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Fruits (6), 356–364 | ISSN 0248-1294 print, 1625-967X online | https://doi.org/10.17660/th2018/73.6.6 | © ISHS 2018 Review article – Thematic Issue ventricosum EthiopiaDietary diversity associated with different enset [ (Welw.) Cheesman]-based production systems in , K. Tawle3, S. Muzemil3 and Z. Yemataw3 1 2 K.1 Jacobsen , G. Blomme 23 Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium Bioversity International, c/o ILRI, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, The Southern Agricultural Research Institute (SARI-Areka), Areka, Ethiopia Summary Significance of this study Introduction – A large diversity of enset-based pro- What is already known on this subject? duction systems exists in Ethiopia. Enset is cultivated • in combination with multipurpose trees, coffee, vege- exists in Ethiopia. Enset is cultivated in combination tables (kale), root and tuber crops, and various cere- withA large multipurpose diversity of trees,enset-based coffee, productionvegetables (systemse.g. als. In combination with roots and tubers, the cultiva- root and tuber crops, and various . tion of enset supports some of the most densely popu- , kale), lated rural areas of Ethiopia. Problem statement – En- What are the new findings? set is a starchy staple crop, high in carbohydrates, but • low in vitamins and protein content. When enough enset are available on a farm, poor households fromEnset-based legumes households and/or animal can haveproducts. a balanced However, diet, the do not go hungry, but their diets lack some essential if they are able to supplement enset with proteinkocho, bean nutrients. In general, most enset-based households can have a balanced diet, if they are able to supple- very poor households tend to fall back on ment enset with protein from legumes and/or animal sauce, cabbage and taro, with little daily variation and products. However, the very poor households tend Whatlow isdietary the expected diversity impact throughout on horticulture? the year. to fall back on kocho, bean sauce, cabbage and taro, • with little daily variation and low dietary diversity throughout the year. Recommendations – Sustainable Improved whole farm productivity and nutritional/di- intensification and diversification efforts are urgent- etary diversity in enset-based regions can be achieved ly needed to improve whole farm productivity and through sustainable intensification and diversification nutritional/dietary diversity in enset-based regions. efforts tailored to various types of farmers. In addition, research on food fortification and food supplementation of enset-based meals with nutri- cides, mais pauvre en vitamines et en protéines. ent-rich foods derived from, e.g., legumes and green Lorsque l’ensète est disponible en quantité suffisante leafy vegetables is urgently needed. The bioavailabil- sur une ferme, les ménages pauvres ne souffrent pas ity and bio-efficacy of the enriched meals also need to de la faim, mais leur régime alimentaire manque de be studied. certains éléments nutritifs essentiels. En général, la plupart des ménages dont l’alimentation est à base Keywords d’ensète arrivent à avoir un régime alimentaire équi- enset, Ensete ventricosum, Ethiopia, kocho, multipurpose libré s’ils le complètent avec des protéines d’origine végétale (légumineuses) et/ou animale. Cependant, les ménages très pauvres ont tendance à se rabattre Résumétree, nutrition security, nutritional value, staple crop sur le kocho, la sauce aux haricots, le chou et le taro, avec peu de variations quotidiennes et une faible di- versité de régimes alimentaires tout au long de l’an- Ensete née. Recommandations – Des efforts durables d’in- ventricosumDiversité alimentaire (Welw.) Cheesman] associée auxen Ethiopie. différents tensification et de diversification visant à améliorer systèmesIntroduction de production – Une grande à base diversité d’ensète de systèmes [ la productivité de l’ensemble de l’exploitation et la de production à base d’ensète existe en Ethiopie. diversité nutritionnelle/alimentaire dans les régions L’ensète est cultivé en association avec des arbres à à base d’ensète sont indispensables. En outre, des re- usages multiples, du café, des légumes (chou frisé), cherches sont nécessaires en priorité sur l’enrichisse- des racines et tubercules et diverses céréales. En as- ment et la supplémentation alimentaires des repas à sociation avec les racines et les tubercules, la culture base d’ensète avec des aliments riches en nutriments, d’ensètes subvient aux besoins des populations de dérivés par exemple des légumineuses et de légumes certaines des zones rurales les plus densément peu- verts. La biodisponibilité et la bioefficacité des repas plées d’Ethiopie. Problématique – L’ensète est une enrichis doivent également être étudiées. culture vivrière contenant de l’amidon, riche en glu-

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Jacobsen . | Dietary diversity associated with different enset-based production systems in Ethiopia Mots-clés Ensete ventricosum, Ethiopie, kocho This review looks at the nutritional potential of en- valeurarbre multi nutritionnelle usages, culture vivrière, ensète, southwesternset-based farming Ethiopia. systems and their potential to meet the , sécurité nutritionnelle, dietary requirements of farming households in south and Nutritional value of enset Introduction Enset (order Scitamineae ) can be The stability of enset-coffee home gardens depends on , family providingenset ability multiple to feed outputs, more people and maintaining per unit area and of improving land than found throughout Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar theany resource other crop base grown through in positive Ethiopia ecological (Tsegaye, effects 2002), such while as (Baker and Simmonds, 1953;et al. Simmonds, 1958), but it has shading, soil erosion control, and improvement of organic only been domesticated in Ethiopia starting from around 10,000 years ago (Brandt , 1997). Enset-based cultiva- tion is one of the four major agricultural systems in Ethiopia, lowmatter levels (Woldu, of essential 1997). aminoEnset isacids, a starchy such stapleas methionine crop, high and in cropwhich in includessouth and pastoralism, southwestern shifting Ethiopia, cultivation with high and cultural grain- carbohydrates, but low in vitaminset andal. protein content, with based cultivation (Westphal, 1975). Enset is an important enset plants are available on a farm, poor households do isoleucine (Kusin, 1973; Besrat , 1979). When enoughi.e., significance andet al. able to supply long-term, sustainable food security with few off-farm inputs (Negash, 2001; Tsegay, not go hungry, but their diets lack essential nutrients ( 2002; Olango , 2014). spp.), but protein and vitamins) (Negash and Niehof, 2004). In all en- With its robust leaves and broad pseudostem (up to 1 m set-growing areas, enset is the most frequently served main withdiameter), , enset enset is closely fruits relatedare not to edible. banana Rather, ( the pseu meal, with a daily averageet al. consumption of 0.5 kg, which pro- dostemit is taller, and reaching underground up to 10 m (Westphal, or rhizome 1975). are Inprocessed contrast videsEnset 68% is of prepared the total eitherenergy as intake, kocho 20% protein, 28% iron, - but no vitamin A (Pijls , 1995; Negash and Niehof, 2004). depending on the landrace and altitude, with higher alti bulla (fermented and bread- and used as food. Full maturity is reached after 4 to 12 years, like food, a fermented product of the corm and pseudostem), - (dehydrated juice collected during decortication of the tudes significantly increasing the duration of the cropping amichopseudostem and grating of the corm, thereafter rehydrated cycle (Negash, 2001). Domesticated enset grows in soils that from concentrate and prepared as pancake or porridge), or etare al. sufficiently fertile and well drained, and at altitudes rang- (boiled corm pieces, eaten likeet potato). al. Various en- ing from 1,200 to 3,100 m above sea level (m a.s.l.) (Brandt set-based recipes include the addition of spices, milk, maize , 1997). Optimal cultivation conditions are found where ingflour, regions, butter, thebeans main or cabbageprocess (Olangoof harvesting , 2014).for the produc annual rainfall ranges from 1,100et al. to 1,500 mm, at altitudes tionAlthough of kocho there are slight variations between enset-grow- between 2,000 and 2,750 m a.s.l. and temperature averages - between 10 and 21 °C (Brandt , 1997). Low temperature includes scraping the parenchymatous pseu- limits cultivation of enset particularly at higher altitudes, dostem and crushing the corm, which is followedbulla by )fermen will be- canwhereas be cultivated water availability in lowlands is a andrestrictive vice versa factor, farmers for altitudes claim tation of the pulp mixture in fermentation pits. During scrap- below 1,200 m a.s.l. Although landraces adapted to highlands ing, which is carried out by women, the juice ( et al. animalcollected bone as aor moist a wooden sticky tool, substance to form intosmaller a small pieces, pit which lined thatIn some combination landraces with are root specifically and tuber adapted crops, to the particular cultiva iswith then enset mixed leaves with (Tsegay, the scraped 2002). pseudostem The corm andis grated, buried using in a ecosystems (Olango , 2014). 3 pit, lined with enset leaves, to ferment for a period of - et al. tion of enset provides food self-sufficiency to some of the kocho1 m most densely populated rural areas of Ethiopia, indicating 2–3 months (Tsegaye, 2002). Urga (1996) reported that that the human carrying capacity of enset-based farming fermentation procedures reduce toxicity of raw etsystems al. is likely higher than that of other crops and crop- materials,et whileal. contributing to flavour. Some loss of protein ping systems with the same agroecology and inputs (Brandt and dry matter is associated with the fermentation process million, 1997; people, Tsegay, concentrated 2002). Enset in the forms highlands an integral of south part and of (Besrat , 1979; Tsegay, 2002), possibly due to the per- the diet for 20% of the Ethiopianet population, al. or at leastet al.20, meability of fermentation pit walls and the long duration of dationsfermentation from inresearch the pit, on which fermentation allows leaching processes of water-sol and pits- southwestern Ethiopia (Brandt , 1997; Sabura (ublee.g proteins and amino acids (Tsegay, 2002). Recommen- 2016). The total land area covered by enset-based farming farmers. The protein content of unfermented samples ranges systems is unknown. CSA (2011) stated that 300,000 ha of ., using plastic containers) have not yet been adopted by land is covered by enset-based farming systems. By contrast, BODEP (1996) refers to an estimated 576,000 ha covered by from 1.75et al.to 6.16%, whereas the result obtained from sam- the perennial enset-based agroforestry systems of the south ples fermented for 30 days rangeskocho between 1.69bulla and can4.63% be Ethiopia,and southwestern though the highlands exact extent of Ethiopia. remains Clearly, to be evaluated. hundreds of (Besrat , 1979). thousands of hectares are devoted to enset-based farming in Between 16 and 37 kg of and 19 kg of based on environmental, agronomic and cultural criteria, haharvested per mature 4- to 6-year old plant (Tsegaye, 2002). andDistinctive the level of enset importance production given systems to enset can within be categorized each crop This-1 is roughly equivalent to an annual yieldkocho of 4.5 to 10.3 t et al. when taking into account planting density and number variation is observed due to wealth of farming households,- thanof years the correspondingto harvest. The value calorie for contentfood grains of (tef, wheat, per 100 bar g ping system (Westphal, 1975; Brandt , 1997). Additional of edible material is approximately 200 kcal, or 57% lower et al. et al. -1 - farming skills, landholding size and availability of resources ley and maize), which is estimated at 350 kcal 100 g (Urga (Brandt , 1997). , 1996). However, the energy yield per area and unit of

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Jacobsen . | Dietary diversity associated with different enset-based production systems in Ethiopia Table 1.

Farming zonesCroppingStaple system crops diversity (carbohydrate in selected sources) enset-basedAdditional farmingfoods zones in Ethiopia. Cash/other crops Sources Gurage Enset, few cereals, maize. Enset Milk, cheese, meat, spiced yoghurt, butter, Khat, coffee, Spring, 1996 dominant for all households kale; pumpkin, haricot bean, banana eucalyptus Hadiya Enset, wheat, barley, teff, , Faba bean, haricot bean, field peas, Coffee, eucalyptus, Spring, 1996 maize. In some areas > enset, potatoes, and kale, butter bamboo, khat in others enset is dominant Sidama Enset, maize, taro. Enset dominant in Maize, taro, haricot bean, kale, avocado, Many trees, coffee, Spring, 1996 all households orange, banana, sugar cane, yam, taro; khat cereals, legumes and animal products are purchased Enset, maize Beans, cabbage (kale), avocado, banana, Coffee, khat Abebe, 2005 pumpkin, rhamnus West Shewa Enset Wheat and barley Coffee, khat, cabbage, Bacha and faba beans, wheat, Taboge, 2003 barley, many trees Northwest Enset Maize, teff Sandford and Wolayta Kassa, 1994

) is higher than that of other common Ethiopian staples-2 such-1 as cereals, Irish pota to,time sweet for enset potato (1,450 and banana, kcal m but year lower than that of cassava Where enset is the main staple crop, farmers acknowledge (Pijls et al. - the importance of enset diversity for production stability and they are generally better able to differentiate between , 1995; Table 1). These characteristics have earned landraces (Tsegay, 2002). Individual farmers mayet al. grow as it theThe title nutritive of most value efficient of enset Ethiopian is similar cropto potato (Tsegaye (Moham and many as 18–28 different landraces within one backyard medStruik, et 2001).al. plantation (Zippel and Alemu, 1995; Yemataw , 2014, - 2016). Wealthieret al. farmers tend to have more enset plants and , 2013),et al. and it is often complemented with protein a higher diversity of landraces compared to poorer farmers from milk, meat or leguminous vegetables, like peas and (Brandt , 1997; Negash, 2001; Tsegaye, 2002). ofbeans enset (Abebe with leguminous, 2006; crops Bvenura or animal and Afolayan, protein 2015).ensures As a et al.There are significant differences between cultivated a reliable and important source of energy, the combination ofand three wild landracesenset types with regarding three wild nutritional enset groups content. and Boscha iden (2016) compared nutritional and chemical properties diet lacking only vitamin A, which is provided throughout the - year by the popular cabbage and kale in most enset-growing tified significant differences depending on genotype for all Diversityhouseholds (Negash, of the 2001). enset crop components analyzed. The three scored generally ensethigher had than a largerthe three fraction wild of genotypes starch. For for fat protein, and sugar, fat, differsugar encesand minerals reduced (notablyafter fermentation. the amount The of iron),variation while in chemical the wild Production diversity is a key component of agrobiodi- - versity, characterized by the diversity of the crops as well clonalas the daughterintrinsic diversityplants. Farmer of each selection crop. Enset of plants plants with are desir veg- composition and perceived qualityet al. (colour, texture, taste and ableetatively characteristics propagated, has whereby allowed the the motherdevelopment plant producesof differ ationoverall) in nutritionalamong wild and and chemical cultivated properties enset genotypes between suggests landra - potential for breeding (Boscha , 2016). In addition, vari- - - butent landraces.which farmers Worede have (1991) adapted defined to local a landraceconditions as through “a crop ces (‘Ferezae’, ‘Ado’ and ‘Tuzuma’) has been reported (Bezu- population that has not been bred as a variety by scientists, neh, 1984). Wide morphological and genotypic variation haset al.been observed in wildet al. enset populations, possibly reflecting years of natural and artificialet al. selection”. Farmers recognize variation in nutritional and chemical properties (Birmeta numerous landraces that they distinguish by their appear- Diversity, 2004; Yemataw of enset-based , 2018). cropping systems ance and use (Olango , 2014; Zippel and Alemu, 1995).et al., and dietary diversity Enset is geneticallyet al. diverse, with different landraces preferentially used for different purposes (Shumbulo 2012; Yemataw , 2016, 2018). Despite its significance, Dietary diversity is a qualitative measure of food con- enset lacks a well-established descriptor list and formal tax- sumption that reflects household access to a variety of foods, basedonomic on classification morphological (Bekele traits andsuch Shigeta,as stem 2011).and leaf Farmers colour, and is also a proxy for nutrient adequacy of the diet of in- easily recognize more than 50 different landraces of ensetet al., dividuals (FAO, 2010). Dietary diversity is a result of the di- et al. versity of crops cultivated, foods purchased and wild foods etleaf al. orientation, and pseudostem and leaf size (Brandt foraged by the household for consumption, which may dif- es1997; (Shumbulo Tsegay and et al. Struik, 2002; Olango , 2014; Yemataw fer depending on cultural preferences, prevailing ecosystem , 2016), whereby most landraces have multiple purpos- characteristics, and access to market and householdet al. income. for landraces within, 2012).a single There district may with be an50 areato 100 of lessdifferent than In Ethiopia, farms produce on average more than 10 dif- vernacular names (representing 50 to 100 enset landraces) cultivatedferent crop throughout and livestock southern, western, (Sibhatu eastern , and2015). central As- 2 et al. faw and Nigatu (1995) identified a total of 162 crop species 1,000 km holding a quarter of a million people from a single ethnic group (Zippel and Alemu, 1995; Yemataw , 2016). Ethiopia. Seventy-eight percent of these were food crops, of

358 International Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture et al

Jacobsen . | Dietary diversity associated with different enset-based production systems in Ethiopia Table 2. et al.

Production Enset systems productionImportance systems of enset (adapted Ethnic from groups Brandt (zones) , 1997).Livestocks Uses of enset Enset Primary staple Sidama, Gurage Cattle for manure Kocho Enset, cereals, roots/ Co-staple Gamo, Hadiya, Wolayta, Cattle/oxen for manure, ploughing Kocho, amicho tubers Ari cereal fields Cereals, enset, roots Secondary staple (food Oromo Livestock for transport and ploughing, Kocho, amicho and tubers security) less for manure; ploughing and hoe used for cereal fields Roots and tubers, Minor staple Sheko Hoe-based shifting cultivation, Amicho cereals, enset livestock of minor importance

Figure 1. Enset-growing areas of southern and southwestern Ethiopia and administrative zones mentioned in this paper. which maize and enset were the most common and 41% of enset in this production system is for household consump- were fruits and vegetables. A total of 6 cereal crops, 14 pulse tion and local markets. The other three enset production sys- F IGURE 1. staple crops, with cereals, roots and tubers of variable im crops, 12 root and tuber crops (incl. enset), 35 fruit crops, tems (with reduced importanceet al. of enset) also rely on other included31 vegetable fragrant crops,Enset-growing plants 18 spices, or spices areasherbs and ofand plantssouthern shrubs, grown and and for10 southwestern nuts,their Ethiopia and administrative zones mentioned in this- oils and sugar crops were recorded. Non-food crops (22%) portance (Table 2; Brandt , 1997). paper. Most of these enset-based farms are derived from for- es. utilityThe as spatialmedicines and or temporalnarcotics, orarrangement for non-food of oil crops purpos in- est, whereby farmers clear away the undergrowth to plant enset and coffee, leaving the upper story trees, resulting in of crop combinations are observed, with perennials and an multistory agroforestry systems, which have remained rel- home-gardens varies between localities, and a wide range atively stable for centuries (Figures 2 and 3) (Kippe, 2002). - Abebe (2005) focused on production systems in Sidama zone nuals intercropped in a multistory agroforestry-type system, of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional which essentially function as a living pantry. State (SNNPRS) in southcentral Ethiopia (Figure 1). The en- Differentet al. authors have categorized the diverse en- set – coffee based farms in this zone, Cathawere categorizededulis into temsset-based in south production and southwestern systems into parts different of Ethiopia sub-systems. into four sub-systems depending on the relative importance of maize, Brandt (1997) divided enset-based production sys- sweet potato, pineapple and khat [ ] (Abebe, is the main staple crop for farming households where live 2005; Table 3). The main drivers of the different sub-systems sub-systems (Table 2; Figure 1). In the first sub-system, enset are access to a highway and altitude (Abebe, 2005). The first et al. - sub-system (enset – coffee – maize) is characterized by dif- stock, particularly cattle, play an important role (Table 2; ficult access to roads. Enset makes up the bulk of the diet, Brandt , 1997). It is cultivated in highly populated areas supplemented by maize, and coffee is the main cash crop. In in dense plantations and fertilized by manure. The main use the following sub-system (enset – coffee – maize – sweet po-

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Jacobsen . | Dietary diversity associated with different enset-based production systems in Ethiopia

Figure 2. Figure 3.

F IGURE 2. Enset agroforestry system around Dila in South- Enset intercropped with coffee around Dila in F IGURE 3. tato),ern Ethiopia Enset the agroforestry latter (Source: becomes system around Guy Dilaan Blomme). in important Southern Ethiopia additional (Source: Guy Blomme). component pia,Southern maize Ethiopia represents (Source: the largest Guy Blomme). share in total cereal produc Enset intercropped with coffee around Dila in Southern Ethiopia (Source: Guy Blomme).

this crop, and coffee remains the most important cash crop. - of the cropping system, where the soil is suitable to cultivate tion, accounting for 17% of the per capita calorie intake in 2004–2005, even though a considerable amount is imported A third sub-system (enset – coffee – maize – khat) is found each year, primarily via food aid programs (Demeke, 2012). where road access and soil suitability allow the cultivation Ethiopia’s import of maize was reported as 54,466 tons in tionof khat. of farm Here, devoted the proportion to enset remainsof coffee the is reduced same, but to moreaccom of- 2009, compared to an average of 35,016 tons in the previous themodate land for allotted the khat to foodas an crops important is now cash devoted crop. Theto maize, propor to- 5 years (Demeke, 2012). Although maize was documented complement enset production, as enset is less productive in in Ethiopia in 1623, its popularity in southwest, enset-based farming systems of Ethiopia dates from 1950 to 1975 (Mc- Cann, 2001). Maize is an integral component of the cropping ditionthis third of the sub-system. last two cropsThe fourth increases sub-system the share (enset of new – coffee cash system with regional diversity patterns of local specializa- – maize – pineapple – khat) includes pineapple and khat. Ad- tion for maize only, enset only, or mixed maize and enset cul- tivation. In 2005, the average share of land planted to maize crops compared with the first sub-system (Abebe, 2005). was 16% with some sites allocating up to 40% of land to hectareAccess to (Table roads 3). clearly improves profitability, expressed as 16 maize (Abebe, 2005). 17 monetary annual yield per hectare, of the farming system per Although enset is drought tolerant, it matures slowly,et real.-, quires extensive processing and -1substantial amounts of ma- As described above, maize is an important co-staple in nure, and produces fewer kcal kg than maize (Quinlan enset-based cropping systems (Figure 4). Throughout Ethio- 2015). Maize, by contrast, is often promoted by extension ser- Table 3.

Enset-coffee production systems in the Sidama zone of the ProductionSNNPRS (adapted systems from Abebe, 2005). Characteristics Enset, coffee, maize, sweet Enset, coffee, maize, sweet Enset, coffee, maize Enset, coffee, maize, khat potato potato+pineapple Altitude (in m a.s.l.) 1,800–2,000 1,710–1,740 >1,800 1,520–1,730 Coffee-enset coverage (in %) 65 35 21 52 Main food crop coverage Enset (25), Enset (13), Enset (20), Enset (22), (in %) supplemented supplemented by maize supplemented supplemented by maize by maize and sweet potato (34) by maize (29) and sweet potato (18) Main cash crop coverage Coffee (40) Coffee (22) Coffee (11), khat (14) Pineapple (9), khat (6), (in %) coffee (30)

Livestock (#) Medium (2) Medium (2) High (>3) Low (<2) Species richness High (41) Highest (43) Low (25) Medium (30) (# of crop and tree species)

Annual yield in monetary valuez 230 190 338 322 (in US$ ha-1)

Main drivers of the production Remote location Soil quality Road access Road access system High population density (highway), soil quality Soil quality enset is less (moisture) productive here

z The exchange rate for 23 November 2016 was used to calculate the conversion of Birr to US$.

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Jacobsen . | Dietary diversity associated with different enset-based production systems in Ethiopia

Other crops include faba bean, haricot bean, field peas, potatoes, maize and kale. Farmers grow coffee, eucalyptus trees, bamboo and khat as cash crops or for household use (Spring, 1996). • Bacha and Taboge (2003) studied farming systems of the TheWest resulting Shewa zone, land where shortage they foundand fragmentation,that rugged conditions due to populationleave only a increase, small portion is a considerable of the land suitable constraint. for farming. The es

which are less favourable for farming, contributes to food- tablishment of multipurpose trees on hilly mountain tops,

multipurposesecurity in the tree region. species, Enset including is intercropped Junipers, withEucalyptus, coffee, Podocarpuskhat, cabbage, fascatus, faba beans, Hegnia wheat abyssinica, and barley Olea and africana, numerous Ver- nonia amygdalina, Maesa lanciolata, Justicia schimperiana, Figure 4. Young enset plants intercropped with maize Myrica salicifola, Sapium ellipticum and Oxytenanthera ab-

yssinica F IGURE 4.

(Source: Young Guyenset plants Blomme). intercropped with maize (Source: Guy Blomme). effects. . Eucalyptus, Junipers and Podocarpus are usually

. Yet, maize is prone to failure in grown far from the enset fields due to their allelopathic

vices as a means to achieve-1 self-sufficiency, maturing rapidly

and providing more kcal kg • In the Northwest Welaita region, Sandford and Kassa dry years and requires external inputs, notably chemical fer- (1994) found maize, teff and enset as the most significant tilizer (Quinlan, 2015). Maize therefore jeopardizes, to some staple crops. Maize has food security and market value, teff visedextent, to the grow integrity maize and in a stability continuous of the area perennial to facilitate agroforestry cultiva has cultural value and food security value. Teff is seldom type enset-based systems, particularly when farmers are ad- sold, but when it is, it has the highest market value of the - three crops. Enset has a low market value and is seldom tion and efficiency of fertilizer use (Abebe, 2005). tential.sold in Welaita;Enset also for holds food security,important enset cultural is comparable value. Some to Structurally farms are built of several units, defined farmersmaize, especially commented considering that enset the was year-round becoming aharvest bit less pore- by the crops that dominate in each particular unit (Abebe, liable due to bacterial wilt. 2005). Different studiese.g have looked at production diversity - of enset-based farming systems, relating it to dietary diversi- ty to some extent ( ., Sandford and Kassa, 1994; Asfaw and A household survey conducted by Negash (2001) ex- Nigatu, 1995; Spring, 1996; Bacha and Taboge, 2003; Abebe, amined the types and frequency of foodstuffs consumed 2005; Table 1): 18 by households in the Southwestern parts of SNNPR state • In the Sidama zone, SNNPRS of Ethiopia, 78 crops were of Ethiopia. The author stratified households according to identified, of which 15 were found in half of the farms vis- wealth status, whereby lower class households represented ited, and enset, maize and coffee were found in all (Abebe, 35% of the households studied; 47% of the households were 2005). Other key species include beans, cabbage, avocado, middle-class and 18% were upper class. Lower class was banana, pumpkin, rhamnus (used for dyes and oils) and defined as households with very few resources, earning less khat (Abebe, 2005). Genetic diversity was also represent- than 500 Ethiopian Birr (approximately 61 US$) annually, ed within crop species, particularly for enset and coffee, less than 0.5 ha of land and no oxen or livestock. Lower class awhereby minimum 42 of landraces 6 enset landraces of enset and were 3 identifiedcoffee cultivars and 26in households have less than 600 enset plants and lower clonal cultivars of coffee (Abebe, 2005). Households cultivated diversity (max 5 clones). Upper class households by contrast, ofearn wealth over status, 1,000 that Birr each annually, household cultivate consumes more enset than 2at ha least of each farm (Abebe, 2005). In the Sidama zone, crops such as land and 10 livestock. Negash (2001) observed, irrespective shademaize, crop yam, and taro, be haricot intercropped beans, andwith kale coffee. are Treesintercropped include Cordiawith the africana, early stages Millettia of enset. ferruginea Enset may also function as a twice a day, in combination with cabbage, beans, taro, meat, milk, cheese and eggs. So, livestock products play an import- and fruit trees like av- ant role in the diet of these households. But not all house- round.ocado and When orange; coffee sometimes is harvested, banana farmers and sugar will cane.purchase Peo- holds own livestock. Particularly, the poorest families have cereals,ple prefer legumes enset products and animal to other products foods, to consuming mix with itkocho year. little to no cattle, often share-raising them through loan from wealthier farmers (Spring, 1996), and 56% of the house- holds owned between 0–4 cattle (Negash, 2001; Spring, Supplementing diet with cereal is reserved mostly for rich- status1996; Tsegayeof the households and Struik, interviewed, 2002). Indeed, with a strong wealthier correlation house er households (Spring, 1996). was observed between dietary diversity and socio-economic • chasingIn the Gurage cereals zone,and vegetables enset is mostlyin the lent consumed season when together an - with milk, cheese, meat and kale, with households pur- holds eating a more diverse and sufficient diet duringkocho the, - week, with more affluence during the harvest season. Poor- imal products are not consumed. Milk is more plentiful in er households, on the other hand, tend to fall back on July and August (rainy season months) when the cows give bean sauce, cabbage and taro, with little daily variation and eitherbirth (Spring, enset or 1996). cereals are the main staple crops. Cereal low dietary diversity throughout the week (Negash, 2001). • In the Hadiya zone, different regions are recognized where Many children from agrarian families that are dependent on an enset diet are nutritionally inferior compared to children crops include wheat, barley, teff and sorghum, and occu- not dependent on such a diet (Kusin, 1973). This is because py on average between 13 and 65% of the total farm area. children from enset-dependent households have less op-

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Jacobsen . | Dietary diversity associated with different enset-based production systems in Ethiopia

portunity to eat meat and dairy products, which are often somelated. extent However, (Sibhatu pure et subsistence al. farms are rare in reality consumed during visits to the market. Children more often and most households are involved in market interactions to remainWhen at thelandholding homestead size or decreases,spend long duedays to at population school (Kusin, in , 2015b). Even in Ethiopia where crease1973; Negash, for example, 2001). farmers are faced with critical decisions the degree of commercializationet al. is still relatively low, farm - households acquire 55% of the foods consumed from the market (Sibhatu , 2015b). In the households studied regarding food security. Enset plays a key role in determining locatedby Abebe closer (2005), to roads a higher put morediversity land of to cropsannual and staples, trees suchwas cropping strategies. If a household has sufficient enset plants seen in farms without easy access to roads, whereas farms of different levels of maturity, they will focus more on crops with a higher market value, such as cereals; if this is not the throughas maize the and sale sweet of cash potato, crops and (e.g cash crops, like khat and case, they will turn their attention towards food crops (Rah- pineapple (Abebe, 2005; Table 3). In this light, assets gained mato, 1996). Culturally and psychologically, it is the number role for the provision of additional food., coffee, sources. khat, pineapple) of enset plants that will determine the household’s decision or livestock (products) from enset-based farms, play a key regarding crop diversification and crop-mix in each particu- tems (e.g lar season (Rahmato, 1996). Negash (2001) concluded from manureCash for crops soil areimprovement, integral to but enset-based also cash productionto contribute sys to- her study that a high number of enset plants and clonal di- ., coffee, khat). Livestock too provides not only versity are important for food security, while annual income, regional and national economies, and contributes to house landholding size and number of livestock are more import- dietary needs (Tsegay, 2002). Coffee remains a key player in ant in the context of livelihood security, and thus also food - security. hold income. However, khat is increasing its importance as a Abebe (2005) observed that households are sometimese.g., when cash crop for enset farmers, it is cultivated on almost 95,000 landforced holding to switch size to is annual too small crops, to allowif the ensetharvest yield of moreis insuffi ma- ha of land (roughly ⅓ of the surface area devoted to cof- cient to cover family consumption requirements, fee) and is currently the fastest-growinget al. export commodity, - currently ranking second after coffee, as a source of foreign ture plants. Furthermore, when the number of livestock is exchange (Abebe, 2005; Kandari , 2014). Compared to tolow, annual enset yieldscrops willis most also pronouncedbe negatively for affected poor farmersby the lack with of coffee, the interest of cultivating khat is that it is not reliant available manure (Abebe, 2005). So, often, a shift from enset on external inputs and it can be harvested 2–3 times a year, and thus distributes the annual family income more evenly. land constraints (Abebe, 2005). On the other hand, cereal Khat is dependent on easy road access, and its bushy nature farmers, who are frequently confronted with a hunger gap may hinder cultivation of other crops, due to its continuous when harvest of cereals is low, are known to grow enset as ground cover (Abebe, 2005). an insurance against hunger et(Shank al. and Eritro, 1996), and cropFinally, failures. enset It is itselfused isas alsoa buffer an importantin the case asset of illness for the or most farming households will retain a few plants as security farming household. It provides financial security against against harder times (Brandt , 1997; Rahmato, 1996). enset plants can be sold as a standing plant before being pro Nutritionally, farmers devote about half of the farm to cessedany unexpected or a portion expenses, of fermented or to pay kocho annual or landbulla taxes. Larger energy-producing staple crops, such as cereals, enset, root - and tuber crops (Abebe, 2005). The average area devoted to may be tak- allocatecabbage largeris less thanplots 2%,of land but thisto bean is sufficient production, to cover while house sup- en from the storage pit for sale at any time (Negash, 2001).kocho hold consumption needs. Richer farmers are mostly able to Assets may also be generated through the sale of wood from - holds,khat and the eucalyptus percentage trees, land allocatedkhat, coffee, to varioustobacco, crops hops, differs, plementing their diet with meat and eggs (Abebe, 2005). By and banana (Spring, 1996). From richer to poorer house- contrast, poor households are more prone to protein. The defi in- ciency, due to the inadequate amount of land devoted-1 to bean with enset and grazing increasing and khat, coffee and euca- production and suboptimal yields of 1,000 kg ha - lyptus decreasing. Poorer households will sell their labour, troduction of higher yielding vegetables and pulses may thus harvest few enset plants and try to sell hay or crafts to gain enhance nutritional wellbeing while improving the efficiency income (Spring, 1996). Rich farmers have more land and ma- Theof the importanceagro-forestry system of household(Abebe, 2005). income and nure-producing livestock, and they plant more enset landra- cash crops for dietary diversity ces than poor farmers (Tsegaye and Struik, 2002). In total, about 76% of the land belongs to the rich, 16% to middle-in- Conclusioncome and 8% to the poor (Spring, 1996). Dietary diversity benefits from the diversity of the ag- ricultural production system. Dietary diversity depends on dependentpurchased, onforaged the cultivated and cultivated crops crops,than those whereby of communi the diets Enset is uniquely adapted to highly populated regions of farming communities located more remotely will be more in Ethiopia where rainfall and temperatures are adequate. - It provides food security, it is drought tolerant, it can be ties who are able to benefit from road and market access. stored over the long-term, and it is more efficient in terms Improved access to agricultural markets and off-farm in- of energy per unit space and time than any other staple crop come often has a larger impact on dietary diversity than in- in Ethiopia. The ability of farming households to grow suf- (Sibhatucreased production et al. diversity, as households with higher cash decisionsficient enset to plant depends annual in staple some extentcrops or on invest the wealthin cash statuscrops incomes tend to buy more diverse foods from the market of the household, and market access will strongly influence produced for ,home 2015a). consumption, the relationship between In remote subsistence households, where food is only allowother thaneasier coffee. access Although to household annual income. crops may not provide as much food and income security in the long-term, they may production and dietary diversity might be more closely re-

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Jacobsen . | Dietary diversity associated with different enset-based production systems in Ethiopia

Res. Int. 76, legumesIn general, and/or most animal enset-based products, households as well as have other a balancedessential Bvenura, C., and Afolayan, A.J. (2015). The role of wild vegetables in diet, if they are able to supplement enset with protein from household food security in South Africa: A review. Food 1001–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.013. Figures, K kocho, bean sauce, cabbage F nutrients (minerals and vitamins). However, the very poor SectorsCSA (Central and Seasons, Statistical Ethiopia. Agency) (2011). Agricultural in ey households tend to fall back on indings of 2008/09–2010/11 Agricultural Samples Survey for All and taro, with little daily variation and low dietary diversity throughout the year. Acknowledgments 36Demeke, pp. M. (2012). Analysis of incentives and disincentives for maize in Ethiopia. Technical Notes Series (Rome, Italy: MAFAP, FAO),

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