whakamaruangi, Failure to establish correct rights holders for Crown purchase 1854 (Aotea block)! block; Aotea 827 Thomas Moke Noati Tainui of waahi taou, oarticularly by shellinq (land used as a . Aotea block

IWioaraki Allen Pakau

Ideceased) ; Whetu Paku been . Hikairo rohe in the amended claim appears to lie outside the Te Rohe Potae District Poinga and Alec boundary, but within the Rohe Potae District if refering to the wider area describel IPhillips, Leonard Hiraka the 1883 petition; Interests expressed in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry are therefore largely in Hikairo Erikson, of alleged Crown breaches ofTe Rohe Potae Compact (5.3); Overall they cite Heta Konui, Te to recognise and protect Ngati Hikairo rangitiratanga and customs within the Konui and Rawinia compact agreement (lito the point that Ngati Hikairo are minimised and relegated to being Komui-Paul (added a hapu of Tuwharetoa" s.3.4)); Issues include the loss of political power; distortion of Moana Rotoaira consolidation for Irf'irltinnshios with iwi within compact; Ngati Hikairo has become fragmented and and Other rinn;:,1 Park Inquiry 'Seeks inter alia to be aggregated into TRP Inquiry' (Memo Wai 898#3.1.175); Resources Claim concerns Te Rohe Potae Comoact. Recommend Kopua Marae nmittee and Ngati Unu Ngati Kahu of Ngati IManiapoto Iwi .. Part of issue appears to be 'that we are prejudicially affected by enactments, policies, practices, acts and omissions of the Crown in respect of the ownership, management and Mountain and the KakeDuku Block:

Mereai"na Armstrong, IMatekino Roa, Thomas Jocelyn Tautari, IComprehensive issues relating to land acquisition and administration with respect to the Kopua 1, Waiwhakaata, Nllliams. Gayle Claim issues also include leases in perpetuity, surplus land disposal by Pirongia West, Puketarata land taken by local Blocks

Karuotewhenua, Aorangi, Umukaimata-Waiaraia, Mangaroa-Tokirima, Firstly, the claimants claim that legislation and Crown policy in relation to native land Rangitoto-TuhU8, PrejUdiCiallY affected the claimants and eventually left Ngati Rungaterangi, Ngati Te Mangapapa, Mohakatino- IPMF'mate and Ngati Wairoa landless. The claimants also claim that prices paid for Maori Paraninihi, Reu Reu, in comparison with prices paid for European land were grossly inequitable. (2) Mangaawakino, Awakino, Rauputu, Te ISF'C":ondly, the claimants claim that the Awakino Purchase of 1854 was prejudicial to them Waimarino, Purapura, Atamaira Rauputu, their tupuna as the acquisition was completed for £lS30 without consultation with or Mahoenui 1,2,3 & 4, Rukuwai Taitoko, Taik] Rungaterangi, Ngati Iconsent from all the owners. The claimants also claim that the riparian rights to all bunutai Reserve, Rauputu and James Ngati Waiora vyaterways, lakes, rivers and harbours bordering the blocks of land have not been ceded. Poutama, Te Waro A,

Ongarue Recreation Reserve, Public works takings, the Ongarue river and tributaries, of the Rohe P5tae compact re sale of liquor in the district, land taken for survey. Rangitoto Tuhua; ASOC of November 2002 detailed specific blocks, namely Rangitoto Tuhua (various IKokomiko: Maramataha; Kokomiko, Maramataha, Waihuka, Te Tarake SS, Ketemiringi, Hurakia and Ohura Tarake SS; Wi Hurakia Reg Te Uira Naera, Karen Searancke of Ngati Hinewai and Ngati Rahurahu of Maniapoto Iwi and descendants of Ngati Pai Ngati Kaputuhi of ati Maniapoto (origi imants 13 Aug 2001 lapplication); Rawiri Bidois, Piripi Kapa, of Ngati Unu & Idescendents of Ngati Kanawa, Ngati Taumata Maniapoto (original imants 15 Aug 2001 ; Ngati Hinewai application). Two Ngati Te Rahurahu; all Tokanui and applications taken - of Maniapoto Iwi. "Chanoa Land together (refer Wai 948 of Nga Hapu 0 te Raki of Tokanui No: 1, No: 1 D, No: 1 A, No: 11 for survey liens and under Public Works 948 Claim

Interests expressed in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry are therefore largely in terms of alleged Crown breaches of Te Rohe Potae Compact (s.3); Overall they cite Crown failure to Pouroto hapO of recognise and protect Ngati Hikairo rangitiratanga and customs within the compact - .. Tuwharetoa ki ::lnrppmpnt Ctto the point that Ngati Hikairo are minimised and relegated to being a hapu [Ngati Hikairo ki s.3.4)); Issues include the loss.of political power; distortion of 965 Hiraka Erickson iwi within comoact: Noati Hikairo has become .beth Te Kanawa (Ngati IUrunumia). Teatu Kohu Ngati Hinewai, Ngati Matakore, Ngati Alleges that lands around Otorohanga were wrongfully taken for a 500 acre Native Parewaeono, Ngati township under the Native Township Act of 1895. Alleges land were then disposed of Rungaterangi, Ngati Taiwa improperly. See also Wai 472. Claim also alleges loss of traditional resources and sites of IOtorohanaa Native and Nqati Urunumia.

Rangitoto-Tuhua 987 Land Blocks Claim states as 'Maori' claim refers to the of R-T block. See also Wai Wai446 Karena, Meri Walters, Monty Te Kanawa, Peter Haupokia, Mason Claimants say that they are direc;t descendants of original land owners and that land was Haupokia, Tony wrongfully alienated due to native land policies of successive governments. Claim lists a Klnohaku WestlHaUPOkia, Maxine series of acts. Claimants are seeking as relief return of former SOE land, Crown land, 991 Block Claim Moanaroa land etc. West

Mntnknrp::INLC, survey liens, questionable debt, Crown purchasing agents, lack of due consideration tribal sustenance and maintenance of tikanga, lands taken under Acts of local

Igovernment as Crown agents, lands held under agricultura1jpastoralleasesl Crown-held leasehold lands, Crown-transferred leasehold lands, incl. All leases of perpetuity, land held as reserves, forests and parks, lands taken for public works, traditional places for Neha King harvesting and gathering of tikanga sustenance, endowment lands for churches, educationlOrahiri Otorohanga, IColmtrv Lands communitiesI' incl. lands to sustain them, lands taken and gifted for churches, Ouruwhero, and communities

Crown introduction of NLC failing to recognise Ngati Manunui customary interests in Maraeroa Block including lands, estates, forests, fisheries, other properties, rivers, ofI waterways, and taonga (2) Failure of Crown to ensure retention of sufficient 998 Manunui base in Maraeroa Block for their present and future needs Pakeho, Pukenui, Otorohanga, Herbert, Kape te ., M5kau Mohakatino, IKanawa, Mike Taitoko, Mohakatino Paraninihi, Taitoko, Piko Davis, I Kakepuku, Manguika, Walsh, Mavis o Riri, Kathy Te 1004 not stated but assumed to be

IComprehensive range of generic issues for lands within the Te Awaroa block including purchase and public works takings of land waterways and wetlands, Native Land sUlVey liens, Waikato Maori Land Board, land administered as reselVes, forests and Rangingonge and parks by the Crown, endowment lands, mineral and forestry rights, lands taken by Crown Korokino in Ngati compensate other iwi, Crown leaseholds including lease of perpetuity, mahinga kai etc Awaroa Block and 1015 rohe forma claim. blocks

Te Kaawa and . Claims on behalf of and whanau who the direct descendants great grandfather - Te Hauparoa (d) and - Te (d) Erosion of heritage and rights to ancestral lands lands (2) Tino rargatiratanga stolen 1031 . Hone Nikora made a lauahina stock I .1

IInterests expressed in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry are therefore largely in terms of alleged breaches of Te Rohe Potae Compact (5.3); Overall they cite Crown failure to Huri Hokopakeke hapO recognise and protect Ngati Hikairo rangitiratanga and customs within the compact Ngati Te Ika hapO of agreement (Uto the point that Ngati Hikairo are minimised and relegated to being a hapu -." Hikairo ki of Tuwharetoa" 5.3.4)); Issues include the loss of political power; distortion of 1044 iwi within comoact; Nqati Hikairo has become

as 'representatives . of Ngati Maniopoto.' IMpntion also Ngati Hikairo the following: Ngati IHinewai, Ngati Matakore, Barry Benjamin carr and Parewaeono, Ngati Otorohanga, Orahiri and Ngamo Russell Ngati IGeneriC issues associated with land alienation: NLC: leases; survey liens; tradition Ouruwhero Blocks Claim etc

(1) The claimant alleges that the Crown failed to live up to the partnership principle, and active protection principle of the Treaty of Waitangi. (2) In regards to the partnership ciple, the Crown failed by not recognising the authority of King Tawhaio and dealing Tu Ki Te Rangi individual iwi. The claimant also asserts that the Crown ignored King Tawhaio's IIncoroorated Society on request to stop surveys, leases, land sales, road works, and the involvement of the Maori ofthe iwi ofTe Land Court in the area. (3) In regards to the active protection principle, the Crown failed Tu Ki Te Rangi Potae: Ngati by violating article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi which guarantees protection of taonga. The ')rnnr:=Jtp( IManiapoto, Ngati Hikairo, Iclaimant defines Mana Maori motuhake and kingitanga as taonga, (4) The claimant Tuwharetoa, Ngati these failures caused a loss of political, economic and SOCial control, and a loss of Te Whakatere, P6tae ThiS claim relates to the alienation of the land and taonga of Kahuwera Mountain Rohe Potae) through the process of Native Land Court and subsequent government land legislation. The claimants allege that the individualisation of title and eventual sale of the land has consequently denied them access to Kahuwera and its Wairoa, Ngati Hia, natural resources. (2) The alienation of Kahuwera is alleged to be part of the wider ati Manga, and Ngati process of the 'opening up' of Rohe P5tae, which broke the governments 'Aotea 'etekawa Ki NapiNapi Agreement', (3) The claimants allege that the process of land alienation has fundamentallylKahuwera mountain (land - and Ngati Maniapoto weakened their ability to exercise tina rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga over their people, resources within Piopio{re 1094 waahi

Ngati Hinewai I Nga:ti Rungaterangi, Ngati Matakore, Ngati __ The claimant alleges that the Crown has systematically usurped his hapO'sjiwi's tino Parawaeono, Ngati Iranaatiratanga over their natural, -physical and spiritual resources guaranteed to them Urunumia, Ngati article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi. (2) In particular he claims that Crown action Paretepopo, Ngati Taiwa the Native Townships Act 1910, the Public Works Act 1908 and other acts caused Huiputea Block and other hapO of the alienation of the iwi'sjhapO's ancestral lands, and destabilised their tikanga and Roa of life in the HuiDutea Block.

on behalf of extended whanau of Te Maraahi Niketi, Taurangamowaho Kohika, Pareumuroa Te Kohika and Patea Tanirau The claim relates to land currently managed by Department of Corrections, previously Ngai Te Rahurahu and as Tokanui/Waikeria Block, which is now the location of Waikeria Regional Prison Paretekawa. The The claimants allege that the alienation of Waikeria was part of the wider process 'opening up' of Rohe P5tae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying them access to Waikeria and its natural resources. (2) The claimants allege the process of land alienation has fundamentally weakened their ability to exercise tino ranaatiratanaa and kaitiakitanqa over their people; taonqa and purchasing policies from the 18505- 19205, particularly those related to individualisation of land title, which they argue, led to permanent alienation. The-claimantsl IR",vmnnrl Francis MBkau l::lC:C:PtT thic: was despite the fact that Maori custom and the law of tuku (gifting) governed

Alienation of Te Mapara and Kahuwera was part of the wider process of the 'opening of Rohe PBtae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement'; consequently denying them access to the land and its natural resources. (2) The claimants allege that Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly those related to individualisation of land title, led to permanent alienation. The claimants assert this was Mapara and Kahuwera the fact that Maori custom governed these transactions. (3) The claimants allege Reserves just east of hapu, Ngati . the process of land alienation has fundamentally weakened their ability to exercise Piopio area in central Rose Chase and kaitiakitanoa over their people, taonoa and waahi district.

Manihera Watson Forbes an enVironmental/fisheries etc claim to Kawhia Harbour and waterways but also Ifnrinin::ll claimant), Mere occupation of Kawhia around 1883, without gaining consent and Individualisation 11 Hikairo of land (Dresumablv in blocks around

The claim relates to the alleged failure of the Crown to "protect and uphold" the Te PBtae Sacred Compact (Aotea agreement) of which Ngati Hikairo was a party. The Whatiwhatihoe marae. includes: a lack or recognition of tribal leadership and control; alienation of tribal The latter is on the introduction of the Native Land Court; introduction of alcohol; imposition of railway boundary of the Waikato- _ Rohe Potae; lands taken for public works; (3) The destruction of Tainui area 500m south Whatiwhatihoe (4) Failure of Crown to ensure retention of sufficient tribal land. (5) The Pirongia township /claimants allege that combined these failures have fundamentally weakened Ngati Hikairo (presuming on the Te Rohe Potae IManihera Watson Forbes to exercise tina rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga over their people, taonga and northern side ofTRP Alienation tapu. They also allege that these failures have resulted in the loss of mana and boundary but some 1113 Hikairo accounts (1) The claimant alleges that the Crown has systematically usurped the iwi's/hapO's tina rangatiratanga over their natural physical, natural and spiritual resources guaranteed to under article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi. (2) In particular the claimant alleges that Crown, via the Public Works Act of 1908 and various other pieces of legislation, alienated the hapO's/iwi's ancestral land, destabilised their tikanga and traditional way of Kaipiha Block life in the Kaipiha Block. The claimant seeks relief; in the form of an apology, Crown lands, 1115 Claim

(1) Alienation of Otorohanga Block was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of Rohe Potae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying the hapO access to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown failure to use section 71 of Crown Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in'which full Maori self-government tribal jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the eventual "usurping" of rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to penmanent Parewaeono hapO of !alienation. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori custom governed 1132 the law of tuku.

(1) Alienation of Ounuwhero Block was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of . Rohe P6tae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying the hapO access to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown failure to use section 71 of the Crown Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in which full Maori self-government and tribal jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the eventual "usurping" of rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to permanent :::!lipn:::!tion. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori custom governed transaelons, particularly the law oftuku. (4) In particular: Native Land Court and subsequent attendant legislation led to large debt (survey liens and court fees) with IOuruwhero Land - .. Parewaeono hapO of lend result of permanent alienation; Native Township Act of 1895 establishing Otorohanga, and Taumarunui further individualised land. (1) Alienation of the Tokonui and Pokuru Blocks was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of Rohe P5tae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', Iconsequently denying the hapD access to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown to use section 71 of the Crown Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in which Maori self-government and tribal jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the IMuraahi,Waho, Patea and leventual "usurping" oftino rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 1850s- 1900, particularly those related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to permanent alienation. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori Muraahi these transactions, Darticularly the law of tuku. ITokanui: Pokuru

Alienation of the Aotea Block was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying the hapD to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown failure to use section 71 of the Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in which full Maori self-government and jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the eventual "usurping" of tino rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly those related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to permanent behalf of Tupuna Rewi alienation. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori custom governed Maniapoto and these transactions, particularly the law of tuku. (4) In particular: Native Land Court and hapD within all subsequent attendant legislation led to large debt (survey liens and court fees) with IM",ni",nntn and Te Rohe end result of permanent alienation; Native Township Act of 1895 establishing otorohanga, '" and Taumarunui further individualised land. Block

is a wide claim that relates to various alleged breaches of tino rangatiraitanga. The Iclaimants allege that the Crown undermined Maori self-government by the "opening up" Te Muraahi P6tae area and the violation of the Te Rohe P6tae Alienation of Ketemaringi-Hurakia was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of Potae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying the oaccess to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown failure to use section 71 of Crown Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in which full Maori self-government tribal jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the eventual "usurping" of rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to permanent :::!lipn:::!tion. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori custom governed Department of Ketemaringi­ and the common transactions, particularly the law oftuku. (4) Native Land Court and all subsequent Conservation Forest Hurakia Forest IWinifred Clarke Rika and jancestors of Ngati attendant legislation led to large debt (survey liens and court fees) with the end result of Reserve, located next to 1139 Reserve Claim Te Muraahi alienation Pureora Forest.

Te Akau, Lois nahurangi and Piripdfrom tupuna Crown introduction of NLC failing to recognise customary interests including lands, ITutemahuranoi chief of lestates, forests, fisheries, other properties, rivers, waterways, and taonga; (2) Failure of 'hapO Crown to ensure retention of sufficient lands/resource base for their present and future (NB: Claim is made in terms of lands/resources within makes no reference to TRP

to a range of issues relating to Te Rohe potae negotiations including main trunk railway, Kingitanga, political engagement. Claim declares interests in wider 1883 Rohe Potae petition area particularly the Waimarino and Tuhua blocks impacted by Rohe Potae 1224

Crown failure to protect lands, waterways, taonga and cultural spiritual values; (2) action in alienation of lands, forests and waterways; (3) Survey inconsistencies; IConduct and acts of NLC; (5) Actions of NLC officials, Maori trustees, Registrars, Surve Huru hapO; Ngati other officials; (6) Crown failure to protect tina rangatiratangi over waahi tapu; (7) IHurakia: Rangitoto Tuhua 1230 iwi for Nqati Huru 51 (1) Ngati Urunamia are Maniapoto hapu (Wahanui Huatare was an important rangitira.) assert land interests within Rangitoto-Tuhua Block and traditional occupation in ITaringamotu, Ongarue River and Ohura Valley regions, and Te Horongopai. (2) 5.2 refers To Rohe Potae 'Sacred' Compact. (3) Assert breaches by Crown In relation to a range behalf of Ngati issues relating to the compact including liquor! Railways, land purchasing, Native Land 1255 Tltari Wi 1883

Ketemaringi block, IRangitoto Tuhua 38 block), 41 (Te The claim specifically identifies the practices of the Native Land Court in "fragmenting" Ana-kinakina block), 66 "subjugat[ing]" Rohe Potae, pressurising Ngati Te Ihingarangi to participate. (2) (Ngapuketurua block), 67 agencies, including Maori Land Boards, Department of Maori Affairs, Lands and (Hihitirau block), 72 Isurvevs. and DOC, are identified as sowing division amongst the remaining owners of (Otamati block), 78 On behalf of Ngati Te Te Ihingarangi land, resulting in further Crown control of tribal assets and natural (Waimiha block), 79 Ngati Te Ihingarangi affiliated with I resources (taonga). (3) The acquisition of land for the North Island main trunk railway (Tapuwae block), 80 (Te . Claim IT..,r,i ... ", ... Wharekoka North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Application Act 1886 .

Mori Shaw, Ken Houpikake Relating to Ngati Mahanga rohe in the lower Waipa valley (refer 3.1 in claim) and Rautangata (original Jding Ohiapopoko block and Papahua block; (2) Spiritual, cultural, general and Ir:it'limt'lnts): Jason Koia Iprnnnmir loss due to Crown; (3) Kanawatanga versus rangitiratanga; (4) Land alienation

Claims make specific reference to political engagement in the Rohe Potae and Te Rohe compact; (2) Assert Crown breaches over a wide range of issues including in to military activity, land alienation, purchasing policies and practices, survey liens, townships, local government and rates, land consolidation, public works, land Idevelopment schemes, socio-economic issues, Crown policies relating to forests, rivers waterways, environmental management, waahi tapu. (3) Sections 3 and 6 outline 1340 to Te Rohe Potae Sovereignty, se[f~government, jusrisdiction, tribal citizenship: Crown legislation and loolicv "designed to replace Maori self-government and law-making jurisdiction" including to comply with the "Sacred Pact" or the "Aotea Agreement" and the Crown's to use setian 71 of the Crown constitution Act 1852." Crown replacement strategy Maori self-government. (2) Lands alienated through land purchasing policies including -.. Kapatuhi; Ngati individualisation of Maori interests through Native Land Court and Native townships Lee Ann Head 1895 (jncludinq Otorohanoa, Te Kuiti and Taumarunui

IUekaha All and part Al0 blocks. Appear to be actions and policies have prejudicially affected them causing the land to be the Waitomo area. ITho_,o Heta Holden and encumbered with siqnificant debt". information

Failure to protect the tino rangitiratanga and kaitiaki status of Maniapoto tupuna. (2) Alienation of ancestral lands, estates, forests, fisheries, assets, Taonga and Iturungawaewae. (3) Breach of the "King Country Sacred Pact, 1884" and again in 19S1 prohibition??] (4) Breeches of the prohibition of Alcohol, under Sacred Pact of the Rewi Turner 1884.

Pita Hotu in relation to Native Land Court land alienation

Failure to protect hapO-whenua within the rohe of Tamakana, Ruakopiri, Maringi, '-'vai - withdrawn 1.1(a)) (2) Crown failure to respect Te Rohe P5tae petition [sic­ is not the pact as petition is not an agreement- Kelly]; subsequent deception and Imisreoresentations with respect to surveys and the operation of the Native land Court

Tamakanar Ruakopiri­ _ to alienation of lands (3) The encouragement to some chiefs of the upper IPatutokotoko, Maringi IWhanganui to withdraw their lands from Rohe P5tae and make separate applications to Tuhua r

I HalJturu West; Te Kauri; B; Turoto; E; Te Motu Island; Orahiri; Rantitoto Tuhua; Taitoko, Maria Maraetaua; Puketerata; Liz Taitoko, coastal hapG of Ngati Te Oruwhero; Taitoko, Mikaere Urupae, Ngatl Akailma 'Te Pat Taitoko, Gail puhia, Ngati Te Kanawa, Taitoko, Zekes Hohia, Ngati Uekaha, Ngati Pakeho; Daphne Senikaucava, Kinohaku, Ngati Peehi, IGraham Derrick, Pita Ngati Ngutu, Ngati Pare te Tiare Waaka kawa, Ngati Rangi, Ngati Parininihi; Ngati Toa Rangitira, Claims tinorangltiratanga, mana Maori motuhake and supeme authority was usurped Kakepuku; Mangauika; Te Ra, Ngati the New Zealand Crown residing in Wellington failing to uphold the duty it inhereited Uekaha; Poko-o-Riri; Incorporation!Koromete, Nani Waiata Tamahau8, Ngati British Crown to protect Maori interests (2) Crown has violated numerous Whakairoiro: Koromete. ki Kawhia. 71 of NZ Constitution Act 1852

Rara Evans, Te Pare Kaui Joseph, Kevin ITregoweth, Garry Mahuri Paid-liti, Wee Maag, Pita Hotu and Raewyn the owners of 1396 AS block ITh"'''' +-h", Crown acted shares in claimants' land.

Failure to pay compensation for lands taken for Main Trunk Railway line, (2) HapD not 1408 Monica Matamua in Native Land Court processinq in relation to Ranqitoto-Tuhua block Tuhua

1409 Native Land Court individuals to sell our lands in the Kawhia

Rangitototo-Tuhua, Maraeroa, Tanringamotu Kawhia, Pukemakoiti, concerns a wide range of alleged treaty breaches including and in relation to: land Waimiha, Te Tarake, 1435 liens Kokomiko and Te 1439 West

Native Land Court, (2) Failure to ensure Ngati Hinemihi retained sufficient lands for 1447 and future needs

issues in claims summary but key words indicate 'TRP Agreemen~; lands; railway; survey liens; NLCi public works; tradition IRanaitata Tuhua black 77 1455

_ Charman, Jack ISouthern Waikato cunningham, Rangitiepa IHuriwaka and Te Ra 1469 issues in claims Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

136 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Appendix 2: Summary of Te Rohe Potae inquiry claimant feedback on land issues

This summary of issues raised by claimants at various research hui in the district deals with all land issues, not just those relevant to the 1840-1907 land issues report. Obviously not all of these issues will be addressed by the nineteenth century land report. A number of the issues listed concern not just land but resources and environmental issues. These will be addressed in twentieth century land, environmental, local government, rating and socio-economic reports for this inquiry. They are included here as a reminder of the wholistic view of the whenua taken by claimant community.

Feedback from research hui

October 2008 ƒ Land blocks and areas that were never associated with the Queen’s chain as these areas had never been sold (Research hui, Otorohanga 31 Oct 08: Otorohanga Golf Club)

August 2008 ƒ Failure of the Crown to reserve land during purchases (what were the Crown’s obligation regarding setting aside a tenth of the land in pre-1865 and in the 1880 – 1900 period?) ƒ Concerns about the ability of the research to show (a) which hapu and whanau were excluded from court awards (b) how much land was lost by particular hapu and iwi (c) which pieces of land were lost by particular hapu and iwi ƒ To what extent did the Crown purchase the best land and leave Maori with the least economically viable and least valuable land? ƒ Circumstances around the alienation of the Waitomo Caves ƒ Crown acquisition of land for townships, the failure of the township and the subsequent use of the land for other purposes

154 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Individualisation of interests in land and its impact on hapu and whanau collective control of land ƒ Maori being deprived of legal representation in the court because of a 10 year ban on lawyers in the court after the 1883 Rohe Potae agreement ƒ The role of lawyers in the Native Land Court (any indication of crooked dealings caused prejudice to Maori) ƒ Concern about whether the research will be able to tabulate all parcels of land taken for survey liens ƒ How tangata whenua allocated land to Waikato people who were ‘refugees’ from the war and confiscation and how this was later handled in the court ƒ Alleged bias of the court against those who followed Pai Maire, Te Whiti, Ringatu and other Maori spiritual movements and prophets. It was alleged that the orthodox Christians were awarded the best land and the larger portions of land ƒ Way that the court dealt with the interests of minors and how these interests were alienated ƒ To what extent did Maori oppose the railway, or put conditions on its construction, because they feared loss of control of their rohe, rates being levied etc? ƒ To what extent did the Crown use the exploratory surveys for railway routes to identify the best land and to then target it for acquisition? ƒ Need to consider what happened to the whole of the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block and the Tauponuiatia Block and the Waimarino Block) ƒ Questions were raised about whether surveyors C W Hursthouse was prospecting for gold on the sly during his survey trip ƒ Need to draw on evidence given by iwi in the south in the Whanganui and CNI inquires regarding the Rohe Potae and the railway, this was a particular request from Ngati Tuwharetoa. ƒ It was alleged that the Crown promised that Kawhia would be a major port and that a branch railway would be built (including a tunnel(s) through Mt Pirongia). This was a major in the agreement for the railway to go through. Land was taken in the Pirongia West and Mangauika Blocks but the railway never eventuated. As Maori were already supplying ships with produce (via waka) the railway to Kawhia would have enabled

155 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

them to retain this benefit. Without it Pakeha took control of the Main Trunk Line and the supply of produce to Auckland.

December 2007 ƒ Returned lands: What was the Crown’s ambition when giving lands back? Crown purchases whether successful or not caused problems for Maori. Returns were often sold because the lands were now in a Pakeha environment and not sustainable. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International conference centre) ƒ Earlier land claims: Again 1854 land transactions are an issue. It set the precedent for what followed. Dates should cover from 1850s or earlier. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International Conference Centre) ƒ Leased lands will never come back – the Crown should be accountable. Not just historical alienation but ongoing peppercorn rental. Claimants have no knowledge of these leases rolling over – even if they go to court. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International Conference Centre) ƒ Rivers, waterways and mining: Sometimes gets put in environmental when it is effectively land loss. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International Conference Centre) ƒ Returned land issues: Want concrete examples of land issues in the district. Cost of processes, survey costs and court costs. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International Conference Centre) ƒ Separate northern land report: Possibility of a separate report for lands north of Aotea block. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International Conference Centre) ƒ Tokanui and Waikeria prison: Takings for prisons and psychiatric institutions. Imposition of these on local people, impact of later closure - loss of local employment. Ongoing issues: asbestos, burial grounds. Don’t want it back in a desecrated state. (Research hui, Waitomo, 3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club) ƒ Leasing as alienation was a significant issue for the district. (Research hui, Waitomo, 3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club)

156 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ The primacy of hapu was again emphasised in relation to land issues. (Research hui, Waitomo, 3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club) ƒ Impact of the Native Land Court: The way people were forced into a mode of responding significantly to courts and imposed policies. (Research hui, Waitomo, 3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club) ƒ Local government takings: Impact of local government in both land takings and political sense (Research hui, Waitomo, 3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club) ƒ Retain hapu as the primary focus: Claimants emphasised that ‘Iwi’ was an introduced word. (Research hui, Taumarunui, 4 Dec: Wharauroa marae) ƒ Early land transactions: Counsel asked if early lands transactions and claims would be examined in the lands report. (Research hui, Taumarunui, 4 Dec: Wharauroa marae) ƒ Early transactions: Ngati Kinohaku are concerned with pre-1840 Kawhia transactions and relations with Pakeha. They would like the start date brought back so that the project explicitly includes early transactions. (Research hui, Wellington, 18 Dec: Waitangi Tribunal) ƒ Landlocked blocks and other impacts: Impacts of land takings were discussed such as, Motiti marae which was cut off on 4 sides and could be a case study. There were impacts even if land not taken. Impacts of the Kapuni gas line. ƒ Will this report cover legislation in that period? (Crown Hui-20 December 2007).

July 2007 ƒ Land issues – is not just quantity that is important – all land loss is important. Needs to reflect impacts on people not just statistics of land loss. ƒ Ngati Raukawa interests (currently included in this inquiry in relation to Wharepuhunga block) likely to relate to land issues 1886-1908, land issues 1909- 1939, Surveys. (Research hui 2, 20 June 2007, Tokoroa) ƒ Native Land Court operations and Crown purchasing are major issues for Raukawa (Research hui 2, 20 June 2007, Tokoroa) ƒ Request investigation of whether land deals were fraudulent – use of minors etc (Research hui 2, 20 June 2007, Tokoroa) ƒ Request investigation of Pakeha surveyors changing names of streams, rivers, maunga etc for maps (Research hui 2, 20 June 2007, Tokoroa)

157 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

ƒ Uneconomic shares and perpetual leases to be investigated (Research hui 3, 24 June 2007) ƒ Investigate landlocked land (Research hui 3, 24 June 2007, Otorohanga) ƒ Scoping will need to consider that Ngati Toa (Wai 870) were not part of Te Rohe Potae compact. They have their own issues of land loss impacts to be investigated.(Research hui 3, 24 June 2007, Otorohanga) ƒ Coastal issues regarding alienation need to be investigated (Research hui 3, 24 June 2007, Otorohanga)

Other feedback from milestones in the Tribunal inquiry process

Research programme addendum, September 2007 ƒ Project 8: Land issues, 1886-1907; Project 9: Land issues 1908-39; Project 10: Land issues, post-1939; Project 11: Surveys; Project 12: Local government and rates. These projects will need some adjustment in order to accommodate the specific areas now included within the district, and the addition of Ngāti Maniapoto raupatu claims. ƒ The best way forward in this instance may be to proceed with an early scoping of project 8. The scoping of project 8 should determine how the new areas and issues should be dealt with by that project and whether a separate report is needed on Ngāti Maniapoto raupatu claims. To make the best use of time, the scoping project should proceed as claimants and the Crown discuss whether there is agreement between them on the key aspects of raupatu. (Research programme addendum, September 2007, Wai 898 #6.2.4(b))

Staff note, prior to 3rd Judicial Conference, October 2007 ƒ Native Land Court proceedings prior to 1886, especially in Pukekura-Maungatautari district, would be important historical context beyond the inquiry boundary. These concerns could be met by expanding project 8 to include Maori Land Court operation in Pukekura, Puahue/Puahoe, Ngamoko No.2 and Maungatautari blocks, 1865-1885 (including the Ngati Kauwhata Commission, 1881). ƒ The scoping report for project 8 will consider whether the non-raupatu extensions, Karewa Island, and the Western Harbours require a separate report or separate chapters within the lands reports.

158 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Feedback on second draft research programme, July 2007 (Wai 898 #6.2.4(a)) ƒ Native land Court regime as it was introduced into this inquiry district particularly with the large Aotea block hearing from 1886. ƒ Earlier land transactions that were considered by political engagement projects. ƒ The operations of the Native Land Court within the King Country district from 1886 to around 1907, and the nature and extent of Maori engagement with the court. ƒ Crown purchasing in the district from 1889 until around 1905, including the kinds of land and resources identified for purchasing, major changes in Crown purchase policies during this time and suggestions the Crown was able to manipulate the Native Land Court process to its benefit. ƒ The Stout-Ngata Commission findings for this district for the period to 1905. ƒ Private purchasing and leasing in this period. ƒ The response of iwi and hapu of this district to the system of Maori land title and Maori land administration including land alienations in this period.

159 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Appendix 3: List of Agencies codes searched at Archives New Zealand, Wellington and Auckland

The following agencies series were systematically searched: ƒ ABWN and LS: Lands and Survey Department ƒ AGG-A: Agents for the General Government, Auckland ƒ AP: Provincial Government, Auckland ƒ BAAZ: Lands and Survey Office, Auckland ƒ BAIE: Department of Survey and Land Information, Auckland District Office ƒ BACS: Maori Land Court, Waikato-Maniapoto District ƒ BBOP: Maori Land Court, Auckland ƒ CS: Civil Secretary ƒ G: Governor ƒ IA: Internal Affairs ƒ LE: Legislative Department ƒ M: Marine ƒ MA: Maori Affairs Department ƒ MA-MLA: Maori Land Administration Department ƒ MA-MLP: Maori Affairs-Maori Land Purchasing Department ƒ MLC: Maori Land Court ƒ MLC-WANG: Maori Land Court, Wanganui District Office ƒ R: New Zealand Railways (and related agency codes) ƒ TR: Transport

160 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Appendix 4: Access to files at the Hamilton Maori Land Court and other institutions

The Maori Land Court in Hamilton has recently reorganised their records, which may make accessing them slightly more difficult than in the past. The records have been re- boxed using a box number as the key identifier. The files (including block files and alienation files) were boxed as they were found on the shelves. In some cases, for example, files were out being used by staff, or in a different location, at the time of re- boxing. This may have lead to files on the same block being in widely different box numbers. A spreadsheet has been created so files can be located by their box number. This allows researchers to order files by consulting a copy of the spreadsheet and checking what box the files are in and then ordering by box. The spreadsheet lists the box number and the file name (e.g. block name) but do not give a date range for the material in each box. This means that even if researchers are only interested in say the nineteenth century, they will still have to ask for every file on a block to be sure they have covered the entire date range they are interested in. Court staff should be contacted prior to visiting the court, with a few days notice they are happy to retrieve reasonable quantities for researchers (up to about 30 boxes at a time). Each box holds 2-3 average size files.

Researchers should also note that when the files were scanned for the Maori Land Information System (MLIS) project only partial scans were done. Papers recording land transactions and details affecting legal title were selected for scanning (e.g. partitions, successions, sales, takings, wills, trustees etc). Other material such as correspondence with owners, hand drawn maps and memos etc was identified as not to be scanned. These papers were also often relocated together at the back or the top of a file. Researchers should be aware of this because this means that it is more difficult to establish the first and last dates of papers on the files without checking every paper on file.

There are also some miscellaneous historical files held by the court that have not made it on to any list. These include a number of old registers relating to wills and probate (and

161 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009 possibly appointment of trustees). There is also a box of orders appointing trustees for minors for the Rohe Potae – several hundred all of the same date apparently – 5 November 1886. This seems to have been an attempt to facilitate purchasing. There is also a bound volume of Native Assessor’s minutes from early hearings (in Te Reo - Paratene Ngata). Staff at the court have suggested that as the Native Assessors minutes were not regarded as part of the permanent official record of the court, they were often kept by the assessors or given to interested local Maori who then passed them down through their families. The same happened with Judge’s notes after they had been used to prepare the official court minutes in early years. Douglas has found a number of other copies of assessors’ minutes in Waikato University, which he will list for us. The court does not hold ML plans. These seem to be mainly at LINZ Hamilton but there are numerous rough sketch maps on files.

Aside from the changes to access arrangements at the Hamilton Maori Land Court already noted, access to manuscripts, maps and photographs and possible some books and periodicals at the National Library and the Alexander Turnbull Library may be limited or cease, in late 2009 for a period of up to two years while new premises are built. Details are unclear at this stage but this has implications for the nineteenth century land research and other casebook research.

Archives New Zealand now allows researchers to photograph most items in their collection. This is particularly useful for large maps, old bound registers and letter books that cannot easily be copied. Photocopies of pages from files should probably still be obtained in the usual way but making a photo of key pages for your own reference can be useful.

162 Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009

Appendix 5: Further information about photographic collections

The Alexander Turnbull Library’s photographic collection is located at the back of the ground floor of the National Library. Photos are stored in filing cabinet type drawers and are sorted by county. Within each county set the photos are arranged alphabetically by place and/or subject head. These categories are written in felt pen on the top of each reference print. However the county drawers are set out geographically (N to S) rather than alphabetically. The counties of interest to this project are Otorohanga, Waitomo, Clifton (for the North Taranaki fringe), Raglan (for the North tip), Waipa (for the northwestern area) and possibly, Waikato.

There are also a number of regional museums with photographic collections that may yield some significant images. These include Pukeariki museum in New Plymouth (for the Mokau/Awakino area) which holds some 350,000 photographic images, only some of which have been catalogued. Ruth Harvey is the photographic curator there.

The Tainui Historical society Museum has approximately 3,000 photographic images. About 1,000 of the images are from the National Library. Volunteer staff are in the process of scanning the photographic collection onto computer, and developing a subject catalogue. Subject listings include farming, groups, logging, maritime, Maori, coalmines, people, places, public works, rivers, schools, scenes and transport.

Te Awamutu Museum has over 6,000 photographs, some of which derive from other institutions. A nominal index of the photographic collection directs the researcher to a numbered card system, on which each image is displayed.

Te Kuiti District Historical Society hold a list of photographs by the surveyor Lawrence Cussen (1883-1884).

163 Bibliography of Sources

Nineteenth Century Maori Land Research in the Rohe Potae Inquiry District

1840 - 1907 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Contents

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SECONDARY SOURCES FOR 19TH CENTURY LAND ISSUES IN THE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY DISTRICT (1840 – 1907)...... 6

DOCUMENT BANKS...... 6

TRANSLATIONS...... 6

LAND DEEDS ...... 7

NEWSPAPERS ...... 7

PERIODICALS ...... 8

REFERENCE...... 8

BOOKS, ARTICLES AND THESES...... 9 Early Accounts ...... 10 Histories by Place ...... 11 Archaeology, Place names and Historic Places ...... 23 Personal Recollections...... 24 Family Histories and Whakapapa...... 26 Marae and Tribal Histories...... 27 Maori Land Blocks...... 29 Geology and Mining...... 29 Resource and Land Use Studies...... 30 Sawmilling and Timber Industry...... 31 Academic Material ...... 32 Reports of the Waitangi Tribunal...... 53 Waitangi Tribunal research and other reports ...... 53

2 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRIMARY SOURCES FOR 19THC CENTURY LAND ISSUES PROJECTS IN THE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY DISTRICT (1840 – 1907)

EARLY LAND TRANSACTIONS AND OLD LAND CLAIMS...... 64

PURCHASE DEEDS ...... 64 Turton’s deeds...... 64

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS...... 64 Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives (AJHR) ...... 64 British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP)...... 66

NEWSPAPERS ...... 67

ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPTS ...... 67 Archives New Zealand, Wellington ...... 67 Archives New Zealand, Auckland...... 74 Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington...... 75 Other Museums and Archives ...... 75

MAPS AND PLANS ...... 77 Auckland City Library, Auckland...... 77

PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS...... 77 Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington...... 77

PRE-1865 CROWN PURCHASING IN TE ROHE POTAE

INQUIRY DISTRICT ...... 79

PURCHASE DEEDS...... 79 Turton’s Deeds ...... 79

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS ...... 80 Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR)...... 80 British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP)...... 84 Petitions to Parliament...... 88

ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPTS ...... 90 Archives New Zealand, Wellington ...... 90

3 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centnry land issues, January 2009

Archives New Zealand, Auckland ...... 106 Land information New Zealand (LlNZ), Hamilton ...... ;...... 114 Alexander Turnbull Libra/Y, Wellington ...... 115 Other museums and libraries ...... 121

MAPS AND PLANS ...... 125 British Parliamenta/Y Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BP P) ...... 125

PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS ...... 126 Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington ...... 126

THE SEARCH FOR AND CREATION OF NEW FORM OF TITLE AND THE USE AND ALIENATION OF MAOID LAND IN THE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY DISTIDCT (1870-1907) ...... 130

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS ...... 130 Appendices to the Journals ofthe House ofRepresentatives (AJHR) ...... 130 British Parliamenta/Y Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP) ...... 152

ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPTS ...... 155 Land information New Zealand (LlNZ), Hamilton ...... 155 Hamilton Maori Land Court (records held offsite) ...... 156 Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington ...... 156 Auckland War Memorial Museum Libra/Y, Auckland...... 164 Hamilton City Library, Hamilton ...... 164 Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum, Otorohanga ...... 165 Pukeariki, New Plymouth...... ,...... ,... ,...... ,...... ,...... " ...... ,.165 Te Awamutu Museum, Te Awamutu ...... 167 Te Kuiti and District Historical Society, Te Kuiti ...... 168 University ofAuckland Libra/Y, Auckland ...... 168 University ofWaikato Libra/Y, Hamilton ...... 169 Archives New Zealand, Wellington .... ,...... ,.170 Archives New Zealand, Auckland ...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,... ,.... ,...... 197

MAPS ...... 210 Official publications...... , ...... ,...... ,', ...... ,...... ,...... ,., ...... 210

4 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS ...... 217 Alexander Turnbull Librmy, Wellington ...... 217 Te Kuiti and District Historical Society, Te Kuiti ...... 222 Waitomo Caves Museum, Waitomo ...... 222

5 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Bibliography of Secondary Sources for 19th Century land Issues in the Rohe Potae Inquiry District (1840-1907)

Document Banks Boast, Richard (compiler), Extracts from AJHR 1870-1890 Reports of Native and Land Purchase Officers re Whanganui ki Maniapoto regions, Wai 903 #A8 (ROI says that it is held in the Waitangi Tribunal Library)

Crown Forestry Rental Trust, ‘Selected Official Documents Pertaining to the Aotea Rohe Potae Compact’, November 2001

Paul, Rachel, Document Bank Accompanying Report on ‘Native Land Legislation from 1862 to 1880’, Wai 894, #A94 (a-c)

Ward, Alan, Supporting Documents Accompanying the ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto’ report, Wai 903 #A11 (a)

Translations Extract from Diary of W H Grace, 1882, Wai 143, #H18

W H Grace Translation Project, Nov 2003, Wai 903 #A44 (formerly Wai 903, #A19)

Grace Letter Book Collection, English 1880-1885 and Miscellaneous Years, Wai 903, #A44 (a) (formerly Wai 903, #A19 (a))

Wi Nera Te Awaitaia, ‘Letter from Wiremu Nero [sic] Te Awaitaia to Hamiora Naropi relative to meeting at Raglan of Whaingaroa, Aotea, and Kawhia Chiefs: presented to

6 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009 both Houses of the General Assembly by command of His Excellency’, Auckland: printed by the Government Printer, 1864 [may be AJHR 1864, E-14]

Land Deeds Turton, H H, Maori Deeds and Plans of Land Purchase in the North Island, Government Printer, Wellington, 2 vols 1877-1878

Newspapers Note: Papers Past has the Waikato Times 1873-1886, the Taranaki Herald, 1852-1909, and the Daily Southern Cross, 1843-1876 in searchable digital form. The other newspapers on this list are available on microfilm at the National Library, Wellington.

Auckland Chronicle, 1841-1845

Auckland Examiner, 1856-1861

Auckland Register and Commercial and Shipping Gazette, 1857-1862

Auckland Times, 1842-1846

Daily Southern Cross, 1862-1876

Kawhia Settler and Raglan Advertiser, Kawhia, weekly: 24 April 1901-24 April 1936

New Zealand Herald, 1863-

Taranaki Daily News, 1852-2004

Taranaki Herald, 1852-1989

7 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

The New Zealander [Auckland], 1845-1866

The Yeoman, daily: 1880-1906

Taumarunui Press, Taumarunui, weekly: 1906-1971

Waikato Advocate, 1895-1896

Waikato Argus, 1896-1915?

Wanganui Chronicle, 1856-

Waikato Times, 1878 –

Weekly Herald [Wanganui], 1869-1880 (see also Yeoman)

Periodicals Footprints of History (Te Awamutu, Te Awamutu, Otorohanga, Te Kuiti Historical Societies and the Waitomo Caves Museum Society, 1988-2005) Nos. 1-29

Roll Back the Years, Ron Cooke (ed.), C&S Publications, Taumarunui, 1991

Te Awamutu Historical Society Bulletin, Nos. 1-5, 1949-1976

The Journal of the Te Awamutu Historical Society, 10 vols, 1966-1975

Reference Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Industrial, descriptive, historical, biographical facts, figures, illustrations, Auckland, 1897

8 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Malcolm McKinnon (ed.), with Barry Bradley and Russell Kirkpatrick; [cartography by Terralink NZ Ltd.], Bateman New Zealand Historical Atlas: Ko papatuanuku e takoto nei, David Bateman in association with Historical Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs, Auckland, 1997

Scholefield, G H (ed.), A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, 2 vols, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, 1940 ‘Cowell, John’ ‘Wilkinson, G T’ ‘Seth-Smith, Hugh Garden (Judge)’ ‘Smales, Gideon (Rev)’ ‘Schnackenberg, Henry Cort (Rev)’ ‘Wahanui (Reihana Te Huatare)’

Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, 1990-2008 ‘Ballance, John’ ‘Bryce, John’ ‘Eketone, Pepene’ ‘Firth, Josiah Clifton’ ‘Gorst, John Eldon’ ‘McLean, Donald’ ‘Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero’ ‘Maniapoto, Rewi Manga’ ‘Montefiore, John Israel’ ‘Ormsby, John’ ‘Searancke, William Nicholas’ ‘Smith, Edward Metcalf’ ‘Te Awa-i-taia, Wiremu Nera’ ‘Wahanui Huatare’

9 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Books, articles and theses Early accounts Dieffenbach, Ernst, Travels in New Zealand, John Murray, London, 1843, reprinted by Capper Press, Christchurch, 1974

Hochstetter, Ferdinand von, New Zealand: Its physical geography, geology, and natural history: with special reference to the results of government expeditions in the provinces of Auckland and Nelson translated from the German, original published in 1863 by Edward Sauter; with additions up to 1866 by the author

Rotorua Art Gallery, King Country Journey, Alfred Burton: Rotorua Art Gallery Travelling Exhibition, Rotorua, 1980

Burton, Alfred, The Maori at Home: A catalogue of a series of photographs, illustrative of the scenery and of Native life in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand, originally published in 1885) and reprinted by Kiwi Publishers, Christchurch, c2004 [NB: Also known as Through the King Country with the Camera: A photographer’s diary]

Kerry-Nicholls, J H, The King Country or Explorations in New Zealand: A narrative of 600 Miles of travel through Maoriland: with a treatise on the origin, physical characteristics, and manners and customs of the Maori race, Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London, 1884, reprinted by Capper Press, Christchurch, 1974

______, Recent Explorations of the King Country, New Zealand, W M Clowes & Sons Ltd., London, 1885

Park, James, ‘Early Explorations in the King Country: Reminiscences: Murder of the renegade Moffatt’, Otago Daily Times Print, Dunedin, 1922

10 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Smith, Stephenson Percy, ‘Notes of a Journey from Taranaki to Mokau, Taupo, Rotomahana, Tarawera and Rangitikei’, in N M Taylor (ed.), Early Travellers in New Zealand, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959, pp 349-386

Thompson, Stephen, The Harbours of New Zealand, London, 1887

Histories by Place

General (Rohe Potae/King Country) Barker, Dorothy, ‘Roughing it in the King Country’, Historical Journal Auckland- Waikato, April 1974, No. 24, pp 18-20

Bass, May, The Northwest King Country: A history of the land and its people, researched and written for Waikato Conservancy, Department of Conservation, The Conservancy, the Department, Hamilton, 1993

Bradbury, E, Settlement and Development of the King Country, New Zealand, early history, industries and resources, scenic attractions, E. Bradbury & Co., Auckland, 1923

______, The Settlement and Development of Taranaki and the King Country, E. Bradbury & Co., Auckland, 1940

Brown, M B, ‘The King Country’, thesis, University of Auckland, 1931

Cooke, Ron and Pilkinton, Ian, Pinetree Country: A pictorial record of King Country’s 50th jubilee year (1972), R L Cooke, Taumarunui, 1973

Coulson, John, King Country Sketchbook, Ruapehu Marketing, Taumarunui 1995

Cowan, James, “The Old Frontier”, History of the King Country Border, Te Awamutu, Waipa Post Printing, 1922

11 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Craig, Dick, The Days before our First Pioneers: History of the King Country until the coming of the Railway, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1949

______, Report on the King Country: A district backed by achievement and with a wonderful future ahead, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1953

______, South of the Aukati Line, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1962

______, Land of the Maniapoto: A brief history of the area now known as the Northern King Country, embracing the Otorohanga, Kawhia and Waitomo Counties, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1978

______, King Country: New Zealand’s Last Frontier, R S Craig, Mount Maunganui, 1990

______, The King Country (Rohe Potae), Te Awamutu Courier, Te Awamutu, 1990/1991

______, The Realms of King Tawhiao, with Review of Causes of 1860-64 Maori Wars, Waitomo News Ltd., Te Kuiti, 1995

Elmes, Ernestine, The Living Past, 1842-1971, E Elmes, Te Kuiti, 1985

Flanagan, F W, Auckland: Gold & Gum Fields, Hot Lakes, King Country (Rohe Potae), Waitomo Caves, Government Printer, Wellington, 1898

Gregory, K B, Tales of the King Country, S Barlow, Lower Hutt, 1997

Hammond, T G, The Story of Aotea, Lyttelton Times, Christchurch, 1924

12 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Hemara, Wharehuia, ‘The Opening of Te Rohe Potae’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, March 1996, p 3920

______, ‘The Desire to Survey Te Rohe Potae’, [pt 1] Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, April 1996, p 4021

______, ‘The Desire to Survey Te Rohe Potae’ [pt 2], Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, June 1996, p 4222

______, ‘Resolution Spells Beginning of the End’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, August 1996, p 4425

______, ‘Fears held about Land Division’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, October 1996, p 4624

______, ‘The Partition of the Rohe Potae Block’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, December 1996/Jan 1997, p 4629

______, ‘Socio-cultural Disruption’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, Feb 1997, p 4618

______, ‘Spirited Defence of Rights and Privileges’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, April 1997, p 5119

______, ‘Te Rohe Potae Tribe Outnumbered’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, June 1997, p 5322

______, ‘Suspicious of Crown’s Actions’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper, September 1997, p 5613

13 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Hunwick, E C, ‘Northcroft’s Experiences on the King Country Frontier’, Footprints of History, Vol.1, No. 1, October 1988, pp 11-14

______, ‘Taking Government Gifts caused Chief Wahanui to Lose Mana’, Footprints of History, No.10, June 1993, pp 217-219

______, ‘Ngatamahine Development had Colourful History’, Footprints of History, No.16, April 1996, pp 16-22

Jones, Stella, ‘The Country Newspapers of J H Claridge’, Historical Journal Auckland- Waikato, No. 34, April 1979, pp 13-19

Kaati, J R, Rohe Potae and Wahanui Paramount Chief, J.R. Kaati, Te Kuiti, 1997

Langmuir, A J, The King Country in the Early Days, 1940-1941

Sole, Steve, ‘King Country: Under the Brim of the Hat’, New Zealand Geographic, No. 88, November/December 2007, pp 70-83

Vernon, R T and Buckeridge, C R, Te Mata – Aotea, A O Rice, Hamilton, 1973

Way, Margaret, King Country, large print ed., Ulverscroft, Leicester, 1981

Westmacott, E M, ‘The Northern King Country to 1914’, thesis, University of Canterbury, 1944

Winter, N A, Northern King Country: Random Sketches, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1938

14 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Young, Robert E., Lusty, Patricia, J., King Country 1967, Breckell & Nicholls, Auckland, 1967

‘An 1886 Impression of North King Country’s Potential’, Footprints of History, No.6, July 1991, pp 131-134

‘King Tawhiao’, Footprints of History, No.6, July 1991, t.p verso

Raglan Bradbury, E, The Raglan and Kawhia Districts, New Zealand: Early history, resources and potentialities, future prospects, E Bradbury, Auckland, 1915

Melrose, Margaret Joan, ‘Land-use Problems in Raglan County’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1957

Raglan Old Settlers’ Association, Raglan Old Settlers Centennial Re-union: 1840-1940: Souvenir booklet, [compiled by the Committee of the Raglan Old Settlers’ Association], Raglan County Chronicle Print, Raglan, 1940

Raglan Old Settlers Association, 1840 Raglan Old Settlers Re-union, Raglan Old Settlers Association, Raglan, 1940

Raglan School Reunion Committee, Raglan School 125th anniversary reunion, 1866- 1991, March 29th, 30th & 31st 1991, Raglan School Reunion Committee, Raglan, 1991

Vennell, C W and Williams, Susan, Raglan County Hills and Sea: A Centennial History 1876-1976, Wilson & Horton for Raglan County Council, Auckland, 1976

Vernon, R T, Raglan, W G Vernon, Auckland, 1984

15 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Kawhia Anderson, W E, Kawhia District, W E Anderson, 1962

Beca, Carter, Hollings and Ferner Ltd., A Report on Taharoa – Its existing and future role in the region, NZ Steel Mining Ltd, 1977

Cummins, Peg (compiled by), A History of Kawhia & its District, material collected by Corban Ward & many others, Kawhia Museum, Kawhia, 2004

Hunwick, E C, ‘Kawhia Opened to Europeans despite Tawhiao’s Objection’, Footprints of History, No. 9, November 1992, pp 203-206

Kawhia County Council, Town Board and Chamber of Commerce at the Kawhia Settler Printing Office, Kawhia Dstrict and Port: Past, present & future: a brief summary of its position & potentialities, including Mr Leslie Reynolds’ report on Kawhia Harbour, Kawhia, 1916

Laurenson, G I, ‘Notes on Background to the Ceremony of Dedication of the Historical Places Trust marker and Memorial Plaque at Te Waitere, Lemon Point, Kawhia, on Saturday, 9th September 1972’

Lentfer, Barry Neville, ‘The Relationship between Land Tenure and Land-use in Kawhia’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1963

MacDonald, Peggy, The Wild West Coast: Being two [i.e. three] articles on the west coast of Auckland province (Kawhia and southwards), 1937

Neal, Colleen and Shaw, Ken, Kawhia South: The districts of Kinohaku, Te Anga, Marokopa, Kiritehere, Kinohaku Book Club, Te Kuiti, 1996

16 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Simpson, Philip G, The Maketu Marae Totara Whakatupuranga, Kawhia, Department of Conservation, Wellington, c1994

Woolford, Beryl, ‘Ngati Rangingonge – Ngaa moorehu o Kaawhia’, MEd thesis, University of Auckland, 1998

Korakonui Korakonui School 75th jubilee, 1911-1986: School districts reunion Korakonui, Wharepuhunga, Ngaroma, Korakonui Jubilee Committee, 1986

Mokau Barr, H, ‘The Mokau Mines Speculation in Nineteenth Century Taranaki’, MA thesis, University of Waikato, 1979

Barr, H, ‘Coal on the Mokau’, Historic Places, vol. 9, 1985, pp 6-8

Edson, S C, Mangatoi Archaeological Site Survey: Mokau coalfield study, unpublished report to State Coal Mines, 1986

Jardine, Margaret de, The Little Ports of Taranaki: being Awakino, Mokau, Tongaporutu, Urenui, Waitara, Opunake, Patea, together with some historical background on each, M. de Jardine, New Plymouth 1992

Owen, J, ‘Mokau’s History of Mining Disasters’, New Zealand Coal, Spring Issue, pp 5-9

Mokau Harbour Board, Rules and regulations of the Port of Mokau, Waitara Evening Mail, Waitara, 1913

17 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

New Plymouth Tourist Bureau, The River Beauty of the Scenic Mokau: Also pleasure trips and mountain climbs on Egmont, New Plymouth Tourist Bureau, New Plymouth, 1914? Tainui Historical Society, The Vital Link: Crossing the Mokau, Tainui Historical Society, Pilot Gardens, Urenui, 2007

Milbank, Bill and Goldsmith, Susette, Taranaki Whenua Life Blood Legacy, Pukeariki, New Plymouth, 2008

A Centennial History of Clifton County, Clifton County Council, Waitara, 1989

Piopio Coleman, C (compiled by), Days of Old: A collection of memories of Piopio -Te Mapara, Kahuwera, Arapae, Kohua, Taumatawaenga and Paemako areas, Colleen Coleman, Te Kuiti 1996

Loder, D S, St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church, Piopio: Fifty years, 1914-1964: golden jubilee celebrations, 7th & 8th March, 1964, Chronicle Print, Te Kuiti, 1964

McLean, P, History for First 100 years: Piopio and district, 1896-1996, Te Kuiti, 1996

Piopio schools, 1909-1984, Piopio College, Piopio, 1986

Savill, Joseph, E, Among the Pioneers of Pio Pio, 1906-1926, Wentforth Print, Auckland, c1987

Pirongia & Waipa Barber, L H, The View from Pirongia: The history of Waipa County, Richards Publishing in association with Waipa County Council, Te Awamutu, 1978

18 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Briggs, Roger et al., Pirongia Forest Park, Pirongia Te Aroaro o Kahu Restoration Society, Pirongia, 2004

Edmonds, Sue, ‘Whatiwhatihoe - the Maori King’s Pirongia Headquarters’, Footprints of History, No. 6, July 1991, pp 121-124

Pirongia (Alexandra) School: souvenir programme and local history commemorating the 75th anniversary of the establishment of the public school, 1873-1948, Jubilee Committee, Pirongia, 1948

Pirongia Centennial Committee, District centenary, 14th November 1964: Alexandra, 1864 - Pirongia, 1964, Pirongia Centennial Committee, Te Awamutu, 1964

Phillips, Ngaire, Pirongia School Centennial Celebrations 1873-1973, Pirongia School Centennial Committee, Pirongia, 1973

Sullivan, W A, Historic Pirongia, Te Awamutu & District Museum, 1996

Te Kuiti Craig, Dick, The First Fifty Years: Te Kuiti jubilee booklet to mark the anniversary of the founding of the King Country’s first borough, Te Kuiti, on the 1st April, 1960, Te Kuiti Jubilee Committee, Te Kuiti, 1960

Hutchins, Graham, Learning Curve: The first 100 years of Te Kuiti Primary School (1897-1997), including Te Kuiti District High School, Te Kawa, Reunion Publications, Te Kuiti, 1997

Miller, Robert, ‘Old Te Kuiti’, Historical Journal Auckland-Waikato, No.19, September 1971, pp 29-30

19 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Te Kuiti Chamber of Commerce, Te Kuiti, King Country, New Zealand: Sunshine & Happiness, Te Kuiti Chamber of Commerce, Te Kuiti, 1923

Te Kuiti Jubilee, 1910-1985: 75 years, supplement to Waitomo News, March 21, 1985, The News, Te Kuiti, 1985

Te Kuiti Jubilee Executive Committee, Te Kuiti Schools Diamond Jubilee: Review of celebrations held from 26th-28th January 1957 to mark the 60th anniversary of the opening of Te Kuiti’s first school on 29th January, 1897

Otorohanga Baucke, William, Where the White Man Treads: Selected from a series of articles contributed to the New Zealand Herald and the Auckland Weekly News, Otorohanga, 2nd ed., Wilson & Horton, Auckland, 1928

Bland, Michael, ‘Town Built on Sand’, Southern Skies, May 1995, pp 48-54

Lewis, T W, Tenei ka panuitia nei nga korero o te hui i tu ki Otorohanga i te taenga o Kawana Anaro ki reira, kia mohio ai te katoa, Ko nga korero o te hui i tu ki Otorohanga, Government Printer, Wellington, 1890

Otorohanga, 1885-1985: Otorohanga centennial supplement, Waitomo News, 1985

Otorohanga Centennial Reunion Committee, Otorohanga education: 100 years, 1893- 1993, Centennial Reunion Committee, Otorohanga, 1993

Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, Jubilee souvenir 1895-1946: Otorohanga District High School: Fifty-first anniversary jubilee re-union, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, November 22, 23 and 24, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1946

20 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, Otorohanga School 75th Jubilee Souvenir, 1893-1969, Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, Otorohanga, 1969

Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, 1954-1984, Otorohanga South School 30th Jubilee; jubilee booklet, Otorohanga South School 30th jubilee, Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, 1984

Otorohanga South School, Jubilee Committee, Otorohanga South School: 50th jubilee reunion, 22-24 October 2004, Otorohanga South School, Jubilee Committee, Otorohanga, 2004

Otorohanga Primary School 25th Jubilee, 1957-1982, Otorohanga Primary School, Sutherland Print, Te Kuiti 1982

Powell, J R, Those were the Early Days in Otorohanga: Otorohanga centennial celebrations, 1885-1985, J R Powell, Sutherland Print Ltd., Otorohanga, 1985

Quin, Helen Mary, A Short History and Memories of Otorohanga, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1961

Waitomo (including Waitomo Caves) Arrell, Robert, Waitomo Caves: A century of tourism, Waitomo Caves Museum Society, Waitomo, 1984

Craig, Dick, Waitomo: Land of the future, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1965

Cooper, Michele, ‘A History of Karst Exploration and Management: Waitomo and Wellington Caves’, MSc thesis, University of Auckland, 1997

21 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Waitomo, Ruakuri and Aranui Caves: New Zealand’s limestone wonders, Wellington, 1917, revised editions: 1925, 1927

Greenwood, John, ‘Waitomo Reserves: an alternative form of management for a group of reserves at Waitomo’, a dissertation required by Lincoln College in part fulfilment of diploma requirement for Diploma in Parks and Recreation, 1979

McCaughan, Peter, A Collection of Historical Articles about the Waitomo District, Hamilton, 2006

Morgan, V, A History of Waitomo: Maori and Pakeha side by side, Outrigger Publications, Hamilton, 1983

Pavlovich, Kathryn, The Emergence and Construction of the Waitomo Caves Tourism Destination New Zealand, Department of Strategic Management & Leadership, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 2000

Radcliffe, F G, Waitomo, Ruakuri & Aranui, New Zealand, F G Radcliffe, Whangarei, 1910?

Richards, J H, Waitomo Caves, 2nd ed., Reed, Wellington, 1961

Surveyor-General, The Waitomo Caves, King Country: (report on): presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by command of His Excellency, Thomas Humphries, Wellington, 1889

Tomlinson, C A, Nature’s Underground Wonders in New Zealand: The marvellous Waitomo and Ruakuri caves: admitted to contain some of the finest stalactites, statagmites, and grottos in the world, Whitcombe & Tombs, Christchurch and Wellington, 1910

22 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

‘Former Sailor First European to sail into Waitomo Caves’, Footprints of History, No. 11, February 1994, pp 255-257

Waitomo News, Waitomo News Centenary: The voice of the northern King Country, 1906-2006, Te Kuiti, Whakatane Beacon, 2006

Archaeology, Place names and Historic Places McFadgen, B, ‘The Salvage Excavation of a Pa at Mokau, North Taranaki’, New Zealand Archeological Association Newsletter, vol. 12, No. 2, pp 64-75

Morgan, B, Historic Maori Place Names from the Waipa River to Mokau, B Morgan, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1976

New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Raglan County, New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington, 1983

New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Historic Places Inventory: Waitomo District, New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington, 1983

New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Otorohonga County, New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington, 1983

New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Waikato Regional Committee, Waikato-Northern King Country: Historical guide, The Trust, Wellington, 1985

New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Raglan County (including Huntly Borough, Ngaruawahia Borough), [New ed.], New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington, c1988

23 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Waitomo County, Otorohanga County, New Zealand Historic Places Trust, 1989

Vernon, R T, Around Raglan: Index of names, prepared by J.M. Gibbons, Hamilton Public Library, Hamilton, 1981?

Wilkes, Owen, ‘Site recording, Site Types, and Site Distribution on the King Country Coastline’, Archaeology in New Zealand, vol. 38, No. 4, December 1995, pp 236-256

Personal Recollections Alexander, Rev. R W W (Robert William Wiseman), The Experiences of the Rev. R W W Alexander among the Russians, Lumberjacks, Cowboys in Western Canada: and in the Backblocks of New Zealand at Whangamomona, Kawhia, Murchison, R Lucas & Son (Nelson Mail), Nelson, 1946, new edition by Kiwi Publishers, Christchurch, c1995

Bryers, Dudie, edited by Judith Holloway, A King Country Life, Bryers Family, Otaki, 2000

Cooke, Ron, ed., Waitanguru: The great transformation: A collection of memories depicting optimism, disaster and progress of the Waitanguru, Mangaotaki, Ngapaenga and Mairoa districts, compiled by Stan Frederikson, published for Waitanguru Jubilee Committee by C & S Publications, Taumarunui, 1990

Cowan, James, The Bush Explorers: A memory of the King Country: swag and camp in the Rohepotae forest (about 1891 or 1892), and Mt Egmont; further reminiscences, Canterbury Times, Christchurch, 1916

Fitz-William, Elsie, Life at the Oaks: Memories of Raglan & Hamilton 1890-1912, edited by Joyce Neill; with a foreword by H C M Norris, Pegasus, Christchurch, 1975

24 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Hayman, Frances, with a foreword by Mary Scott, King Country Nurse, Blackwood and Janet Paul, Auckland, 1964

Hopkins, H W, A Settler’s Story: Former King Country resident, the late Mr. Hopkins’ experiences, Taumarunui Press, Taumarunui, 1953-1955

Johnstone, Bernice Monrath, Not a Pioneer!: A memoir of Waipa and Raglan, 1871- 1960: Memories of Bernice Monrath Johnstone of Three Oaks, Whatawhata, New Zealand, edited and annotated by Patricia R. Roberts, P R Roberts, Ottawa, 2004

Lawson, John, Baxter, ‘Reminiscences of an Early King Country Settler’, [pt 1] Footprints of History, No. 2, May 1989, pp 33-34

______, ‘Reminiscences of an Early King Country Settler’, [pt 2] Footprints of History, No. 4, May 1990, pp 87-89

______, ‘Reminiscences of an Early King Country Settler’, [pt 3] Footprints of History, November 1990, No.5, pp 106-109

Massey, Jean, And Life Goes On--, Dargaville, 1986?

Norman, Lilian, High Heels to Gumboots, Minerva, London, 1997

Riddle, Colin John, Pioneering at Aria, C. J. Riddle, 1960

Riddle, C J, No Greater Purpose, Delcia & John Crothers, Auckland, 1991

Scott, Ellis, ‘Memories of a Country Mill Town, 1900-1930’, Journal of the New Zealand Federation of Historical Societies, vol. 1 No. 10, July 1980, pp 29-31

25 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Sullivan, W. A., ‘Honikiwi Settler Family had hole in Bank Kitchen’, Footprints of History, No. 12, May 1994, pp 12-15

Sutherland, Phyllis Pretoria Grey, My Life Story: Reminiscences of a King Country Girl, P Sutherland, Tauranga, 1997

Westmacott, H F, The After-breakfast Cigar: Selected memoirs of a King Country settler, Reed, Wellington, 1977

Winter, N A, The King Country: Recollections of an old timer, Farrell Printing, Auckland, 1937

Family Histories and Whakapapa Andersen, J C & Petersen, G C, The Mair Family, Wellington, Reed 1965

Barrett, John Richard Te Rongotoa, Ngati Te Maawe: The Barretts of Waiharakeke, Kawhia, New Zealand, Ngati Te Maawe, Wainuiomata, 1986

Biggs, Bruce, The Descendants of Te Huetu: Te Heutu family reunion at Te Keeti Marae, Labour Weekend 1982, B Biggs, Auckland, 1982

Eyre, Phyllis, Eyre Family Reunion: Pirongia, 20-22 October, 1859-1989, P Eyre, Hamilton, 1989

Gartner reunion: Otorohanga, 25th January 1986, J. Smith, Express Print, Hamilton, 1986

Hall, V B, W. H. V. Hall and family in Ororohanga Town and District, 1912-1965, Viv B and Elaine N. Hall, Wellington, 2005

26 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Howe, G P, From Kent to Kawhia: The Cowell Story, G. P Howe, W J Deed Printing, Auckland, 1983

Family Re-union of Louis Hetet & Rangituatahi, January 29th to 31st, 1971, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1971

Hamilton Public Library, ‘King Tawhiao: The Second Maori King’, one in a series of biographical information kits on notable people, compiled by Glynis Rollo and Donald Gregory, Hamilton Public Library, Hamilton, 1997

Hamilton Public Library, ‘Tainui Personages of Note’, one in a series of biographical information kits on notable people, compiled by Glynis Taylor and Donald Gregory, Hamilton Public Library, Hamilton, 1998

Turner, T.M., Hetet reunion held at Te Kuiti Marae: 31st December 1994 to 3rd January 1995, Te Kuiti, 1995

Marae and Tribal Histories Barrett-Aranui, Hinekahukura, A Gossamer of Wisdom: Truths enshrouded within the ancestral house of Ngaati Maniapoto, University of Waikato, Waikato Print, Hamilton, 1999

Buckeridge, C R, Reflections of the Aotea, P W Buckeridge, Raglan, 1985

Clark, Charlton, ‘Te Miringa Te Kakara will rise again’, Historic Places in New Zealand, No. 1, June 1983, pp 22-24

Crown, P N (Piripi Nga Whira) & Te Ruki, G S, Te Kete Korero: He kohinga korero kaumatua: nga tupuna taketake o Ngati Maniapoto = The founding ancestors of Maniapoto, Kowhai Consulting, Te Kuiti, 2004

27 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Eketone, P and Ormsby, John, Te Nehenehe nui. Nehenehenui: Ko te kawenata o Ngati Maniapoto me ona hapu maha / he mea tuhi i raro i te mana o te iwi o Ngati Maniapoto; Other Title: Nehenehe nui. Nehenehenui. Nehenehe nui. Nehenehenui, Te Kuiti, 1904

Going, Patricia H, Who We Are, P H Going, New Zealand, 2007

Kelly, Leslie George, Tainui: The story of Hoturoa and his descendants, Polynesian Society, Wellington, 1949

Jones, Pei Te Hurinui, A Souvenir Memoir: The dedication of Auau-ki-te-rangi Meeting House at Maketu, Kawhia, Offset Printers, Hamilton, 1962

Koha [videorecording], Te Kuiti meeting-house, New Zealand Television Archive, Lower Hutt, 1981, 1 videocassette (9 min.)

Maketu Marae Trustees, Te Tumu o Tainui: A Commemorative souvenir of the opening of Te Tini o Tainui Dining Hall by the Prime Minister the Rt. Hon. David Lange, Maketu Marae, Kawhia, November 1, 1986, compiled under the direction of Tuauru Forbes, with Te Kohu Douglas editor, assisted by Te Aue Davis, Maketu Marae Trustees, Kawhia, 1986

Phillips, F L, Landmarks of Tainui = Nga tohu a Tainui: A geographical record of Tainui traditional history, Tohu Publishers, Otorohanga, 1989-1995

Taitoko, Wayne, Maniapoto Maaori Trust Board: A tribal history, [draft], Centre for Maaori Studies and Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 1990

Te Kuiti Marae Board of Trustees, Maori committee affiliated to the N.Z. Maori Council, Te Tokanganui-A-Noho: Centennial programme 1872-1972, Te Tokanganui-a-noho Centennial Committee, Maxwell Printing Auckland, 1972

28 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Te Kuiti Marae Board of Trustees, Maori Committee affiliated to the New Zealand Maori Council, Te Tokanganui-a-noho: Second century, Te Tokanganui-a-noho Committee, 1972

Turner, T M, Hetet Reunion held at Te Kuiti Marae: 31st December 1994 to 3rd January 1995, Te Kuiti, 1995

For the Descendants of Turimanu & Tika Hemotitaha: Family reunion, held at Te Keeti Marae, Otorohanga, Labour Weekend 1992, compiled by Mary Christina Mahinarangi Forbes-Edwards, M. Forbes-Edwards, Cambridge, 1992

Maori Land Blocks Priest, R, ‘Mangapapa B2 Block’, report for the Waikato Valley Authority

Geology and Mining Cheeseman, T F, ‘On the Botany of the Pirongia Mountain’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 12, 1879, pp 817-829

Cussen, Lawerence, ‘Notes on the Physiography and Geology of the King Country’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 20, 1887, pp 316-332

Hector, James, (Director of Geological Survey of New Zealand), ‘On Mining in New Zealand’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol 2, 1869, pp 361-384

Hector, James, ‘Mokau District. New Zealand’, Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department/Reports of geological explorations during 1878-79, with maps and sections, No. 12, 1879, pp 20-22

29 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Hector, James, ‘Kawhia District, New Zealand’, in Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department/Reports of geological explorations: During 1878-79, with maps and sections, No. 16, 1884, p xxxiii

Hutton, F W, ‘On the Relative Ages of the New Zealand Coal Fields’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 22, 1889, pp 377-387

McKay, A, ‘On the geology of the Kawhia District’, Preliminary Report by Alexander McKay, in James Hector (ed.), New Zealand, Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department/Reports of geological explorations during 1883-84, with maps and sections, No. 16, 1884, pp 140-148

Purser, E (communicated by Hustwick, T H), ‘Iron from the Titaniferous Sand of New Zealand’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 28, 1895, pp 689-694

Park, James (of the Geological Survey Department), ‘On the Extent and Duration of Workable Coal in New Zealand’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 21, 1888, pp 325-331

______, (Lecturer, Thames School of Mines), ‘On the Occurance of Granite and Gneissic Rocks in the King Country, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 25, 1892, pp 353-362

‘Hochstetter Centenary’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 88, 1960-61, pp 57-58

Resource and Land Use Studies Abel, D C, Abel G and Kirby J M, The King Country: A regional resource survey, King Country Regional Development Council, Te Kuiti, 1978

30 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Acheron, ‘King Country Story: Broken landscape: background’, 1937

Fox, James Walter, ‘Land Use and Utilisation in the Northern King Country’, PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 1962

Ishida, Hiroshi, ‘A Geography of Contemporary Maori Agriculture’, PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 1966

Kirby, J M and Willis, R P, The King Country: A regional resource survey, King Country Regional Development Council, Te Kuiti, 1987

Ministry of Works, A Preliminary Study of the King Country-Taupo District, Town and Country Planning Branch, Ministry of Works, Wellington, 1955

Taranaki Iron Sand: A metal romance: being a history of the efforts during the past 75 years to convert the sands to commercial uses, G W Woon and W Collins, New Plymouth, 1917

Sawmilling and Timber Industry Groome, J G, The Role of Pureora Sawmill in the King Country economy, J G & Associates, Taupo, 1978

Higham, J R, Menzies, S P, Social and Economic Impact of Indigenous Forestry in the Pureora area, Business Development Centre University of Otago, Dunedin, 1978

Holm, R C J, Logs and Locomotives: A King Country bushman’s story, B Holm, Lower Hutt, 1989

New Zealand Forest Service, Tainui Kawhia State Forest, New Zealand Forest Service, Auckland, 1982

31 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

New Zealand Forest Service, Sawmilling in the King Country: An historical review, New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington, 1983

Somerville, John Charles, ‘The Timber Industry of the King Country’, MSc thesis, University of Canterbury, 1965

Smith, Una Lynette, ‘Life in a King Country Saw-milling Village: Te Koura 1929-1937’, Historical Review: Bay of Plenty Journal of History, vol. 25, No.1, May 1977, pp 51-53

‘Logging of the Northern Rangitoto Native Bush’, Footprints of History, No. 27, December 2002, pp 37-41

Academic Material

On early accounts Bagnall, A G, ‘Alexander Turnbull’s first book’, Turnbull Library Record, vol. 11, No. 2, October 1978, pp 73-90 [Critiques The King Country by J H Kerry-Nicholls, which was the first book in the collection of Alexander Turnbull. Details the background against which the book was written and the influence it had on the young Turnbull].

Gordon, Mona, The Golden Age of Josiah Clifton Firth, Pegusus Press, Christchurch, 1963

Main, William, ‘Burton’s Maori at Home: Notes towards an analysis and interpretation of nineteenth century photographic concepts and concerns’, Art New Zealand, No. 45, Summer 1988, pp 78-81

Old land claims Maloney, Pat, ‘Savagery and Civilization: Early Victorian Notions’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 35, No. 2, 2001, pp 153-176

32 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Monin, Paul, ‘The Maori Economy at Hauraki 1840-1880’, The New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 29, No. 2, 1995, pp 197-210

Monin, Paul, This is My Place: Hauraki Contested, 1679-1875, Bridget Williams Books, Wellington, 2001

Parsonson, Ann, ‘The Pursuit of Mana’, in The Oxford History of New Zealand W H Oliver, and B R Williams, (eds.), Oxford University Press, Wellington, 1981, pp 140-167

______‘The Challenge to Mana Maori’ in The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd Edition, Geoffrey Rice (ed.), Oxford University Press, 1992, pp 167-200

______‘The Fate of Maori Rights in Early Colonial New Zealand: The Limits of the Treaty of Waitangi and the Doctrine of Aboriginal Title’ in Law, History & Colonialism: The Reach of Empire, Diane Kirkby and Catherine Coleborne (eds.), Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2001, pp 173-189

Porter, Andrew, ‘Empires of the Mind’, in Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, P J Marshall (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1996, pp 185 - 223

Wyatt, P, ‘The Old Land Claims and the Concept of Sale’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1991

Missionaries and churches Annan, R. J., O’er Moor and Fen on Foot for Christ: The story of a missionary journey through Waikato, King Country and Barrier Island, 5th ed., Edgeley Press, Stockport, 1928

33 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Branzendale, G, John Whiteley and the Land Question, Wesleyan Historical Society, 1991-92, No. 58

Brazendale, G, John Whiteley: Land Sovereignty and the Land Wars of the Nineteenth Century, Wesleyan Historical Society, 1996, No. 64

Carter, G G, John Whiteley, Missionary Martyr, Wesleyan Historical Society, 1952, vol. 10, No.3

Chappell, A B, John Whiteley, Missionary Martyr, Wesleyan Historical Society, parts 1-4, 1935-36, vol. 20, parts 4-7

Greenslade, William W H, John Whiteley, 1806-1869, Wesleyan Historical Society, 1968, vol. 24, Nos. 3 & 4

Greenwood, William, Riemenschneider of Warea, A H & A W Reed, Wellington, 1967

Hammer, G E J, A Pioneer Missionary: Raglan to Mokau, 1844-1880: Cort Henry Schnackenberg, Wesley Historical Society, Wellington, 1991

He Parana mo te Ra Tapu: Mo nga kaikauwhau o te Hahi Weteriana o Aotea o Kawhia, 1856-1857 = A Lord’s Day plan, Auckland, 1856

Hunt, C G, Some Notes on the Wesleyan Mission at Aotea, Wesley Historical Society, Auckland, [n.d.]

Laurenson, George, Te Hahi Weteriana: Three half centuries of the Methodist Maori Mission, 1822-1972, Wesley Historical Society of New Zealand, Auckland, 1972

34 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Leadley, Alan, A Brief History of the Kawhia Methodist Mission, 1834-1994:160 years of Methodism at Kawhia, Waikato-Bay of Plenty Bicultural Working Group, Hamilton, 1994

Luxton, C T J, Reverend James Wallis, Wesleyan Historical Society, Auckland, 1965, vol. 21, Nos. 1 & 2

Lydford, David Paul, Rose petals for God = Puti puti mo-te Atua: being a history of Methodism in the Waipa-Pirongia-Te Awamutu: 150 years, 1841-1991, Puti puti mo-te Atua, D P Lydford, Te Awamutu, 1991

Oettli, Peter, God’s Messenger: J F Riemenschneider and racial conflict in nineteenth century New Zealand, Huia Publishers, Wellington, 2008

Peake, Leonard, 75th jubilee of the Otorohanga Methodist Church: Mother church of the King Country, Otorohanga Methodist Church, Otorohanga, 1978

Smith, Leslie P G., Fifty years’ Witness (1899-1949) of the Church of England in the King Country, Parochial District of St. Luke, Te Kuiti Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1950

Wood, Peter (compiled), Great was their Faithfulness: A history of the Anglican Church in the Piopio-Ari-Mahoenui district, 1906-1975, C Coleman, Te Kuiti, 1998

Maori Prophets and religious movements Elsmore, Bronwyn, Mana from Heaven: A Century of Maori Prophets in New Zealand, Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd., Auckland, 1999 (2004 reprint)

35 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Maori and the Crown Hamer, P, ‘Nature and Natives: Transforming and saving the indigenous in New Zealand’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1992

Locke, Elsie, ‘How the land was lost: The third wave’, Te Karanga, vol. 4, No. 4, February 1989, pp 25-29

O’Malley, Vincent, ‘Land Deeds as Treaties: The New Zealand Experience’, A Paper Presented to the 17th Annual Australian and New Zealand Law and History Society Conference, La Trobe University, Melbourne, July 1998

Ward, Alan, A Show of Justice: Racial amalgamation in nineteenth century New Zealand, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1995, reprint

Vennell, C W and Taylor, Alan, ‘Louis Hetet: Government Agent in the King Country’, Historical Journal Auckland-Waikato, No. 30, April 1977, pp 12-16

Williams, John A., Politics of the New Zealand Maori, Protest and Cooperation, 1891- 1909, Auckland University Press/Oxford University Press, Auckland, 1969

Iwi/hapu structures & histories Ballara, Angela, Iwi: The Dynamics of Maori Tribal Organization from c 1769 to c 1945, Victoria University Press, Wellington, 1998

Campbell, Susan Kiri Leah, ‘Structures of Maori Society in Taranaki, 1881-1911’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1995

Gudgeon, W. E. ‘The Tangata Whenua of Aboriginal People of the Central Districts of the North Island of New Zealand, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 2, 1893

36 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Winiata, Maharaia, ‘The Changing Role of the Leader in Maori society - A study in social change and race relations’, PhD thesis, Edinburgh University, 1954

Iwi and hapu and response to colonisation Ballara, Angela, ‘The Pursuit of Mana? A re-evaluation of the process of land alienation by Maori, 1840-1890’, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 91, 1982, p 519

Banner, Stuart, ‘Conquest by Contract: Wealth transfer and land market structure in colonial New Zealand’, Law and Society Review, No. 34, vol. 47. 2000

______, ‘New Zealand: Conquest by contract’, in Banner Stuart, Possessing the Pacific: Land, settlers, and indigenous people from Australia to Alaska, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2007, pp 47-127

Head, Lyndsay, ‘The Pursuit of Modernity in Maori Society: The conceptual bases of citizenship in the early colonial period’ in Histories Power and Loss: Uses of the Past – A New Zealand Commentary, Andrew Sharp and Paul McHugh (eds), Bridget Williams Books, Wellington, 2002, pp 97-121

Layton, Brent, ‘Alienation Rights in Traditional Maori Society: A reconsideration’ Journal of the Polynesian Society, No. 93, vol. 423, 1984

Parsonson, Ann, ‘The Pursuit of Mana’, in The Oxford History of New Zealand, W H Oliver, and B R Williams, (eds.), Oxford University Press, Wellington, 1981, pp 140-167

______‘The Challenge to Mana Maori’ in The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd Edition, Geoffrey Rice (ed.), Oxford University Press, 1992, pp 167-200

______‘The Fate of Maori Rights in Early Colonial New Zealand: The Limits of the Treaty of Waitangi and the Doctrine of Aboriginal Title’ in Law, History &

37 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Colonialism: The reach of empire, Diane Kirkby and Catherine Coleborne (eds), Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2001, pp 173-189

Petrie, Hazel, ‘“For a Season Quite the Rage”: Ships and flourmills in the Maori economy 1840-1860s’, PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 2004

Petrie, Hazel, ‘Bitter Recollections? Thomas Chapman and Benjamin Ashwell on Maori flourmills and ships in the mid-nineteenth century’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 39, No. 1, April 2005

Petrie, Hazel, Chiefs of Industry: Maori tribal enterprise in early colonial New Zealand, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2006

Phillips, F. L., ‘Mohoao-Nui Flour Mill - first industry at Otorohanga’, Footprints of History, No. 16, April 1996, pp 8-10

Porter, Andrew, ‘Empires of the Mind’, in Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, P J Marshall (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1996, pp 185- 223

Sorrenson, Keith, ‘Maori and Pakeha’, in The Oxford History of New Zealand, W H Oliver and B R Williams (eds.), Oxford University Press, Wellington, 1981, pp 168-193

Watson, K M and Patterson, B R, ‘The Growth and Subordination of the Maori Economy in the Wellington Region of New Zealand, 1840-52’, Pacific Viewpoint, vol. 26, No. 3, 1985, pp 521-545

Weaver, John C, ‘Frontier into Assets: The social construction of property in New Zealand, 1840-1865’ The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 27, No.3, 1999, pp 17-54

38 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

______, ‘The Construction of Property Rights on Imperial Frontiers: The case of the New Zealand Native Land Purchase Ordinance of 1846’ in Law, History, Colonialism: The reach of empire, Diane Kirkby and Catherine Coleborne (eds.), Manchester University Press, Manchester (UK), 2001

______, The Great Land Rush and the Making of the Modern World, 1650-1900, McGill-Queen’s University Press, London and Montreal, 2003

Webster, Steven, ‘Maori Hapu as a Whole Way of Struggle: 1840s-1850s before the Land Wars’, Oceania, vol. 69, 1998, pp 5-7

New Zealand Wars and their aftermath Belich, James, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1986

Cowan, James, The New Zealand Wars: A history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period, 2 vols, Government Printer, Wellington, 1983 (originally published in 1922)

Cowan, James, Book of the Maori Chiefs, Texas Company (Australasia), Wellington, 1933

Dalton, B J, War and Politics in New Zealand 1855-1870, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1967

Sinclair, Keith, The Origins of the Maori Wars, 2nd edition, Auckland University Press/Oxford University Press, Auckland, 1961

Sinclair Keith, Kinds of Peace: Maori people after the wars, 1870-85, Auckland University Press, Auckland 1991

39 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Ward, Alan, ‘The Origins of the Anglo-Maori Wars: A reconsideration’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol.1, No. 2, October 1967

Kingitanga Adams, Tui; Te Uira, Ngahinaturae and Parsonson, Ann, ‘“Behold a Kite Flies Towards You”: The Kingitanga and the “Opening” of the King Country’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 31, No. 1, April 1997, pp 99-116

Donnelly, B M, ‘The Maori King Movement’, thesis, University of Auckland, 1949

Gorst, J E, The Maori King or the Story of our Quarrel with the Natives of New Zealand, London, 1864, reprinted by Reed Books, Auckland, 2001

______, Our New Zealand Conquests, Macmillan, London, 1865

______, New Zealand Revisited: Recollections of the days of my youth, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, London, 1908

Grace, A F, ‘King Tawhiao in England’, Historical Journal Auckland-Waikato, No. 11, October 1967, pp 14-16

Keenan, Danny, ‘A Turbulent Time’, Mana: The Maori News Magazine for all New Zealanders, No. 40, June/July 2001, pp 78-79

Kirkwood, Carmen, Tawhiao: King or Prophet?, MAI Systems, Huntly, c2000

Park, Stuart (Auckland Institute and Museum), ‘Te Peeke o Aotearoa: The bank of King Tawhiao’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 26, No.2, October 1992, pp 161-183

40 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Parsonson, Ann R, ‘Te Mana o Te Kingitanga: A Study of Waikato-Ngatimaniapoto Relations during the struggle for the King Country, 1878-84’, MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 1972

Parsonson, Ann R, ‘He Whenua Te Utu (The Payment Will Be Land)’, PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, 1978

Perry, E W G, ‘The History of the Maori King Movement until the Taranaki War’, thesis, 1930

Stokes, Evelyn, Wiremu Tamihana: Rangatira, Huia Publishers, Wellington, 2002

Sorrenson, M P K, ‘The Maori King Movement, 1858-1885’, in Chapman Robert and Sinclair Keith (eds.), Studies of a Small Democracy: Essays in Honour of Willis Airey, Paul’s Book Arcade, Hamilton for University of Auckland, 1963, pp 33-55

Thorne, M C, ‘The King Maker: The part played by Wiremu Tamihana Te Warahu in the King Movement, 1856-1866’, thesis, University of Canterbury, 1929

Vennell, C W, ‘Maori Parliament at Maungakawa’, Journal of the New Zealand Federation of Historical Societies, vol. 2, No. 1, July 1983, pp 39-41

Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Volume one: 1769 – 1869: Selections: Te Kingitanga: the people of the Maori King movement: Essays from the dictionary of New Zealand biography foreword by Sir Robert Te Kotahi Mahuta, introduction by Angela Ballara

‘Outstanding Kingite Maori to fore in Turbulent Times’, Footprints of History, No. 17, November 1996, p 1

41 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

‘He ohaki no te Kingitanga o Potatau Te Wherowhero, o Tawahio, 1860-1870 = [Some pronouncements in the time of Kings Potatau and Tawhiao concerning the Maori King movement, 1860-1870]’, [S.l.: s.n., 1870?]

Surveyors and surveying Anderson, Tracy, Boundary Crossings: Fred Mace and surveying in the King Country, 1876-1921, 2004

Bogle, A H, Links in the Chain, Field Surveying in New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand Institute of Surveyors 1975

Byrnes, Giselle, ‘Inventing New Zealand: Surveying, science, and the construction of cultural space, 1840s-1890s’, PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 1995

______, ‘Surveying - Maori and the Land: An essay in historical representation’ New Zealand Journal of History No. 31, vol. 85, 1997

______, Boundary Markers: Land surveying and the colonisation of New Zealand, Bridget Williams Books, Wellington, 2001

Connell, J S,‘On New Zealand Surveys’, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute vol. 8, 1875

Compton-Smith, Maurice, Stephenson Percy Smith, F.R.G.S. (of Taranaki), 1840-1922: A pioneer surveyor, Ferguson & Osborn, Printers, Wellington, 1924

Craig, Dick, ‘Surveyor Hursthouse Prominent in Exploration of King Country’, Footprints of History, No.12, May 1994, pp 5-6

De Vries, Barbara Florence, ‘The Role of the Land Surveyor in the Development of New Zealand, 1840-1876’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1966

42 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Easedale, N Kairuri, The Measurers of Land, New Zealand Institute of Surveyors, Wellington, 1988

Frome, Lieut-Gen and Warren, C, Outline of the Method of Conducting a Trigonometrical Survey, Lockwood, London, 1873

Holm, Janet, Caught Mapping: The life and times of New Zealand’s early surveyors, Hazard Press, Christchurch, 2005

Kelly, E M A, Summary of the Law Relating to Surveying in New Zealand, New Zealand Institute of Surveyors, Wellington, 1971

Lawn, C A The Pioneer Land Surveyors of New Zealand, New Zealand Institute of Surveyors, Auckland, 1977

McRae, J A (ed.) The Surveyor and the Law, New Zealand Institute of Surveyors, Wellington, 1984

Patterson, Bradford Richard, ‘Reading Between the Lines: People, politics and the conduct of surveys in the southern North Island, New Zealand, 1840-1876’, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1984

Powell, J R, ‘Diary Records how Surveyor Travelled to Kawhia in 1904’, Footprints of History, No. 10, June 1993, pp 235-236

Skinner, W H, Reminiscences of a Taranaki Surveyor, Thomas Avery and Sons, New Plymouth, 1946

43 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Railway Atkinson, Neill, Trainland: How Railways Made New Zealand, Ministry of Culture and Heritage, Wellington, 2007

Bagnall, A G, ‘The North Island Main Trunk Railway’, in New Zealand’s Heritage: The Making of Nation, Hamlyn, Wellington, 1971-73, vol. 4, part 51, pp 1401-1406

Cowan, J, Romance of the Rail through the Heart of New Zealand: The North Island Main Trunk Railway: A descriptive and historical story, Government Printer, Wellington, 1928

Drayton, Mary Josephine, ‘The development of the Railway System of New Zealand, 1870-1881’, MA thesis, Victoria University College, 1936

Fletcher, R S, Single Track: The Construction of the North Island Main Trunk Railway, Collins, Auckland, 1978

Gee, F E, ‘The North Island Main Trunk Railway, N. Z., a study in the politics of railway construction’, thesis, University of Auckland, 1949

Harvey, G G, ‘The place of the Railway in the Transport Problem of the North Island’, 1870-1936, thesis, University of Auckland, 1936

Heron, G W, ‘The Development of Railway Policy in N. Z. and the Growth of the North Island System before 1908’, MA thesis, Auckland University College, 1946

Johnson, Christine, Larson, Ruth & Ramshaw, Kevin (compilers), Main Trunk: Portait of a Railway; A celebration of 100 years of North Island railway history, Grantham House Publishing, Wellington in association with ONTRACK New Zealand Railways Corporation Rere Totika, New Zealand, 2008

44 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Leitch, D B, Railways of New Zealand, Newton Abbot, David Charles, 1972

Mokau-Waitewhena Railway League, pamphlet showing advantages of Waitewhenua deviation of the Stratford-Main Trunk Railway, King Country Chronicle Print, Te Kuiti, 19--?

Pierre, B, North Island Main Trunk Line: An illustrated history, Wellington, 1981

Stewart, James, ‘The Rotorua Railway and District’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 24, 1891, pp 591-602

Stock, M J, ‘The Development of the Railway System of New Zealand, 1870-1881’, thesis, 1936

Stone, R C J, ‘The Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company Limited 1882-1889: A study of the relationship of business and government in nineteenth century New Zealand’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 8, no. 1, April 1974

Waterson, Duncan Bruce, ‘Railways and politics, 1908-1928: A study in the politics of development in a twentieth century social democracy’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1959

‘Reminiscences of an Early King Country settler’, Footprints of History, no. 3, October 1989, pp 62-64 [Describes the life of John Baxter Lawson while building the Main Trunk Railway in the early 1900s in he King Country]

‘An 1886 impression of north King Country's potential’, Footprints of History, No. 6, July 1991, pp 131-134 [Report from a ’Special Correspondent’ sent into the King Country to report on progress of the main trunk railway construction towards Otorohanga]

45 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

‘Plan of route and report of exploring survey party sent by the Provincial Government of Taranaki to ascertain the nature of the country between the Waitara and Wanganui rivers and the possibility of obtaining an easy route for a road or railway from the Waitara- Wanganui line of railway, in the direction of the Waikato’, printed by the New Zealand Times Newspaper Co., Wellington, 1875

Maori Land Court Binney, Judith, ‘The Native Land Court and the Maori Communities 1865-1890’, in Judith Binney, Judith Bassett and Erik Olssen (eds) The People and the Land: Te Tangata me te Whenua: An Illustrated History of New Zealand 1820-1920, Allen & Unwin, Wellington, 1990, p 143

Gilling, Bryan, ‘Engine of Destruction? An Introduction to the History of the Maori Land Court’, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, vol. 25, 1994

Mikaere, Annabel, ‘The Balance Destroyed: The consequences for Maori women of the colonisation of Tikanga Maori’, MJur (Jurisprudence) thesis, University of Waikato, 1995

Newell, R H, ‘The Role of the Maori Land Court’, LLM thesis, University of Canterbury, 1979

Parsonson, Ann, ‘Stories for Land: Oral Narratives in the Maori land Court’ in Bain Attwood and Fiona Magowan (eds.) Telling Stories: Indigenous history and memory in Australia and New Zealand, Bridget Williams Books, Wellington, 2001, pp 21-40

Williams, D V, Te Kooti Tango Whenua: The Native Land Court 1864-1909, Huia Publishers, Wellington, 1999

46 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Kotahitanga Cox, Lindsay, ‘Kotahitanga: The search for Maori political unity’, MA thesis, Massey University, 1991

Maori committees O'Malley, V, Agents of Autonomy: Maori Committees in the Nineteenth century, Huia Publishers, Wellington, 1998

Pre-1865 Crown purchasing Belgrave, Michael, ‘Pre-emption, the Treaty of Waitangi and the Politics of Crown Purchase’, New Zealand Journal of History, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1997, p 37

Crown purchasing after 1865 Boast, R, Buying the Land, Selling the Land: Government and Maori Land in the North Island 1865-1921, Victoria University Press/Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, Wellington, 2008

McDonald, J D N ‘A Brief Survey of Land Policy in New Zealand from 1876 to 1900’, MA thesis, Auckland 1945

Sorrenson, M. P K, ‘The Purchase of Maori Lands, 1865-1892’, MA thesis, Auckland University College, University of New Zealand, 1955

______, ‘Land Purchase Methods and their Effect on Maori Population, 1865- 1901’, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 65, No. 3, September 1956

47 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Native reserves Boulton, Leanne, ‘Native Reserves, Assimilation and Self-determination: Te Atiawa, the Crown and Settlers, North Taranaki, 1840-1875’, MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2004

Johnson, Ralph, The Trust Administration of Maori Reserves, 1840-1913, Rangahaua Whanui Series, National Theme L, 1997

Murray, J E, Crown Policy on Maori Reserved Land, 1840 to 1865, and Lands Restricted from Alienation, 1865 to 1900, Rangahaua Whanui Series, National Theme L, 1997

Stout Ngata Commission Dempsey, P E, ‘The Land Policy of the Stout-Vogel Ministry, 1884-1887’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1945

Walkington, Rachel Catharine, ‘The Greatest Mechanism ever for Solving the Maori Land “Problem”?: A study of the Stout-Ngata Native Lands and Land Tenure Commission, 1907-1909’, MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 1998

Politics and Government Armstrong, W R, ‘The Politics of Development: A study of the structure of politics from 1870 to 1890’, MA Thesis (History), Victoria University of Wellington, 1960

Blackburn, Nicola, ‘An Ambivalent Agency: The administration of Native affairs by the Liberal Government, 1893-1906’, MA thesis, Massey University, 1997

Dempsey, P E, ‘The Land Policy of the Stout-Vogel Ministry, 1884-1887’, MA thesis, Auckland, 1945

48 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Dighton, J L, ‘Life and Work of John Ballance’, thesis, 1928

Fargher, Ray, The Best Man who ever Served the Crown?: A life of Donald McLean, Victoria University Press, Wellington, 2007

Geaney, H., ‘An Outline of the Policy and Achievements of the Ballance Government, 1891-1893’, thesis, 1934

Gilmore, Barbara Rae, ‘Maori Land Policy and Administration during the Liberal period 1900-1912’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1969

Maloney, G S, ‘A History of the Ballance Ministry’, thesis, 1931

Martin, R J, ‘Aspects of Maori Affairs in the Liberal Period’, MA thesis, Victoria University College, University of New Zealand, 1956

McIvor, Timothy J, ‘On Ballance: A biography of John Ballance, journalist and politician, 1839-1893’, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1984

______, The Rainmaker: A biography of John Ballance, journalist and politician, 1839-1893, Heinemann Reed, Auckland, 1989

Palmer, P B, ‘The Native Ministry of Donald McLean’, thesis, University of Canterbury, 1936

Robinson, Wanda M. ‘The Pacification of the Waikato, 1869-76: A study of the Native policy of Sir Donald McLean,’ MA Thesis, Auckland, 1949

Stone, R C J, ‘The Maori Lands Question and the Fall of the Grey Government, 1879’, New Zealand Journal of History vol. 1, No. 1, April 1967, pp 51-74

49 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Histories of Government departments Butterworth, G Vand Young H R, A History of the Deportment of Maori Affairs, GP Books, Wellington, 1990

McGill, David (Rogers, Anna (ed.), The Guardians at the Gate: The History of the New Zealand Customs Department, Published by Silver Owl Press for the New Zealand Customs Dept., Wellington, c1991

Noonan, R J, By Design: A Brief History of the Public Works Department, Ministry of Works, 1870-1970, Government Printer, Wellington, 1975

Maori land policy, law and administration Brooking, T. ‘“Busting Up” the Greatest Estate of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy, 1891- 1911’, New Zealand Journal of History, April 1992, vol. 26, No. 1, pp 78-98

Brooking, T, ‘Use it or Lose it: Unravlelling the Land Debate in Late Nineteenth Century New Zealand, in New Zealand Journal of History, October 1996, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp 141- 162

Davis, Sarah-Jane Birgetta, ‘Nineteenth Century Native Land Legislation versus Customary Maori Tenure: Case studies: Motukaraka, Te Tapuwae, Te Karae’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1995

Duncan, J S, ‘The Land for the People: Land Settlement and Rural Population Movements, 1886-1906’, in M McCaskill, ed., Land and Livelihood: Geographical essays in honour of George Jobberns, New Zealand Geographical Society, Christchurch, 1962, pp 170-190

Fairweather J R, Land Policy and Land Settlement in New Zealand: An analysis of land policy goals, Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Lincoln, 1985

50 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Jourdain, W R, Land Legislation and Settlement in New Zealand, Department of Lands and Survey, Government Printer, Wellington, 1925

Kawharu, Ian Hugh, ‘Maori Land Tenure’, D. Phil thesis, Oxford University, 1963

Kizito, Joe, ‘The Administration of State Land Development and Settlement in New Zealand’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1969

McDonald, J D N, ‘A Brief Survey of Land Policy in New Zealand from 1876-1900’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1945

McDonald, J D N ‘New Zealand Land Legislation,’ Historical Studies Australia & New Zealand vol. 5, No. 19, November 1952, pp 195-211

Mackay, James, Our Dealings with Maori Lands; or, comments on European Dealings for the Purchase and Lease of Native Lands, and the Legislation Thereon, Kidd & Wildman, Auckland, 1887

McKinney, John Bolton, ‘The Evolution of a Legal Title to Land formerly held under Maori Custom and Usage; or, the effect of Native Land Laws on Maori Custom’, MA thesis, Victoria University College, 1939

Riseborough, Hazel, ‘Policies and Prophesies: Aspects of Government Native Policy, 1878-1884’, PhD thesis, Massey University, 1987

Salmond, Sir John, ‘Notes on the History of Native-Land Legislation’, reprinted in vol. 6 of The Public Acts of New Zealand 1908-1931, Butterworth, Wellington, 1932

Smith, Norman, Native Custom and Law Affecting Native Land, Maori Purposes Fund Board, Wellington, 1942

51 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Ward, Alan. A Show of Justice: ‘Racial Amalgamation’ in Nineteenth Century New Zealand. Auckland, 1974

Young, Grant; Belgrave, Michael & Bennion, Tom, Native and Maori Land Legislation in the Superior Courts, 1840-1980, School of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland, 2005

Social history & anthropology Duff, Heather, Reconsidering masculinities in early twentieth-century King Country: the role of religious ideas in shaping identities, 2004

Regional studies Beer, E and Gascoigne, A Plough of the Pakeha, A Cambridge regional history, Cambridge, New Zealand, 1975

Stokes, Evelyn, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 1988

Stokes, E, ‘King Country Pioneers’, New Zealand’s Heritage, 1972, vol. 5, no. 64, pp 1771-1775

Demography Pool, David, Ian, ‘Maori Population of New Zealand’, PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1964

Pool, Ian, Te Iwi Maori: A New Zealand Population Past, Present and Projected, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1991

52 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Other McCan, David, Whatiwhatihoe: The Waikato Raupatu Claim, Huia Publishers, Wellington, 2001 Curnow Jennifer; Hopa, Ngapare, and McRae, Jane (eds.), Rere Atu Taku Manu! Discovering History, Language & Politics in the Maori Language Newspapers, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2002

Reports of the Waitangi Tribunal Waitangi Tribunal, The Pouakani Report, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 1993

Waitangi Tribunal, Turanga Tangata Turanga Whenua: The Report on the Turanganui a Kiwa Claims, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 2004

Waitangi Tribunal, The Hauraki Report, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 2006

Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo: Report on Central North Island Claims Stage One, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 2008

Waitangi Tribunal research and other reports

Rohe Potae and surrounding inquiry districts Ahikaa Research Ltd., ‘Ngati Tuwharetoa Oral and Traditional History Report’, Wai 903, #A150 [Confidential refer to #2.3.61 for confidentiality restrictions]

Anderson, Robyn, ‘Whanganui Iwi & the Crown 1865-1880’, Wai 903 #A70

Anderson, Robyn, ‘Whanganui Iwi & the Crown 1880-1900, Wai 903, #A71

53 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Bargh, Brian and Cross, Suzanne, The Whanganui District, (Rangahaua Whanui District 9), April 1996

Byrnes, Giselle, ‘Ngati Tama Ancillary Claims’, report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal, 1995, Wai 143, #M21

Herlihy, B, ‘The Mokau-Mohakatino & Mohakatino-Paranihinihi Blocks (including Rohepotae block), Wai 143, #I24

Loveridge, Donald, ‘The Crown and the Opening of the King Country, 1882-1885’, Wai 1130, #A72

Marr, Cathy, The Alienation of Maori Land in the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block), 1840-1920, December 1996

______, The Alienation of Maori Land in the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block), Part 2: 1900 – 1960, August 1999

______,‘The Waimarino Purchase Report: The investigation, purchase and creation of reserves in the Waimarino block, and associated issues’, 2004, Wai 903, #A60

Stirling, Bruce, ‘Taupo-Kaingaroa Nineteenth Century Overview (Central North Island Inquiry)’, Crown Forestry Rental Trust, 2004, 2 vols, Wai 1200, #A71

Ward, Alan, ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto: preliminary historical report Wai 48 and related claims’, Wai 903 #A11

Young, Grant, ‘Northern Whanganui Cluster Oral and Traditional History Report’, Wai 903, #A114 [Confidential, refer to #2.3.61 for confidentiality restrictions]

54 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Young, Grant and Belgrave, Michael, ‘Ngati Haua Oral and Traditional History Report’, Wai 903, #A108 [Confidential, refer to #2.3.61 for confidentiality restrictions]

Iwi specific Moore, Duncan, ‘Explanatory information in Support of the Ngati Raukawa Land Alienation Maps and Database’, Wai 443 (no document number assigned)

Block histories Byrnes, Giselle M, ‘The Mohakatino-Parininihi Block and the Mokau Mohakatino No. 1 Block’, Wai 143, #M21

Herlihy, Brian, ‘Mokau–Mohakatino and Mohakatino-Parininihi Blocks (including Rohepotae block)’, Wai 143, #I2

Marr, Cathy, ‘The Mokau Blocks and the Ngati Maniapoto Urgency Claim’, Wai 800, #A1

Taitoko, Wayne, ‘A History of the Tokanui Blocks’, Wai 440, #A1

Old land claims (Pre-Treaty transactions) Armstrong, David Anderson, ‘The Land Claims Commission – practice and procedure, 1840–1845’, Wai 45, #I4

Ballara, Angela, ‘Customary Maori Land Tenure in Te Tau Ihu (the Northern South Island), 1820–1860’, Wai 785, #D1

Bayley, Nicholas, ‘Aspects of the Economic History of Whanganui Maori in the Whanganui Inquiry District (Wai 903) 1880-2000’, Wai 903, #A145

55 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Loveridge, D M, ‘The New Zealand Land Claims Act of 1840’. Wai 45, #I2

Berwick, Patricia E, ‘Land and Land Ownership in the Wellington Tenths and Taranaki: The gap between tangata whenua and Crown concepts in the 1840s’, Wai 145, #E9

Geiringer, Claudia; Wyatt, Philippa, ‘Issues from the Evidence of Dr A Gould and F Sinclair, Relating to Crown in Muriwhenua 1850-1865’, Wai 45, #L5

Head, L F, ‘An Analysis of in the Report of Dr. M Mutu on Crown Purchases in Muriwhenua, 1840-1865’, Wai 45, #J7

Head, L and MacDonald, L, ‘Maori Land Tenure and Chiefly Authority in Whanganui, 1840-1865: A study based in contemporary Maori writing’, Wai 903, #A113

Head, L F, ‘An Analysis of Linguistic Issues Raised in Margaret Mutuu (1992) “Tuku Whenua or Land Sale” and Joan Metge (1992) “Cross Cultural Communications and Land Transfer in Western Muriwhenua 1832-1840” ’, Wai 45, #G5

Loveridge, Donald M, ‘ “Object of the First Importance”: Rights, Claims and Colonization in New Zealand, 1839-1852’, Wai 863, #A81

Metge, Joan, ‘Cross-Cultural Communication and Land Transfer in Western Muriwhenua 1832-40’, Wai 45, #F13

Moore, Duncan; Rigby, Barry; Russell, Matthew, Old Land Claims, Rangahaua Whanui Series, National Theme A, 1997

Mutu, Margaret, ‘Tuku Whenua or Land Sale?’, Wai 45, #F12

56 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Phillipson, Grant, ‘Bay of Islands and the Crown, 1793-1853: An exploratory overview for the CFRT’, August 2005’ [see chapter 4, Culture change and land: Pakeha sale or customary transaction? pp 99-205] Salmond, A, ‘Likely Maori Understanding of Tuku and Hoko’, Wai 45, #D17

Sinclair, F, ‘Issues Arising From Pre-Treaty Land Transactions’, Wai 45, #I3

Smith, T, ‘Tukuwhenua and Maori Land Tenure in Wairarapa’, Wai 863, #A45

Stirling, Bruce and Towers, Richard, ‘Northland Old land Claims, Surplus Land and Scrip Land [Draft], a report commissioned by the Crown Forestry Rental Trust, July 2006

Wyatt, Philippa, ‘Issues Arising from the Evidence of F Sinclair, D Armstrong and B Stirling – in reference to pre-Treaty land transactions’, Wai 45, #L6

Wyatt, Philippa, ‘The “Sale” of Land in Muriwhenua, a historical report on pre-1840 land transactions, Wai 45, #F17

Pre-1865 Crown purchasing Bassett, K and R, ‘Maori Reserves from the 1848 Crown Purchase of the Whanganui Block c.1865-2002’, Wai 903, #A64

Gould, Ashley, ‘Crown Purchases in Muriwhenua to 1865’, Wai 45, #J4(b)

McHugh, Stephanie Louise, ‘The Issue of the Hawkes Bay Purchase Instructions, June 1848-Ooctober 1850’, Wai 201, #C2

McHugh, Stephanie Louise, ‘The Purchase of the Mohaka Block, December 1851’, Wai 201, #C4

57 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

O’Malley, Vincent, ‘The Ahuriri Purchase: An Overview Report’, Wai 201, #J10

O’Malley, Vincent, “The Treaty of Ahuriri”: Supplementary evidence of Vincent O’Malley in relation to the Ahuriri Purchase of 1851’, Wai 201, #O2 Parsonson, Ann, ‘Nga Whenua Tautohetohe o Taranaki: Land and conflict in Taranaki, 1839-1859, Wai 143 #A1(a)

Riddell, Kate, ‘Pre-1865 Crown purchases in the Coromandel Peninsula and Hauraki region’, Wai 686, #A4

Rigby, Barry, ‘Empire on the Cheap: Crown policies and purchases in Muriwhenua, 1840-1850’, Wai 45, #F8

Rigby, Barry, ‘Question of Extinguishment: Crown in Muriwhenua, 1850-1865’, Wai 45, #F9

Rigby, Barry; Francis, Andrew, ‘Wairarapa Crown Purchases, 1853–1854’, Wai 863, #A33

Sinclair, Fergus, ‘Crown in Muriwhenua to 1865’, Wai 45, #J4(a)

Sinclair, Keith, ‘Evidence [re: Donald McLean]’, Wai 201, #A56

Wyatt, Philippa, ‘Crown Purchases in Muriwhenua, 1850-1865’, Wai 45, #H9

Maori land legislation – general Boast, Richard, Maori Land Legislation 1862-1909: Vols 1 & 2, Wai 903, #A6 (ROI says these are held in the Waitangi Tribunal Library)

58 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Boast, Richard, Legislation re Acquisition of Lands in Rohe Potae, 1864-1910, Wai 903 #A7 (ROI says it is held in the Waitangi Tribunal Library)

Nikora, Tarah and Bennion, Tom, Maori Land Legislation, 1862-1908, Waitangi Tribunal Occasional Publication Series (1993), No. 1, 1993

Paul, Rachel, ‘Native Land Legislation from 1862 to 1880’, Wai 894, #A94

Surveying and surveyors Cox, M, ‘A Report on Survey aspects [Pouakani district]’, Wai 33, #A2

Native Land Court - general Gilling, Bryan, ‘The Nineteenth-Century Native Land Court Judges: An Introductory Report’, Wai 814, #A78

______, ‘The People, the Courts and the Lands: A Research Report for Ngariki Kaiputahi’, Wai 814, #A32

Goldstone, Paul, ‘The Native Court at Wairarapa, 1865–1882’, Wai 863, #A86

Goldstone, Paul, ‘Hamiora Pere (Peri) – Part of 6’, Wai 814 G6 ‘The Native Land Court at Poverty Bay, Turanga, 1874–1884 (Issues 12 and 13)’, Wai 814, #F4

Hayes, Robert, ‘Native Land Legislation, Post-1865 and the Operation of the Native Land Court in Hauraki’, Wai 1200, #A86

Hayes, Robert, ‘Study of the origins of the Crown’s policy on imposing restrictions on land alienation and its administration’, Wai 215, #M11

59 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Hayes, Robert, ‘Crown Purchases (16) [Gisborne]’, Wai 814 F22‘Joint Tenancy (issue11)’, Wai 814, #F8

Hayes, Robert, ‘A Study of the Uses and Misuses of the 1891 Native Land Laws Commission’, Wai 903, #A155

Head, L and MacDonald, L, ‘Maori Land Tenure and Chiefly Authority in Whanganui, 1840-1865: A study based in contemporary Maori writing’, Wai 903, #A113

Loveridge, Donald, ‘The Origins of the Native Land Acts and the Native Land Court in New Zealand, Wai 1200, #A72

Phillipson, Grant, ‘The Ten Owner Rule: A Selection of Official Documents with Commentary’, Wai 64, #K13

Pickens, Keith, ‘Introduction and Operation of the Native Court in the Central North Island’, Wai 1200, #A78

Small, Fiona; Cleaver, Philip, ‘Rongowhakaata and the Native Land Court, 1873–1900’, Wai 814, #A24

Native Land Court - leasing Hayes, Robert, ‘Native Land Court: Leasing; Issue 14 [Gisborne]’, Wai 814, #F34

Loveridge, Donald, ‘The Adoption of Perpetually-Renewable Leases for Maori Reserved Lands, 1887-1896, Wai 145, #C2

60 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Trust Commissioners Hayes, Robert, ‘Commentary – Part One: Trust Commissioner Regime in the Wairarapa’, Wai 863, # H4

Hayes, Robert, Protection Mechanisms: issue 17 [re: the role and performance of the Trust Commissioners]’, Wai 814, #F15

Crown purchasing after 1865 Alexander, David James, ‘19th Century Crown Purchases of Ngati Makino Lands, Wai 1200, #A3

Belgrave, Michael, Auckland: Counting the hectares: quantifying Maori land loss in the Auckland district, 1865-1908, Waitangi Tribunal, Rangahaua Whanui Series, District 1, part 2, 1997

Edwards, Cecilia, ‘Crown purchasing in the Whanganui Inquiry District, 1865-1900’, Wai 903, #A102

Hearn, Terry, “Creating a Public Estate”: Crown land purchasing in the Whanganui Inquiry District 1865 to 2000’, Wai 903. #A110

Joel, A, ‘The Funding of Crown Purchases of Maori Lands in the North Island, 1870- 1910’, 2004, Wai 1200, #A77(a)

Loveridge, Donald, ‘The Development of Crown Policy on the Purchase of Maori Lands, 1865-1910: A preliminary survey’, Wai 1200, #A77

Macky, Michael, ‘Crown Purchasing in the Central District, 1870-1890’, Wai 1200, #A81

61 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Mitchell, James S, ‘The Native Land Court and Maori Land Alienation Patterns in the Whanganui District, 1865-1900’, Wai 903, #A58

Mitchell, James S, ‘Alienations in the Wairarapa, 1880-1900’, Wai 863, #A3

Pickens, Keith, ‘Introduction & Operation of the Native Land Court in the Whanganui Inquiry District 1866-1899’, Wai 903, #A83

Rose, Kathryn, ‘The Bait and the Hook: Crown purchasing in Taupo and the Central Bay of Plenty in the 1870s; An overview report’ Wai 1200, #A54

Walzl, Tony, ‘Purchasing in the Wairarapa, 1840-1854’, Wai 863, #A44

______, ‘Evidence on the Pouakani purchases, 1885-1899’, Wai 33, #B6

Willan, R, Maori Land Sales, 1900-1930, Crown Forestry Rental Trust Twentieth Century Land Administration Project Reports, 1996

Young, Grant, ‘The Alienation by Sale of the Hapu Estate of Ngati He at Tauranga Moana; Volume one: The nineteenth century’, Wai 215, #L2

62 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Bibliography of primary sources for 19thc century land issues projects in the Rohe Potae Inquiry District

(1840 – 1907)

63 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Early Land Transactions and Old Land Claims

Purchase deeds Turton’s deeds Reference Page Block Date Price (£) Area (a:r:p) Deed 406 370 Ahuahu, &c. (Kawhia) 20 November Cash and 160 1834 goods Deed 407 373 Puketutu, &c. (Kawhia) 30 January 1836 Cash and 600 goods Deed 404 369 Nihinihi (Whaingaroa) 27 February 1839 Goods 90 Deed 402 366 Maraetai, &c. (Waikato) 3 July 1839 Goods 80 Deed 408 376 Tetoteko, &c. (Kawhia) 3 January 1840 Cash and 4 goods Deed 403 368 Te Kopua (Waipa) 5 May 1840 30 40:00:18 Deed 405 370 Raoraokauere (Aotea) 14 March 1844 Cash and 167 goods Deed 409 376 Ponewe (Kawhia) 11 March 1846 33 44

Official publications Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives (AJHR)

Reports

Reference Description Dates AJHR 1860, F-1 Report on the Select Committee on the Petition of Charles Sept-Oct 1860 Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yates* AJHR 1860, F-2 Report on the Select Committee on the Petition of Charles Sept-Oct 1861 Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yates AJHR 1860, G-1 Petition of Charles Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yates 15 Aug 1860

64 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

relative to the compulsory abandonment of their establishment at Kawhia, 1857 AJHR 1860, G-2 Petition of Frederick and Leopold Yates relative to a case tried 21 Aug 1860 at Raglan arising out of an alleged breach of 'the Arms Importation Ordinance'. AJHR 1878, H - 26 Return of Land claims finally settled 1878

AJHR 1921 Sess.I, Report of the Native Land Claims Commission 1921 G-5, pp 1 - 4 *See also Thesis by Craig Innes re Arms Control 1854-1861 for Kawhia in this period

Petitions to Parliament

Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC ref. AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region petitioner/s 1857 ? Charles Davis N/A 1860, G1 Relative to the Kawhia and Frederick compulsory and Leopold abandonment of their Yates station at Kawhia 1871 ? Ann Charlton of 1871, p XIX ? For relief, in Aotea Ruapuke, Aotea, consequence of having Auckland been driven from her property there by the Maori King Party 1872 162/1872 Samuel Morgan 1872, p XXII ? That compensation Kawhia may be awarded to him for losses sustained by him at Kawhia in the year 1867, on account of Native disturbances

65 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC ref. AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region petitioner/s 1872 163/1872 Friendly Natives 1872, p XXII ? That inquiry may be Kawhia of Kawhia, made to ascertain the Auckland amount of loss sustained by them owing to the hostile action of Hau Haus in the month of April, 1867 1888 129/1888 Frederick Laurie 1888, p XXIX 1888, I5, p For compensation for Kawhia 5 land taken at Kawhia

British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP) Volume Reference Pages* Title of Document Contents Dates BPPNZ10 1860[2719] 365 – 390 No. 105 Governor’s Asked whether Native 31 July circular, Encl. No. 5 Affairs could be handled by 1856 Government’s responsible advisors. Replies from following missionaries: ƒ Schnackenberg, Mokau ƒ Skinner, Kawhia ƒ Wallis, Whaingaroa ƒ Smales, Aotea ƒ Buttle, Waipa, ƒ Morgan, Otawhao BPPNZ10 1860[2719] 240-355 No. 103 Copy of Forwards copy of the Land 25 Aug Despatch from Claims Settlement Act 1856 1856 Governor T Gore and Select Committee report

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Browne to the Right Hon. Henry on the nature and extent of Labouchere outstanding Land Claims and the best mode of finally disposing of the same. *NB: Page numbers are for that particular document not the page numbers for the volume itself.

Newspapers1 Daily Southern Cross 16 October 1857, p 3 - ‘Local Intelligence’ [summary of NZ Gazette notices declaring Native title extinguished]

16 November 1858, p 4 – ‘Extract from the Journals of the House of Representatives’ [re Polling Booth at Kawhia customs house]

Archives and manuscripts Archives New Zealand, Wellington

Land Information New Zealand, National Office (ABWN)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates ABWN 8090 W5274 427 5 Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims 1844 - 1844 Commission Auckland ABWN 8090 W5280 143 15 Crown Grants - Land Claims 1857 - 1861 ABWN 8090 W5280 85 117.1 Crown Grants - Record of Land Claims 1857 - 1859 Commission ABWN 8090 W5280 86 117.2 Crown Grants - Record of Land Claims 1859 - 1862 Commission

1 These are articles not listed on the newspapers spreadsheet supplied by CFRT

67 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates ABWN 8090 W5280 87 117.3 Crown Grants - Record of Land Claims 1862 - 1874 Commission ABWN 8090 W5280 144 15A Crown Grants - Land Claims 1858 - 1864 ABWN 8090 W5274 428 5.A. Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims 1844 - 1844 Commission Auckland ABWN 8090 W5274 429 5.B. Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims 1844 - 1844 Commission Auckland ABWN 8090 W5274 430 5.C. Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims 1844 - 1845 Commission Auckland Taranaki Wellington Otago ABWN 8090 W5274 432 R.5.E. Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims 1850 - 1856 Commission Auckland

Department of Internal Affairs, (IA)

Agency Series Record Description Dates IA 91 1 Claims and awards for losses in Maori Wars, Bay of 1845 - 1867 Islands - 1845-1846; Auckland, Kawhia, Raglan, Wanganui, Taranaki, Napier - c.1863-1867; Partly registered files of the Colonial Secretary's Office

68 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Record Description Dates IA 91 2 Correspondence relative to the payment of the 1866 - 1867 compensation money, 1866-1867, including petitions to Parliament; Registered files of the Colonial Secretary's Office IA 91 3 Miscellaneous papers including accounts relating to the 1871-1871 confiscated estate; Attached is a note dated 2 February 1871, from A M Smith, Clerk in the Colonial Secretary's Office forwarding these papers to Dr. Knight, Auditor General, and indicating that all the other papers of which these are just a remnant, had been forwarded to Beckham and Pollen. Dr. Knight returned the papers and suggested that they should all be returned to Auckland

Legislative Department (LE)

Agency Series Box/item Record Part Description Dates LE 1 5 1855/7 Messages from the Officer Administering 1855 - 1855 the Government - Number 12 and enclosures. Transmitting information relative to Old Land Claims LE 1 12 1856/52 1 Governor's Messages - Number 8. 1856 - 1856 Expenditure of Surveyor-General's Department for 1855, land claims correspondence, Correspondence relative to exportation of gun powder from New South Wales LE 1 12 1856/52 2 Governor's Messages - Number 8. 1856 - 1856 Expenditure of Surveyor-General's Department for 1855, land claims

69 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Part Description Dates correspondence, Correspondence relative to exportation of gun powder from New South Wales LE 1 12 1856/52 3 Governor's Messages - Number 8. 1856 - 1856 Expenditure of Surveyor-General's Department for 1855, land claims correspondence, Correspondence relative to exportation of gun powder from New South Wales LE 1 33 1862/7 Committees - Land Claims 1862 - 1862 Commissioner's Report LE 1 36 1863/3 Committees - Minutes Sharing Same 1863 - 1863 Book - Land Claims Settlement, Representation LE 1 36 1863/9 Committees - Separate Books - Land 1863 - 1863 Claims Settlement

Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office (LS)

Agency Series Box/item Record Part Description Dates LS 24 5 Copies of Deeds of Old Private Land 1882 - 1882 Purchases in New Zealand from the year 1815 to 1840 with pre-emptive and other claims, together with a list of the Old Land Claims and the report of Mr Commissioner F Dillon Bell

70 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Maori Affairs Department (MA)

Agency Series Box/item Record Alt Description Dates No. MA 2 1 to 26 & [Maori Affairs Dept] Register of 1835 - 1911 44 inwards letters written in English MA 7 1 [Maori Affairs Dept] Governor's 1846 - 1855 letterbook - 19 January 1846 - 10 May 1847; Letters from Maori to the Governor and his replies; At back of book, Native Secretary's outwards letters to Maoris - 24 August 1854 - 4 May 1855 MA 7 2 [Maori Affairs Dept] Governor's 1846 - 1852 outwards letterbook to Maori - 22 February 1846 - 29 October 1852 MA 24 24 [Maori Affairs Dept] Miscellaneous 1844 - 1870 Maori Letters [Special file (part only) 37] MA 61 1 Minute book of reinvestigation of 1866 - 1866 European compensation claims - 15 October - 13 November - [not originally included in Special file 121] MA 61 2 Six volumes of rough notes on no date - no date particular claims showing bases on which the awards were made MA 61 3 Return of compensation claims, 1866 - 1866 showing amount of original claim, amount of original award and the amount deducted at the reinvestigation of 1866

71 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Alt Description Dates No. MA 61 4 28 Schedule of European and Maori claims 1867 - 1868 1860/24 reinvestigated in 1867 and 1868, 7 showing nature of loss, amount of claim and date MA 61 5 Schedule of claimants showing amount no date - no date 1868/13 144 of original award, the amount 6 A disallowed at the reinvestigation, money actually received by the claimant and the balance due to him MA 61 6 Auckland Provincial Government - 1866 - 1867 Inwards correspondence relating to Beckham Awards MA 61 7 Miscellaneous correspondence of the 1867 - 1867 Colonial Secretary, the Native Department, Native Land Court and Compensation Court MA 61 8 List of grants of land awarded to c.1867 - 1872 particular persons, most of whom were Maoris, and the date of the award MA 61 9 Schedule of reinvestigated and further 1868 - 1877 Maori claims 1868, memorandum from Pollen on compensation claim papers 1877, and papers on a claim relating to Donald McCaskill 1928: (N&D 77/4198) MA 61 1a Depositions and evidence taken before 1867 - 1868 T Beckham, Resident Magistrate, Commissioner for investigating claims

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Agency Series Box/item Record Alt Description Dates No. for compensation for losses occasioned by the Native Rebellion subsequent to 11 July 1863, 2 December 1867 - 25 January 1868

Old Land Claims Commission (OLC)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates OLC 1 50 OLC 946 Case files [Wesleyan Mission, no date - no date Whangaroa], [Use copy REPRO 157] OLC 1 50 OLC 947 Case files [Wesleyan Mission, no date - no date Kawhia] OLC 1 50 OLC 948 Case files [Wesleyan Mission, no date - no date Kawhia] OLC 1 53 OLC 1008 Case files [John Israel Montefiore, no date - no date Kawhia] OLC 1 53 OLC 1026 Case files [John Vittoria Cowell and no date - no date Edward Lee, Kawhia] OLC 1 55 OLC 1040 Case files [William Johnson, Kawhia] no date - no date OLC 1 69 OLC Case files [John Laurie and Samuel no date - no date 1314A Aron Joseph, Kawhia] OLC 1 70 OLC 1353 Case files [George Charlton, Kawhia] no date - no date [Use copy REPRO 1651; MICRO 5354] OLC 8 1 Outwards Letters - 9 Dec 1840 - 30 1840 - 1844 Sep 1844 [Used by Godfrey & Richmond - Index] OLC 8 2 Outwards Letters - 27 Nov 1856 - 16 1856 - 1860

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Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates Feb 1860 [Used by Bell - Index] OLC 8 3 Outwards Letters - 24 Feb 1860 - 21 1860 - 1869 May 1869 - [Used by Bell & Domett - Index] OLC 8 4 Outwards Letters - 26 May 1869 - 11 1869 - 1873 Feb 1873 [Used by Domett, Moorhouse & O'Rorke - Index] OLC 8 5 Outwards Letters - 26 Feb 1873 - 27 1873 - 1881 Sep 1881 [Used by O'Rorke, Atkinson & Stout - Index] OLC 9 3 Case Files [typescript] - cases 616- no date - no date 1044 OLC 9 5 Case Files [typescript] - cases 1260- no date - no date 1361

Archives New Zealand, Auckland

Agent for the General Government, Auckland (AGG-A)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates AGG-A 1 2 335/67 James Bullen, Auck - Requests payment of 27 April 1867 balance of scrip due in compensation to the Wesleyan Mission at Waipa AGG-A 1 4 69/316 Compensation - Wesleyan Mission - 17 Jan - 4 May correspondence with J Buller and W 1869 Rolleston, relative to a claim for compensation to be paid to the Wesleyan Mission in the form of land, and which they wish to be made out to an individual, rather than to a trust, so as to facilitate its sale.

74 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Lands and Survey Office, Auckland (BAAZ)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates BAAZ 1108 88 2173 Old Land Claims 1877-1902

Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington Reference Description Creator Dates MS-Papers-1500-19 Articles relating to John Rodolphus Ross, John O'Connell 1828-1982 Kent MS-Papers-0075-001 Correspondence - Maori land White, John 1840-1858 claims MS-Papers-2634-1/05 Land sale documents for land near Treadwells: legal 11 Sept 1839 Kawhia documents MS-papers-2634-1/06 Land sale documents for land near Treadwells: legal 12 Nov 1839 Kawhia documents fMS-Papers-1787 Charlton, George - papers Charlton, George 1840

Other Museums and Archives

Te Awamutu Museum

Reference Description Dates ARC2164 NORTHCROFT, Henry William, 1844-1923 – papers 1865-1868 [Casebook: Waikato Resident Magistrate, and newspaper clippings, 1865-1868. (Case notes are William Searanckes’, not Northcroft’s)] ARC2165 NORTHCROFT, Henry William, 1844-1923 – papers 1879-1883 [Casebook: Te Awamutu Resident Magistrate, minutes of cases, 1879-1883]

75 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Description Dates ARC2164 NORTHCROFT, Henry William, 1844-1923 – papers 1865-1868 [Casebook: Waikato Resident Magistrate, and newspaper clippings, 1865-1868. (Case notes are William Searanckes’, not Northcroft’s)] ARC2926/1 Copies of letters from George Charleton regarding complaints 1853-1857 over sale of liquor at Kawhia, 26/7/1853; copies of letters to & from Sir George Grey in answer to Charleton’s application for bush license and “irregularities” at Public House at Kawhia; memorandum regarding Charleton’s land claim at Kawhia. Photocopies ARC3774 document: interim account of the Edwards and Cowell unclear families from “One Saga of Kawhia” ARC2197 newspaper clippings: reminiscences of Jim Morgan on early unclear Kawhia ARC1718 generally historical correspondence: Louis Batt of Kawhia unclear ARC1744 generally historical correspondence; letter from George Howe Unclear regarding Cowell family ARC1784 generally historical correspondence: Kawhia town early Unclear history ARC1793 generally historical correspondence: Kawhia, Rev. John unclear Morgan and family ARC1796 generally historical correspondence: map of old mission unclear stations TEMP120 Rev. John Morgan’s letters to Gore-Browne, 1861-1865. Two 1861-1865 volumes of typescript letters prepared from microfilm (original at Archives NZ, Wellington) TEMP120 Captain J.C. Johnstone’s Letterbook, March 1881 – July 1882, 1881-1882 writing from Raglan. This is an old, untitled accounts book, which Johnstone used as a letterbook. Much of his writing

76 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Description Dates ARC2164 NORTHCROFT, Henry William, 1844-1923 – papers 1865-1868 [Casebook: Waikato Resident Magistrate, and newspaper clippings, 1865-1868. (Case notes are William Searanckes’, not Northcroft’s)] appears to be petitions related to his claim to an early land purchase on the south side of the Whaingaroa harbor. This has been copied for the Tribunal. A copy is also to be retained by the University of Waikato library.

Maps and Plans Auckland City Library, Auckland Classification Map No. Title Date NZSP 559.5 H68 Map No. 6569 The harbours and bays of Aotea and 1859 1859 Kawhia, topographically and geologically explored by Dr Ferdinand von Hochstetter 1859. D 995.197 aj 1836 Map No. 4612 Chart of Kawhia Harbour, drawn by 1836 Captain Thomas Wing, 1836

Photographs and Drawings Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington Reference Description Date PA1-0-207-10 House and gardens at Takatahi, Kawhia, 1859 photographed in 1859 by Bruno Hamel. Two whare may be seen within the grounds of the house, and another in the middle distance. Vegetable gardens may be seen at the back of the

77 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Description Date house, to the left of the picture. There is erosion on the hills in the background.

78 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Pre-1865 Crown purchasing in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District

Purchase Deeds Turton’s Deeds

Deeds and Deed Receipts

Deed No.* Page Block District Date Price Area (acres) Deed 432 (D) 596 Whaingaroa 22 March 1851 400 8,000 Deed 452 (D) 623 Awakino Mokau district 28 March 1854 £530 16,000 Deed 133 (R) 776 Paparata Aotea district 14 April 1854 £10 Deed 453 (D) 625 Mokau (lands Mokau district 1 May 1854 £100 2,500 within) Deed 434 (R) 599 Haroto (Te) 3 May 1854 £100 4,000 Deed 448 (D) 618 Aotea Deed Aotea district 6 June 1854 £100 not given Deed 134 (R) 776 Te Kauri Kawhia district 30 May 1854 £5 Deed 135 (R) 777 Kawhia (land at) Kawhia district 8 July 1854 £64 Deed 136 (R) 777 Awakino (claims) Mokau district 1 August 1854 £100 Deed 437 (R) 601 Haroto (Te) 25 August 1854 £100 4,000 Deed 454 (D) 627 Taumata Maire Mokau district 1 January 1855 500 24,000 Deed 438 (D) 602 Karioi 5 November 1855 £575 12,000 Deed 137 (R) 778 Awakino (Mihi Mokau district 3 January 1856 £20 Peka) Deed 138 (R) 778 Awakino and Mokau district 3 January 1856 £20 Mokau Deed 139 (R) 779 Awakino Mokau district 30 January 1856 £10 (Ngatirarua) Deed 439 (D) 604 Ruapuke 2 February 1856 £300 6,000 Deed 455 (D) 630 Rauroa (Awakino) Mokau district 30 July 1857 400 12,000

79 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Deed No.* Page Block District Date Price Area (acres) Deed 451 (D) 622 Harihari No. 2 Kawhia district 10 August 1857 £200 6,000 Deed 441 (D) 607 Wahatane 24 August 1857 20 500 Deed 443 (D) 609 Wharauroa 2 December 1857 410 5,000 Deed 449 (D) 619 Parish of Pirongia, Aotea district 4 June 1875 £250 566 Allotment 327 * D = Deed, R = Deed Receipt

Deeds of Gift

Deed No. Page Block District Date Purpose Deed No. 5 788 Kahikatea Kawhia district 18 January 1854 for a school Deed No. 6 789 Te Kowhata Aotea district 25 January 1854 for a school Deed No. 7 791 Kotoretoto Aotea district 25 January 1854 for a school

Official Publications Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR) Year Reference Title Date Purchase 1861 C - 1, No. 1 Whaingaroa District - Chief 29 Mar 1854 General Commissioner to Mr Rogan - General - instructions to Mr Rogan 1861 C - 1, No. 2 Whaingaroa District - Chief 29 Mar 1854 Awakino Commissioner to Mr Cooper - Awakino - informing him of the purchase of a Block of land from Takerei 1861 C - 1, No. 3 Whaingaroa District - Chief 1 April 1854 Awakino Commissioner to the Colonial Secretary - Awakino - Has bought a Block of land at Awakino near Mokau,

80 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Reference Title Date Purchase forwarding deed and translation 1861 C - 1, No. 4 Whaingaroa District - Chief 8 May 1854 Mokau Commissioner to Mr Rogan - Mokau - Acknowledging receipt ot deed of land at the entrance of the Mokau River. Authority to expend money 1861 C - 1, No. 5 Whaingaroa District - Chief 22 May 1854 General Commissioner to the Colonial Secretary - General - has instructed Mr Rogan to carry on negotiations for the purchase of land in the Waikato district 1861 C - 1, No. 7 Whaingaroa District - Chief 31 July 1854 General Commissioner to Mr Rogan - General - appointed District land Purchase Commissioner 1861 C - 1, No. 8 Whaingaroa District - Chief 13 July 1855 Whaingaroa Commissioner to Mr Rogan - Whaingaroa - to ascertain position and extent of various blocks on which advances have been made 1861 C - 1, No. 9 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 9 August 1855 Karioi Chief Commissioner - Karioi - reporting completion of the survey of the Karioi block 1861 C - 1, No. 10 Whaingaroa District - Chief 17 August Karioi Commissioner to Mr Rogan - Karioi - 1855 approving of price offered for Karioi Block

81 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Reference Title Date Purchase 1861 C - 1, No. 11 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 23 August Ruapuke Chief Commissioner - Ruapuke - Has 1855 completed survey of Ruapuke. The Natives will not accept &300 for it 1861 C - 1, No. 12 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 24 August Ruapuke Chief Commissioner - Ruapuke - 1855 Natives will not agree to payments being made in Auckland to absentees 1861 C - 1, No. 13 Whaingaroa District - Chief 12 September Ruapuke Commissioner to Mr Rogan - Ruapuke 1855 - to report more fully as the price fixed for this block 1861 C - 1, No. 14 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 8 October Ruapuke Chief Commissioner - Ruapuke - 1855 Natives have consented to accept the &300 previously offered 1861 C - 1, No. 15 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 8 October Te Mata Reserve Chief Commissioner - Te Mata 1855 Reserve - Has made a sketch survey of Te Mata Reserve 1861 C - 1, No. 16 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 13 October Hauraki Chief Commissioner - Hauraki - 1855 reporting on the Hauraki purchase 1861 C - 1, No. 17 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 13 October General Chief Commissioner - Karioi - The 1855 Native owners of this Block will accept &475 for the same 1861 C - 1, No. 18 Whaingaroa District - Chief 22 October General Commissioner to Mr Rogan - General 1855

82 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Reference Title Date Purchase - to furnish a report of sums that may be required by him for land purchases 1861 C - 1, No. 19 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 6 November Karioi Chief Commissioner - Karioi - 1855 forwarding deed of sale of Karioi Block 1861 C - 1, No. 20 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 15 November Tawhatahi, Oioroa Chief Commissioner - Tawhatahi, 1855 Oioroa - reporting on these blocks 1861 C - 1, No. 21 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 16 November General Chief Commissioner - general report - 1855 forwarding a return of lands surveyed in his district (enclosure to No. 21) 1861 C - 1, No. 22 Whaingaroa District - Mr Johnson, for 7 December Aotea the Chief Commissioner to Mr Rogan 1855 - Aotea - the sum of &300 for Aotea has been authorised 1861 C - 1, No. 23 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 4 February Ruapuke Chief Commissioner - Ruapuke - 1856 forwarding deed of sale for a block of land near Aotea 1861 C - 1, No. 24 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 7 April 1856 Karioi Chief Commissioner - Karioi - certain lands claimed by Ruihana are excluded from the Karioi purchase 1861 C - 1, No. 25 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 8 August 1857 Ruaroa Chief Commissioner - Ruaroa, Mokau District - forwarding deed of sale of a Block of land called Te Rauroa

83 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Reference Title Date Purchase 1861 C - 1, No. 26 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 15 September General Chief Commissioner - General - 1857 forwarding deed of sale of certain lands near Kawhia and Whaingaoa 1861 C - 1, No. 27 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 28 December Wharauroa Chief Commissioner - Wharauroa - 1857 forwarding deed of sale of Te Wharauroa Block 1861 C - 1, No. 28 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the 18 June 1857 Te Mata Reserve Chief Commissioner - Te Mata, N.R - [1858?] has concluded the purchase of Te Mata Native Reserve

British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP) Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date NZ9 1854[1779] 166-168 No. 73 Copy of a Despatch Reporting on 3 September from Governor Sir G Grey Economic and 1852 to the Right Hon. Sir John social development S Pakington, 15 November in S Waikato and 1852, Encl No. 1 in No. West Coast 73: John Morgan, (Kawhia & Aotea) Otawhao to Sir George Grey NZ10 1860[2719] 11 List of Native Mills' C L List of native mills 24 December Nugent, Native Secretary, incl. Those already 1853 Auckland built, underway or funds collected for in South Waikato and Kawhia

84 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date [accompanying map btw p 10 & p 11. NZ10 1860[2719] 66 Enclosure in No. 39 (No. Include land begin 18 December 39 R H Wynyard, Officer purchased at in the 1854 administering the Mokau, Kawhia, government to Sir George Whangaroa and Grey, 5 January 1855 - Aotea districts. 'Province of Auckland. Notes district, Return showing the location, acres number of acres purchased (notes says by Mr Commissioner 'estimated McLean during the Year quantities. 1854' Instalments paid on most of these blocks. Surveys are being proceeded with.' NZ10 1860[2719] 69-70 Enclosure in No. 41 (No. Te Haratua 13 January 41 R H Wynyard, officer Kiripakopako 1855 administering the Pingareka spoke Government to Sir George opposing the Grey, 13 January 1855) C. selling of land at O Davis, Interpreter Kawhia and Aotea. [undated account of meeting between the governor and 'three chiefs of celebrity from the inland districts' on 10

85 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date January 1855 in Auckland] NZ10 1860[2719] 139-140 No. 66 - Copy of a These chiefs at 6 & 15 despatch from Acting Kawhia were asked August 1856 Governor Wynyard to the by Turton to send Right Hon Lord John warriors to protect Russell enclosing No. 1 - the [friendly] Kikileoi, Hori Te Waru, natives and settlers Nuitone & Hoani of at New Plymouth Kawhia to the Governor [during Puketapu and reply feud]. NZ10 1860[2719] 235-337 [Report, minutes and some very specific 23 July 1856 correspondence relating to material from Board appointed to inquire witnesses that into the system of relates to purchasing land from the purchasing at natives, and other matters] Kawhia and Aotea etc NZ11 1860(492) 140 J Williamson, Return lists land by 11 July 1859 Superintendent, Auckland name in columns Province to the Colonial under various Secretary attaching a descriptive heading 'Return showing the relating to the estimated number of acres quantity of the land in the Province of and its usefulness Auckland, on the 1st for survey and January 1859, over which settlement. the Native title has been Includes many extinguished, and which names mentioned has been handed over for in Berghan's report

86 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date sale and disposal, showing on pre-1865 Crown the estimated number of purchases in the acres now in the inquiry district. possession of the Government.'

87 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Petitions to Parliament Year Pet Ref. Name of JHR /JLC ref. AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region petitioner/s 1879 96/1879 Kereopa 1879, sess II, p 1880, I2, p 2 The petitioners state that Karioi Hone Hone XIX certain lands at Karioi (in and 35 others Raglan District) as per boundaries stated in the petition, was appropriated to them. This land was not surveyed at the time it was granted. When surveyors were appointed, they proceeded to lay out only 600 acres, quite irrespective of the boundaries named. The petitioners pray that the boundaries should be consistent with the names of places named in the original purchase 1881 64/1881 Major Te 1881, p XVII 1881, I2, P 1 Petitioner says that the Karioi Wheoro sum of ₤75 is due to him as balance of purchase money for Karioi 1900 391/1900 Renai Taiko 1900, p 1901, I3, p 13 Petitioners pray for Karioi and 2 others XXXIX payment of balance of the purchase money in

88 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Pet Ref. Name of JHR /JLC ref. AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region petitioner/s connection with the Te Whanga, part Karioi block, which they allege was held back in Sir Donald McLean's time 1901 Not Rewi Maaka JLC 1901, p See below For payment of the Karioi provided XVI balance of the purchase money agreed to be given for the land known as Karioi, near Raglan 1901 Rewi Maaka 1901, p XXV 1903, I3, p 5 Petitioner prays for Karioi 1201/190 redress of certain alleged 1 grievances in connection with the purchase of the Karioi block 1914 376/1914 Te Awarutu 1914, p XXI 1915, I3, p 4 Praying that balance of Whaingaroa Te Awaitaia purchase-money re and 2 others Whaingaroa, alleged to have been withheld in error by Native Department, be paid to them

89 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Archives and Manuscripts Archives New Zealand, Wellington

Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office (AADS)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates AADS W3562 331 22/3009 Awakino and Mokau Native no date – no date Reserves

Land Information New Zealand, National Office (ABWN)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates ABWN 8879 W5278 85 229.14 [Index - Native Deeds] 1841 - 1874 ABWN 8930 W5278 94 200.5 Deeds of Conveyance 1858 - 1862 [Auckland] ABWN 8930 W5278 95 200.6 Deeds of Conveyance 1862 – 1864 [Auckland] ABWN 8090 W5280 144 15A Crown Grants - Land Claims 1858 - 1864 ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 132 WHARAUROA - 1857 - 1857 WHANGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 135 WAHATANE - WHANGAROA 1891 - 1891 ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 136 RUAPUKE - WHANGAROA 1856 - 1856 ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 133 TE MATA, PART OF - 1857 - 1857 WHANGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 134 TE MATA - WHANGAROA 1857 - 1857 ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 137 KARIOI - WHANGAROA 1855 - 1855 ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 138 TE HAROTO - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 139 WAITETUNA & WAIPA 1864 - 1864 RIVERS, LAND BETWEEN - WHANGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 140 AOTEA, WHANGAROA, & 1858 - 1858

90 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates KAWHIA - WHANGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 141 TE MATA - WHANGAROA 1858 - 1858 ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 142 WHANGAROA 1851 - 1851 ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 143 HOREA - WHANGAROA 1850 - 1850 ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 144 TE WHARAUROA - 1855 - 1855 WHANGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 145 TUREIKINA - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 146 HAURAKI - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 147 TE MATA - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 148 TE KOTUKU - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 149 TE HAROTO - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 20 AUC 329 AWAROA AND OTANA - 1865 - 1865 WAIKATO RIVER ABWN 8102 W5279 22 AUC 391 HARIHARI NO. 2 - KAWHIA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 22 AUC 395 TE AWAMUTU - WAIKATO 1850 - 1850 ABWN 8102 W5279 23 AUC 415 AOTEA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 23 AUC 417 AWAKINO MOKAU 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 f76 AUC 581 SEP KAREHARE - WHAINGAROA 1854 - 1854 150 ABWN 8102 W5279 26 AUC 605 HARURUNUI OR TE 1854 - 1854 KOWHATU - AOTEA ABWN 8102 W5279 26 AUC 607 OHANA TE HORANGA - 1854 - 1854 KAWHIA ABWN 8102 W5279 27 AUC 651 AWAKINO AND MOKAU 1856 - 1856 ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 723 WAIKARAKIA - 1854 - 1854 WHANGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 724 HUI POKOHUKA - 1854 - 1854 WHANGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 725 POKARANGI - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854

91 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 728 WHAINGAROA LAND 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 729 WHANGAROA LANDS 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 730 TE HUTIWAI, WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854 - MATAKAHIA, POKARANGI ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 731 WHAINGAROA LAND 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 733 WHAINGAROA 1854 - 1854 ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 738 WHAINGAROA - 1854 - 1854 WHAINGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 739 PATIKIRAU TAKAMAWHI 1854 - 1854 TIWHITI WAKAANAKITAHI KAWAKAWA PUKURUKU AND TAUTEREI - WHAINGAROA ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 741 AOTEA WHAINGAROA 1856 - 1856 KARIOI TE AKAU - AUCKLAND ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 742 AWAKINO - MOKAU 1856 - 1856 ABWN 8771 W5280 44 400.1 Register of Reserves Prior to 1868 - 1878 1878 ABWN 8771 W5280 45 400.2 North Island Register of 1878 - 1898 Reserves 1878-1898 ABWN 8771 W5280 47 400.4 Register of Reserves 1898-1937 1898 - 1937 ABWN 8771 W5280 52 402.3 Old Reserves Taranaki 1863 - 1877 ABWN 8771 W5280 175 402.5 Old Reserves Taranaki, Previous 1853 - c.1880 to 1 January 1878

92 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Army Department (AD)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates AD 1 1865/4303 Hari Hari Block - Kawhia [23 Nov 1865 - 1865 1865: ltr & Map of govt block; 4,000 acres called Hari Hari Block bought 1856-57 by Mr McLean

New Zealand Forest Service (F)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates F 1 43/316 Timber Exports, Whitaker and Piercey, Tokanui 1854 - 1854

Governor (G)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates G 36 3 [Governor] Miscellaneous outwards 1853 – 1863 correspondence - 18 December 1853 - 14 May 1863 G 36 4 [Governor] Miscellaneous outwards 28 May 1863 - 27 correspondence November 1867

Legislative Department (LE)

Agency Series Record Alt No. Description Dates Box/ item LE 1 1860/228 Return of all lands purchased in various 1860 provinces [reprinted in AJHR 1861, E-6] LE 1 30 1861/9 [Legislative Dept] Committees - Native 1861 - 1861 Land Title

93 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Record Alt No. Description Dates Box/ item LE 1 1862/126 Despatch re Native efforts to compel Gorst 1862 to leave Waikato LE 1 4 1854/106 Accounts and papers laid before the House - 1854 - 1854 [Papers apparently brought before the House, but not recorded in the Journals] - Session II - Correspondence from Donald McLean concerning the organisation of land purchases from the Maori

LE 1 7 1855/28 Messages from the Officer Administering 1855 - 1855 the Government - Number 40 and enclosures. Transmitting three returns from Mr Commissioner McLean of purchases of native lands up to 30 June 1855

LE 1 13 1856/57 Governor's Messages - Number 16. 1856 - 1856 Correspondence regarding special scrip issued by sir G Grey to certain native chiefs

LE 1 15 1856/123 62 Papers laid upon the table of the House of 1856 - 1856 Representatives - Johnstone, J C, Captain, Correspondence with General Government respecting his land purchase at Whangaroa LE 1 15 1856/127 65 Papers laid upon the table of the House of 1856-1856 Representatives - Land Purchase Department. Return showing the expenditure of Mr McLean in the purchase of lands

94 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Record Alt No. Description Dates Box/ item

LE 1 15 1856/131 55 Papers laid upon the table of the House of 1856 - 1856 Representatives - Land Revenue, disposal of, Circular letter respecting the disposal of the land fund, and transfer of Crown lands to Provincial authorities

LE 1 15 1856/139 39a Papers laid upon the table of the House of 1856 - 1856 Representatives - Natives, outstanding Loans to. Return of outstanding loans in the Province of Auckland

LE 1 15 1856/129 29 Papers laid upon the table of the House of 1856 - 1856 Representatives - Lands sold. Return of the number of acres of land sold in all the Provinces, in each quarter, from 5 July 1850 to 31 March 1856

LE 1 15 1856/200 Miscellaneous - Copies of correspondence 1856 - 1856 relating to native land purchases

LE 1 15 1856/201 [Legislative Dept] Miscellaneous - Loose 1856 –1856 papers

LE 1 17 1858/205 90 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon 1858 - 1858 the table - Auckland Waste Lands Bill, 1858, Correspondence between Colonial Secretary

95 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Record Alt No. Description Dates Box/ item and Superintendent of Auckland, relative to

LE 1 17 1858/212 24 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon 1858 - 1858 the table - Customs, Returns of Customs Revenue at the several Ports of New Zealand for 1857

LE 1 17 1858/213 26 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon 1858 - 1858 the table - Customs, Returns of value of Imports and Exports at and from the several Ports of New Zealand for 1857

LE 1 17 1858/214 27 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon 1858 - 1858 the table - Customs, Returns of quantities and value of exports from the several Ports of New Zealand for 1857

LE 1 17 1858/215 25 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon 1858 - 1858 the table - Customs, Returns of number, tonnage, and crews of Vessels entered outward at

LE 1 18 1858/226 40 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon 1858 - 1858 the table - Land Purchases from Natives, Correspondence between the Governor and his Ministers relative to

96 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Record Alt No. Description Dates Box/ item LE 1 19 1858/234 76 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon 1858 - 1858 the table - Native Vessels, Return of the names and tonnage of, entering Auckland, and the value of cargoes imported into the several Ports of Entry in the years 185, 1856 and 1857

LE 1 27 1860/228 61 Schedule of Accounts and Papers laid upon 1860 - 1860 the table - Native Lands, Return of all lands purchased in the various Provinces

LE 1 28 1860/229 47 Schedule of Accounts and Papers laid upon 1860 - 1860 the table - Native Lands, A statement of the various sums expended out of the £180,000 being the portion of the Loan of £500,000 allocated for the purchase of Native Lands in the Northern Island, such Return to specify the number of acres purchased in each District, the date of purchase, by what Commissioner effected, and the price per acre. Such return also to state the amount of the said ?180,000 unexpended, the Balance due on each Provincial Account, and how such balances are now invested (Appendix C-1)

LE 1 28 1860/230 103 Schedule of Accounts and Papers laid upon 1860 - 1860

97 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Record Alt No. Description Dates Box/ item the table - Native Lands, A return of all outstanding contracts for the purchase of Native Lands and of all pending negotiations for the same, the amount paid, and payable and when, the nature and extent of unsettled claims, the probable amount thereof, the persons by whom such negotiations are being carried on, and the amounts in the hands of the Land Purchase Commissioner and District Commissioners, upon Imprest, upon the 30 June 1860

LE 1 31 1861/206 69 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon 1861-1861 the table - Crown Grants, A return of all Crown Grants issued, or in course of preparation, to Native subjects of Her Majesty

LE 1 31 1861/216 123 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon 1861 - 1861 the table - Finance Accounts, Return showing the amount remaining unexpended on 30 June 1861, of the sum of ?180,000 allocated to the Northern Island for extinguishing the Native Title therein, and particularising the same

LE 1 32 1861/245 56 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon 1861 - 1861

98 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Record Alt No. Description Dates Box/ item the table - Native Lands, Return of the quantity of Land over which the Native Title has been extinguished during the twelve months ended June 1st 1861, also number of acres surveyed by Surveyors in the Land Purchase Department during the same period

LE 1 32 1861/260 29 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon 1861 - 1861 the table - Waste Lands, Return of the number of acres of Waste Lands sold, or otherwise disposed of, in each quarter, from the 1st January 1860 to 31st December 1860, in the several Provinces of New Zealand, together with the nature and amount of consideration received, and the rate per acre paid, distinguishing Crown and Suburban Lands from Country Lands, being in continuation of Sessional Papers LE 1 32 1861/261 97 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon 1861 - 1861 the table - Waste Lands, Return of all contracts and promises entered into by the Governor since the passing of the Waste Lands Act 1861, and fulfilled under the 11th Section of the Act, specifying the grants actually delivered to the grantees, those retained, and the cause of retention

99 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Record Alt No. Description Dates Box/ item LE 1 35 1862/200 Miscellaneous papers - Statement of sales of 1862 - 1862 land in Auckland Province from the proceeds of which ten per cent has been guaranteed to be expended for native purposes, January 1854 to June 1862

LE 1 36 1863/1 Committees - Minutes Sharing Same Book - 1863 - 1863 Auckland Waste Lands, library and Printing

LE 1 36 1863/8 Committees - Separate Books - Auckland 1863 - 1863 Waste Land

LE 1 38 1863/122 41 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon 1863 – 1863 the table - Waste Lands, Papers respecting proposed alterations in the Waste Land Regulations of the Province of Auckland

LE 1 42 1865/137 22 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon 1865 - 1865 the table - Accounts (see Finance) - Native Affairs, Letter from Mr Dillon Bell to Waikato Chiefs dated 7 May 1863 LE 1 49 1866/121 69 Accounts and Papers - Schedule of Accounts 1866 - 1866 and Papers laid upon the table - Accounts (See Finance) - Native Insurrection, Return of Arms and ammunition supplied to Friendly Natives

100 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office (LS)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates LS 1 8/01/2004 Grazing Runs - S.G.R. [Small Grazing no date- no date Run] Number 11, Harihari LS 1 25/1133 Townships – Harihari no date -no date LS 1 1337 1884/1873 Mokau Block no date -no date LS 1 1340 35424/2 J Rattenbury, Tongaporutu - Mokau Visit no date -no date

Department of Maori Affairs (MA)

Agency Series Record Description Dates MA 1 1863/362 Memoranda from W Fox to E Shortland, 1863 forwarded to Defence Office 15 December 1863: Instructs Shortland to write to Major McGregor and tell him not to allow cattle belonging to or brought by rebel natives to pass through. [Raglan] MA 1 1863/487 Report concerning arrangements re Awamutu 1863 estate [re attack on school, seizure of printing press, abandonment and events leading to abandonment

101 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Maori Affairs Department (MA)

Agency Series Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates MA 1 835 1863/277 Memoranda from Reader Wood to 1863 the Native Secretary, forwarded to Defence Office 22 September 1863; Authorises Major McGregor to spend up to £10 on tobacco for Wiremu Nero of Whaingaroa

MA 1 1863/166 Memoranda from FD Bell to the 1863 Governor, forwarded to Defence Office 18 May 1863; Describes measures taken for the evacuation of families from Raglan MA 1 1863/167 Memoranda from FD Bell, Taranaki, 1863 to the Governor, forwarded to Defence Office 30 April 1863; Outlines the history of the school at the Awamutu, and the increasing opposition of the natives, which led to its suppression and the expulsion of Gorst MA 1 1863/196 Memoranda from Takerei te Naeroa, 1863 Pukekawa, Waikato, to Rewi Maniapoto, forwarded to Defence Office 8 April 1863; Advises Rewi not to drive Gorst out but rather to keep the children away from the school

102 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates MA 1 1863/277 Memoranda from JE Gorst to the 1863-1863 Native Minister, forwarded to Defence Office 25 February 1863; Narrates substance of letter from some chiefs of Mokau addressed to Rewi, Reihana Taati and others expressing suspicion of the Colonel's and Parris' visit, and advising the expulsion of himself (ie Gorst) from the Awamutu. [Copy]

MA 1 1863/362 Memoranda from W Fox to E 1863 Shortland, forwarded to Defence Office 15 December 1863: Instructs Shortland to write to Major McGregor and tell him not to allow cattle belonging to or brought by rebel natives to pass through. [Raglan] MA 1 1863/487 Report concerning arrangements re 1863 Awamutu estate [re attack on school, seizure of printing press, abandonment and events leading to abandonment MA 2 1 to 26 & [Maori Affairs Dept] Register of 1835 - 44 inwards letters written in English 1911

MA 2 36 to 43 [Maori Affairs Dept] Register of 1847 - inward letters written in Maori 1872

103 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates MA 2 3 Register of inwards letters written in 1848 - English - 1 January 1854 - 23 June 1858 1858; Record numbers 1854/1-136, 1855/1-192, 1856/1-446, 1858/1-248; Also includes: Letters re land purchases mostly received by D McLean - 26 April 1848 - 29 November 1852; Register of Deeds, Whaingaroa papers, 25 June - 21 November 1856; and Index to Native Land Purchase 1848-1853

MA 2 45 [Maori Affairs Dept] Register of 1853-1861 Inwards Memoranda, Memoranda and Miscellanea and miscellaneous letters in English

MA 2 46 [Maori Affairs Dept] Register of 1855-1863 Inwards Memoranda; At back of book register of letters received by Land Commissioner Donald McLean - 13 July 1855 - 30 March 1860

MA 4 1 to 56 [Maori Affairs Dept] General English 1840-1892 Outwards Letterbook

MA 4 71 to 103 [Maori Affairs Dept] General Maori 1857-1900, Letterbook 1905-1906 MA 7 2 [Maori Affairs Dept] Governor's 1846 -

104 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates outwards letterbook to Maori - 22 1852 February 1846 - 29 October 1852

MA 16 4 Bundle of miscellaneous deeds no date - relating to land no date

MA 24 22 [Maori Affairs Dept] Miscellaneous 1945 - Correspondence and other Papers 1913 1845-1913. (Very miscellaneous documents probably a bundle which survived the 1907 Parliament Buildings file). [Special file (part only) 41 and 42]

MA 24 24 [Maori Affairs Dept] Miscellaneous 1844 - Maori Letters [Special file (part only) 1870 37] MA 24 30 Miscellaneous papers a). H Halse, 1865 - Assistant Native Secretary, 1920 miscellaneous inwards letters, 1865- 1872; b) Miscellaneous correspondence and telegrams, c.1869-1920; c) Originals of Orders in Council, 1867-1870; d) Miscellaneous printed papers; e) Miscellaneous unidentified papers MA 29 1 to 4 [Maori Affairs Dept] Registers of 1867- 1876 Inward letters [to the Native Minister]

105 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Maori Affairs - Maori Land Purchasing Department (MA-MLP)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates MA-MLP 1 1890/243 For specific refs see Berghan

MA-MLP 1 1891/94 For specific refs see Berghan

MA-MLP 1 1900/76 For specific refs see Berghan 1886-1900

MA-MLP 6 5 Copies of requests to the Crown Lands c.1871 - c.1908 Department for Crown Grants on reserves set aside for Maoris - 31 May 1881 - 11 July 1892. Also alphabetical index of blocks of land or reserves. Bundle of Land Purchase vouchers

Archives New Zealand, Auckland

Auckland Provincial Government (AP)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates AP 2 55 2517/76 10 August - 20 October 1876 - Roads - 1876 - 1876 Waitetuna Area - Correspondence concerning construction of a road through W Cogswell's property at Waitetuna and through the Puketutu Maori Reserve AP 4 1 Index to Letter Books [outward letters of 1853-1876 Superintendent of Auck Prov] nos 67-72* AP 5 5 Papers relating to Steamer Services no date - no date

106 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

* Also see unindexed inward letters to Superintendent Auck Province (AP series 8180) and the outward letters themselves (AP series 8181)

Agent for the General Government, Auckland (AGG-A)

Agency Series Box/ Record Description Dates item AGG-A 1 1 1/65 B Graham, Te Awamutu - telegram 3 June 1865 requesting that statement in The Southern Cross, 31 May 1865, be contradicted concerning 1) Relative status of Maori King and Queen Victoria 2) acquisition of land 3) its relationship to negotiations left to the discretion of French-man 4) a conversation between Mr Mainwaring and Mr Thompson AGG-A 1 1 55/65 Charles Heaphy, Auck - enquires about 19 July 1865 interpretation of Auckland Waste Lands Act, 1858 copy of memo AGG-A 1 1 199/65 S Morgan, Kawhia - encloses letter from 14 September Hone Te One to Governor Grey, and 1865 comments on the intense Kingite sympathies in the district. [Hone Te One's letter is missing] AGG-A 1 1 no p 22 of series list Hone Te One, Kawhia, to 14 September number? Governor Grey - Warns him that Kingites 1865 have threatened to attack Kawhia, Aotea and Whaingaroa, and pleads for military protection. AGG-A 1 1 251/65 Thomas Buddle, Auck - forwards returns 24 October

107 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/ Record Description Dates item of Wesleyan Native Industrial Schools. 1865 Copy of schedules and returns subsquently sent to the Native Minister. AGG-A 1 1 307/65 J Allen, Raglan - sends documents 20 November requested in earlier letter - encloses copy 1865 of agreement between a Maori of the Nae Nae tribe and George Cooper, entitling the latter to lease some land in the Waipa district. AGG-A 1 1 367/66 Reports hostility of Maoris, and their 23 October King's refusal to accept surveyors working 1866 around Pirongia AGG-A 1 2 400/67 Formation of a Volunteer Corps, Raglan - 14 May 1867 Correspondence from R O Stewart, Resident Magistrate, relative to a public meeting, at which certain resolutions for local defence were passed and at which 39 men volunteered and resolved to request the governor to form them into a corps for local defence AGG-A 1 2 521/67 W Gisborne, Wgt - Refers to enclosure in 24 June 1867 No. 1040 and states that the Government does not think it desirable to send more arms to Raglan than needed to arm the Europeans, and that it wishes to get back arms from the Maoris when they are no longer needed. AGG-A 1 4 69/213 Local defence-Raglan district - 15 March - 8

108 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/ Record Description Dates item Correspondence from W N Searancke, J C November Johnstone and R O Stewart, relative to the 1869 defence of Raglan against possible attack by the King Maoris and to an attempted theft of ammunition AGG-A 1 4 69/261 Disputed survey - Aotea - Correspondence 30 March - 1 from Hone Te One and other Maoris, from April 1869 H W Brabant, W N Searancke and JK McDonald, expressing fear that continuing with the survey at Aotea, will provoke attack from the Hauhaus. AGG-A 1 4 69/287 W N Searancke, Hamilton - reports that he 15 April has heard that there is to be a meeting of 1869 the Taupiri Maoris and Te Wheoro and the Ngatimato at Hangatiki, and makes observations as to their intentions, in the light of this. AGG-A 1 4 69/360 J C Firth, Auck - forwards copies of letters 15 May 1869 from Hohaia and Te Raihi, which he has sent to the authorities, and urges the importance of the Duke of Edinburgh's meeting Tawhaio, Rewi and Tamati at Ngaruawahia. Reports that his arrangement to rent land on the Waiho is to be adhered to , as before Wi Tamihana's death [Encloses 3 letters] AGG-A 1 4 69/381 J A Wilson, Alexandra - reports on his 24 May 1869 negotaiations with Tawhaio, Rewi and

109 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item Tamati, attempting to clear up a misunderstanding about the visit ofthe Duke of Edinbmgh and a meeting of the Waikatos with him at Ngamawahia AGG-A 1 4 69/399 J Mackay jr., Ngamawahia - forwards a 2 June 1869 translation of a letter received from Andrea Barton, relative to Te Wheoro's invitation to Matutaera, Rewi and Tamati Ngapora, to meet the Governor at Ngaruawhia AGG-A 1 4 69/446 J A Wilson, Auck - fOlwards three letters 19 June 1869 from Commissioner Clarke, and feels that they have cause for apprehension as the behaviom of Firth and others at Tokongamutu is provocative to the Hauhaus. Reports that Te Kooti and band have gone into the King Country. AGG-A 1 4 69/476 W N Searancke, Alexandra - reports on his 5 July 1869 investigation into the Maori situation. A number of strange Maoris have been in the Rangiaohia district, and the settlers are uneasy. Te Kooti has been seeking the kingship and asked Tawhaio to resign to him. AGG-A I 5 69/563 Hetaraka Nero, Raglan-Asks the Govt to 28 July 1869 emol40 of his men as a guard for Raglan, which is totally unprotected. Maori and translation. Minute by W N Searancke acknowledges that the area is unprotected,

110 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item but states that the stationing of a few of the armed constabulary in the blockhouse would be preferable as the Maori guard would not have the settler's confidence. [missing as at June 1997] AGG-A 1 5 69/620 H W Brabant, Raglan - reports that bands 13 August of atmed Maoris have been seen at Aotea, 1869 bound for Kawhia, and suggests that Hone Te One be authorised to search such parties. [missing as at June 1997] AGG-A 1 5 69/675 Rawiri Te Rangikarua, Raglan - Asks that 6 September he be shown where his acres of land at 1869 Waipa or Waikato are situated and that the Crown Grant in the name of Hone Te One be issued. Maori and translation. [missing as atJune 1997] AGG-A 1 9 73/771 Inwards letters. 31 October 1873 - J La 1873-1874 Frohe, Karioi - Asks whether right of road was reserved through the Papahua Native Reserve, as it will be necessary to traverse it to put through the road to Raglan. - Attachment: 1. J Rogan to W Gisborne, 14 November 1873 in reply. Sketch of the area by C Heaphy, 13 January 1874- States that no right of road was made in any Karioi reserve.

111 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Lands and Smvey Office, Auckland (BAAZ)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates BAAZ 1108 168 5399 Kawhia surveys 1904-1912

BAAZ 4708 la New Zealand [Army] pensioners pre-emption 1853 - 1856 selections

Maori Land COUli, Waikato-Maniapoto District (BACS)

Agency Acc Box/item Record Description Dates BACS A622 181d KW1209 Dismissed - Applications (Formerly under 1900 - 1949 KW Titles) 1. Harihari; 2. Kahotea; 3. Mangangarongaro; 4. Te Nauhau; 5. Patahi; 6. Pukerimu; 7. Puti; 8. Whakapapa; 9. Hawaiki; 10. Parish of Waipa - Applications

BACS A622 22b H704 Karioi No.2, 3, 4 - Applications 1875 -1952

BACS A806 1121 D2006 Taumatamaire - From: Ngati Maniapoto To: 1855 - 1855 Her Majesty Queen Victoria BACS A806 117 KW953 Mokau B - From: Ngati Maniapoto To: Her 1854 - 1854 Majesty Queen Victoria

Department of Survey and Land Information, Auckland District Office (BAIE)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates BAIE 4308 la Maories [Maori] Letter Book 1849 - 1854

112 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Maori Laod Court, Auckland (BBOP)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates BBOP A52 28/64 COlTespondence Regarding Land at 1858 -1864 Waipa BBOP A52 43/97 Deeds in Abeyance - Index 1865 - 1885 Attached BBOP 4309 2a-138 186611671 From: Retireti Te Tapihaoa, Maketu 1866 - 1866 - Subject: King Natives - cannot pass tln'ough their land to attend court at Cambridge BBOP 4309 2a-153 1866/1060 From: Hamilton TN, Resident 1866 - 1866 Magistrate, Raglan - Subject: Notice of Sittings acknowledging letter 870 Raglan BBOP 4309 2a-212 186611933 From: Tewi Wiremu, Heretunga- 1866 - 1866 Subject: Claiming land at Kawhia and Waipa BBOP 4309 2a-213 1866/1907 From: Turton H Hanson, Auckland 1866 - 1866 - Subject: Overcharges returned through Dr Harsant RM [Resident Magistrate1 Raglan BBOP 4309 2a-214 186611901 From: Tmton H Hanson, Auckland 1866 - 1866 - Subject: Crown Grant Purchases at Waipa Reserves BBOP 4309 2a-215 1866/1901 From: Hetaraka Nero, Raglan- 1866 - 1866 Subject: Turton, land purchased tln'ough him, grants not received Tawawhati BBOP 4309 2a-22 1866/881 From: MacKay Alexander, Nelson - 1866 - 1866

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Agency Series Acc Boxlitem Record Description Dates Subj ect: FOlwarding celiain land claims Kawhia Region BBOP 4309 2a-23 1866/881 From: Hautain T, Under Secretary, 1866 - 1866 Native Depmiment - Subject: MacKay Alexander - land claims Kawhia Region

BBOP 4309 3b-99 18681794 From: Piripi Otene - Subject: 1868 ~ 1868 Hetaraka Nero enclosing letter from BBOP 4309 9a-254 18631125 From: Rogan John, Judge Native 1863- 1863 Land Court, Kaipara - Subject: Nero's Offer of Land memo re Block between Waitetuna and Waipu

BBOP 4309 l1a-8 1883/52 From: Hakopa Kotuku, Waitetuna 1883 ~ 1883 and Another - Subject: Asking if to be surveyed and requesting information re sale etc Kawhia

BBOP 5966 33 1 Waikato local registers 1865 ~ 1873

BBOP 5966 38 1 Raglan and Aotea local registers 1865-1892

BBOP 5966 39 1 Kawhia and Mokau local registers 1865 - 1901

Land information New Zealand (LINZ), Hamilton Reference Description Details of contents Maori Historicial 13111 originals [File 1) Large cadastral map with added colous and text Records SA 2157 box with green patch on showing Awakino, Mokau etc purchases top of spine - marked in 2) Typed .extracts from MLC MBK Otorohanga pencil "Awakino, 72, pp 342 - 352 (held at Awakino, 19 Aug

114 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, J anualY 2009

Reference Description Details of contents Mokau, Taumatamaire 1941) recording hearing of 1938 petition re purchases"] Taumatamarie and other blocks 3) Typed schedule of Native Reserves at Mokau, Awakino etc b1ks 4) Original grants to Maori for those Native reserves under The Lands Act 1892 5) Typed copy of the 1938 petition re Taumatamarie and other blocks 6) Typed Chronology ofevents on these blocks with dates and document references 7) File of papers marked faintly "Awakino Mokau Taumatamarie ... produced at Native Land Court at Awakino 19 August 1941 [judge's signature] - contents not photographed or are the papers all inside this folder?

Alex(lIIder TlIl'1lbllll Librmy, Wellington

Papers of Sir Donald McLean i. Letters in Maori to McLeanji·om Maori individuals at Kawhia & Raglan Reference Description Dates MS-Papers-0032-0678B-01 Letter fi·om Tamihana Niutone and Te Waru to 2 May 1854 McLean MS-Papers-0032-0678B-10 Letter from Paora to McLean (with translation) 22 Aug 1854 [Written from Waikawau and Mokau regarding lands and includes copy with a translation and a covering note from Schnackenberg] MS-Papers-0032-0678A-17 Letter fi·om Taati and Te Kawau to McLean 16 Mar 1854 and Kupa (with translation)

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MS-Papers-0032-068IA Inward letters to Donald McLean in Maori Jan-Jun 1857 MS-Papers-0032-0683A-06 Letter from Nuitone Te Pakaru to Wiremu Nera 14 Feb 1859 ii, Letters to McLeanfi'om missionaries and settlers at Kawhia and Raglan

Refm'ence Description Dates MS-Papers-0032-0244 Inward letters - Surnames, Del- Dod [Specifically 1849-1876, nd letter to McLean from W W Dixon (miller at Kawhia), 1867 re purchase of land at Koutukowai MS-Papers-0032-0344 Inward letters - Surnames, Hom-Hop 1854-1875, nd Josiah Hopkins at Kawhia to McLean, 1854 MS-Papers-0032-0361 Inward letters - Surnames, Jor-Jou 1854-1871 (letters (8) to McLean from R A Joseph from Sydney and Kawhia between 1854 and 1867) MS-Papers-0032-0333 Inward letters - George W Drummond Hay 1857-1870 MS-Papers-0032-0459 Inward letters - John Morgan 1847-1861 MS-Papers-0032-0537 Inward letters - Surnames, Reimenschneider 1849-1870

MS-Papers-0032-0561 Inward letters - CH Schnackenberg 1845-1876, nd MS-Papers-0032-0576 Inward letters - Surnames, Sin - Sma [Contains 7 1845-1876 letters from Thomas Skinner (Aotea and Rotorua) to McLean between 1848 and 1861, Also contains two letters from Gideon Smales, Aotea & East Tamaki, 1854 & 1870] MS-Papers-0032-0618 Inward letters - Surnames, Wal- Wan [Includes 4 1857-1876 letters from Rev James Wallis, Auckland & Waingaroa [Raglan], 1858-1860] MS-Papers-0032-0634 Inward letters - Rev John Whiteley 1844-1861 MS-Papers-0032-0722 Outward drafts and fragments [Contains draft letters 1847-1854 to Thomas Skinner at Aotea] MS-Papers-0032-0723 Outward drafts and fragments 1851, 1855-1860 [specifically letter re Mr Schnackenberg (resident

116 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Description Dates missionaty) and settlers at Kawhia, April 1860] MS-Papers-0032-0338 Inward letters - Louis Hetet [23 letters written ii'om 1849-1871 Mokau, Alexandra and Otorohanga, 1849-1871. Includes typed transcripts] iii. Letters to McLean fi'olll Government officials

Reference Description Dates MS-Papers-0032-0316 Inward letters - Hemy Halse 1858-1860

MS-Papers-1187-129 John Rogan - Letters to Donald McLean 3 Feb 1854, 6 Aug 1855 (also available as Micro- MS-0714) MS-Papers-0032-0540 Inward letters - John Rogan 1852-1858

MS-Papers-0032-0541 Inward letters - John Rogan 1859-1863

MS-Papers-0032-0542 Inward letters - John Rogan [40 letters written 1864-1870 from New Plymouth, Mt Albert (Auckland), . Mangawhare, Ie Makiri (Kaipara), Matamata, Wellington, Cambridge] MS-Papers-0032-0544 Inward letters - John Rogan 1850s-1870s

117 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, JanualY 2009

iv. McLean's records ofhis work in varia liS Government roles Reference Description Dates qMS-1193 Protector of Aborigines, Taranaki - Letter 5 Aug 1844-30 Jun 1846 book MS-1197 Diary 22 Apr 1845-18 May 1846 MS-1199 Diary 19 Jan-l Feb 1846 MS-1201 Diary 10-21 Feb, 21 Mar 1846 MS-1205 Notebook relating to Mokau 19 Jan 1845,20-22 Jan 1846 MS-1283 Extracts from a joumal kept during a visit 1845 to the interior ofthe Northem Island of New Zealand MS-1290 Land Purchase Department - Accounts Apr 1854-Feb 1856 MS-1291 Land purchase accounts 1853-1854,1855-1856 MS-Papers-0032-0003A Native Land Purchase Commissioner - 1850 Papers MS-Papers-0032-0004 Native Land Purchase Commissioner­ 1851-1857 Papers MS-Papers-0032-0008A Sketches and rough maps relating to land unclear purchases MS-Papers-0032-0017 Miscellaneous Native affairs 1851-1863, 1865 MS-Papers-0032-0034 Native Minister - Taranaki native meetings 1873 MS-Papers-0032-0043 Native Minister - Miscellaneous papers rca 1855-1874] MS-Papers-0032-0122B House of Representatives. McLean and 1847-1876 Fox. Criticisms of Grey's policy MS-Papers-0032-0 125 Papers relating to provincial affairs - 1850-1851 Taranaki. Inspector of police MS-Papers-0032-0 126 Papers relating to provincial affairs - 1851-1856 Taranaki. Inspector of Police

118 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, J anumy 2009

Reference Description Dates MS-Papers-0032-0 140 Papers relating to land - Printed papers re 1850-1877 land

Papers of other individuals

Reference Description Dates 82-174 Schnackenberg, COli Hemy - Papers [Twenty volumes of 1846-1886 letterbooks (photocopy of type scripts), including letters in German and Maori giving detailed accounts of his own work and mission progress as well as local Maori politics (patiial inventory available)] MS-Papers-0229 Pratt family - Correspondence. Letters written to relatives 1855-1858, nd in England from Edward and Sarah Pratt, New Plymouth. Particular reference to the native mill at Mokau, which Edward Pratt was engaged to erect. MS-Papers-2625-1 Letters [to the Wesleyan Missionary Society]- Includes 1836-1849 letters by Rev James Wallis at Whaingaroa [Raglan] inventory available qMS-1393 Narrative of adventures of early missionaries [by Rev 1833-1850 John Morgan] qMS-1390-1392 Letters and journals of the Rev John Morgan, missionary 1833-1865 atOtawhao MS-Papers-0944 Smales, Gideon 1817-1894: Letters - 1 Jan 1843-12 Mar 1843 - 1845 1845 MS-Papers-l 018 Smales, Gideon 1817-1894: Papers -1786,1831-1890, 1831 - 1890 1957 Micro-MS-0304 Smales, Gideon 1817-1894: Papers 1839-1894

MS-1950 (MS-Copy- Thomas Skinner: Journal 1849-1856 Micro-0222)

119 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Description Dates MS-Papers-0402 Newman-Buttle family papers [Includes letters from Rev 1831-1885 George Buttle - Divided into personal and business correspondence - Piece-level inventory available] MS-Papers-2507 Newman, William, d 1906: papers [Includes letters from 1808-1908 Rev George Buttle - Divided into personal and business correspondence - Piece-level inventory available] Micro-MS-06l2-01 Diary of Rev George Buttle; John Aldred's shipboard 1832-1874,1839- joumal 1840 qMS-2212-2213 Whiteley, John - Joumal [covers of his work as Wesleyan 1832-1869 missionary (inc!. At Kawhia) and dealings with George Grey, Donald McLean and Robert Parris re Maori-Piikehii relations. NB: missing entries for 1837, Jnl1843 - 1860] MS-Papers-0088-1A Inward c011'espondence - Church Missionary Society and 1847-1865 others [includes letters by Rev John Morgan to the CMS. See inventory for full description of contents of this folder] MS-Papers-2625-3 [Wesleyan Missionary Society] Letters and other papers - 1856-1859 Letters between various Wesleyan missionaries. Also includes minutes of a meeting of the Missionary Committee, 12 Aug 1856. Inventory available] qMS-2175 Wesleyan Mission Papers Vol 3 - [includes, Letters of 1866-1879 Thomas Buddie, 1866-1878; Letters and papers of Rev Smales, 1855-1878; Letters and papers of Revs Turton and Wallis 1856-1875; Miscellaneous letters and papers, 1856-1879] MS-Papers-2625-2 [Wesleyan Missionary Society] Letters and other papers - 1850-1856 Revs Whitley, Buttle and Smales as contributors, Inventory available]

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Reference Description Dates MS-Papers-2625-4 [Wesleyan Missionary Society] Letters [Letters between 1859-1870 various Wesleyan missionaries and others. Inventory available] MS-Papers-0077-6 COll'espondence [to Edward Catchpool]- [including from 1855-1862 Rev John Morgan, inventory available] MS-Papers-0048-21 Miscellenous Maori material [held by Walter Lawry 1840-1884 Buller] - specifically document re lands ceded to John White at Kawhia, 1840 'from D McLean 1884' MS-Papers-0057-131 Personal papers - Letter from Rewi Maniapoto, and 1863, 1845 promissory notes Micro-MS-Coll-04-57 CMS missionaries and employees - Papers [includes 1827-1877 letters by Rev John Morgan to the CMS] Micro-MS-Coll-04-27 Early correspondence [of Rev John Morgan] (CNIE) and 1852-1883 letterbooks (CN/I 1, CN/I 2) [Two outward letterbooks Jan 1852-Sep 1883 containg letters to individual missionaries (including Rev John Mogan)]

Other museums alld libraries

Auckland Wm' Memorial Museum Library, Auckland

Ref Description Contents Dates Y1372 SMALES, Gideon, See inventory list downloaded from National 1822 1839-1871 1817-1894, papers Register of Archives and Records [are these 1893-18941971 the same as Smales papers at ATL MS- papers-l01877]

MS213(I) MORGAN, John, (1) Adventures of early missionaries 1833- 1833-1850 1836- 1810-1865, papers 1850, and Letters from Otawhao. 1850 1833-1865 (Typescript, 1 volume, 73, 61eaves); (2)

121 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Ref Description Contents Dates Letters to a friend. Written from Otawhao, covering the period; 1836 to 1850, but apparently written at a later date. (Typescript copy, 1 bound volume, 80 leaves, 33.5 cm); (3) Letters and journals of the Reverend Joho Morgan, missionary at Otawhao, 1833- 1865.

Joho Kinder Theological Library, Auckland

Ref Description Contents Dates MET003 Wesleyan Missionary Series 1: Letters and papers, Wesleyan 1813-1933 Letters Collection. missionaries, 1828-1932, (42 items); Series 7: Letters 1813-1933 Methodist Land transactions paper, 1831-1892, (38 items); Series 10: Letterbook, 1856-1858, Methodist Church of Australasia. Department of overseas missions letters.

MET004 Wesleyan Methodist Chronological order. A collection ofletters, unclear Missionary Society. including diary extracts which the Wesleyan Letters to the missionaries were required to send to the Secretaries, typescript Society on a regular basis.

MET013 Whiteley, John, 1806- Includes Whiteley's journal for 1832-1863 1806-1869 1869. Collection, (typescript), as well as other items related to 1832-1983 Whiteley.

MET014 Wallis, James. 1809- Collection of items relating to James Wallis and 1845-1941 1895. Collection, the Wallis family

122 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Ref Description Contents Dates 1845-1941 MET017 RishwOlth, John S. Journal entries cover the period April 1864 to 1864-1867 Journal, 1864-1867 January 1867, and his activities at Karakariki, Waipa. Typescript also available.

MET019 Schnackenberg, COlt [No description of content in source catalogue] 1846-1880 Hemy,1812-1880, Papers, 1846-1880

Te Awamutu Museum, Te Awarnutu

Ref Description Contents Dates ARC1874 SWARBRICK, generally historical cOl1"espondence: E.H. unclear Hemy Augustus, Schnackenberg and Kawhia 1889-1968 ARC2632; MORGAN, John, Includes his correspondence to the Church 1833-1865 ARC3747/13; diary and Missionary Society, Govemor Browne, as well ARC2365- c011"espondence as journal entries over this period. Transcribed 378 photocopies (16 items)

Pukeariki Museum, New Plymouth

Creator Reference Description Dates Flight, Josiah, 1800- N/A The collection ofletters (51 items) is almost 1848-1888 1884 exclusively from H.H. Turton ofKawhia and Auckland, and D. McLean of Wellington and Auckland. RICHMOND, Hemy ARC2001- In this letter to his mother, Richmond gives an 1851 Robert 160 account of his joumey with his brother

123 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

overland from Auckland to Taranaki in 1851. It is a descriptive account detailing both the social and physical geography of the country between. Typescript

Christchurch Methodist Archives

Ref Description Contents Dates N/A Wallis, James. 1809-1895, papers Reminiscences about the Reverend James c.l880s-1895 Wallis' missionary work in the Whaingaroa circuit 1834-1863 written for his grandson, Rev. Tom J Wallis, c 1880- 1890. Typescripts

N/A Wallis, James. 1809-1895, papers Collection of papers including a 1834-c1895 handwritten obituary of Rev. James Wallis, by Rev. Hemy H Lawry c 1895, a letter to Rev. Thomas Jackson Wallis from his grandfather, the Reverend James Wallis, outlining his missionary carreer in NZ. Original deeds plus photocopy

NlA Whiteley, Rev. John, Letters to Mr. and Mrs James Whiteley, 1833-1844 cOll'espondence from their son, Rev. John Whiteley, 4 May 1839, Kawhia. Typescript

N/A Whiteley, Rev. John, Papers, notes or part of a letter from John c.1840 cOll'espondence Whiteley relating to the purchase of land for new mission stations in New Zealand. Annotated typescript

124 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Maps and Plans

British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealalld (BPP) Volume Reference Title Date BPPNZ10 1860 [2719[ Vol. Map of New Zealand shewing the sites of flour December XLVI mills, the property of the Aborigines, Jolm 1853 Arrowsmith, Litho [accompanying schedule on page 11] BPPNZ11 1860 (492) Vol. Map of New Zealand shewing approximately the n/d but XLVII extent ofland acquired from the Natives (signed by letter Andrew Sinclair, Government Sm'Veyor) [Sept attached is 1859] dated 20 September 1859 BPPNZ14 1866 [3695] Vol. L Map showing conquered te11'itory in NOlihem Pali 1864 ofNolih Island of New Zealand BPPNZ14 1865 [3425] Vol. Sketch Map of the Waikato District, signed by July 1864 XXXVII George Graham, 13 June 1864 [enclosed with copy of a despatch from Govemor Sir George Grey to the Right Honorable Edward Cardwell, 7 July 1864, p 54] BPPNZ14 1865 [3425] Vol. Map of the Districts proposed to be included within Sept 1864 XXXVII the operation of the New Zealand Settlements Act [n/d but enclosed with a copy of a despatch from Govemor Sir George Grey to the Right Honorable Edward Cardwell, 3 September 1864, p 110] BPPNZ14 1865 [3425] Vol. Map shewing approximately the te11'itory proposed Oct 1864 XXXVII to be confiscated in the Waikato country, in the priovince of Taranaki and near Wanganui [n/d but enclosed with a copy of a despatch form Governor Sir George Grey to the Right Hon Edward

125 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rolle Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Volume Reference Title Date Cardwell, 8 October 1864, pp 149-150] BPPNZ14 1865 [3455] Vol. Map showing proposed frontier line of fortified Nov 1864 XXXVII posts &c. [nld but cited in enclosure 2 to No.3 Memorandum by Govemor Grey of 5 November 1864, pp 7 - 8] BPPNZ14 1865 [3455] Vol. Map showing the proposed frontier line from Nov 1864 XXXVII Tauranga to Raglan [nld but cited in enclosure 2 to No.3 Memorandum by Governor Grey of5 November 1864, pp 7 - 9] BPPNZ14 1865 [3455] Vol. Map of the Districts proposed to be included within Nov 1864 XXXVII the operation of the New Zealand Settlements Act [with additional pink line - nld cited in enclosure 2 to No.3 Memorandum by Govemor Grey of 5 November 1864, pp 7 - 9]

Photographs and Drawings

Alexander TUl'nbull Libl'my, Wellington Reference Title Description Date A-208-006 View of Raglan Harbour Drawing by Ashworth, Edward (1814- 1843 1896) An extensive view from a high standpoint, looking down over Raglan Harbour. A tree fern, ferns and tree bunks with epiphytes in the foreground, and the church and mission station of Rev. James Wallis at Nihinihi in the distance, close to the water. Further hills in the background. A-208-007 Settlements on the South Drawing by Ashworth, Edward (1814- 1843 Creek ofWaingaroa harbour 1896) An extensive view from a high

126 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Description Date shewing Karioi (carry owee) standpoint looking down over Raglan Mt., New Zealand Harbour. The buildings on the right in the distance are those of Rev. J. Wallis's Wesleyan Mission house and chapel. Sketched on Ashworth's trip to the Waikato, December 1843. Taken from The world was all before me; journals and watercolours ofEdward Ashworth Fom the collections ofthe Alexander Turnbull Library. National Library Gallery, 27 April - 29 July 2001. B-088-014 Wesleyan mission station at A church and mission station on the north 1836 Waingaroa, New Zealand. side of the Waingaro (Raglan) Harbour, Natives assembling to Waikato. Te Horea, the first mission worship Baxter's Patent Oil station of James and Mary Ann Wallis is Printing. London, Wesleyan shown. There are Maori and Pakeha Missionary Society, 1846. walking up the path to the church, others standing on the bank ofthe river and two canoes emptying NB: Rev. James Wallis occupied two different mission statioris on the shores of Raglan Harbour, the first, Te Horea near the northem mouth of the harbour, the later, from 1838-1862, at Nihinihi, somewhat inland and south of the harbour.

PUBL-0139- Wesleyan Mission Station at Wood engraving showing three buildings 1846 105 Kawhia Harbour at the Wesleyan Mission Station at Kawhia Harbour, including the home of

127 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scopiug report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Description Date the missionaries (the large building in the centre) and possibly the school or church in the distance, The foreground building appears to be a barn. The area is fenced with some gardens and agricultural activities being ca11'ied out. Part of the harbour with yachts can be seen to the left.

A-015-025 Wesleyan mission station at Coloured engraving of the station as seen 1846 Raglan (Whaingaroa) from across the river Waikato.

A-020-013 Rev. J. Morgan's mission Pencil drawing by George French Angas 1844 station, Waikato [Otawhao1 shows the mission station as a medium- sized house with several outbuildings and a small church to the right. The whole area is fenced and there is a stream, lower right.

E-296-q-148-1 The mission house, Pen and Ink drawing by Rev Richard 1847 Otawhao, Waikato. Rev. Taylor showing the front of a house with John Morgan's station. front verandah and a surrounding garden. The front windows have shutters. The church can be seen at the extreme right background. PA1-0-207-10 House and gardens at Photographed by Bruno Hamel. Two 1859 Takatahi, Kawhia whare may be seen within the grounds of the house, and another in the middle distance. Vegetable gardens may be seen

128 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Description Date at the back of the house, to the left of the picture. There is erosion on the hills in the background.

129 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOll on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

The search for and creation of new form of title and the use and alienation of Maori land in the Rohe Potae Inquiry District (1870-1907)

Notes: This bibliography excludes all files that are about specific blocks as these were too numerous to list. They have been identified and listed in a spreadsheet as part of this scoping exercise.

Official publications

Appendices to the JOlll'llals of the HOllse ofRepresentatives (AJHR)

COlTes12ondence and re120lis

Year Reference No.!Pages Title 1872 D -5 Report of Resident Engineer, James Stewart, to engineer-in- chief, Public Works Depmiment 1873 A-1a No. 11 Further Despatches from Govt NZ: Description of visit to Kawhia and meeting Tawhiao. RepOli on conditions of Natives 1874 E - 3 Report of John CalTuthers, Engineer-in-chief, Public Works Depmiment 1875 G-4 No. 15 - No. Native Minister meeting with Tawhiao: Notes on McLean's 18 visit to Waikato/Waitomo 1875 G-4 No. 19 Native Minister meeting with Tawhiao: Mair to under sec. Native Dept. Alexandra. Notes on McLean's visit 1877 G - 1 No. 10 Reports from officers in Native Districts: Bush to Native Minister - visit to Ngati Haua 1878 G-12 No.1 and Rewi's invitation to his Excellency: Copy ofletter from No.2 Rewi to Governor requesting a meeting 1878 G- 3 Waikato and Waitara native meetings: Extracts from newspapers

130 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues, January 2009

Year Reference No.fPages Title 1878 G- 3a Notes on meeting between Grey, Rewi and Native Minister at Puniu 1879 G - lc No.1 to 2 Native Matters at Raglan: Resident Magistrate Bush to Native Minister regarding meeting with Tawhiao at Kawhia 1879 G - Ic No.3 to 5 Native Matters at Raglan: Resident magistrate Bush to Native minister - general activities, disputes over road construction 1879 G - Ic No.6 to 8 Native Matters at Raglan: Resident Magistrate Bush to

Native Minister c travelling the district. 1879 G-2 Te Kopua Meeting: Letters and reports on meeting between Grey and Tawhiao. 1879 G-9 Tawhiao and Native matters in Waikato: Major Te Wheoro to Native Minister. General activities since Kopua meeting 1881 G-9 No.1 Tawhiao 's visit to Waikato settlements: Report from Mail', meeting Rewi and Tawhiao 1881 G-9 No.8 Tawhiao 's visit to Waikato settlements: Mair's account of meeting with Tawhiao 1881 G-9 No.2 to 7 Tawhiao 's visit to Waikato settlements: Exchange of correspondence between Mail' and Tawhiao 1882 G-4 Letter from Te Wheoro forwarding proposals from Tawhiao on ceasing sales, making of roads etc 1882 G-4a No.1 Tawhiao's Meeting at Whatiwhatihoe: Resident Magistrate Bush's account to Native Minister. Description of meeting 1882 G-4b Letter from Rewi Maniapoto calling for Parliament to be moved to Auckland 1883 A - 8 No. I Native Affairs and the amnesty: Jervois to Governor. Decision to re-open to port of Kawhia 1883 A- 8 No.2 Native Affairs and the amnesty: Jervois to Governor. Quoting memo from Bryce on commencing Main Trunk

131 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centnry land issues, January 2009

Year Reference No.lPages Title Line extension. Mention of some unrest. Support from Rewi and Wahanui 1883 A- 8 Enell Native Affairs and the amnesty: Bryce to Governor. Expression of confidence in road and railway surveys to commence folloWing greetings at Kawhia 1883 A- 8 Enel2 Native Affairs and the amnesty: Bryce to Governor. Talk of breakthrough in King Country. Survey of railway to go ahead, Tawhiao losing support. 1883 J - 1 Rohe Potae and Ngati Tuwharetoa petition 1884 A-I No. 10 Despatches from the Governor - Jervois to Sec State for Colonies: Progress on railway satisfactory 1884 Sess I, D - 5 Report on the Main Trunk Railway 1885 D-6 NOlih Island Trunk Railway commencing Malion to Te Awamutu, section of 1885 G -1 Transcript of discussion between Ballance and Natives at Kihikihi. Wahanui reference to Compact with Bryce. 1885 G - 1 pp 12-24 Notes of a meeting between the Hon. Mr Balance and the Natives at Kihikihi, on the 4th February 1885 1885 G -1 pp 24 - 29 Notes of a meeting between the Hon. Mr Balance and Tawhaio at Whatiwhatihoe, on the 6th February 1885 1886 G-3 Native meeting Poutu, Taupo: Scannell account of meeting 1886 G-8 Notes on inquiry by Native Minister at Kihikihi: Inquiry into satisfaction of Amnesty Act; referring to murder of Moffatt 1888 D -1 Report on the Main Trunk Railway 1889 G-7 The Tauponuiatia Block: Report of the Royal Commission on 1889 G-7a The Tauponuiatia Commission: Memo by Under Sec to Native Minister. Dubious nature of Grace actions 1884 A-I No. 13 Despatches fi'om the Governor: Jervois to Sec State for

132 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Reference No.lPages Title Colonies. Opening of Kawhia harbour progressing well. Natives expressed pleaslli'e at the opening 1884 Sess II, C- Rohe Potae survey 1 1884 G - 1 Opening ofKawhia Harbolli': Memo by Native Minister on opening and recent establishment of constabulary post in locality. Account of little disruption. Tawhiao placated 1885 A-2 No.3 & Enc1 Despatches from sec. of state. To Govemor: Copy of letter from Tawhiao and others to Imperial Govt. Complaint over taking land and entering Kawhia 1885 C - la No.2 Slli'veys of New Zealand - Appendix 2: Report of Lawrence Cussen, Slli'veyor, 1884: Reports from Chief Slli'veyors in charge of settlement operations; Auckland - triangulation of King Country has started. Slli'vey of Wahauroa Block 1885 G-9 Survey of Maod land in the King Country, reports from the Chief Slli'veyors, Auckland in relation to: Consent to slli'vey given by Wahanui et al. 1886 A-I No. 15 Despatches from Govemor to Sec of State: Tawhiao letter to lervois. Complaints about Govt abuse of Treaty. Particular reference to Kawhia 1886 C - la No.4 Slli'veys of New Zealand - Appendix 4: Roads to open crown lands for sale; Kawhia - Waipa; Kawhia - Aotea 1887 A-I No. 22 Despatches from Govemor to Sec of State: Memo from Minister Native Affairs - Account of the resolution to the dispute leading to constabulary posted at Kawhia; mention of King movement broken and beyond revival 1887 A-2 No.9 Despatches from Sec state to Govemor: COlTespondence between Tawhiao and Gorst. Calling of Govemment behaviolli' oppressive. Reference to soldiers stationed at

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Year Reference No./Pages Title Kawhia 1887 C-2 No.3 Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 3 - Roads to open Crown lands for sale; Kawhia - Waipa; Kawhia - Aotea 1888 C-1a No.2 Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 2 - Auckland roads survey, Fairbum. Whaingaroa - Waitetuna; Kawhia­ Alexandra 1890 C - 5 No.1 Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 1 - Auckland survey, Humphries. Update on King Country survey 1891 C - 1a No.1 Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 1 - Auckland survey, Mueller. Including update on King Country survey 1891 C -la No.2 Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 1 - RepOli on roads in King Country; Waitomo Caves Road, Otorohanga - Kihikihi. Report on roads to main trunk railway 1892 I - 9 RepOli on the Main Trunk Railway 1895 0-1 Pakeha and Maori: A Narrative of the Premier's [Seddon] Trip through the Native Districts of the NOlih Island 1896 C - 1 Appendix 3 - roads [Hursthouse, NOlih Island Central; Te Kuiti - A wakino] 1897 C - 1 Appendix 3 - roads [Hursthouse, North Island Central] 1898 C - 1 Appendix 3 - roads [Hursthouse, North Island Central] 1899 C - 1 Appendix 3 - roads [Auckland Central, Hursthouse] 1900 C -1 Appendix 3- roads [Central Auckland, Burd. Bridle track and roads formed in blocks] 1900 C -1 Appendix 2 - surveys - Auckland, Mueller. RepOli from chief surveyor 1901 C - 1 Appendix 3- roads [Central Auckland, Mueller] 1907 o -lb Interim RepOli on Native Lands in Rohe Potae District [Stout-Ngata Commission] 1907 0-10 RepOli of Native Land Commission [Stout-Ngata] on Native

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Year Reference No./Pages Title lands in the Rohe Potae District 1907 G - 10 Table showing Native Lands and Native land tenure for each county 1907 G - 3a Appendix Maori Land purchase options - Report from W H Grace, Kihikihi on Land Settlement Act 1909 C-2 Appendix 3 Surveys of New Zealand - Roads to open crown lands for sale; description ofWaikato River to Awaroa

Returns and tables (general)

Year Reference Title 1880 G - 3b Retmn of Native Reserves in NOllh Island 1885 G - 6 Lands passed through the Native Land Comt and purchased by Europeans, (return of) since 1873 1888 G - 2 Native Land Purchases in the NOlth Island, (retmn of) since 1 st April 1884 1891 C - 8 Table showing Land Acquired for settlement along NOlth Island Main Trunk Railway [Area of Freehold and leasehold land between 1881- 1891] 1891 G - 10 Native Lands in the Colony [shows lands within area reserved by Main Trunk railway loan application Act]

Return ofland purchased and leased from Natives in NOlth Island

Year Reference 1889 C - 6 1890 G-4 1892 G-4 1893 G-4

135 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

1894 0-3 1895 0-2 1896 0-3 1897 0-3 1897 0-3 1898 0-3 1899 0-3 1901 0-3 1902 0- 3 1909 0-3

Petitions

(i) Petitions regarding the Aotea Block Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR Subject B1ocklRegion petitionerls ref. ref. 1892 385/1892 Pouwharetapu 1892, p 1893, 13, That through wrong Aotea Tuirirangi XXXVII & p 20 survey ofthe Aotea- 1893,p Manuaitu block, his tribe XXXVI has lost a large portion of their land 1892 58011892 Te Ngarupiki 1892, p 1893,13, Petitioner alleges that a Aotea XXX p 4 block ofland called Aotea has been surveyed by a surveyor named 'Rakapata' (Rochfort?), who is pressing the Natives for payment of his fees. Petitioner prays for relief

136 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

(N) Petitions about Blocks taken through the Native Land Court Petitions regarding original survey/application for surveyor boundaries Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR Subject BIock/Region petitioner/s ref. ref. 1891 598/1891 TohaRahurahu 1891,p 1891, Petitioners pray that they Kaiwaka and others XXXIII 13, P 33 have heard that Donnelly and Arini Donelly have applied for a survey of the Kaiwaka block and they pray that their application may not be granted

Petitions regarding boundaries of particular blocks Year Pet ref. Name of JHR/JLC AJHR Subject BIock/Region petitioner/s ref. ref. 1940 73/1940 Pouaka Wehi 1940, p 169 1941,13, For the inclusion in Maraeroa and 22 others & 1947,p p2 Maraeroa C block of an 418 area of 3,890 scares allegedly included in Maraeroa B block in error 1947 23/1947 Mahuri 1947, p 419 1947,13, That the subject matter Maraeroa Tawhanaand p 10 of petition 74/1940, others (Ngati Maraeroa C block, be Rereahu) refe11'ed to two judges of the Native Land COutt 1947 28/1947 TeUruHone 1947, p 417 1947,13, That the area of surplus Maraeroa Pihama p 10 land in the Maraeroa

137 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR Subject B1ocIdRegion petitioner/s ref. ref. block taken by the Crown be referred to the Commission

Petitions requesting special legislation for a specific block Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion petitioner/s ref. 1907 589/1907 Kauki Tauira 1907, p 1907,13, p Petitioners pray for Moerangi- and 27 others XXXIX 11 special legislation re Matakowhai (Ngati the Moerangi- Mahanga, Matakowhai block Ngati te Wehi, Ngati Wairama, Ngati te DIU and others) 1907 645/1907 Kura Tamaki 1907,p 1907,13, p Petitioners pray that Moerangi- and 8 others XXXIX 12 a celiain petition in Matakowhai reference to the Moerangi- Matakowhai block may be set aside

138 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues, January 2009

Petitions regarding wahi tapu and/or reserves promised Year Pet Ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR Subject BlocklRegion petitionerls ref. ref. 1885 385/1885 Mihaka 1885,p 1885, 12, Petitioners state that their Moerangi Rererangi and XXXI p 27 burial ground at others Moerangi has been desecrated by the Europeans. They state that they were promised by the Government that their burial place should be preserved. They now ask for 400 acres of land where there burial place

IS

Petitions regarding ownership and/or allocation of shares Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion petitionerls ref. 1903 452/1903 Hema 1903, p 1903, I3, p 26 Petitioners pray for a Aotea South Ngapua and XXIX & & 1904,13, P 7 further hearing as to another XL the ownership of the Maukutea or Manawaitu-Aotea South block 1903 859/1903 Te Ngunguru 1903, p 1903, I3, P 27 That her name, and Aotea South XL those of her family, be put in the title of Aotea South A block 1930 135/1930 Henare 1930,p 1931, I3, p 3 Praying for a Hauturu

139 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion petitioner/s ref. Ahuriri and XXI redistribution of another,ofTe shares in the Hauturu Araroa 2 block 1937 16411937 Parekura 1937-38, p 1937-8, I3, P For a redistribution Hauturu Tureiaand 246 14 of shares in Hauturu others 2 block 1921 150/1921 Ngamihi 1921-22, 1921-22, I3, p Praying for inquiry Kaingapipi Ngarotata sess II, p 10 as to the ownership XXXII ofKaingapipi 2B 1895 485/1895 Te Ahirau 1895, p 1896, I3, P 4 Petitioners pray that Kawhia Block Waitai and 2 XXXIV a fuliher others investigation may be held into the ownership of part of the Kawhia block, known as Paringatai 1903 68811903 Mutu Te Ake 1903, p 1903, I3, p 24 Petitioners pray for a Kawhia Block and 3 others XVII rehearing in connection with Te Papa-o-Karewa or Kawhia M block 1903 827/1903 Hone Kaora 1903,p 1903, I3, P 25 Petitioners pray that Kawhia Block and 5 others XXXII the petition of Mutu te Ake and others in relation to Papa-o- Karewa, Kawhia M, may not be given effect to

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Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region petitionerls ref. 1889 31111889 AroaHaereiti 1889,p ? That a rehearing of Kinohaku and others XXI Kinohaku Block may be granted 1896 42111896 Hotutaua 1896,p 1896,13, P 25 Petitioners pray for a Kinohaku East Pakukohatu XXI rehearing in regard and 51 others to Kinohaku East 2 (pakeho), part of the Rohepotae 1896 474/1896 Te Ata Erana 1896, p 1896,13, p 25 Petitioner prays for Kinohaku East XIX rehearing in connection with Kinohaku East 1 1927 128/1927 Paetai 1927,p 1927,13, p 15 For rehearing in Kopua Kaimoana XXV connection with and 7 others Kopua C block 1910 516/1910 Potahi Te 1910,p 1910,13, P 21 Petitioner prays for a Manuaitu Aotea Tihirahi XXXIII rehearing re South (Ngati definition of interests Mahuta) in Manuaitu Aotea South (or Te Kakawa) block 1905 359/1905 Te 1905,p 1905,13, p 17 Petitioners pray for Maukutea, part Katuwhero XXIV rehearing in of Aotea South, and 8 others connection with Manawaitu (N gati Reko) Maukutea, part of Aotea South, Manawaitu block 1911 66/1911 Kauki Tauit'a 1911, P 1911,13, P 5 Petitioner prays for a Moerangi

141 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject B1ocklRegion petitionerls ref. of XXVII rehearing re the MOlTinsville Moerangi block 1911 202/1911 Te Tawharau 1911, p 1911,13, P 10 Petitioner prays for a Moerangi Rapana XXV rehearing re the distribution of shares in Moerangi block 1890 23/1890 Tohengaroa 1890, p 1890,13,p 12 Petitioners pray for a Orahiri and Te Rauroha XXIII rehearing of the Waitomo and 42 others blocks ofland known by the names of Orahiri 1 and Waitomo 2 on the ground that some claimants were wrongfully admitted by the Chief of the Native Land Court 1913 415/1913 Omipi Math'e 1914, p 1914,13, P 13 For an investigation Otorohanga XIX in re the Otorohanga PNo.2 block 1931 133/1931 Tamati Tana 1931, p 1931,13,p9 Praying for relief in Otorohanga and 2 others, XXII connection with the of Otorohanga block Otorohanga

Petitions requesting inclusion of names Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR Subject B1ocklRegion petitionerls ref. ref.

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1926 22211926 Rutu Here 1926, p 1926, I3, Praying for inquiry into Kaipiha Mokena XXV p 9 her claims to be included in the ownership of Kaipiha Block, and for relief 1913 4611913 Haki 1913, P XXI 1913, I3, Praying for a Kawhia Block Amopoand P 12 reinvestigation to enable and Karewa another the inclusion of their Township names in the title to Kawhia S Block, Kawhia A block, Kawhia W Block and Karewa Township

Petitions regarding disputed partitions Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR Subject BlocklRegion petitioner/s ref. ref. 1916 4311916 KahoBarton 1916,p 1916, Prayingthatthepartition Kawhia of Kawhia XXII I3, P 23 order re Kawhia R2B be & 1917, cancelled, and the said block 13, P 8 repartitioned 1903 858/1903 Tukorehu and 1903, p L 1904, Petitioners pray that a Mangamahoe 10 others 13, p 19 rehearing may be held in connection with the pattition of the patts of the Mangamahoe block

Petitions regarding request for partition by non-seller Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion petitioner/s ref.

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1914 631/1914 Punopo 1914, P 1915,13, p Praying that certain Kawhia Block Pouwhare XXI 9 interests in Kawhia S block be partitioned off, as owners dissented to the sale of the said block

Petitions regarding succession Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject B1ocklRegion petitionerls ref. 1915 335/1915 Hohipera 1915, p 1916, 13, P Praying for a rehearing re Kinohaku East Tuwaerenga XLI 8 succession to interests ofTe and 20 Piu Toi (deceased) in others Kinohaku East and other blocks 1919 7511919 MereTe 1919,p 1920,13, P Praying for inquiry into the Kinohaku East Rongo and XXXV 13 decision of the Native Land 6 others CoU\1 in appointing a successor to the interest of Tarahuia Nahona in Kinohaku East 2 and 9, and also that a caveat be issued against the title of the said block to prevent any transfer of the said land. 1894 150/1894 Arapeta 1894,p 1894,13, P Petitioner prays for Muriwai Patuof XV 4 legislation to enable a Kawhia rehearing to be made of a succession order to land known as the MUl'iwai block, which he alleges has

144 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues, January 2009

Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion petitionerls ref. been wrongfully awarded owing to the suppression of certain facts

1914 298/1914 Tamati 1914, P 1915, I3, p Praying that he be appointed Parihoro and Huihi of XXIX 9 a successor to the interests Kakepuku Pirongia, of various deceased persons Auckland in Parihoro 2A and Kakepuku 7A 1915 117/1915 Tamati 1915, P 1915, I3, p Praying that he be appointed Parihoro and Huihi of XXIX 30 a successor to the interests Kakepuku Pirongia, of various deceased persons Auckland in Parihoro 2A and Kakepuku 7A

Petitions regarding timber licences Year Pet Ref. Name of JHR/JLC AJHRref. Subject BlocklRegion petitionerls· ref.. 1913 31511913 The Parker 1913, P 1913, I3, p Praying for legislation Kinohaku East Lamb Trader XXXVI 25 to enable validation of Company contracts re timber on (Limited) of Kinohaku East lA, Auckland sections 2 and 3, and other blocks

145 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Petitions regarding partitioning of land for survey liens Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR Subject BlocklRegion petitionerls ref. ref. 1916 511916 Ngamihi Te 1916, p 1916,13, Praying for reliefre the Kinohaku East Huiaand 3 XXVII p 25 partitioniug-off of a portion of others of Kinohaku East No.5E, section Otorohanga 2, in satisfaction of survey lien

Partitions regarding leases Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion petitionerls ref. 1886 370/1886 Henry R. 1886, P 1886,12, P Petitioner prays that the Mangapapa Richmond XXIX 22 block of land described as Mangapapa in NZ Gazette 27 May 1886 may be exempted fi'om the provisions of 'The Native Land Administration Act 1886' excepting only the 46th section or that a company consisting of both European and Natives may be enabled to negotiate for a lease of the said land on which their coal mine is situated

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Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. SUbject Biock/Region petitioner/s ref. 1886 41011886 Wetere Te 1886,p 1886,12, P Petitioner prays that the Mangapapa Rerengaand XXX 31 block of land described others as Mangapapa in NZ Gazette 27 May 1886 may be exempted from the provisions of 'The Native Land Administration Act 1886' excepting only the 46th section so that they may be able to lease the said land to Nevil Walker and H R Richmond for coal mining purposes 1891 59411891 Richard 1891, p 1892, 13, p Petitioner prays that Mangapapa Laishley XXVII 6 investigation may be made as to what compensation he is entitled to in connection with troubles arising out of the purchase of a block of land called Mangapapa 1B 1885 247/1885 Epiha Karoro 1885, p 1885,12, P Petitioners state that a Mokau and others XXVI 19 person named Poole got pennission from them to occupy a portion of

147 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion petitionerls ref. their land near Mokau, which was pegged off by Poole. He afterwards occupied more of their land without their pennission and erected a jetty. Some of the petitioners destroyed a portion of the jetty, for which they were summoned and were ordered to pay, with damages and costs £47 8s. They say the amount for the damage to the jetty was excessive and that the Magistrate had no power to deal with the case. They pray that inquiry be made into their case. 1887 476/1887 MokauCoal 1888, p 1888, 13, p Petitioners pray that a Mokau Company XX 21 certain lease to one (Limited) and Nevil Walker may not another be validated and that N Walker may not be empowered to complete

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Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region petitioner/s ref. the same or obtain the execution of a new lease until a full inquiIy has been made 1887 253/1887 Atihur Owen 1888, p 1888,13, P Petitioner who was in Mokau River XX 21 treaty with certain Natives for the lease of a block ofland on the nOlih bank of the River Mokau makes serious charges against two judges ofthe Native Land Court and others alleging that they have used illegal means to prevent him acquiring the said land. He prays that no action may be taken by the Govemment until a full inquiry has been made and justice done 1891 89/1891 Atthur Owen 1891, p 1892,13, P Petitioner prays that full Mokau River XXXII 15 inquiry may be made into his claim to land on the north bank of the Mokau River

149 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Commissions ofInguiry

Appendices to the Jallrnals a/the Hallse a/Representatives (AJHR) Year Reference Title 1891 G - 1 Report of the Commission appointed to inquiry into Native Land Laws (Rees/Carroll) 1891 G-3 Edwards, Otorohanga, on behalf of Ngati Maniapoto making suggestions respecting Native Land Courts and dealings with Native lands

Reports from Officers in Native Districts - Waikato (including Waipa, Kawhia and Upper Mokau)

Year Reference No.lPages 1871 F - 6a No. 12 1872 F - 3a No. 11

1872 F - 3a No. 12

1872 F - 3a No. 15

1873 G - 1 No.6 and No.7 1873 G - 1 No. 23 1873 G - Ib No.6 1874 G-2 No.9 1874 G-2 No. 10 1874 G-2 No.l1 1874 G-2b No.1 to No.5

1874 G-2b No.2

1874 G-2b No.3

1874 G-2b No.4

1874 G-2b No.6 to No.9

1874 G-2b No.8

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Year Reference No./Pages 1875 G - 1 No.7 1875 G - 1 No.1 1875 G -1 No.6 1875 G- la No.1

1875 G-lh No.2

1877 G - 1 No.9 1877 G - 1 No.7 1877 G - 1 No.7 1878 G - 1 No. 10 1878 G - 1 No.9 1878 G - la No.2 1879 G - 1 No. 14 1879 G - 1 No. 18 1879 G - la 1880 G-4a No.1 1881 G- 8 No.5 1881 G- 8 No.6 1882 G -1 No.9 1883 G - 1 No.2 1883 G - 1 No.9 1885 G-2 No.9 1886 G - 1 No.5 1886 G-2 No.5, pp 3 - 9

Census of Maori population

Year Reference No./Pages Title 1878 G - 2 No.9 and 10 Mail' to under sec. Native Dept regarding the

151 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Reference No.lPages Title Census of Maori population 1878 1878 G-2 Enc!. Table of results from Census of Maori population 1878 1881 G- 3 No.4 Mair to under sec. Native Dept commenting on Maori population, Auckland, upper Waikato 1886 G - 12 No.6 Wilkinson's repOli on census of Maori population, Alexandra 1891 G-2 No.3 Wilkinson's repOli on King Country census of Maori Population, Otorohanga 1896 H-13b No.4 W H Grace, Kihikihi to Dept Justice regarding census of Maori population 1896 H - 13b Summary of Maori census p 13 1901 H-26b No.3 (App II) RepOli of Chief enumerator Mail', RotolUa on Maori population census in Waikato, Raglan and Kawhia 1901 H-26b Summary table of Maori population census 1901 1906 H-26a Repoli on census ofthe Maori Population for Auckland - Waikato-Taupo 1906 H-26a Summary table of Maori population census 1911 H -14a RepOli on census of the Maori Population for Auckland - Waikato-Taupo 1911 H -14a Summary table of Maori population census

British Parliamelltmy Papers for the Colollies: New Zeahllld (BPP) Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date NZ16 1870[c.83] 20-25 Copy of a despatch Firth was a merchant of 20 June 1869 from Govemor Sir G Auckland and a lessee of F Bowen to the Earl Maori land Granville enclosing

152 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date an account ofMr Firth's visit to the King Party in June 1869 (reprinted from The Southern Cross newspaper) NZ17 1883[c.3689] 50-51 GovemorWFD Notes the 1882 Amnesty 19 Febmary Jervois to the Right Act, permission for Te 1883 Hon. The Earl of Whiti and Tohu to return Derby fi-om exile and the decision of government to reopen the port of Kawhia (because it was the only 'good harbour of the west coast of the North Island' NZ17 1 883[c.3689] 51 reprinting NZ reprinting NZ Gazette 13 February Gazette notice notice proclaiming 1883 proclaiming amnesty amnesty under The under The Amnesty Amnesty Act 1882, Act 1882, (dated 13 (dated 13 Feb 1883) on Feb 1883) of the planks of the Rohe Potae agreement so good to have a copy. NZ17 1883[c.3689] 61-68 GovernorWFD There is some discussion 24 March Jervois to the Right in the enclosed 1883 Hon. The Earl of documents regarding Derby (+ enclosures) exploratory surveys for the proposed main trunk

153 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date line as well as material on the re-opening of Kawhia Harbour. The reports enclosed are from John Bryce, Native Minister and from Frederick Whitaker. NZ17 1883 [c.3689) 76-81 Hon. F Whitaker, AlTest ofTe Mahuki at 27 March Premier and Alexandra [for the 1883 Attomey General to kidnapping of the the Right Hon. The Surveyor Hursthouse) in Earl of Derby (+ March 1883 - enclosed enclosures) are reprinted newspaper accounts of the incident New Zealand Herald, 27 March 1883 NZ17 1883[c.3689) 81-88 GovemorWFD Enclosing newspaper 23 April Jervois to the Right accounts of Bryce's 1883 Hon. The Earl of joumey through the King Derby Country from Alexandra to New Plymouth in the company of Hursthouse New Zealand Herald and Daily Southern Cross, 8, 20,21,23 April 1883 NZ17 1884-85[c.4413) 1-31 Native Affairs - Set of documents relating 12 October COlTespondence to Tawhaio's petition to 1883 - 20 relating to a Queen Victoria May 1885 memorial from

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Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date certain Maori Chiefs 1884-85[c.4413] Vol. LIV NZ17 1884-85 [c.4492] 1-43 Native Affairs - further documents 11 April to Further relating to Tawhaio's 23 June 1885 cOlTespondence petition to Queen relating to the Victoria memorial 1884- 85[c.4492] Vol. LIV NZ17 1886(11 0) 1-5 Further further documents 16 Dec 1885 c011'espondence relating to Tawhaio's and 2 Feb together with a petition to Queen 1886 translation of a letter Victoria from ChiefTawhaio to the Governor, 1886(11) Vol. XLVI

Archives and mannscripts

Land information New Zea[mld (LINZ), H(tmilton Reference Description Details of contents Maori Historicial Records SA 13112 originals 1) Typed schedule "Waikato Maniapoto 2157 Maori Land Court Survey Liens incUlTed before 1916" 2) Outstanding survey liens and compromised charges in the Aotea Maori Land Court District (contents not photographed)

155 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Hamilton Maori Land COllrt (records Iteld offsite) Box No. File No. Title Start date Close date 54 List showing the local news of blocks no date no date in the Waikato Maniapoto District & Taranaki Land District 72 Certificate of titles Auckland 13 Nos 03/0111867 29/03/1869 1-11 77 Memorial of Ownerships Waikato Vol 26/0111877 18/02/1881 1 folios 1-27 75 Memorials of Ownerships Vol 5 folios 1lI01l1878 29/07/1878 447-499 75 Cel1ificate of Titles Waikato Nos 80- 14/0211883 0711111884 158 74 Cel1ificates of Title 5A Nos 196-385 18/02/1870 03/0211872 68 Cel1ificate of titles Waikato 8 folios 1- 18/0111866 09/0211884 107 68 Cel1ificate of titles Taranaki Nos 1-5 23/0611882 28/0611886 8110 Miscellaneous Applications 08/0911897 611111959 Xerox Box 4 MUOl11 Rohe Potae Box 9 Special Valuations 10/0311880 27/0411982

Alexander TlIl'llbllll Librmy, Wellington Reference Title Date MS-Papers-5059-16 J C Firth - Correspondence 1865-1874 MS-Papers-0032-0033 Native Minister [Donald McLean1 - Meetings with 1869-1875 Waikato chiefs and final pacification of the King Countly MS-Papers-1377 Maniapoto, Rewi Manga ca 1815-1894 -letter 16 Jan 1879 MS-Papers-0189-B022 H T Whatahoro Jury - Maori King movement 1859,1872

156 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date MS-Papers-0032-0194 Inward letters to Donald McLean from Robert S Bush 1870-1876 [96 letters written between 1870-1876 from Ohinemuri, Auckland, Ngamawahia, Raglan. In includes letter in Maori from Hone Te One ofKawhia re meeting the Maori King in Kawhia, 1873] MS-Papers-0879 Searancke, William Nicholas, COll'espondence 1847-1887 [Chiefly correspondence relating to Searancke's position as Resident Magistrate in the Waikato] MS-Papers-0025 John Balance, Papers 1875 - 1898 MS-1826 Rolleston, Elizabeth Mmy 1845-1940, Diary recording 1883 joumey with her hnsband, daughter and the Hon J Bryce, through the King Country, Bay ofIslands and Rotoma Feb-Mm·ch 1883 82-355-0111 William Rolleston, COlTespondence [includes letters 1883-1884 from John Bryce] 82-355-05/1 William Rolleston, COlTespondence Apri 1883 1883 [includes letters from John Bryce] 82-355-08/1 William Rolleston, COlTespondence Jan-March 1884 1884 [includes letters from John Bryce] 77-248-06/2 William Rolleston, C01l'espondence Jan-Sept 1883 1883 [includes letters from John Blyce] 77-248-06/4 William Rolleston, COlTespondence 1884 [includes 1884 letters from John Bryce] 82-355-0112 William Rolleston, Correspondence Feb 1883 1883 [includes letters from John Blyce] 82-355-0113 William Rolleston, Correspondence Mar 1883 1883 [includes letters from John Bryce] 82-355-03/3 William Rolleston, Correspondence 1882-1889 1882-1889 [includes letters from John Bryce]

157 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOli on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date 82-355-0612 William Rolleston, COll'espondence and papers 1883 [includes letters from John Bryce] 82-355-07/2 William Rolleston, Correspondence Nov 1883 1883 [includes letters from John Bryce] 82-355-07/3 William Rolleston, COll'espondence Dec 1883 1883 [includes letters from John Bryce] 82-355-08/2 William Rolleston, Correspondence Mar-May 1884 1884 [includes letters from John Blyce] MS-Papers-0039-12 Evidence of H Poutama in Rohe Potae land case, 1886 Otorohanga [Evidence given in Native Land Comi in the Rohe Potae case. Contains information about Maori occupation of the King Country, including lists of Pa, wahitapu, mahinga kai and battles in the area; contains information about the election ofthe Maori King and the New Zealand Wars] MS-Papers-0072-07 Elsdon Best, Inward letters and miscellaneous papers 1852,1911 - in Maori [Includes an account of a meeting between 1930 Tawhaio and John Balance in the early 1880s. May also be Maori letters relevant to the King Country] MS-Papers-0196-38717 George Eric Oakes Ramsden - Kingitanga papers 1860-1929 [Contains papers about the Kingitanga and the Tariao cult, explaining the origin, theology and activities of the cult, and the place of King Tawhiao in the belief system; also contains correspondence to and from the Kingitanga in the 1880s with regard to Maori political representation, Maori sovereignty, land issues, pardons for Te Kooti Arikirangi and others and the relationship between the Kingitanga and the Government etc] MS-Papers-2965 Te Wherowhero, Tawhiao Matutaera Potatau, 1825- 1884-1885

158 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date 1894. Material relating to visit to Great Britain MS-Papers-O 196-406 George Eric Oakes Ramsden - Kingitanga papers 1881-1882 [Also contains copies ofletters fi'om King Tawhiao to various politicians waming them not to heed the land claims of various people with regard to the Poutama block near Mokau, because he controlled the land] MS-Papers-0196-387!8 George Eric Oakes Ramsden - Kingitanga papers 1886-1893 [Statements of submission of land etc to the mana of King Tawhiao by various hapu, with lists of names of hapu members (including some signatures), with boundaries ofland. Correspondence re survey, road making and land issues, opinions and information re Kingitanga petition to the British Govemment] fMS-Papers-O 196- George Eric Oakes Ramsden - Kingitanga papers 1860-1895 341B [Contains copies of speeches by King Tawhiao and others, on the occasion of the laying down of arms in 1881, together with a narrative account of this and related events. Also contains copies of letters from King Tawhiao to various politicians waming them not to heed the land claims of various people with regard to the Poutama block near Mokau, because he controlled the land, and other material] MSX-4741 William Hemy Grace - Diary [Diary kept by W H 1882 Grace mostly recording matters relating to land and especially noting letters written and includes noting the letters he wrote for Rewi Maniapoto] MSX-4742 William Hemy Grace - Diary [Diary kept by W H 1884 Grace mostly recording matters relating to land, Native Land Court hearings; a few personal notes. Particularly

159 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date describes negotiations involving Rewi Maniapoto] qMS-0549 Corkill, Thomas Eustace, 1861 - 1934, Through the 1886 King Country on tramp, 1886 qMS-0548 Corkill, Thomas Eustace, 1861 - 1934, More 1887 Wanderings in King Country, 1887 qMS-0547 Corkill, Thomas Eustace, 1861 - 1934, Billy and me in 1888 hot water, 1888 (More wanderings through the King Country with illustrations and maps) MS-Papers-5059-16 J C Firth - Correspondence [includes corespondences 1865-1874 with King Country chiefs re land etc] MS-Papers-0032-0863 Inward cOll'espondence [to Donald McLean]- Rho to 1871-1895 Ruf [includes letter(s) from Rogan to McLean] MS-Papers-0032-0883 Outward cOlTespondence [from Donald McLean]-N - 1876 - 1894 R [includes letter(s) from McLean to Rogan] MSY-5008 Maori Committee (Waikato) - Papers [OlTllsby family 1884-1950s - Contains a variety of materials on; an 1884 meeting in Alexandra (Pirongia) on the establishment of a Maori committee to handle issues affecting the locals such as land issues of the time; minutes of a further meeting held in Te Kopua in 1885] 77-248-05/1 William, Rolleston - cOlTespondence - [includes 8-12 Oct 1881 cOlTespondence from George Willkinson (most are likely to be telegrams)] 77-248-03/3 William, Rolleston - cOlTespondence - [includes Mar-May 1881 cOlTespondence from George Willkinson (most are likely to be telegrams)] 77-248-04/3 William, Rolleston - cOlTespondence - [includes 1-7 Oct 1881 correspondence from George Willkinson (most are likely to be telegrams)]

160 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date MS-Papers-6144-2 Background papers re W H Grace [Comprises 1878-1997 photocopies of clippings from the 'Waikato times' re W H Grace, with index cards (1878-1882); letter from W H Grace to Native Minister complaining about the loss of his appointment as Government Native Agent, Upper Waikato District (2 Feb 1880); and letter from Prof E Stokes accompanying collection and describing each item, its provenance and history (7 Oct 1997)] MSX-5787 [W H Grace] Letter book re land claims [Contains . 1886-1887 carbon copies of letters] MSY-6581 Rohe potae case [Contains claimants accounts around 1886 disputed, confiscated lands in the King Country or rohe potae area RESTRICTED] MS-Papers-7270-3 [Grace family] Papers relating to the Maori Land 1888,1906 Settlement Act 1905 [Kooti Whenua Moari ki Mokau,

25 0 nga ra 0 Aperira, 1889 notice; and file, Govemment valuations, the Maori Land Settlement Act 1905, land suitable for settlement in the Auckland Land District] MS-Group-0937 Ormsby family papers [Material relating to Maori land 1880-1984 issues in King Country and Kawhia region in 1884 and 1897, minutes of land court proceedings and misc material] MSY-4506 (use MS­ William Henry Grace - Letter book [Letter book ofW 1880-1892 Copy-Micro-0817) H Grace (1880-1892) relating to business and Maori land matters, domestic items and accounts paid or due and include letters to Joshua Jones. Also letters in Maori including to Paraihe, Te Mete and others from Rewi Maniapoto.

161 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date MS-Papers-7270-2 [Grace family] Correspondence [Inward letters to 1881-1919 various people, some in Maori, some photocopies] fMS-Papers-7270 [Grace family] Various papers [Certificate of title, 1880-1994 return of income for William H Grace, agreement, land deed etc] MSX-5788 Ballance letterbook May 1892-Apr 1893 85-173-5/6 [Grace family] Volume re land claims 1892 MS-Papers-3391 Babbage, Alfred Whitemore, l872? - 1957 - Dairy ofa Oct-Nov 1899 journey from Waitara to Auckland including several days at Kawhia, October-November 1899 qMS-0119 [John] Ballance - Letter book Feb 1891-May 1892 MS-Papers-O 190-07 H W Williams - Inward correspondence [includes rca 1890s]-1908 correspondenGe from George Wilkinson] MS-Papers-7270-1 [Grace family] Papers relating to land and whakapapa 1890-1910 [Notes on Omuwhero No 3, Otorohanga and Tokanui blocks; whakapapa; and agreement, Fred Mace, Pepene Eketone and William Hemy Grace relating to procuration ofthe surveyor surveys of Rangitoto A Block subdivisions for W Harrison] MSX-5789 [Grace family] Volume re land claims [Contains 1902 minutes from land court proceedings] MS-Papers-7270-4 [Grace family] Telegram book [Copies oftelegrams 14 May-24 Jul sent by W H Grace] 1907 MS-Papers-7270-5 [Grace family] William Grace - Diary [Photocopy of 1906 diary, kept by William Grace, recounting his work, health, activities, particularly in relation to land matters]

162 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date 78-184-3 [Grace, Puatata Alfi·ed] W H Grace - Personal diary 1904 MS-Papers-6605-7 [Thomas Willam Fisher] Business correspondence and 1910-1916 papers (c) [includes letters by Pepene Eketone with translations re Mokau lands] fMS-Papers-6831-2 [Alexander Francis McDonnell] Memoranda of leases 1900-1920 and other legal documents [Leases and transfers mostly of land in the Kawhia region: Takahangapounamu Elk 4C, Kawhia, Hauturu West No.2, Pirongia, application for patiition, Te Awai 2C, by Merea Wikiriwhi] MS-Papers-6889-2 [Olmsby family] Miscellaneous Maori material 1880-1984 [Contains a wide range of materials including the ratified minutes of a meeting held in Tokaanu in 1909 which have been annotated with the name Mahuta K. Tawhiao which describe land issues affecting Ngati Tuwharetoa and the greater Maori population and other issues like bird reserves; also contains the pay rates for land surveyors in 1880 and other material] MSY-5005 [Ormsby family] Maori Development Hui 1911 1911 (Original) - Papers [Contains manuscript minutes notes of the Maori development hui (1911) which was hosted by Ngati Maniapoto in Te Kuiti and which was attended by people like Sir Apirana Ngata and Peter Buck and which addressed issues such as the future development of the Maori people and Maori culture and the impact oflaw and religion] MS-Papers-O 189-168 News clippings conceming the Mokau lands case 1911 [Contains clippings about Maori land at Mokau, Taranaki. RESTRICTED - No extensive

163 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date photocopying or publication without pennission of NZMPFB]

Auckland War Memorial Museum Libra/Y, Auckland Reference Title Date N/A Mace, Frederick George, 1849 - 1921 - field diary 1889-1893 [Deals with Minor Triangulation etc in the Kawhia District 1889-1893" (label on cover of diary)] MS 187 MAIR, William Gilbert, 1832-1912 - Dairies [Original 1876-1912 diaries 1876-1912, except 1877, 36 volumes in 4 boxes] MS613 Wilkinson, George T - Papers [Include 2 notebooks, 1 unclear waiata book, 1 scrapbook, newpaper cuttings, letters, papers, and maps. All material relates to Maori Land]

Hamilton City Libra/J', Hamilton Reference Title Date WHSMS21 McNicol, Archibald - MEMORANDUM OF LEASE: No date Arapeta Te Rangituataka et al. to Archibald McNicol WHSMSI SEARANCKE, William Nicholas, 1819-1904 - papers 1856-1904, [Box 1: correspondence 1856-1883; 1880 diary. Box 1937 2: correspondence 1886-1904; 1884 diary; electoral roll for the district ofWaikato 27/6/84] MS0018 WITHERS, E. S. - correspondence [Records, 1886 correspondence from E.S. Withers to Messrs Hosking, Corbett & Mossman re block of land at Kaipiha, includes map [photocopy]

164 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues, January 2009

Otorohallga Historical Society Courthouse Museum, Otorohallga Title and contents Date MAORI COUNCIL: MAORI RECORD BOOKS Box (1492) [Three A4·size No date hard·bound books saved from a fire at the OlIDSby house, Otorohanga]

Letterbook, John OlIDSby [Correspondence from John Ormsby (Hone Omipi) 1884·1905 writing as chairman of the Kawhia District Committee. English and Maori. Very fragile condition]

Mace, Frederick George, 1849 -1921 - diary [includes Diary, 5 November 1899 1878; 1902· -17 Febmary 1902, original, 2·5 line daily entries, 50 pp] 1921

LEASES LAND Folder - [Contains original leases of some 10 Maori land no date blocks]

ORMSBY HOUSE Box - [Papers, cOl1"espondence, including deeds of lease of 1909 Kinohaku West K Sec 1 block, 1909; notes re Hemara Kaingapipi appeal [fire damaged]

WILKINSON Box· Notebook, dated 21/3/1889 (Photocopy, original in private 1889 ownership). Notes on various topics, including land dealings, such as block names, acreages, No. of owners, no. of shares etc]

WILKINSON Box - [Diary, dated 1/1/1891 (Photocopy, original in private 1891 ownership). Notes on various topics, not daily entries as such]

Pukeariki, New Plymouth Reference Title Date ARC2001·1 MOKAU Harbour Board - records [The Mokau 1901·1936 Harbour Board was formed in December 1900. The

165 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOlt on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date records consist of a minute book, 1901-36, of monthly committee meetings of the board, and two ledgers, 1901-21, detailing cargoes into and out ofMokau Harbour] ARC2001-153, Unknown - diary - assisted in survey of North Island 1870-1893 Main Trunk Railway ARC2001-425 ATKINS, Fred- Deed [A memorandum of agreement 1884 regarding a gold mining partnership between Fred Atkins of Taranaki, Alexander Gilmour ofWaitara and Hemy Phillips ofMokau. Dated 18 February 1884 and witnessed by Thomas Finch] ARC2001-491 SMITH, Edward Metcalf, 1839-1907 - papers [Smith 1870-1965 was interested in the region's mineral development, specifically the mining of coal and limestone deposits in the Mokau district and the utilisation of iron sand deposits. The papers consist of various repOlts, letters, pelmits, articles, and booklets relating to the iron and steel industry and developments due to Smith's involvement. There are also papers peltaining to mineral deposits in which Smith held an interest. ARC2002-172 LANDS & SURVEY, Department of, New Plymouth 1884-1901 - records ["Mokau River Harbour and Waterway", file closed 1 June 1901. Includes plans, 1884-1896, of Mokau river, river entrance, native reserves, signal station; conespondence, 1886-1901 regarding river "snagging", site of flagstaff etc. Mokau Coal fields, file closed 7 May 1901. Contains plans, such as "Land on NOlth Bank of Mokau River leased from Natives", 1899; and cOlTespondence regarding Te Kauri Native

166 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date Reserve; bridle track up Mokau river, and roads in Awakino] ARC2003-857 STOCKMAN, George - Deed [An agreement for the 1885 sale and purchase of coal delivered at the Mokau River between George Stockman and Te Huia, Te Rira,Te Hapa, Te Aira, Mareikuia and others, dated February 1885] ARC2005-343 STOCKMAN, George - Deed [Copy, dated 15 June 1881 1887, of a memorandum of agreement between the aboriginal natives of New Zealand and George Stockman of Tikorangi for access to lands on the northem side of the River Mokau for the prospecting and mining of minerals, dated 7 December 1881]

Te Awamlltu Museum, Te Awamutll Reference Title Date ARC2140 NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923- 1870 cOlTespondence [W. Searancke to Native Minister Donald McLean regarding murder of Richard Todd, surveyor, dated 29 November 1870] ARC 2142 NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - papers 1875 [Document, newspaper clippings: Charge against NOlihcroft of entering into communication with Maori beyond the settled districts, while in charge ofthe Kihikihi station, for the purpose of gaining pelmission to travel from Waikato to Taranaki, 1875] ARC2143 NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - c.1875 cOlTespondence [NOlihcroft to Gudgeon, an account of joumey through Mokau to Taranaki]

167 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date ARC2144 NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923- 1871 cOlTespondence [letters from Donald McLean, 1871] ARC2146 NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923- 1878-188'1 conespondence [Conespondence: Letters (and translations) from Patoromu Tamatea to Northcroft, 1878-1881] ARC2151 NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - diary 1883 [27 July 1883 - 25 December 1883, short daily entries, based in Te Awamutu] ARC2154 NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - papers 1889-1893 [Register, Native Trust Commission, December 1889- August 1893, 18pp Relates to North Island land transfers] ARC2163 NORTH CROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - papers 1892-1894 [Enquiry book: Trust Commison, and papers, 1892- 1894] TEMP 120 SWARBRICK, Hemy Augustus, 1889-1974- 1861-1865 correspondence [Rev. John Morgan's letters to Gore­ Browne, 1861-1865. Two volumes of typescript letters prepared fi'om microfilm (original at Archives NZ, Wellington)]

Te KI/ili amI District Historical Society, Te KI/iti Reference Title Date Misc file item 0807 Letters related to Maori land dispute near Waitomo in 1906 1906

Ulliversity ofAuckland Library, Aucklalld Reference Title Date

168 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title Date MSS & Archives A-31 MAIR, William Gilbert, 1832-1912 - papers 1871-1904 [Includes transcripts of his diaries for 1876, 1878- 1904 (originals in the Auckland Institute and Museum Library); letter and telegram book, 1871- 1875; thirteen volumes of evidence in the land courts, 1883-91; account book containing the return offees, 1882-1891. MSS and Archives C-15 Te Rangituatahi Te Kanawa Manuscipts, 18807- 1880-1930 19307 Volume 3: a historical record of the King Country, Waikato district, late 19th centmy, written by Tuheka Retet MSS & Archives C-36 BIGGS, Bruce, 1921- Rohe Potae transcript [A 1883 transcript of portions ofvols. 6 and 7 ofW.G. Mair's Native Land Comt Notebooks, 1883-91, concerning the Rohe Potae case, a contest for ownership of a block ofland in the King Country by five tribes. The hearings were conducted in Otorohanga and were notable for their orderly proceedings. Judge Mair was commended for his handling ofthe case. Professor Biggs has "attempted some analysis, by hyphenation, of many of the place-names" and has also "used double-vowel orthography to indicate long vowels".

University of Waikato Library, Hamilton Reference Title and contents Date N/A ORMSBY Family Papers - Kawhia Native Committee 1884-1914 Minutes; record of speeches at tribal hui; notes on Native Land Court hearings, etc. [Maori and English1 N/A JONES, Pei Te Rurinui Collection [Large collection with 1886-1887

169 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

useful items in te reo Maori. Items of interests to my report in English: (a) 3AlOll Native Land Court notes ofW.G. Mail' 1886 (b) 3C2/3 War in Waikato - 1864 includes A typescript letter from George Graham to Tawhiao, Nopera, Rewi and all Maniapoto, undated, concerning settlement between Europeans and Maori") (c) 3L III Hata­ notebook 1887 (exercise book, manuscript, 44 pp 'the first book ofNgati Tuwharetoa occupation of Taupo-nui-a-tia, the account ofNgati Tuwharetoa na11'ated by Hoeta Te Hata and recorded by Rev. Fletcher in 1887') NlA WILKINSON, George Thomas - Dairies 1881, 1904 and 1906 NZC Archives GRACE, WILLIAM HENRY - Diaries, land documents, 1880-1919 No.6 letters, telegram book [He was involved in land purchase operations in the Waikato, King Country, Rotorua & Taupo districts, and regularly appeared as an interpreter in the Native Land COUli. His wife was Makere (Makereti) Hinewai ofNgati Maniapoto. Diaries held: 1882, 1884, 1906; Telegram book: 14 May -24 July 1907 [NRAM] Bound Letterbook 1886-1887; Unbound copied half page size letters selected for historical interest by J. Gabriel Elliot, copied by hand, covering dates 1880, 1882-85, 1892 and dairies for 1882 and 1884

Archives New Zealand, Wellington

Depmiment of Lands and Survey, Head Office (AADS)

Agency Accession Box/item Record Description Dates AADS W3740 F281 841 Auckland Land District: Rural 1906 - 1906 lands for Lease in Perpetuity in

170 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, Januaty 2009

Pirongia Survey Districts, Waitomo County

New Zealand Govemment Railways, General Manager's Office (AAEB)

Agency Accession Box/item Record Description Dates AAEB W3438 22/3342 Railway Depatlment paying 1896-1973 capital value for land reserved for Railway purposes and instlUction that when Department sells land full value to be obtained for same AAEB W3439 17521 Leasing and Disposal of 1897-1978 Railway Land AAEB W3734 I to 28 [Railways Dept] Registers of 1898-1932 Inward Correspondence

Tranz Rail Limited, Corporate Office (AAJM)

Agency Series Accession Record Description Dates AAJM 7690 W5022 SI WR [Working Railway] Plans 1880-1929 AAJM 7696 W5022 1 New Zealand Railways - Land no date - no date Purchase Diagrams - North Island

Railways Corporations (AAOB)

Agency Accession Box/item Record Description Dates AAQB W4073 13 19/578 Railways - North Island 1946-1980 Main TlUnk - Rochefort's

171 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues, January 2009

Survey and GP Williams Survey

New Zealand Railways Corporation, Corporate Services, Head Office (AAVK)

Agency Accession Box/item Record Description Dates AAVK W3439 13 17521 Leasing and Disposal of Railway 1897-1978 Land

New Zealand Railways COllloration, Lower Hutt Office (ABIN)

Agency Accession Record Description Dates ABIN W3337 149 Historical Files Collated by NZR Staff- no date - no date .

NZR Reports ~ Sawmills and Bush Areas, Stores Branch ABIN W3337 202 The Exploration and Survey of the North 1955-1956 Island Main Trunk Railway - Extract from The Engineers and Assistants Yeat'book ABIN W3337 225 Early Railway 1876-1909

Land InfOlmation New Zealand, National Office (ABWN)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates ABWN 8084 W5272 95 1 General Index - 1877 - c.1879 Department of Lands [1-1900] ABWN 8090 W5274 180 to 183 Crown Grants 1865 - 1910 Registers - Auckland ABWN 8102 W5279 18 Crown Purchase 1872 - 1879 Deeds - Auckland

172 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates [AUC 1420 - 1499] ABWN 8102 W5279 13 Crown Purchase 1874 - 1879 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1060 - 1139] ABWN 8102 W5279 14 Crown Purchase 1874 - 1880 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1140 - 1219] ABWN 8102 W5279 11 Crown Purchase 1877 - 1877 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 928 - 963] ABWN 8102 W5279 12 Crown Purchase . 1877 - 1879 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 981 - 1059] ABWN 8102 W5279 17 Crown Purchase 1876-1882 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1341 - 1419] ABWN 8102 W5279 16 Crown Purchase 1877 - 1882 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1261 - 1339] ABWN 8102 W5279 19 Crown Purchase 1879-1886 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1500 - 1599] ABWN 8115 W5280 129 1 Proclamation 1874-1880 Register (Railways Purposes) ABWN 8102 W5279 22 Crown Purchase 1871 - 1893 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1740 - 1819] ABWN 8771 W5280 45 400.2 North Island 1878 - 1898

173 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates Register of Reserves 1878-1898 ABWN 8115 W5280 131 3 Proclamation 1879-1902 Register (Railways Purposes) ABWN 8083 W5272 93 6.15 Surveyor-General's 1883 - 1883 Depatiment Outwards Letterbooks - Miscellaneous ABWN 8083 W5272 94 6.17 Surveyor-General's 1884 - 1884 Depatiment Outwards Letterbooks - Miscellaneous ABWN 8102 W5279 21 Crown Purchase 1883 - 1890 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1660 - 1739] ABWN 8102 W5279 20 Crown Purchase 1886 - 1887 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1600 - 1659] ABWN 8084 W5272 97 3 General Index - 1883 - 1891 Depatiment of Lands [7800-14000] ABWN 8115 W5280 130 2 Proclamation 1883-1902 Register (Railways Purposes) ABWN 8084 W5272 98 4 General Index - 1891 - 1893 Depaliment of Lands

174 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates [14000-20000] ABWN 8084 W5272 99 5 General Index - 1893 - 1898 Depm1ment of Lands [20000-40000] ABWN 8102 W5279 23 Crown Purchase 1893 - 1894 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1820 - 1879] ABWN· 8102 W5279 28 Crown Purchase 1893 - 1897 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 2001 - 2039] ABWN 8102 W5279 24 Crown Purchase 1895 - 1896 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1880 - 1939] ABWN 8102 W5279 25 Crown Purchase 1895 - 1895 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1940 - 1960] ABWN 8102 W5279 26 Crown Purchase 1895 - 1900 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1961 - 1983] ABWN 8102 W5279 27 Crown Purchase 1895 - 1896 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 1984 - 1999] ABWN 8102 W5279 29 Crown Purchase 1897 - 1897 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 2040 - 2079] ABWN 8102 W5279 30 Crown Purchase 1897 - 1899 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 2080 - 3039] ABWN 8102 W5279 31 Crown Purchase 1897 - 1898

175 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3040 - 3079] ABWN 8102 W5279 32 Crown Purchase 1898 - 1899 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3080 - 3119] ABWN 8102 W5279 33 Crown Purchase 1899 - 1899 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3120 - 3176] ABWN 8102 W5279 34 Crown Purchase 1899 - 1899 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3185 - 3191] ABWN 8102 W5279 35 Crown Purchase 1899 - 1899 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3192 - 3219] ABWN 8102 W5279 36 Crown Purchase 1898 - 1900 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3220 - 3279] ABWN 8916 W5278 47 Registers of 1890 - 1890 Authorised Native Survey ABWN 8084 W5272 100 6 General Index - 1898 - c.1905 Depmiment of Lands [40000-50000] ABWN 8115 W5280 165 1 Register oflands 1890-1901 Acquired for Railway purposes ABWN 8771 W5280 47 400.4 Register of Reserves 1898 - 1937 1898-1937 ABWN 8880 W5280 23 122.1 1 Auckland Land 1894 - 1903

176 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates District - Leases [2- 150] ABWN 8880 W5280 24 122.1 2 Auckland Land 1898 - 1902 District - Leases [151-275] ABWN 8897 W5280 66 501.1 Register of 1891 - 1910 Applications for Unsurveyed Land - Lands and Survey, Wellington ABWN 8915 W5278 86 Native Block 1894 - no Register date ABWN 8916 W5278 48 212.4 Registers of 1890 - 1903 Authorised Native Survey ABWN 8917 W5278 55 216.4 Native Land 1898 - 1911 Purchase J oumal ABWN 8102 W5279 37 Crown Purchase 1900 - 1901 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3280 - 3339] ABWN 8102 W5279 38 Crown Purchase 1901 - 1901 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3340 - 3420] ABWN 8102 W5279 39 Crown Purchase 1901 - 1904 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3421 - 3490] ABWN 8102 W5279 40 Crown Purchase 1903 - 1904 Deeds - Auckland [AUC 3491 - 3532]

177 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates ABWN 8102 W5279 41 Crown Purchase 1903 - no Deeds - Auckland date [AUC 3535 - 3626] ABWN 8102 W5279 50 Crown Purchase 1906-1920 Deeds - Aucklaod [AUC 4229 - 4263] ABWN 8102 W5279 44 Crown Purchase 1909-no Deeds - Aucklaod date [AUC 3724 - 3810] ABWN 8115 W5280 166 2 Register of lands 1901-1919 Acquired for Railway purposes ABWN 8916 W5278 49 213.1 Maori Land Survey 1910 - 1913 Register ABWN 8110 W5280 128 Index to Sale Plans no date ABWN 8928 W5278 85 229.5 Index to Restrictions c.1848 - Removed c.l906 ABWN 8928 W5278 85 229.6 Register of 1848 - 1906 Restrictions Removed

Registrar of Companies, Wellington (CO-W)

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates CO-W W3445 515 1939/179 Tokanui no date Timber Company Ltd

178 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Governor (G)

Agency Series Box/item Description Dates

G 36 5 [Governor] Miscellaneous 14 February 1868 - 11 June 1873, 3 outwards correspondence December 1874 - 11 January 1883 G 36 6 [Governor] Miscellaneous 20 January 1883 - 4 June 1889 outwards correspondence

Legislative DeQartment (LE}

Agency Series Box/item Record Alt Description Dates No. LE 1 18681129 Maori Runanga ofNgati 1868 Raukawa LE 1 59 1868/153 64 Accounts and Papers - 1868 Schedule of Accounts and Papers laid upon the table - Waikato Districts, Report from Mr MacKay on the State of the LE 1 65 18691134 73 Accounts and Papers - 1869 Schedule of Accounts and Papers laid upon the table - Native Affairs, RepOli by Mr Fitih of his visit to the King Party and his interview with Tamati Ngapora [reprinted in AJHR 1869, A-12, also see BPP?] LE 1 107 1874/119 106 Accounts and Papers - 1874 - 1874 Schedule of Accounts and

179 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record AU Descl"iption Dates No. papers laid upon the table - Native Land Act, 1873, reports by Judges of the Native Lands Comi on the working of the LE 1 147 1878/149 65 Accounts and Papers - 1878 - 1878 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon the table - Native Affairs, Rewi Maniapoto, extract fOl1n telegram containing message from LE 1 147 1878/150 99 Accounts and Papers - 1878 - 1878 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon the table - Native Affairs, Rewi Maniapoto, letter of, in reference to a speech made by Honourable Mr Fox LE 1 212 1883/150 99 Accounts and Papers - Native 1883 - 1883 Affairs, native land comi, constitution and practice of the LE 1 18861136 Native meeting at Taupo 1886 LE 1 264 1887/124 89 Accounts and Papers - Native 1887 - 1887 Affairs, Alexandra and the Mokau River, investigation of title and survey of block of

180 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Ait Description Dates No. land between .LE I 288 1889/152 24 Accounts and Papers - Native 1889-1889 Affairs, repOlis from officers in native districts LE I 311 18911152 207 Accounts and Papers - Native 1891 - 1891 Affairs, native land couti, work performed by the judges in the NOlih Island during the year ending 31 July 1890 LE 1 338 1895/152 18 Accounts and Papers - Native 1895 - 1895 Affairs, native land court, rules and regulations of LE 1 345 1896/147 202 Accounts and Papers - Native no date Affairs, liN ative Land Court Act, 1894", additional rules and regulations of the native land coutis

Depatiment of Lands and Survey, Head Office (LS)

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Description Dates LS 1 34/244 Land Development Schemes - 1888 - 1959 Proposed committee to consider deterioration, roading and settlement of lands south of Kawhia Harbour LS 1 1299 22668 Miscellaneous Reserves 1895 no date

181 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Description Dates to 1899 inc. [inclusive] LS 1 1339 28752/6 Surveyors' Charges no date LS 1 1339 29950/1 W Hohepa, Te Kuiti - Survey no date Charges LS 1 1342 3644112 C W Hursthouse, Te Kuiti - no date Expenses LS 1 1342 39269 J McLelland, Auckland - 1898 - 1906 Petition re Survey Charges LS 8 1 to 6 Outward circulars of the 1876-1907 Surveyor-General and Depatiment of Lands and Survey LS 9 1 Outward Circulars of 1882 - 1890 Secretary for Crown Land, Mat'ch 1882 - November 1890 LS 9 2 Index to Circulars of no date Secretary for Crown Land LS 10 1 to 10 Surveyor-General's outward 1864 - 1904 reference books LS 13 1 1 Surveys authorised under the 1881 - 1883 Native Land Act 1880, Febmary 1881 - September 1883 LS 13 2 2 Surveys authorised under the 1883 - 1890 Native Land Act 1880, September 1883 - March 1890 LS 27 1 [Lands & Survey Dept] 1882 - 1912

182 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Description Dates Record book of papers presented [to Parliament], May 1882 - November 1912 LS 48 7 List of Authorised Surveyors, 1896 - 1896 June 1896 LS 48 7 Alphabetical list of authorised no date surveyors LS 48 7 Rough index of surveyors no date

Marine DeQartment (M)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates M 1 3/3/110 Buoys and beacons - Harbours - 1897 - 1960 Buoys and beacons - Kawhia and Raglan Harbour entrance M 1 3/3/122 Buoys and beacons - Kawhia Harbour 1901 - 1954 - Leading beacons M 1 3/13/743 Miscellaneous - RepOlis on New 1878 - 1946 Zealand harbours by Sir John Coode 1878-1880 - Letters and photocopies of printed repOlis and plans- File compiled - 1878-1880, 1945-1946 M 2 [Marine Dept] Registers ofInward 1870-1913 letters M 3 [Marine Dept] Index of 1870-1913 correspondence

M 5 1 [Marine Dept] Entry book of minutes 1870~ 1887 noted on correspondence referred from other depatiments 16 July 1870 - 18

183 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, seoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates Mat'ch 1887 M 5 2 [Marine Dept] Register of 1907 - 1913 correspondence from other departments referred to the Marine Depatiment for comment and returned

DeQartment of Maori Affairs (MAl

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt AU Description Dates No. MA 1 109 5/13/20 Petition No.207/32 ofTimi 1893 - 1948 Piripi and other for enquiry regarding Te Mata Takapaunui Ohiapopoko and Te Uku reserved fi'om sale ofWhaingaroa Block and exchange ofTe Uku for Kario Block [MAYBE RESTRICTED] MA 4 104 to 120 [Maori Affairs Dept] 1906-1910 General Letterbook in English and Maori MA 5 1 to 20 [Maori Affairs Dept] 1869-1886 Outwards Telegrams MA 6 1 [Maori Affairs Dept] 1867 - 1884 Outwards circulars - Includes index - 15 January 1867 - 24 December 1884 MA 11 3 Papers relative to the 1883 - 1891

184 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates No. Commission on the removal of restrictions on the sale of Native lands. Registered files 1883-1891, including the following items: (1) Second report of the Commissioner (printed); (2) Memorandum of Julius Vogel on Barton report, November 1886; (3) Memorandum of Barton upon the repol1 of the Native Affairs Committee on the petition of Creagh and Friedlander, September 1886; (4) Report of the Native Affairs Committee on the petition of Hugo Friedlander and another; (5) Petition of Friedlander and Creagh; (6) Evidence and proceedings; (7) Correspondence to and from the Commissioner. Also printed copy ofthe report [special file 9] AJHR Vol. III, G-II, GIlA, 1886 MA 11 4 Commission appointed 1890 - 1891

185 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOlt on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates No. under the "Native Land Courts Acts Amendment Act 1889" General files of the Native Office containing: (I) Papers of the Commission; (2) Papers relating to the appointment ofMr WB Edwards (printed); (3) Minutes of Evidence of Attorney- General v. WB Edwards in the Court of Appeal (printed); (4) RepOli of the Commissioners (printed). [Special file No.8] AJHR Sess II, H-13, H-3A, 1891 MA 12 6 I Waikato - [Volumes no date containing printed forms showing briefly the title to Maori lands, the Act under which the grant had been made, locality, names of the Maori grantees, date of the grant and the restriction placed on its alienation. Volumes are divided according to area] MA 12 7 2 Waikato - [Volumes no date

186 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates No. containing printed forms showing briefly the title'to Maori lands, the Act under which the grant had been made, locality, names of the Maori grantees, date of the grant and the restriction placed on its alienation, Volumes are divided according to area] MA 12 8 1 Taranaki - [Volumes no date containing printed fonns showing briefly the title to Maori lands, the Act under which the grant had been made, locality, names of the Maori grantees, date of the grant and the restriction placed on its alienation, Volumes are divided according to area] MA 12 9 2 Taranaki - [Volumes no date - no containing printed forms date showing briefly the title to Maori lands, the Act under which the grant had been made, locality, names of the Maori grantees, date of the

187 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Ait Description Dates No. grant and the restriction placed on its alienation. Volumes are divided MA 13 1 1 [d] Parliamentary Papers, 1903 - 1906 Special File No.90 - General Correspondence relative to Waikato-Maniapoto, King Country, Kaiapoi, Mokai- Mohakatino, A wakino District - Reports and Petitions to Manawatu, Horowhenua, Opau, Kaiti, Whakanenekeneke and Waimarino Blocks MA 13 4 2[n] A Reports on Native Land 1865-70 Bills, Special File No.43 - Appendix to Colonial Haultains repOll on the workings of the Native Land Act - Native Lands for Sale in Province of Auckland MA 13 93 Wahanui - King Country 1883 - 1885 MA 13 75 43 [a] King Country, Special File 1883 - 1885 No.61 - Correspondence, Reports, Compensation, Labour and Meetings relating to N Ollh Island Truck Railway in Maori and

188 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates No. translated MA 13 75 43[b] King Country, Special File 1883-1884 No.61 - Conespondence, Interviews, Reports, Compensation relating to North Island Truck Railway in Maori and translated MA 13 122 78 [a] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1886 - 1889 File No. 89 - tracing on Paper of Otorohanga Block, 4428 Acres - Sep 323 MA 13 122 78[b] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1889 - 1890 File No.89 - Map ofInterior of the Auckland and Taranaki - Including the King Country MA 13 122 78[c] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1890 - 1890 File No. 89 - tracing on paper of Otorohanga Block, 4428 Acres - Sep 323 MA 13 122 78[d] AH Rohe Potae Block, Special 1890 - 1890 File No. 89 - tracing on paper of Otorohanga Block, 4428 Acres - Sep 323 MA 13 122 78[e] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1891 - 1891 File No. 89 - tracing on paper of Otorohanga Block, 4428 Acres - Sep 323

189 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates No. MA 13 122 78[fj Rohe Potae Block, Special 1891 - 1891 File No. 89 - tracing on paper of Otorohanga Block, 4428 Acres - Sep 323 MA 13 122 78[g] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1898 - 1898 File No. 89 - tracing on paper of Otorohanga Block, 4428 Acres - Sep 323 MA 16 4 Bundle of miscellaneous no date deeds relating to land MA 23 2 Te Kuiti Gathering [special 1869 -1872 file 25] MA 23 3 Tawhiao's Papers [special 1876 - 1892 file 101] MA 23 4 Tawhiao's Papers [special 1881 - 1891 file 100] MA 23 5 Te Mahuki - Mokau [special 1883 - 1892 file 128] MA 23 6 Te Mahuki - Te Kuiti no date [special file (pati only) 28] MA 23 13 a [Maori Affairs Dept] Native 1880 - no Committees [special file 40] date MA 23 13 b [Maori Affairs Dept] Native no date- Committees [special file 40] 1890 MA 24 9 Petitions from the Native 1883 - 1912 Affairs Committee MA 24 8 3 Petition re Rohe Potae No date

190 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt AU Description Dates No. MA 24 23 [Maori Affairs Dept] No date Miscellaneous MA 30 1 to 8 Outward letter books (inc!. 1870-1900 Travelling letter books) [of the Native Minister] MA 30 3 Minister of Maori Affairs: 1885 Outwards letterbook MA 31 4 Rates on Maori lands No date . (special file No. 138) MA 31 5 Rates on Maori lands No date MA 31 25 Folders of miscellaneous 1875? - papers relative to land. 1930? Includes: Parliamentary papers; Notes of Sir Donald McLean's visit to Waikato, January 1875, to see Tawhiao, the Maori King MA 73 1 Native Land Laws 1891 Commission, 1891- Minutes Books, proceedings MA 73 3 Native Land Laws 1891 Commission, 1891- Letterbook MA 73 1 Minute book of Proceedings 1891 -March-May MA 73 2 The [Rees-Carroll] 1891 Commission - 11 February MA 73 3 Letter book of the 1891

191 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates No. Commissions MA 78 l3a Papers relating to the work no date of the [Stout-Ngata] Commission; correspondence, schedules, reports - King Country MA 78 13b Papers relating to the work no date of the [Stout-Ngata] Commission; correspondence, schedules, reports - King Country MA 78 19 Papers relating to the work no date ofthe [Stout-Ngata] Commission; correspondence, schedules, reports - Rohe-Potae (King Counhy)

Agency Accession Box/item Record Description Dates MA W1369 47 [252] [Maori Affairs Dept] Miscellaneous 1874 - 1919 papers MA W1369 106 [Maori Affairs Dept] Correspondence 1897 - 1900 Index - Inward MA W2150 22 Court Application Register 1869 - 1900

MA W2150 22 [Maori Affairs Dept] Letter Register 1890 - 1892

Maori Affairs-Maori Land Purchase Office (MA-MLP)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates

192 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates MA-MLP 1 box 39 1895/428 Purchasing from owners 1895 living in other areas MA-MLP 1 box 41 1896/140 Maori woman - Jane 1896 Kendall of Raglan selling MA-MLP 1 box 54 1899198 land for roadlines to 1899 Kawhia harbour MA-MLP 2 1 1873/1- Register ofInwards 1873 - 1888 1888/302 Letters - 9 October 1873 - 28 December 1888 MA-MLP 2 1a 1867/1- Register of Inwards 1867 - 1871 18711268 Letters [to the Maori Land Purchase Office1 7 February 1867 - 8 August 1871 MA-MLP 2 2 1889/1-1908/1 0 [Maori Land Purchase 1889 - 1908 Office1 Register of Inwards Letters - 5 January 1889 - 20 November 1908 MA-MLP 2 3a 18711354- Register of Outward 1871 - 1875 1875/819 Letters [ofthe Maori Land Purchase Office1 10 June 1871 - 8 October 1875 MA-MLP 2 4 to 7 Nominal Index to Inward 1873 - 1905 letters MA-MLP 3 1 to 8 Outward Letters 1873-1909 MA-MLP 4 1 to 4 Outwards memoranda 1874-1908 MA-MLP 6 4 Native Land Court Judge's 1897 - 1901 decisions of purchases of

193 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates blocks by the Crown MA-MLP 6 5 Copies of requests to the c.1871 - Crown Lands Depatiment c.1908 for Crown Grants on reserves set aside for Maoris - 31 May 1881 - 11 July 1892. Also alphabetical index of blocks of land or reserves. Bundle of Land Purchase vouchers MA-MLP 7 7 to 15 Land purchase accounts 1876-1900 journal MA-MLP 8 1 to 4 Deeds of Transfer 1878-1894 (incomplete)

Maori Land Court (MLC)

Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates MLC 2 1 to 3 [Maori Land Court] Registers of 1889-1908 Inward letters

New Zealand Railways (ill

Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates R 3 W227 190111630 1 Construction of 1879-1910 8 Stratford - Main Trunk Railway R 3 W227 1903/1989 1 Extension ofNOlih 1887-1908

194 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

8 Island Main Trunk Line R 3 W227 1910/39161 1 Fencing in main trunk 1880-1907 8 1 railway R 3 W227 1915/3935 1 Leasing Railway land 1895-1956 8 R 4 55 1897/3218 Method of charging 1880-1897 timber R 4 80 1898/2756 1 Maintenance of 1878-1930 railway boundary fences

New Zealand Railways District Office, Wanganui (R-W)

Agency Series Record Description Dates R-W 3 6214 Seymours lease near Mangamahoe 1893 - 1963

Public Works Department, Head Office (W)

Agency Series Acc Box! Record Pt Description Dates item W 1 19/578 NOlih Island Main Trunk 1883-1884 [NIMT] - Rochforts and Williams surveys [burnt] W 15 W2957 13109 Plans and drawings - NOlih 1885 Island Main Trunk railway- Te Kuiti contract- fOlmation and permanent way W 15 W2957 13129 Plans and drawings - North 1885

195 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, Januaty 2009

Agency Series Acc Box! Record Pt Description Dates item Island Main Trunk railway- Te Kuiti contract- formation and permanent way W 32 14 85/1 1 60,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Marton-Te Awamutu W 32 15 85/2 2 60,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Marton-Te Awamutu W 32 14 16153 1 North Island Main Trunk 1896 to railway, Waitara route 7 W 32 15 8513 2 60,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Marton-Te Awamutu W 32 16 8711 1 11,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Marton-Te Awamutu

W 32 16 8711 3 11 ,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Malion-Te Awamutu W 32 16 87/2 11,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Malion-Te Awamutu W 32 16 87/3 11,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Marton-Te Awamutu

196 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Acc Box! Record Pt Description Dates item W 32 16 8714 11,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Marton-Te Awamutu W 32 16 87/5 11 ,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Marton-Te Awamutu W 32 16 87/6 11,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway, Mation-Te Awamutu W 32 18 92/1 2 10,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway W 32 18 92/2 2 10,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895 Island Main Trunk railway

Archives New Zealand, Auckland

Agent for the General Government, Auckland (AGG-A)

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item AGG-A 1 10 74/242 Inwards letters. 15 May 1874 - Joseph May, 1874 - 1874 Auckland to the Commissioner of Confiscated lands, Auckland - Applies on behalf of WH James for a license to cut timber on the Pirongia Ranges. - Enclosure: Tracing showing the area for which license is desired. AGG-A 1 10 74/430 Inwards letters. 12 November 1874 - JH 1874 - 1874 Edwards, Alexandra - Asks ifthere are

197 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, JanuaIY 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item timbered lands in the Pirongia mountains on which he could cut, and if so how much a license would cost. AGG-A 1 11 78/57 Inwards letters. 18 March 1878 - AJ Dickey, 1878 - 1878 Auckland - Sends certificate of duty payable on conveyance and lease of land at Waitangirua, Puketutu, Wairoa, etc.

Agent for the General Government, Hawkes Bay CAGG-HB)

Agency Series Acc Description Dates AGG­ 1 2 7-12 December 1870 - Disturbances in Waikato­ 1870 - 1870 HB Correspondence between Dr Pollen, Lt Col Lyon, WN Searancke and JD Ormond, relative to the disturbances in the Waikato, subsequent to the attack at Pirongia on a survey party, and presence of Tawhiao amongst the Hauturu.

Auckland Provincial Government CAP)

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item AP 2 3 401173 14 Januaq - 7 February 1873 - Regarding 1873 - 1873 Puketutu Lease AP 2 18 2115174 24 June 1874 - JH Edwards - For 1874-1874 information about obtaining a timber license to cut timber at Pirongia near Alexandra

198 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item AP 2 18 2252174 3 July 1874 - J Glasson - Repolis 1874 - 1874 discovery of coal at Pirongia Mountain and asks for a grant ofpmi of mountain. Ifhe discovers iron ore at Karehou Mountain would a mining lease be granted him AP 2 29 1052175 H Poh1en, Alexandra - Forwards letter no date complaining about obshuction to certain main and public roads in the Pirongia Highway District AP 2 55 2517/76 10 August - 20 October 1876 - Roads- 1876-1876 Waitetuna Area - Correspondence conceming construction of a road tlu'ough W Cogswell's propeliy at Waitetuna and tlu'ough the Puketutu Maori Reserve AP 5 1 Correspondence between Superintendent 1876-1876 [Auck Prov] and Govemor AP 5 14 Copies of Correspondence with the 1872 - 1872 General Government - 1 May - 19 November 1872 AP 5 15 B Papers about Maoris and land unclear

Lands and Survey Office, Auckland (BAAZ)

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item BAAZ 1108 4 140 Native land Court Surveys (general) 1876-1884 BAAZ 1108 4 142 Native Land Comi Applications 1880-1884 BAAZ 1108 193 6776 Railway land 1904-1914

199 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item BAAZ 1108 105 2413 Tauponuiatia Block 1887-1889 BAAZ 1108 106 2413 Tauponuiatia Block 1889-1898 BAAZ 1108 106 2413 Tauponuiatia Block 1889-1903 BAAZ 1108 116 2666 land grants to rebel natives 1889-1903 BAAZ 1108 135 3397 Timber floating licences (general) 1889-1900 BAAZ 1108 136 3397 Timber floating licences (general) 1900-1904 BAAZ 1108 140 3433 Derelict lands 1890-1892 BAAZ 1108 140 3443 Military and Naval claims 1896-1904 BAAZ 1108 158 4407 Native Land Court Claims 1894-1903 BAAZ 1108 159 4429 Plans to Land Purchase Officers 1895-1904 BAAZ 1108 164 5306 Advances to settlers 1904-1915 BAAZ 1108 191 6520 Survey Liens 1904-1914 BAAZ 1108 201 6725 Survey Liens 1905-1906 BAAZ 1108 201 6725 Survey Liens 1906-1907 BAAZ 1108 202 6725 Survey Liens 1907-1908 BAAZ 1108 202 6725 Survey Liens 1908-1909 BAAZ 1108 202 6725 Survey Liens 1909-1910 BAAZ 1111 212 8582 Crown grants 1906-1914 BAAZ 1113 215 8956 Valuations 1905-1907 BAAZ 1117 221 9834 Native Land Survey 1906-1910 BAAZ 1118 221 9834 Native Land Survey 1910-1914 BAAZ 1123 225 10482 miscellaneous survey 1907-1918 BAAZ 1124 225 10598 Survey Liens 1907-1914 BAAZ 1126 228 11634 Survey Liens 1908-1914 BAAZ 1129 231 13234 Native Land Court 1909-1914 BAAZ 4728 la Native Land in the Auckland Land District 19077 -19077 suitable for settlement; Retmn of Native

200 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOll on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item Land in North Island (Auckland Land District)

Maori Land Court, Waikato-Maniapoto District (BACS)

Agency Accession Box/item Description Dates BACS A908 30a [Native Land Court] Old Panui 1870 -1899 BACS A908 77c Te Kuiti Minutes (in Maori) 1900 - 1901 BACS A908 78a Otorohanga Minutes (in Maori) 1901 - 1901

Companies Office, Auckland (BADZ)

Agency Acc Box!item Record Alt No. Description Dates BADZ 5181 23 130 18741142 The Raglan and Waikato 1874-1874 Native Store Company Ltd.

Department of Survey and Land InfOlmation, Auckland District Office (BAlE)

Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates item BAlE 4306 la Native Land Court Auckland - 1872 - 1887 Register of inwards blank cover references [correspondence referred by other Depts] BAlE 4307 2a 1 Native Land Court Auckland - 1888 - 1911 Register of inwards blank cover references [correspondence referred

201 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Boxl Record Description Dates item by other Depts] BAIE 4307 Ib 2 Native Land Court Auckland - 1879-1893 Memo book BAIE 4309 1.00E-38 1869/744 From: Heta Tarawhiti, Parnell - 1869 - 1869 Subject: Has returned fi'om meeting held at Hangatiki with Te Wheoro and his people Hangatiki BAIE 4309 If-17 1871/229 From: Ngatihaua, Ngatihourua and 1871 - 1871 all Waikato Tribes - Subject: Te Whero objecting to his going to attend the sitting of the Court at Kaipara

High COUli, Auckland, Depmiment of Justice (BBAE)

Agency Series Boxl Description Dates item BBAE 5075 1 Petitions Under the Land Transfer Act - Petitions 1882 - 1886 11-25 BBAE 5075 2 Petitions Under the Land Transfer Act - Petitions 1888 -1897 26-42 BBAE 5648 la Auckland rating sales register [indexed] 1886 - 1921

Maori Land Court, Auckland (BBOP)

Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates item BBOP 4309 4a-266 1874/1574 From: Falwasser Hemy J, 1874 - 1874

202 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Boxl Record Pt Description Dates item Raglan - Subject: Re copy of mortgage for registration - lands near Raglan BBOP 4309 4a-267 187411453 From: Falwasser Henry J, 1874 - 1874 Raglan - Subject: Ngatitamainu Tribe Copy Deed of Mortgage to Queen Raglan BBOP 4309 4a-268 187411453 From: Ngatitamainu Tribe - 1874-1874 Subject: Copy Deed of Mortgage to Queen Raglan BBOP 4309 Sa-ISS 1874/939 From: Kataraina Ngati, Aotea - 1874 - 1874 Subject: Wishes it adjudicated upon before the money is paid Makora BBOP 4309 5a-212 1874/577 From: Paraone Ngaweke, 1874 - 1874 Aotea and Others - Subject: Do not wish it surveyed Aotea BBOP 4309 5a-215 1874/532 From: Rauhi and Others, 1874 - 1874 Paheheheke - Subject: Asking to have it surveyed by the Government Aotea BBOP 4309 6a-437 1876/1119 From: Waterea Motutara, 1876 - 1876 Raglan - Subject: Says has been deprived of his land by his father's rebellion Rangiaowhia BBOP 4309 6a-525 187611272 From: Horomona Wahanui, 1876-1876 Raglan - Subject: Giving the

203 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates item boundaries of certain lands for publication BBOP 4309 7a-107 187612067 From: Te Reti Ngataki, 1876 - 1876 Alexandra - Subject: Enclosing list of lands and wishing it to be printed BBOP 4309 10a-145 1882/2868 From: Morpeth JB - Subject: 1882 - 1882 Te Whero Major, advising re petition certain succession claims BBOP 4309 10a-207 1882/3694 From: Morpeth WJ, for Under 1882 - 1882 Secretary, Native Depatiment - Subject: Education Depatiment. Lands taken for native school sites BBOP 4309 lla-ll 1883/228 From: Tamehana Te 1883 - 1883 Angatoheroa, Kopua - Subject: Applying to have it withdrawn Kakepuku BBOP 4309 lla-224 1883/2184 From: Rees WL, Alexandra - 1883 - 1883 Subject: Wahanui wishes Brown to go to him at Alexandra. BBOP 4309 lla-285 1883/3064 From: Rewi Maniapoto, 1883 - 1883 Kihikihi - Subject: Asking they be heard at Kihikihi Waikeria and Other Blocks BBOP 4309 lla-9 1883/218 From: Hammond Edward, 1883 - 1883

204 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates item Registrar Native Land Court, Auckland - Subject: Requesting that celiain plans be handed to Mr Cussen BBOP 4309 llb-84 1884/- From: Wilkinson T, Native 1884-1884 Agent, Alexandra - Subject: Howard Mr - his timber matter BBOP 4309 llb-127 1884/2756 From: Rihi Te Tahuti, Kihikihi 1884 - 1884 - Subject: Asking if any claims have been sent in, within limits for Puniu, Mangahamoe etc BBOP 4309 11b-129 188412686 From: Rihi Te Tahuti, Kihikihi 1884 - 1884 - Subject: Ngati Maniapoto have claims been received within their boundaries[?] BBOP 4309 llb-17 1884/552 From: Grace WH, Maketu - 1884-1884 Subject: When is Couli to sit at Kihikihi for Maungatautari BBOP 4309 llb-18 1884/568 From: Hopa Te Rangianini, 1884 - 1884 Kihikihi - Subject: Asking what has delayed the hearing of their claims BBOP 4309 2a-142 1866/1622 From: Hetaraka Nero, Raglan - 1866 - 1866 Subject: Court Sitting acknowledging receipt of notice Pukerimu BBOP 4309 7a-105 1876/2235 From: Te Reti Ngataki, 1876 - 1876 Alexandra - Subject: Wishing a

205 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates item certain paper returned to him BBOP 4309 9a-51 1880/1566 From: Te Aroa Hereiti, Kawhia 1880 - 1880 - Subject: Native Land Court Session enquiring the dates of sittings at Cambridge BBOP 5962 1 1 NOlihem District titles indexes 1894 - 1910 BBOP 5963 1 Appeals Register 1895 - 1901 BBOP 5963 2 Appeals Register 1901 - 1906 BBOP 5963 3 Appeals Register 1906 - 1911 BBOP 5963 4 Appeals Register 1911 - 1915 BBOP 5966 34 2 Waikato local registers 1874 - 1881 [includes index to Books 1-2] BBOP 5966 35 3 Waikato local registers 1881 - 1888 BBOP 5966 36 4 Waikato local registers 1888 - 1898 BBOP 5966 37 5 Waikato local registers 1901 - 1907 BBOP 5966 40 2 Kawhia and Mokau local 1902-1907 registers BBOP 10001 15 1 Subdivision and patiition 1885 - 1908 registers - Auckland BBOP 10002 1 Applications for determination 1881 - 1891 of survey chat'ges and survey certificates BBOP 10002 2 Applications for determination 1891 - 1895 of survey charges and survey certificates BBOP 10002 3 Applications for determination 1895 - 1895 of survey chat'ges and survey

206 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOlt on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth cenlmy land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates item certificates BBOP 10002 4 Applications for detel1nination 1895 - 1899 of survey charges and survey celiificates BBOP 10002 5 Applications for determination 1899 - 1908 of survey charges and survey celiificates BBOP 10002 6 Applications for determination 1908 - 1910 of survey charges and survey celiificates BBOP 10109 la Register of applications for 1883 - 1883 cancellation of Crown Grants under Clause 24 Native Reserves Act 1882 BBOP 10111 la I Register of Applications under 1887 - 1887 Section 24 of the Native Lands Administration Act 1886 BBOP 10111 2a 2 Register of Applications under 1887 - 1887 Section 24 of the Native Lands Administration Act 1886 BBOP 10118 la Personal Estate Register 1885 -1889 BBOP 10124 la Register ofInward Letters - 1874-1876 Native Land COUli Office, NOlihern District BBOP 10106 la Register of Applications under 1906 - 1909 Native Land COUli Act 1894 Section 39, 40 and 49 BBOP 10109 la Register of Applications for 1890-1898

207 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, Januaty 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates item Removal of Restrictions BBOP 10109 2a Register of Applications for 1898 - 1910 Removal of Restrictions BBOP 10110 la Register of Applications under 1886 - 1895 Equitable Owners Act 1886 BBOP 10112 la Register of applications for 1896 - 1899 consent of Native Land Court to sale and lease by TlUstees. BBOP 10113 la Confirmation of alienation, 1894 - 1899 Index to names of blocks. BBOP 10114 la Register of Applications for 1896 - 1910 Certificates of Age under the Native Land Claims Adjustment Act 1901 BBOP 10117 la Block Index to land No date BBOP 10122 la Register and index to 1894-1897 cOlTespondence relating to applications under the Native Land COUli Act 1894 BBOP 10123 la Register of applications under 1895-1910 Sub-section II of Section 14 Apportionment of rent, and orders under Section 71 of the Native Land Laws Amendment Act 1895 BBOP 10128 la Register of Applications under 1899 - 1909 Section 38 and 39, Native Land COUli Act 1894

208 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates item BBOP 10129 la Register of Applications under 1898 - 1905 Native Land Act 1894 Section 40 BBOP 10129 la Register of Applications under 1895 - 1899 Section 38 and 39, Native Land COUlt Act 1894 BBOP 10129 la Register of Applications under 1897 - 1909 Section 49 Native Land Laws Amendment Act 1895. BBOP 10129 la Register of Applications under 1890 - 1895 Section 13 Native Land COUlt Amendment Act 1889 BBOP 10130 la Register of Applications under 1894 - 1895 Sections 72 and 118 of Native Land COUlt Act 1894 BBOP 10131 la Register of Applications under 1893 - 1910 Native Land (Validation of Titles) Act 1892 and Sections 122 - 123 Native Land Act 1894 BBOP 10227 la Index to registers of no date - no application for confirmation of date alienation of land by lease or sale

Agency Accession Box!item Title Dates BBOP A52 25/59 NOlthem Court Fees 1878 - 1892

209 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, JanuaIY 2009

BBOP A52 45/109 Miscellaneous Loose Papers 1838 - 1904

Maps

Official publications

Appendices to the Journals ofthe House of Representatives (AJHR)

Maps showing New Zealand Wars sites and confiscated land Year Reference Title 1864 E-2A New Zealand NOlih Island [Areas shaded in pink/red are proposed as confiscated. Also has provincal boundaries and estimated area of each province, signed by Heaphy, Chief Surveyor] 1864 E-9 North Island New Zealand [Shows area that contributed 'rebels' to NZ Wars (blue), 'friendly' Maori territOlY (white) and land under negotiation (red)]

Survey and early topographical maps o/the Rohe Potae Year Reference Title 1884 Sess II, C - 1 Sketch Map of the "King Country" based upon Trigonometrical and Topographic Survey by L Cussen, F H Edgecombe and W C C Spenser 1885 C -IA Topographical Map of a pOliion of the Interior of Auckland & Taranaki (including the King Country) from Trigonometricial surveys, Laurence Cussen & . H M Skeet, NZ Survey Dept 1885 C - 3 Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 3 - Map: interior of Auckland and Taranaki including the King Country. Topographical with land use

210 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Maps showing proposed and actual routes for Main Trunk Line Year Reference Title 1868 E- 5 Untitled (proposed railway lines, North Island] 1880 E- 3 Index Plan of the North Island, New Zealand to accompany the report of the Railway Commission 1880 1884 Sess I, D - 1 Map of the North Island, New Zealand showing explorations for railway routes between Auckland and Wellington 1884 Sess I, 16 The NOlih Island Trunk Railway, plan showing proposed routes, and the tenure of the country through which they pass 1884 Sess II, D - 1 Map showing Railways North Island New Zealand, John Blackett M.Inst.CE Engineer in Charge 1884 Sess II, I6 Sketch Plan of the Central Route Railway Line Marton to Te Awamutu explored by Mr John Rochfort refel1'ed to in the annual repOli of the engineer in charge NOlih Island for 1883 - 1884 1884 Sess II, I6 Map of the North Island, New Zealand showing explorations for railway routes between Auckland and Wellington 1884 Sess II, 16 Sketch Plan of the Westem Route Railway Line Stratford to Te Awamutu explored by Messrs R H Holmes & M Carkeek referred to in the annual report ofthe engineer in charge NOlih Island for 1883 - 1884 1885 D - 1 Sketch Map showing course of North Island Main Trunk Railway with contracts let, advertised and under survey. Also roads made and in progress 1887 Sess I, D - 1 Map showing Railways NOlih Island New Zealand

211 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Reference Title 1887 Sess I, D - 1 Sketch Plan to accompany the Engineer in Chiefs report. Showing suggested road lines to the Central Railway 1889 D - 1 Sketch Map of the Central and Taranaki Routes North Island main Trunk Railw,!y 1892 1-9 Taranaki, 1892 1894 D - 1 Map of the Cnetral and Taranaki Routes Nmih Island Main Trunk Railway 1899 D - 1 Map showing the Tenure etc ofthe lands adjacent to the Central and Stratford Rly Routes 1899 D - 1 Taranaki - Auckland Railway, altemative connections with Central Line: Plan accompanying Mr Holme's repmi, 31st July, 1899

Maps showing land tenure Year Reference Title 1884 Sess II, C - 1 Map ofthe Nmih Island New Zealand showing land tenure, 30 June 1884 1891 G- 5 Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and tenure use 1891 Sess II, G - 10 Map of the Native Lands of New Zealand shewing their occupation tenure and use, compiled on the order 6fthe House of Representatives 30 Jan 1891 on the motion of T Kenedy MacDonald MHR 1892 C - 1 Unoccupied Crown and Native Lands 1903 C - 1 North Island (Te-Ika-A-Maui) New Zealand shewing the Land tenure, 1902 - 1903 1903 C - 1 Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and

212 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues, January 2009

Year Reference Title tenure use 1903 D-9 N.I.M.T.Ry Plan showing tenure of land for twenty five miles on each side of Awakino, Waitara, Stratford and Central Routes 1904 C - 1 North Island (Te-Ika-A-Maui) New Zealand shewing the Land tenure, 1903 - 1904 1904 C - 1 Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and tenure use 1905 C -I Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and tenure use 1907 C - I Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and tenure use 1907 G- 3a Map of Auckland region showing Blocks purchased 1908 C - 1 Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and tenure use

Maps showing roads constructed Year Reference Title 1887 C -2 Map of North Island Roads contructed 1881-87 1889 C -la Map ofNOlih Island Roads contructed 1881-89 1889 C - la Exploration of Roads, Taranaki - Ongaruhe 1891 C - la Map ofNZ roads contructed 1881-91 1892 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1893 C - I Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1894 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1895 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1896 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1897 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale

213 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Year Reference Title 1898 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1899 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1900 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1901 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale 1902 C -1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale

Maps showing land transactions [Land available for settlement and land taken up for settlement during that year] Year Reference 1890 C - 5 1894 C - 1 1895 C - 1 1896 C - 1 1897 C - 1 1898 C - 1 1899 C - 1 1900 C -1 1901 C - 1 1902 C - 1 1903 C - 1 1904 C -1 1905 C - 1 1906 C -1 1907 C - 1 1908 C - 1 1913 C -1

214 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Maps showing the state ofpublic survey Year Reference 1879 H - 19 1880 H -27 1881 c -4 1881 c -4 1882 C - 3 1882 C - 3 1883 C - 2 1883 C - 3 1883 C - 3 1884 Sess I, C - 1 1885 C - 3 1886 C -la 1887 C - 2 1888 C - la 1889 C -la 1890 C - 5 1890 C - 5 1891 C - la 1892 C - 1 1893 C -1 1894 C - 1 1895 C -1 1896 C - 1 1897 C -1 1898 C -1 1900 C -1 1901 C - 1

215 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repolt on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

1902 C -1 1903 C - 1 1904 C - 1 1905 C - 1 1906 C - 1

Maps showing tribal boundaries Year Reference Title 1870 D - 23 Map showing Native tribal boundaries (NOlih Island)

Auckland City Library, Auckland

Classification Map No. Title Date D 995.09 gbb 1884 Map No. 6569 Native Land Settlement Bill: plan of 1884 the land included in the schedule. Werllington: New Zealand General Survey Office, 1884

Waikato University Library Map Room, Hamilton

Reference Title & Description Date 530.1271 BH [ca. 19547] Kawhia Towns District (Gaz 1906, p 2720) 1954 530.1271 BH [ca. 19547] Kawhia Towns District (Gaz 1906, p 2720) Now 1954 Merged in County of Kawhia as from 1st April 1954 (Gaz 1954, p 298) 530.1271 BH 1902 Auckland land District No. 641 - Rural Lands open 1902 for sale or selection in the survey districts of Mangaorongo, Orahiri and Pirongia, County of Kawhia, Fri 29 August 1902

216 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues, January 2009

Reference Title & Description Date 530.1271 BH 1899 Auckland land District No. 438 - Rural Lands open 1899 for sale or selection in the Counties of Kawhia and West Taupo, Mon 27 March 1899 530.1271 BH 1902 Auckland land District No. 659 - Rural land open 1902 for sale or selection in the survey districts of Mangaorongo, Orahiri and Punui, County of Kawhia,Fir 19 December 1902 [Kiokoi Blk is written in pencil on the top of the plan] 530.1271 BH 1883 Sketch Map of Explorations made in the King 1883 Country by J H Ken'y-Nicolls [2 copies - one facsmilie and one later printed colour version] unclear Wellington - Auckland Railway: Map to 1899 accompany Mr H J Lowe's report re land tenure, 4th September, 1899 unclear Public Works Map showing the Railways North 1908 Island of New Zealand, 1908

Photographs and Drawings

Alexallder Turnbull Library, Wellingtoll Reference Title & Description Date 1/1-025517-G Overlooking land leading down to the sea at 1884 Kawhia, with the steamship Hinemoa visible. A waka is just visible on the piece of land alongside the ship, in the middle distance. It was possibly used for escorting officials to or from the ship Photograph taken on Friday, 14th March 1884, by William Williams, on the occasion of Governor W F D Jervois' visit.

217 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, JanualY 2009

Reference Title & Description Date 111-025747 -G Armed Constabulary camp at Puti Point, Kawhia, 1884 showing four tents and a wooden building. Photographed 1884 by William Williams. 111-025748-G Kawhia A C's working in bush at Te Kauri camp 1884 1884. T H W & W W. (Caption transcribed from lantern slide). Photograph taken by William Williams. 1II-025749-G Powhiri (official welcoming ceremony) for 1884 Governor Sir William Jervois, Lady Jervois, and party (Miss A Jervois, Reverend W Jervois, Miss A Richmond, and Major C V Eccles) at Kawhia, by chiefs ofNgati Hikairo (Hone Te One, Hone Wetere, and Pikia), the chief of Ngati Haua (Tetahi Rahi), and Tiki Taimona. Shows a scene by a house, where a group of Maori are seated under the verandah. On the left, an unidentified Maori chief holds a taiaha. The Governor, and his group, are on the right. Photograph taken Friday, 14 March 1884, by William Williams. The guests arrived on the S S Hinemoa at 4pm and left at 6pm. See also New Zealand Herald newspaper, 17.3.1884 111-025750-F Kawhia AImed Constabulary on parade under 1884 Captain Messenger. Shows two rows of men standing outside, holding rifles at their sides. Photograph taken in 1884 at Kawhia by William Williams. 1II-025752-G Powhiri (official welcoming ceremony) for 1884 Governor Sir William Jervois, Lady Jervois, and party (Miss A Jervois, Reverend W Jervois, Miss A

218 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title & Description Date Richmond, and Major C V Eccles) at Kawhia, by chiefs ofNgati Hikairo (Hone Te One, Hone Wetere, and Pikia), the chiefofNgati Haua (Tetahi Rahi), and Tiki Taimona, Shows a scene by a house, where a group of Maori are seated under the verandah, On the left, an unidentified Maori chief holds a taiaha, The Governor, and his group, are on the right. Photograph taken Friday, 14 March 1884, by William Williams, The guests arrived on the S S Hinemoa at 4pm and left at 6pm, See also New Zealand Herald newspaper, 17,3,1884 1I1-025756-G Overlooking King Tukaroto Matutaera Potatau Te 1884 Wherowhero Tawhiao's pa at Whatiwhatihoe, with a cultivated paddock in the foreground. Photograph taken by William Williams while he was on his trip to Kawhia in 1884. 1I1-025757-G View of Maketu Pa at Kawhia. Some whare can be 1884 seen and in the centre distance is a meeting house. Taken by William Williams in 1884. 1I1-025758-G Soldiers in the Aimed Constabulary redoubt at 1884 Kawhia. Shows men alongside tents. Photograph taken by William Williams in 1884. 1/2-000414-G View of Kawhia township, looking over towards 1900 - 1930 the fatmhouse built by George Charlton in the centre background. Photograph taken by Jon Limited (Firm) between 1900-1930. 112-000467 -G Oparau township and bridge, Waikato. There is a 1912 stream in the foreground, several buildings are located near the bridge and road, and hills in the

219 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues, January 2009

Reference Title & Description Date distance. One of the buildings visible is the general store owned by Otto Sperling. Photographed circa 1912 by William Archer Price. 1I2-000469-G Kawhia township photograph taken, possibly by 1900 - 1930 Jonathan & Co, between 1900-1930. 1I2-000470-G Otto Sperling's store in Oparau, Waikato. A house 1912 is visible behind the store and there are several horses grazing in a field. Photographed circa 1912 by William Archer Price. 1!2-002817-F Overlooking the settlement of Kawhia, circa 1890s. 1890s Photographer unidentified. 1I2-019363-F Overlooking Kawhia Pa towards Kawhia harbour, 1910 ca 1910. Several whare can be seen. Photograph taken by Enos Silvanus Pegler. 1I2-060081-F Kawhia Pa, on the banks of Maketu Bay, circa 1880s 1880s 1I2-096175-G Group at the digging of the first sod for the Main 1885 Trunk Railway. They stand at the confiscation line at the southern bank of the Puniu River, 15 April 1885. Standing in the centre behind the balTow, wearing a top hat, is Rewi Maniapoto. Immediately to his left is his daughter, Te Kore. To her left and

behind is Sir Robert Stou~. The tall man wearing a top hat, standing to the left of Stout, is Wahanui Huatare. Photograph taken by Daniel Manders Beere. 1I2-140365-G Powhiri (official welcoming ceremony) for 1884 Govemor Sir William Jervois, Lady Jervois, and party (Miss A Jervois, Reverend W Jervois, Miss A

220 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues, January 2009

Reference Title & Description Date Richmond, and Major C V Eccles) at Kawhia, by chiefs ofNgati Hikairo (Hone Te One, Hone Wetere, and Pikia), the chief of Ngati Haua (Tetahi Rahi), and Tiki Taimona. Shows a scene by a house, where a group of Maori are seated under the verandah. On the left, an unidentified Maori chief holds a taiaha. The Governor, and his group, are on the right. Photograph taken Friday, 14 March 1884, by William Williams. The guests alTived on the S S Hinemoa at 4pm and left at 6pm. See also New Zealand Herald newspaper, 17.3.1884 A-045-015 B&W Etching 90 x 127 mm by Edward William 1880s Payton shows a Maori pa with two figures walking past a hut. Whatiwhatihoe was once a royal village, the home of the Maori King, Tawhiao. A-045-015-a B&W Etching 90 x 127 mm by Edward William 1880s Payton shows a Maori pa with two figures walking past a hut. Whatiwhatihoe was once a royal village, the home ofthe Maori King, Tawhiao. PAI-0-091 Burton brothers album 16 includes scenes of Maod 1870 - 1885 life in the King Country. Lists Whatiwhatihoe in fields for places. The album consists of about 71 pages, of which 25 are empty. P Al-q-630-13 Studio portrait of William Hemy Grace, taken ca 1880 1880 by Robert Hemy Bartlett of Auckland. PA7-19-37 Photograph of Huingatini, at the King's residence, 1885? Whatiwhatihoe (Muir & Moodie)

221 Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues, January 2009

Te Kuiti alld District Historical Society, Te Kuiti Reference Title & Description Date Maori settlement File: item Two photographs Te Kuiti Maori Pa 1884 1884 0238 Te Kuiti Township file File: Photograph ofTe Kuiti Marae 1893 1893 item 0023

Waitomo Caves Museum, Waitomo Reference/location Title & Description Date photo filing cabinet: Survey Survey party, 1887 1887 parties, bush camps and explorers, item 14 photo filing cabinet: Survey W. Cussen, B. Cashel and Survey Party unclear parties, bush camps and explorers, item 474 photo filing cabinet: Survey Survey patiy 1883 1883 patiies, bush camps and explorers, item 479 photo filing cabinet: Survey Cussen's Survey Catnp unclear parties, bush camps and explorers, item 484 Located in Slide Cabinet, Andrew Wilson's survey patiy, 1887 1887 item 5s1 Located in Slide Cabinet, Andrew Wilson's survey patiy, 1887, close-up 1887 item 5s2 Located in Slide Cabinet, old print calioon. "Objection to survey on part of unclear item 5s4 Native Ladies". Located in Slide Cabinet, Cussen's survey camp unclear item 5s11

222