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Child Suicide in Kazakhstan Special Report the United Nations Children’S Fund

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Child Suicide in Kazakhstan Special Report the United Nations Children’S Fund The United Nations Children’s Fund CHILD SUICIDE IN KAZAKHSTAN SPECIAL REPORT The United Nations Children’s Fund This publication is based on the data collected under the studies supported by a joint initiative of UNICEF, the Government of Norway, the U.S. Agency for International Development and the National Human Rights Centre (the Ombudsman’s Office) of the Republic of Kazakhstan. CHILD SUICIDE IN KAZAKHSTAN The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of the materials do not imply SPECIAL REPORT on the part of UNICEF the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of children in Kazakhstan or of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or the delimitation Robin N. Haarr, Ph.D. of its boundaries. Any information from this publication may be freely reproduced, but proper UNICEF Consultant acknowledgement of the source must be provided. The publication is not for sale. The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in the Republic of Kazakhstan Dr. Robin N. Haarr has worked extensively on issues of violence against children and women, human trafficking and 10 A Beibitshilik 010 000 exploitation, and child protection and victim support services Astana, the Republic of Kazakhstan with UNICEF, UNDP, UN Women, and other international Tel: +7 (7172) 32 17 97, 32 29 69, 32 28 78 organizations. Dr. Haarr has worked throughout Asia and Fax: +7 (7172) 321803 CIS/CEE countries, and in Africa. Her dedication and leadership to address violence against women and children and improve child protection systems and victim support services www.unicef.kz has brought about important policy changes and program www.unicef.org development. 2 I attempted suicide.” attempted en called oft are in death result not do Suicidal that actions suicide). as acompleted to nally carrying actthe (referred out fi to kill to oneself, attempting doso, to the means obtaining and suicide commit to aplan developing through life, one’s ending in an understanding of the nature and extent of suicide of extent and the nature of understanding in an childsuicide be grounded prevent ortsto developed eff policy program and crucial any is that It 2011. for minors among suicide of prevention for plan ajoint of the development to has led and key stakeholders, other and cials offi government among indiscussion resulted in Kazakhstan (see Table 1). In recent years, high rates of child suicide child of high rates years, recent 1).In (see Table in Kazakhstan 2 1 research should be used to inform policy and program development. policy be program used inform should and to research such of ndings be the fi undertaken, and must attempts suicide and suicide child on research us, Th attempts. suicide and suicides child of understanding and analysis comprehensive and basedasystematic upon versus suicide child cases reported afew of from information anecdotal some and basedassumptions likely upon more being are developed responses and orts eff prevention inKazakhstan, suicides child on research and data systematic of a lack With virtually nonexistent. are suicide of causes and suicide methods of including suicides, child of nature onthe data systematic Moreover, icting. or confl eninconsistent oft and scant is inKazakhstan suicide child of the prevalence on data systematic however, Currently, According to the World Health Organization (2002, p. 185), “suicidal behavior ranges in degree from merely thinking about thinking about merely from indegree ranges behavior 185),“suicidal (2002,p. Organization Health the World to According age. of years 18 being below human any to refer reportto used termchild is e this through Th between 5 and 14 years of age, and youth between 15 and 24 years of age are also higher are age of 24years between 15and youth and age, of 14years between 5and children for rates suicide but countries, developed and developing other to compared higher inKazakhstan, rates suicide total are only not that show comparisons nternational 2 among children in Kazakhstan. inKazakhstan. children among CHILD SUICIDE IN KAZAKHSTAN CHILD SUICIDE INKAZAKHSTAN 1 in Kazakhstan has has inKazakhstan SPECIAL REPORT SPECIAL Suicides rates per 100,000(2004-2009) Suicides rates available between 2004 and 2009. 2004 and between available years recent most the for Organization Health World the from is obtained Data Note: 1.5 Lithuania Lithuania 34.1 24.2 1.3 South Korea South Korea 31.0 30.3 2.0 Russia Russia 30.1 25.8 0.5 Belarus Belarus 27.4 15.2 3.7 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 25.6 29.5 0.6 Japan Japan 24.4 15.2 0.0 Latvia Latvia 22.9 12.3 1.3 Ukraine Ukraine 21.2 15.8 0.1 Belgium Belgium 19.4 9.8 Total suicides suicides Total 0.2 15-24yrs. Suicides 5-14yrs. Suicides Finland Finland 19.3 17.8 1.6 Estonia Estonia 18.1 17.0 1.2 Moldova Moldova 17.4 9.0 0.3 France France 16.3 6.5 0.4 Sweden Sweden 12.7 11.3 0.7 Norway Norway 11.9 11.1 0.7 Canada Canada 11.3 11.0 0.7 USA USA 11.0 10.0 1.1 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 8.8 10.5 0.3 Australia Australia 8.2 7.9 0.1 United Kingdom United Kingdom 6.9 5.1 3 hat do we currently know about years of age. Th e problem with this data is the prevalence of child suicide in that it does not really refl ect child suicides, as Kazakhstan? According to data it includes suicide among adults between 18 Wobtained from the Ministry of Education, to 29 years of age. And suicide rates among regional offi ces reported 264 child suicides young adults between 18 and 29 years of age in 2009 and 256 child suicides in 2010. In can be very diff erent than suicide rates for comparison, the Offi ce of the Prosecutor children under 18 years of age. So, this data General reported only 144 child suicides does not tell us much about the prevalence (including attempted suicides) in 2009 and of suicide for children under 18 years of age. 152 child suicides (including attempted Th e report prepared by the Agency of suicides) in 2010. While this data is useful, it Statistics of Kazakhstan also maintains there is problematic that the data is inconsistent and was a slight increase from 2009 to 2010 in confl icts. In addition, it is not clear what age suicides among children between 0 and 14 groups are being reported on by the Ministry years of age. In particular, they reported there of Education or the Offi ce of the Prosecutor were 69 child suicides in 2009 and 74 child General. Is it data for only children under suicides in 2010. Th is data confl icts with data 18 years of age? Or, is it data similar to that provided by the Ministry of Education and reported by World Health Organization, the Offi ce of the Prosecutor General, possibly including children between 5 and 24 years because the age categories diff er; moreover, of age? If it is the latter, the data can be this data does not include children between misleading because it includes suicide among 15 and 17 years of age that according to young adults between 18 and 24 years of age. the World Health Organization data have Suicide rates among young adults between 18 some of the highest rates of suicide among to 24 years of age can be very diff erent than for children. In fact, the Agency of Statistics of children under 18 years of age. Kazakhstan reported the 2010 suicide rates In a recent report on child suicides prepared for children were as follows: by the Agency of Statistics of Kazakhstan, it • 0-11 years old, 0.5 suicide deaths per PREVALENCE OF CHILD was reported that in 2010 there were 3,617 100,000 suicides, of which 1,286 suicides (35.5%) • 12-14 years old, 8.3 suicide deaths per SUICIDES were committed by those between 0 and 29 100,000 4 CHILD SUICIDE IN KAZAKHSTAN SPECIAL REPORT 5 Suicide rates for children were as follows There are clearly gaps and inconsistencies RECOMMendatiONS In terms of data analysis, it would be best if in the way data is collected, reported, and existing data on child suicides and suicide 19.0 recorded at the regional and national levels, In terms of data collection related to attempts in Kazakhstan were analyzed only and categories for disaggregation are either suicides and suicide attempts there are for those children under 18 years of age and unclear or nonexistent. In particular, age several recommendations: disaggregated by age groupings, specifically 0 and gender are typically not recorded in the • There needs to be guidelines for data to 9 years of age, 10 to 14 years of age, and 15 to suicide data, or are attempted suicides versus collection on suicide attempts and suicide 17 years of age. It is also important that the data 8.3 deaths related to suicide. Another problem is deaths to reduce gaps and inconsistencies in is disaggregated by gender, comparing girls to that there is no one organization responsible the data and increase the reliability of data. boys. It would also be particularly useful to for data collection and collation related to • There needs to be clearly defined categories analyze the data by age-gender groupings: girls suicides; as a result, data on suicides are for disaggregating data (e.g., age, gender, 0 to 9 years; boys 0 to 9 years; girls 10 to 14 years; 0.5 inconsistent and conflict. method of suicide, suicide attempts and boys 10 to 14 years; girls 15 to 17 years; boys 15 deaths) and guidelines for data collection to 17 years.
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