Approach to Pediatric Vomiting.” These Podcasts Are Designed to Give Medical Students an Overview of Key Topics in Pediatrics
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PYLORIC STENOSIS of INFANCY-PERSPECTIVES Different Views from Different Bridges
Central Annals of Pediatrics & Child Health Perspective *Corresponding author IAN M. ROGERS, Department of Surgery, AIMST University, 46 Whitburn Road, Cleadon, Tyne and Wear, SR67QS, Kedah, Malaysia, Tel: 01915367944; PYLORIC STENOSIS OF INFANCY- 07772967160; Email: [email protected] Submitted: 18 March 2020 PERSPECTIVES Different views Accepted: 27 March 2020 Published: 30 March 2020 ISSN: 2373-9312 from different bridges Copyright © 2020 ROGERS IM IAN M ROGERS* OPEN ACCESS Department of Surgery, AIMST University, Malaysia Keywords Abstract • Neonatal hyperacidity; Neonatal hypergastrinaemia; Baby and parents perspectives of diagnosis Introduction: The differing experiences of the surgeon, he parent and the baby and treatment; Spectrum of presentation of are discussed in terms of what is presently known about the pathogenesis of pyloric pyloric stenosis of infancy; Primary hyperacidity stenosis of infancy (PS). pathogenesis of pyloric stenosis Methods: The experiences are culled from personal experience and from the comments made on online pressure and support groups for pyloric stenosis of infancy. These comments are reviewed from the standpoint of the Primary Hyperacidity pathogenesis of cause. Conclusion: The present perspectives of the PS surgeon and the difficulties experienced by the PS family fit well which the basic tenets of the Primary Hyperacidity theory. Reference to this theory allows a satisfactory explanation for difficulties in diagnosis and for the variability of presentation. INTRODUCTION In 1961 this theme was further developed by Dr Jacob. He again recognised the milder forms-those in which a long- term The Surgeon cure could similarly be achieved without surgery. A 1% mortality Everybody knows: For progressive pyloric stenosis of infancy in 100 patients was achieved with the usual medical measures (PS), pyloromyotomy reigns supreme! Impending catastrophe of which a reduced feeding regime was judged to be especially transformed safely, in a few minutes, into an enduring cure. -
Acute Abdomen
Acute abdomen: Shaking down the Acute abdominal pain can be difficult to diagnose, requiring astute assessment skills and knowledge of abdominal anatomy 2.3 ANCC to discover its cause. We show you how to quickly and accurately CONTACT HOURS uncover the clues so your patient can get the help he needs. By Amy Wisniewski, BSN, RN, CCM Lehigh Valley Home Care • Allentown, Pa. The author has disclosed that she has no significant relationships with or financial interest in any commercial companies that pertain to this educational activity. NIE0110_124_CEAbdomen.qxd:Deepak 26/11/09 9:38 AM Page 43 suspects Determining the cause of acute abdominal rapidly, indicating a life-threatening process, pain is often complex due to the many or- so fast and accurate assessment is essential. gans in the abdomen and the fact that pain In this article, I’ll describe how to assess a may be nonspecific. Acute abdomen is a patient with acute abdominal pain and inter- general diagnosis, typically referring to se- vene appropriately. vere abdominal pain that occurs suddenly over a short period (usually no longer than What a pain! 7 days) and often requires surgical interven- Acute abdominal pain is one of the top tion. Symptoms may be severe and progress three symptoms of patients presenting in www.NursingMadeIncrediblyEasy.com January/February 2010 Nursing made Incredibly Easy! 43 NIE0110_124_CEAbdomen.qxd:Deepak 26/11/09 9:38 AM Page 44 the ED. Reasons for acute abdominal pain Visceral pain can be divided into three Your patient’s fall into six broad categories: subtypes: age may give • inflammatory—may be a bacterial cause, • tension pain. -
Medications That Are Safe During Pregnancy
Medications that Are Safe during Pregnancy Women who are between four and 12 weeks pregnant may safely take the following over-the-counter medications. Follow all directions on the container for adult dosage/use. ~r---------~ I Problem Over the Counter ICall Your Care Provider for: c __ ; Morning sickness Vitamin 86: take 50 mg/day to start; if not Persistent vomiting; weight loss or helpful, increase by 50 mg 2 to 4 times/day inability to tolerate fluids for 24 hours until you reach a total of 200 mg/day. Do not take more than 200 mg each day. I Increase fluids. i I Mild headaches / general Try comfort measures. Severe and/or persistent headaches I aches & pains Acetominophen (Tylenol) - ~ ~""~'" I Nasal congestion due to a IOcean Mist nasal spray I cold, sinusitis or allergies I I -, Women who are more than 12 weeks pregnant may safely take the following over-the-counter medications. Follow all directions on the container for adult dosage/use. I Problem lover the Counter 1Call Your Care Provider for: '" '''''Moo "0'''"0'''''''''''" , Nasal congestion due to a Sudafed, Afrin nasal spray, Ocean Mist cold, sinusitis or allergies nasal spray I I i Cough due to minor throat Robitussin (or other brand of Guaifenesin), Persistent cough i irritation Robitussin DM or non-alcohol cough syrup (not to exceed 1 ! week's use) i I Nasal congestion and coUgh Triaminic DM (or other brand of alcohol- free and antihistamine-free decongestant I and antitussive) I I I Sore throat Alcohol-free lozenges, such as Severe or persistent sore throat Chloraseptic -
Gastrointestinal System History of “Abdominal Distension and Bloating”
Medicine Hx - Gastrointestinal System History of “Abdominal Distension and Bloating” A. Overview: Abdominal distension may be generalized or may be localized to a discrete mass or enlargement of an organ. The main causes of generalized abdominal distension are easily remembered by the five Fs: • Fat (obesity) • Faeces (constipation) • Fetus (pregnancy) • Flatus (gastrointestinal) • Fluid (ascites) A feeling of swelling (bloating) may be a result of excess gas or a hypersensitive intestinal tract (as occurs in the irritable bowel syndrome). Persistent swelling can be due to ascitic fluid accumulation . B. Differential diagnosis: DDx What support this diagnosis? “gastrointestinal” Risk Factors: Excessive Alcohol Consumption, Family History Of Cystic Fibrosis Or Malabsorption , Intestinal Surgery, Use Of Malabsorption Medication (Laxatives) Typical Symptoms: Bloating, Cramping ,Gas ,Fatty Stool, Muscle Wasting, Weight Loss Complication: Anemia , Gall Stone, Kidney Stones , Malnutrition “Hepatic ” Risk Factors: : Excessive Alcohol Consumption , Chronic Infection With Hepatitis B, C, Or D , Cystic Fibrosis Cirrhosis Typical Symptoms: Jaundice , Fatigue , Ascites , Swelling In Your Leg , Bleeding And Bruising Easily Complication: edema , Splenomegaly , Bleeding , “Cardiac” Risk Factors: Hypertension, Physical Activity, Diabetes, Smoking, Family History. Congestive Heart Typical Symptoms: Angina , Shortness Of Breath ,Fluid Retention failure And Swelling , Exercise Intolerance Complication: Kidney Damage , Heart Valve Problem, Liver Damage , Stroke “Renal” Nephrotic Syndrome Risk factors: Diabetes , Lupus , HIV , Hepatitis B And C, Some medications (NSAID) Typical Symptoms: Swelling , Foamy Urine , Weight Gain Complication: Blood Clots , Poor Nutrition , Acute Kidney Failure C. Questions to Ask the Patient with this presentation Questions What you think about … ! Onset Acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis, malignancy and Is it Sudden? portal or spelenic vein thrombosis ). -
General Instructions for Infant and Child Care
Name _______________________________________________ Birth Date ____________________________________________ GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR INFANT AND CHILD CARE GUIDELINES FOR HEALTH EVALUATION VISITS Richmond Pediatrics Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine . for over 50 years 357 N.W. Richmond Beach Road Shoreline, Washington 98177 (206) 546-2421 (206) 546-8436 – Fax www.Richmond-Pediatrics.com Age Immunization Date Given Immunizations >9 Years Old Birth Hepatitis B Immunization Date Given Hepatitis B MCV4 (Meningitis) #1 DtaP MCV4 (Meningitis) #2 IPV (Polio) 2 Months TdaP Hib (Meningitis) HPV #1 PCV13 (Pneumonia) Rotavirus HPV #2 DtaP HPV #3 IPV (Polio) 4 Months Hib (Meningitis) We also recommend a yearly influenza immunization. PCV13 (Pneumonia) Rotavirus Hepatitis B DtaP IPV (Polio) 6 Months Hib (Meningitis) PCV13 (Pneumonia) Rotavirus MMR VZV (Chickenpox) DtaP 12 -18 Hib (Meningitis) Months PCV13 (Pneumonia) Hepatitis A #1 Hepatitis A #2 18mos-4yrs PCV13 booster DtaP IPV 5 Years MMR VZV (Chickenpox) Influenza #1 6mos-5 yrs Influenza #2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Infant Care Page Breast Feeding ..............................................................6 Diarrhea .......................................................................20 Formula .........................................................................8 Dehydration .................................................................20 Feeding Schedule .........................................................9 Fever ...........................................................................22 -
Dilation and Adjunct Therapy for Strictures
Review Article Page 1 of 6 Dilation and adjunct therapy for strictures Richard Johnson, Eleanor C. Fung Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA Contributions: (I) Conception and design: All authors; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: None; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Eleanor C. Fung. 462 Grider Street, DK Miller Building 3rd Floor, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Strictures within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are a common issue faced by clinicians and can occur from a variety of benign and malignant etiologies. The goal of treatment is luminal enlargement to improve obstructive symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, obstipation or bowel obstruction. Generally, strictures can be effectively managed using endoscopic techniques of which dilation is generally the most commonly used and is effective in the management of strictures throughout the GIT. This review article will detail the current technologies available for the treatment of gastrointestinal strictures including indications of use, efficacy and safety. Keywords: Stricture; dilation; endoscopy; stent; electroincisional therapy Received: 01 April 2019; Accepted: 11 June 2019; Published: 01 July 2019. doi: 10.21037/ales.2019.06.06 View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/ales.2019.06.06 Introduction Dilation Strictures can occur at any level of the gastrointestinal The earliest treatments were focused on the esophagus as tract (GIT) from the esophagus to the colon. -
Sporadic (Nonhereditary) Colorectal Cancer: Introduction
Sporadic (Nonhereditary) Colorectal Cancer: Introduction Colorectal cancer affects about 5% of the population, with up to 150,000 new cases per year in the United States alone. Cancer of the large intestine accounts for 21% of all cancers in the US, ranking second only to lung cancer in mortality in both males and females. It is, however, one of the most potentially curable of gastrointestinal cancers. Colorectal cancer is detected through screening procedures or when the patient presents with symptoms. Screening is vital to prevention and should be a part of routine care for adults over the age of 50 who are at average risk. High-risk individuals (those with previous colon cancer , family history of colon cancer , inflammatory bowel disease, or history of colorectal polyps) require careful follow-up. There is great variability in the worldwide incidence and mortality rates. Industrialized nations appear to have the greatest risk while most developing nations have lower rates. Unfortunately, this incidence is on the increase. North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand have high rates for colorectal neoplasms (Figure 2). Figure 1. Location of the colon in the body. Figure 2. Geographic distribution of sporadic colon cancer . Symptoms Colorectal cancer does not usually produce symptoms early in the disease process. Symptoms are dependent upon the site of the primary tumor. Cancers of the proximal colon tend to grow larger than those of the left colon and rectum before they produce symptoms. Abnormal vasculature and trauma from the fecal stream may result in bleeding as the tumor expands in the intestinal lumen. -
Today's Topic: Bloating
Issue 1; August 2017 Dr. Rajiv Sharma attended medical school at Daya- nand Medical College, Punjab, India. He received his Undernourished, intelligence Internal Medicine training from Loma Linda Univer- sity, Loma Linda, California and received his Gastro- becomes like the bloated belly enterology Fellowship training from University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. Dr. Sharma trained of a starving child: swollen, under the mentorship of Dr. Richard G. Farmer, who is world renowned for his work on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. filled with nothing the body Rajiv Sharma, MD Dr. Sharma’s special interests include GERD, NERD, can use.” Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s & Ulcerative Colitis), IBS, Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis, Gastro- intestinal Malignancies and Familial Cancer Syn- - Andrea Dworkin dromes. In an effort to share his extensive knowledge with the public, Dr. Sharma re- leased his first book, Pursuit of Gut Happiness: A Guide for Using Probiotics to Inside this issue Achieve Optimal Health, in 2014. In Dr. Sharma’s free time, he enjoys medical writing, watching movies, exercis- Differential Diagnosis 2 ing and spending time with his family. He believes in “whole person care” and the effect of mind, body and spirit on “wellness”. He has a special interest in nu- trition, exercise and healthy eating. He prides himself on being a “fact doctor” as Signs of a More Serious 2 he backs his opinions and works with solid scientific research while aiming to deliver a simple and clear message. Problem Lab Workup 2 Non-Pathological Bloating 2 Today’s Topic: Bloating Bloating may seem an odd topic to choose for our first newsletter. -
CONGENITAL PYLORIC STENOSIS Together with Reports of Two Cases Of, Duodenal and One Case of Jejunal Atresia by DAVID LEVI, M.S., F.R.C.S
Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.26.291.24 on 1 January 1950. Downloaded from 24 CONGENITAL PYLORIC STENOSIS Together with Reports of Two Cases of, Duodenal and One Case of Jejunal Atresia By DAVID LEVI, M.S., F.R.C.S. The aetiology of congenital pyloric stenosis re- operated on three brothers successively in the mains unknown. The theory at present fashion- same family. able is that the development of the neuro-muscular plexus has been delayed and that the pyloric Pathology sphincter fails to relax and consequently hyper- The stomach shows a generalized hypertrophy trophies. The fact is that the whole musculature of the whole musculature reaching an extreme of the stomach is hypertrophic. This hyper- degree at the pylorus. The transition from the trophy is not present at birth, but appears with thickened muscle of the stomach to the thin considerable rapidity in patients presenting symp- duodenum is abrupt. The circular fibres of the toms. The following case history shows that the pyloric sphincter are most affected. hypertrophy is acquired rather than congenital:- Viewed from the duodenal side, the hyper- The author was asked to operate on a child trophic Sphincter has been likened to a small aged ten days, both of whose brothed had been cervix, but it does not project into the duodenum operated on by him for pyloric stenosis. The as the cervix projects into the vagina. The fold of mother and the maternity nurse were certain that duodenal mucosa at the junction of the duodenumby copyright. this child had the same trouble. -
A Case Report
J Pediatr Adolesc Surg. 2020; 1:89-91 OPEN ACCESS DOI: https://doi.org/10.46831/jpas.v1i2.39 Case Report Postoperative gastric Outlet Obstruction following hiatal hernia repair in an infant: A case report Muhammad Jawad Afzal,1 Shabbir Ahmad,1 Farrakh Mehmood Satar,1 Sajid Iqbal Nayyer,2 Muhammad Bilal Mirza,2 Nabila Talat1 Department of Pediatric Surgery II, The Children’s Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore Cite as: Afzal MJ, Ahmad S, Satar FM, Nayyer SI, Mirza MB, Talat N. Postoperative gastric Outlet Obstruction following hiatal hernia repair in an infant: A case report J Pediatr Adolesc Surg. 2020; 1: 89-91. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). ABSTRACT Background: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is an exceedingly rare cause of postoperative emesis in a case of hiatal hernia. Occasionally it may simulate other etiology of gastric outlet obstruction. Case Presentation: A 32-day-old male baby presented with respiratory distress and vomiting since birth. Diagnosis of eventra- tion of left hemi diaphragm was made on CT Chest. At surgery, hiatal hernia with an intrathoracic stomach was found, which was repaired. On 5th postoperative day, the baby developed vomiting after feeding which gradually turned to be projectile in nature over a week. Contrast meal performed showed malpositioned stomach with delayed emptying. At re-operation, a well- formed olive of pylorus was encountered; Ramstedt pyloromyotomy was done. -
What to Do When Your Child Has the “Tummy Flu”?
What to do when your child has the “Tummy flu”? How can I take care of my child? Vomiting: 1. Diet for breast-fed babies The key to treatment is providing breast milk in smaller amounts than usual. If your baby vomits once, make no changes. If your baby vomits twice, continue breast feeding but nurse on only one side for 10 minutes every 1 to 2 hours. If your baby vomits 3 or more times, nurse for 4 to 5 minutes every 30 to 60 minutes. As soon as 8 have passed without vomiting, return to normal nursing on both sides. Pedialyte is rarely needed for breast-fed babies. If vomiting continues, switch to Pedialyte for 4 hours. Spoon or syringe feed 1 to 2 teaspoons (5 to 10 ml) of Pedialyte every 5 minutes. If your baby is urinating less than normal, you can offer the baby an electrolyte solution between breast-feedings for a short time (6 to 24 hours). 2. Diet for formula-fed babies For infants less than 1 year old, always use an oral electrolyte solution (such as Pedialyte). Spoon or syringe feed your baby 1 teaspoon (5 ml) every 5 minutes. Until you get some Pedialyte, give formula by teaspoon in the same way. 3. If the child is vomiting offer small amount of clear fluids for 8 hours (no solid food) Offer clear fluids (no milk) in small amounts until 8 hours have passed without vomiting. Preferably Pedialyte and/or other oral rehydration formulas. Pedialyte popsicles, Jell-O are other ways to get fluids into the child. -
Symptomatic Approach to Gas, Belching and Bloating 21
20 Osteopathic Family Physician (2019) 20 - 25 Osteopathic Family Physician | Volume 11, No. 2 | March/April, 2019 Gennaro, Larsen Symptomatic Approach to Gas, Belching and Bloating 21 Review ARTICLE to escape. This mechanism prevents the stomach from becoming IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) Symptomatic Approach to Gas, Belching and Bloating damaged by excessive dilation.2 IBS is abdominal pain or discomfort associated with altered with OMT Treatment Options Many patients with GERD report increased belching. Transient bowel habits. It is the most commonly diagnosed GI disorder lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation is the major and accounts for about 30% of all GI referrals.7 Criteria for IBS is recurrent abdominal pain at least one day per week in the Carly Gennaro, DO1; Helaine Larsen, DO1 mechanism for both belching and GERD. Recent studies have shown that the number of belches is related to the number of last three months associated with at least two of the following: times someone swallows air. These studies have concluded that 1) association with defecation, 2) change in stool frequency, 1 Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, West Islip, NY patients with GERD swallow more air in response to heartburn and 3) change in stool form. Diagnosis should be made using these therefore belch more frequently.3 There is no specific treatment clinical criteria and limited testing. Common symptoms are for belching in GERD patients, so for now, physicians continue to abdominal pain, bloating, alternating diarrhea and constipation, treat GERD with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 and pain relief after defecation. Pain can be present anywhere receptor antagonists with the goal of suppressing heartburn and in the abdomen, but the lower abdomen is the most common KEYWORDS: ABSTRACT: Intestinal gas production is a normal physiologic progress.