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SNELSON-BRINKER HOUSE ______HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT ______Prepared by the MTSU Center for Historic Preservation
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Submitted to the National Park Service, National Trails Intermountain Region, Santa Fe, NM December 2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS This report was prepared by:
Introduction ...... 1 Amy Kostine, Trail of Tears Project Coordinator Location ...... 2 Ashley Brown, Fieldwork Coordinator Historical Background and Context ...... 3
Introduction ...... 3
Levi Lane Snelson Establishes a Homestead ...... 4 The Brinker Family & The Trail of Tears ...... 6 The Snelson-Brinker House, 1852-Present ...... 12 Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description ...... 21 South Elevation ...... 24 West Elevation ...... 25 North Elevation ...... 25 East Elevation ...... 29 Interior ...... 29 Preservation Needs Assessment and Recommendations ...... 32 Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Preservation ...... 32 Additional 1830s Resources at the Snelson-Brinker House ...... 51 Brinker-Houston Cemetery ...... 51 Historic Road ...... 63 Additional Structures at the Snelson-Brinker House ...... 64 Smokehouse/Root Cellar ...... 64 Privy ...... 66
Water Pump Site ...... 66 Appendix ...... 67 A. National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form ...... 67 B. Crawford County Survey Report No. 135 ...... 79 C. Mothballing Checklist ...... 81 D. Maintenance Chart ...... 82 Endnotes ...... 83
Table of Contents Snelson-Brinker House HSR
INTRODUCTION National Register Criteria for Evaluation from the U.S. Department of the Interior,
National Park Service This study was made possible by a Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (CESU) Task Agreement with the National Trails Intermountain Region of the National Park The quality of significance in American history, architecture, Service (NTIR) in Santa Fe, New Mexico. archaeology engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, The Snelson-Brinker House in Crawford County, Missouri, is a certified site on the and association, and: Trail of Tears National Historic Trail. In 2007, the property was listed in the National A. That are associated with events that have made a Register of Historic Places under Criterion A and D for its association with the significant contribution to the broad patterns of our Cherokee Trail of Tears (see Appendix A). The property includes the Snelson- history; or
Brinker House (originally built in 1834 and extensively remodeled and rebuilt in the B. That are associated with the lives of significant persons 1980s), the Brinker-Houston Cemetery (established in 1837), a smokehouse/root in our past; or cellar (built ca. 1880 and rebuilt ca. 1988), a ca. 1910 cast iron water pump, and a 1 C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, ca. 1988 privy. Although the Snelson-Brinker House and its associated period, or method of construction, or that represent the outbuildings are listed as noncontributing resources in the National Register work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, nomination, the Brinker-Houston Cemetery and fields located east of the house or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack distinction; or are listed as contributing features for their role as burial sites and campsites respectively for the Trail of Tears. Seeing a need to better understand the history D. That may have yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. and preservation needs of the Snelson-Brinker property, NTIR approached the Center for Historic Preservation (CHP) at Middle Tennessee State University to A contributing resource has the following characteristics: complete a Historic Structure Report for the site. • It was present during the period of time that the property achieved its significance; • It relates to the documented significance of the CHP staff first visited the Snelson-Brinker House in January 2014 in order to property; document the property as part of a partnership project with NTIR to survey • It possesses historical integrity or is capable of yielding important information relevant to the significance of the buildings associated with the Cherokee Trail of Tears. In March 2016, CHP staff property. members Amy Kostine, Ashley Brown, and Dr. Carroll Van West visited the property again in preparation for this report. Special thanks are due to Deloris A noncontributing building, site, structure, or object does not add to the historical associations, historic architectural Wood (President of the Missouri Chapter of the Trail of Tears Association) and qualities, or archaeological values for which a property is Pete Vannatta (caretaker for the Snelson-Brinker property). significance because: • It was not present during the period of time that the property achieved its significance; • It does not relate to the documented significance of the property; • Due to alterations, disturbances, additions, or other changes, it no longer possesses historical integrity or is capable of yielding important information relevant to the significance of the property.
Introduction Snelson-Brinker House HSR 1
LOCATION A segment of the original road which ran in front of the house and cemetery is located on
the property, as well. More than 10,000 SNELSON-BRINKER HOUSE SITE MAP Cherokee traveling on what is known today as the Northern Route of the Trail of Tears 1-Snelson-Brinker House National Historic Trail journeyed down the 2-Smokehouse/root cellar 3-Privy extant road segment during their forced 4-Water Pump 3 4 5-Brinker-Houston Cemetery removal to Indian Territory in 1838-1839.
2 1
5 CRAWFORD COUNTY, MISSOURI MAP
Approximate distance between Approximate location of house and cemetery is 366’ Trail of Tears route
N
Figure! 1. Snelson-Brinker House Site Map. Basemap courtesy of Google Earth.
Snelson-Brinker The Snelson-Brinker House (UTM NAD83, Zone 15N: 631682E, 4201154N) is House located on a 1.7-acre parcel of land bordered on all sides by the Woodson K. Woods Memorial Conservation Area on the north side of State Highway 8, approximately nine miles west of Steelville and two miles east of Maramec Spring Park in Crawford County, Missouri (see Figures 1-2). In addition to the log house, the property includes a smokehouse/root cellar (UTM NAD83, Zone 15N: 631701, 4201156), privy (UTM NAD83, Zone 15N: 631690, 4201166), water pump site (UTM NAD83, Zone 15N: 631708, 4201167), and the Brinker-Houston Cemetery
(UTM NAD83, Zone 15N: 631805, 4201150). While the house and outbuildings Figure! 2. Crawford County, Missouri Map. Basemap are located in close proximity to one another, the cemetery is situated courtesy of Google Earth. approximately 366’ east of the Snelson-Brinker House.
Location Snelson-Brinker House HSR 2
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & CONTEXT When the Reverend Daniel Butrick penned this account of the Richard Taylor detachment’s difficulty and delay in crossing INTRODUCTION the ice-laden Mississippi River into Missouri, he was a little more than halfway through a “We are told the detachment will probably be able to proceed on the journey journey to Indian Territory along the tomorrow. It will then have been three weeks since our arrival on the other bank “Northern Route” of the Trail of Tears. The of the [Mississippi] river. About half the detachment [had] crossed when the ice Taylor detachment was just one of eleven began to run and so filled the water as to stop the boats near three weeks. detachments, totaling more than 11,500 During this time five individuals have died, viz. one old Cherokee woman, one people, that took the Northern Route of the black man, & three Cherokee children, making in all since we crossed the Trail of Tears in 1838-1839, traveling through Tennessee River 26 deaths.” Tennessee, western Kentucky, southern Illinois, southern Missouri, and northwestern -The Reverend Daniel S. Butrick, accompanying Richard Taylor’s detachment Arkansas before disbanding in eastern along the Trail of Tears, February 1839 Oklahoma (see Figure 3).
Indianapolis Dayton ! ! ! Though Butrick often commented on the Illinois Springfield Context Map Missouri River kindness of many of Missouri’s residents and Cincinnati ! Kansas City ! ! To pe ka Indiana the beauty of its towns and landscapes, the ! St. Louis Illinois Cherokee’s journey through the state was Missouri Kansas marred with intermittent rain, ice, snow, and Ohio River
Kentucky cold temperatures. The fluctuating weather ! ! Cape Girardeau coupled with prevailing sickness among the Springfield Cumb
erland R ! Hopkinsville ! Poplar Bluff ! Mayfield Cherokee made for a difficult trek. iver
! Nashville-Davidson ! ver Arkansas River ! Ri ee ulsa Ta hl eq ua h ss ! Fayetteville Tenne ! After crossing the Mississippi River, Batesville Tennessee
! North Chattanooga detachments traveled through Jackson, Canadian River Fort Smith Arkansas ! Carolin ! Memphis Pulaski ! ! Murphy Farmington, and Caledonia, before passing Oklahoma Huntsville ! ! Little Rock ! by the home of John B. Brinker (known today ! Fort Payne Calhoun Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Study Routes Mississippi River Mississippi Alabama River as the Snelson-Brinker House). The Taylor
Area of Study labama ! Atlanta A Ohio Red River Illinois Indiana ! Kansas Birmingham detachment, and likely others, camped on Missouri Kentucky Chattahoochee River
Ten n e sse e Arkansas North C Sout Oklahom a
Georgia Brinker’s property. The homestead is also Alabama Georgia Tex as Mississippi Louisiana
The Bell Route believed to be the final resting place of at The Benge Route The Round Up Routes ± The Water Additional Routes ! Jackson The Water Land¥55 Components Louisiana least four Cherokee who died while in the The Disbandment Routes Designated Routes 04080010205 20 Miles Miles area. Produced by the National Park Service, National Trails System Office, Santa Fe, NM - August, 2007
Figure 3. Map of the various routes of the Cherokee Trail of Tears. Source: National Park Service.
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 3
LEVI LANE SNELSON ESTABLISHES A HOMESTEAD McLaughlin of New Jersey (b:1800; d: 1858) and the couple had their first child, Mary Ann, 8 The Snelson-Brinker House derives its name from the home’s first two owners: in 1829. Soon after, Levi, Mary, and their Levi Lane Snelson and John B. Brinker. Levi Lane Snelson was born in Tennessee children, along with Levi’s parents and a in 1786 to John “Thomas” Snelson and Mary “Deborah” (Tate) Snelson.2 John, number of his brothers, moved from Ohio to who preferred to be called Thomas after his father, was a Revolutionary War the frontier in Missouri. veteran. He enlisted in the Continental Army on July 15, 1777, in York County, South Carolina, and participated in an expedition into Florida and the Siege of The Snelson’s move to Missouri was Savannah. In 1781, he engaged with British troops again as a volunteer in the First seemingly prompted by yet another Siege of Augusta.3 opportunity in the iron industry at the newly established Maramec Iron Works where Levi 9 Four years later, he married Mary “Deborah” Tate. The couple lived in South reportedly served as a wagoneer. It is no Carolina, Tennessee, and then North Carolina, while they raised their many coincidence that Levi found employment at children and cultivated the land. While working to maintain the family’s homestead, Maramec, as Maramec and Rapid Forge John also reserved time to serve as a leader of the Baptist faith. He helped shared a common owner: Thomas James. organize the Newfound Creek Baptist Church in present-day Leicester, North Maramec (also known as Massey Iron Works Carolina, and served as a minister there for thirteen years.4 Thus, Levi and his after James’s business partner Samuel siblings grew up in a household deeply rooted in farming, hard work, and faith. Massey) began operating in 1829. Its Although North Carolina would not remain their home indefinitely, as the Snelson location in the frontier of Missouri made for a family looked west for new opportunities in the iron industry, faith, farming, and a lucrative business supplying incoming strong work ethic still remained important pillars of the family. settlers with much needed iron tools and supplies for their homesteads and newly In 1810, Levi married Lucy Thomas of North Carolina. Shortly after, the couple established communities. moved to Ross County, Ohio, where Levi reportedly found work as a furnace builder at the nearby Rapid Forge on Paint Creek near Bainbridge.5 Rapid Forge For his homestead, Levi chose a location was erected in 1815 and designed to convert crude pig iron into wrought iron bars, close to his work. In October 1833, Levi rods, and straps. A rolling and slitting mill, along with a nail machine at the forge, purchased land from the federal government transformed the wrought iron into finished products.6 The forge was powered by in Crawford County, Missouri, which included water and operated by John Woodbridge and Thomas James.7 Levi’s siblings and 206.045 acres in Union Township and 40 parents moved to the area as well, and at least some of Levi’s brothers worked acres in Meramec Township (see Figures 4- 10 alongside him in the area’s iron industry. 5). On the latter 40-acre plot, located only two miles from the Maramec Iron Works, Levi In 1813, Levi and Lucy welcomed their first child: Isaac T. The couple had an had a log house built for his expanding additional seven children before Lucy died in 1828: George (b:1814), Levi Lane family, known today as the Sneslon-Brinker (b:1815), Thomas (b:1817), James F. (b:1819), John C. (b:1821), Mary (b:1824), House. and Joseph or Josiah (b:1827). Shortly after Lucy’s death, Levi married Mary
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 4
By the end of 1833, relations between Levi and Maramec Iron Works owner’s Thomas James and Samuel Massey soured. The two parties were involved in a lawsuit regarding a breach of an implied contract (see Figure 6). Although the particulars of the lawsuit are unknown, the jury ruled in Levi’s favor and he was “allowed his costs and charges.”11
In addition to working at Maramec, Levi remained true to his family’s agricultural roots and farmed the land. He was also actively involved in local politics. His log home served as the meeting place for the Crawford County Circuit Court in 1835 and 1836. In addition to hosting the circuit court meetings at his home, Levi served as a Justice of the Peace for Meramec Township Figure 4. Certificate No. 1669 for the purchase of 40 acres of land in Township 37 North, Range for the November 1836, February 1838, and 5 West, 5th Principal Meridian of Crawford County, Missouri, by Levi Lane Snelson in 1833. November 1838 terms.12 Source: U.S. General Land Office Records, 1796-1907, www.ancestry.com. After about three years of residing in his log house near Maramec Iron Works, Levi sold his home to John B. Brinker on February 21, 1837.13 Despite selling his home, Levi remained in Crawford County for the remainder of his life. In 1840, he was still living in Meramec Township, perhaps on the additional 40 acres of land he purchased from the federal government in 1837.14 His household contained twelve individuals, three of whom were employed in farming and one in manufacture and trade.15 The family continued to farm over the next decade. By Figure 5. The yellow box indicates the location in Meramec Township where Levi Lane Snelson purchased land from the federal government in 1833 and built his log house. 1850, Levi’s household consisted of ten Source: W.W. Hixson and Company, Plat Book of Crawford County, Missouri, University of individuals, including his wife, eight of their Missouri – Columbia, Ellis Library Special Collections, presented by Missouri Digital Heritage.
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 5
!
children, and a sixteen-year old male named R. Coleman. Levi, his two eldest sons in the household, and Coleman were all listed as farmers. Six years later, Levi passed away and was buried near his parents graves in Pine Hill Cemetery in Phelps County, Missouri.
THE BRINKER FAMILY & THE TRAIL OF TEARS
John B. Brinker was thirty-two years old when he purchased Levi Lane Snelson’s home in 1837. Similar to Levi, John was a farmer and, no doubt, saw the value in Levi’s property, as the homestead and its agricultural fields had already been established. Although John was born in Kentucky to Abraham Brinker and Frances “Fanny” Bowmar in 1805, he primarily grew up in Missouri. By 1814, his family settled in the Potosi area of Washington County, Missouri, where John’s father took on many roles, including grand juror, coroner, and trader.16 On December 31, 1833, John married native Missourian Sarah B. Murphy. They had their first child, Vienna Jane, on May 25, 1835. Sarah was pregnant with their second child when the young family, and their African American slaves, moved onto Levi Lane Snelson’s former property. Their first year at the house would be filled with both joy and unspeakable tragedy.
Two months after moving into the home, Sarah gave birth to another daughter, named Sarah, on April 25, 1837. The joy of welcoming a new child into the family would end abruptly with the murder of the couple’s first child, Vienna Jane. According to court testimony, on May 14, 1837, John was at his house loading a wagon bound for Saint Louis with neighbors William Blackwell and Thomas Shirley. After some time, John inquired as to the whereabouts of his eldest daughter. According to John’s wife, their slave Mary went to gather wood and took
Vienna Jane with her, but the little girl had not been seen since. When John asked Figure 6. Massey and James vs. L.L. Snelson, Fee Bill Mary to find Vienna Jane, Mary reportedly said that she had not seen the child and against Massey and James, August and December then proceeded to run down the hill towards a small stream. Terms 1833. Source: Lucy Wortham James Collection, 1801-1895, C1, Folder 1492, State Historical Society of Missouri. After searching the house for the child to no avail, John, Blackwell, and Shirley retraced Mary’s footsteps to the stream. Shirley found Vienna Jane’s body in the water with blunt force trauma to her right temple. Afterward, Blackwell tied Mary to a log to question her role in the child’s death. Blackwell reported the following:
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 6
I then commenced pulling up [Mary’s] coat as if I was going to whip her. She then said if I would not whip her she would tell the truth. I told her then out with it. She then told me she had thrown [Vienna Jane] in that hole of water. I then accused her of striking [Vienna Jane] with a stick before she threw the child in the water. She then said she did not strike the child before she threw it in. She threw it in the branch and it rose and she then struck it with a stick.
Although Mary first confessed to murdering Vienna Jane under duress, she confessed to committing the crime again to Simeon Frost, a justice of the peace for Crawford County. While Vienna Jane was laid to rest on her family’s property in what is now known as the Brinker-Houston Cemetery, Mary waited in the Potosi jail until her trial began three months later.
Mary was between thirteen and sixteen years old when she was tried for murder. She was consistently described as mulatto in the court case files, and her original owner was reportedly John’s father, Abraham Brinker.17 Mary’s parents remain unknown, as does any possible genetic connection between Figure 7. Source: Mary, A Slave (Appellant), State of Missouri (Respondent), Box 067, Folder 12, Mary and the Brinker family. Abraham died Supreme Court of Missouri Historical Records, Missouri State Archives, presented by Missouri Digital without a will and John served as an Heritage. administrator of the estate, appropriating Mary for himself.
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 7
James Evans, judge of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, oversaw Mary’s trial, which began sickness to the “unwholesome stagnant on August 16, 1837. Three attorneys were appointed to defend her: Philip Cole, water which [the detachment was] compelled John S. Brickey, and Mason Frizzell. Mary pleaded not guilty despite her to use throughout Illinois, the exposure to confessions, which the court reminded jurors were only admissible as legal marsh effluvia [on the banks of the evidence if they were not made “under the influences of present or future suffering Mississippi River], and the freedom with or by the inducement of present or future hopes or fear.”18 which the emigrants indulged in the use of fruits of every description, more particularly Two days after the trial began, the jury found Mary guilty of murdering Vienna Jane Grapes which proved a certain prelude to Brinker in the first degree. On August 19, 1837, the judge dismissed a motion by violent attacks for Dysentery and Bowel the defense for a new trial and sentenced Mary to hang between 11:00 and 2:00 complaints, of a dangerous character.”19 in Steelville on September 30, 1837 (see Figure 7). Mary’s attorneys quickly filed an appeal with the Missouri Supreme Court. The Supreme Court reversed Mary’s On December 4th, the detachment broke conviction and granted her a new trial on the grounds of two technicalities: that the camp and traveled eleven miles, despite the prosecution did not clearly state if Vienna Jane died as a result of drowning or blunt wagons filled to near capacity with the sick. force trauma to her head and that the prosecution examined witnesses after the The following day, the weary Cherokee evidence was closed. traveled another ten miles, passing by John Brinker’s house before resting for the night at A motion to change the location of Mary’s second trial to Gasconade County the Meramec River.20 This group of ultimately failed and delayed court proceedings until 1838. Mary was found guilty Cherokee was the first of many detachments again and sentenced to hang in Steelville on August 11, 1838. The defense did not the Brinker family bore witness to. Just over make any further appeals, and Mary was hung in accordance with her sentence. a year later an additional ten detachments She remains the youngest known person ever put to death by the State of Missouri. consisting of just under 10,000 Cherokee followed in Cannon’s footsteps, passing by In the midst of Mary’s legal proceedings, the Brinker household bore witness to a Brinker’s property on what is now know as detachment of Cherokee traveling from Charleston, Tennessee, to Indian Territory the Trail of Tears (see Figure 8). (present-day Oklahoma). The detachment was led by U.S. Army Lieutenant B.B. Cannon and contained approximately 360 people who left their homes voluntarily One of these detachments was conducted by in the aftermath of the 1835 Treaty of New Echota. After traveling through Richard Taylor with the assistance of Red Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois, the detachment crossed the Watt Adair and numbered approximately Mississippi River into Missouri on November 12-13, 1837. Their journey through 1,030 people at departure. Traveling with this Missouri was plagued with illness. Several days after passing through Caledonia, detachment was the Reverend Daniel S. Dr. G.S. Townsend, attending physician for the detachment, advised Cannon on Butrick and physician William Isaac Irwin November 25th to suspend travel due to the overwhelming amount of sickness Morrow. Both men kept journals during their prevailing amongst the group. The detachment remained encamped for the next journey, which are among the best sources eight days to allow for the treatment and convalescence of the nearly two-thirds of information about the Cherokees’ infected, including almost all of the wagon drivers. Townsend attributed the experience along the Trail of Tears.
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 8
Conductor Assistant Departure Number of Disbandment Location everything from the distance and locations Location People at Departure traveled, to weather, to the hardships and Hair Conrad Daniel Colston Cherokee Agency 729 Woodhall Farm deaths that occurred en route, to the scenery (replaced by Area and the people encountered along the way. Colston around August, 28, 1838) Despite bouts of rain, ice, and snow, Butrick Elijah Hicks White Path (died Gunstocker Creek/ 858 Mrs. Webbers Plantation found Missouri an otherwise pleasant state. en route – Camp Ross (?) He frequently complimented the villages and replaced by William Arnold) towns and praised the kindness and Jesse Bushyhead Roman Nose Chatata Creek, 950 Beattie’s Prairie generosity of many of the people he met. So Cherokee Agency impressed with the state, Butrick declared Area Situwakee Peter / Evan Savannah Branch, 1,250 Beattie’s Prairie that “the very name [of Missouri] conveys Jones Cherokee Agency delight to our minds.”21 Area Old Field Stephen Candies Creek, 983 Beattie’s Prairie Foreman Cherokee Agency Approximately three weeks after crossing the Area Mississippi River into Missouri, Butrick Moses Daniel George Still Cherokee Agency 1,035 Mrs. Webber’s Area Plantation-although penned the following entries in his journal: ordered to Lee’s Creek Choowalooka J.D. Wofford Taquah 1,150 Beattie’s Prairie Wednesday. [March 6th] Before (replaced by Camps/Mouse Thomas N. Clark Creek, Cherokee starting, I visited a few sick children. on January 22, Agency Area We travelled about 10 miles, and 1839) camped for the night. When the James Brown Lewis Hildebrand Vann’s Plantation, 850 Key’s at Park Hill (?) Ooltewah Creek detachment all came up, we found George Hicks Collins McDonald Mouse Creek, 1,118 Beattie’s Prairie that two persons, an old man & a Cherokee Agency child had died on the way. The old Area Richard Taylor Red Watt Adair Near Vann’s 1,029 Woodhall Farm man was by the name of Bird, and Plantation, the child was a daughter of Ooltewah Creek Archibald Fields, by the name of Figure 8. 1838-1839 Cherokee removal detachments that traveled by John Brinker’s property. Source: Duane King, The Cherokee Trail of Tears (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Books, 2008), Mary. Appendix A, 170-173. Friday. [March 8th] We learn that Butrick was a Christian missionary to the Cherokee. Prior to removal, he worked two children died last night in the at Brainerd Mission in present-day Chattanooga, Tennessee, under the auspices camps, two or three years old. We of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Both Butrick and stopped till after the burial of little his wife, Elizabeth, greatly opposed removal and stood in solidarity with the Mary, and then went on with the Cherokee as they were forcibly removed to the West. During his journey to Indian detachment about 12 miles where Territory, Butrick wrote nearly every day in his journal. He commented on we camped.22
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 9
Butrick did not specify an exact location of where these deaths occurred, but a comparison of his journal entries with those of the detachment’s physician, William I.I. Morrow, offer clarity. On February 27, 1839, Morrow wrote the following:
clear and cold, traveled 10 miles to Brinker near Massy Iron Works – snowed some during the day a very cold night – four Indians died, and were buried viz – 2 of Mills family, Old Byrd, and Mary Fields.23
Although it is unclear why there are discrepancies in the dates of the two journals, Morrow indicates that the deaths of these four Cherokee occurred while the detachment was encamped within the vicinity of John Brinker’s property. Oral tradition passed down from the Brinker family suggests that the Cherokee Figure 10. Grave of Vienna Jane (foreground) in the referenced in the Butrick and Morrow journals were buried in the field between the Brinker-Houston Cemetery. Snelson-Brinker House and the Brinker-Houston Cemetery; however, it is just as plausible that the Cherokee were buried in the Brinker-Houston Cemetery (see Figures 9-10).24 These potential burial locations will continue to remain mere speculation, though, until additional evidence is uncovered. While the Morrow journal is the only known documentary evidence linking a Cherokee detachment to the Brinker property, it is highly likely that other detachments sought respite at the Brinker’s homestead while en route to Indian Territory.
In the years following the Trail of Tears, the Brinker family continued to grow in size and prosperity. In 1841, John and Sarah each purchased an additional 40 acres of land from the federal government in Meremac Township, which was likely used for agricultural purposes.25 In 1850, John was listed as a farmer in the census, and his real estate holdings were valued at $1,600.26 He also owned nine slaves (five male and four female, all ranging in age from one to twenty- Figure 9. The field between the Snelson-Brinker House and Brinker-Houston Cemetery where eight), tripling the number he owned ten Brinker family oral tradition suggests that the Cherokee are buried.
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 10
years earlier.27 Although John and Sarah lost their second oldest daughter, Sarah, in 1846, the couple had an additional nine children: Eliza C. (b:1840), John D. (b:1842), Martha (b:1843), Abraham (b:1845), Ferdinand (b:1846), Robert (b:1849), William Hugh (b:1851), Fannie (b: abt.1854), and Jesse B. (b:1855).
In 1852, John sold his house and land to Horace Burton Houston and moved to Warrensburg, Missouri, where he became a prominent dry goods merchant.28 Three years after moving, John died from cholera while on his way home from purchasing goods in Saint Louis.29 In his will, John named his wife Sarah as administrator of his estate and left his property and chattel to her and their children.30 Up until this point, little could be ascertained from the historic record about Sarah, other than her role as wife and mother. Following her husband’s death, records reveal that she played a much more dynamic role in the family’s estate and business.
In 1859, Sarah sold one of the family’s slaves named Sam but still owned nine others the following year: three males and six females all between the ages of five and twenty-one.31 A comparison of the 1850 and 1860 slave schedules reveals that the family likely bought and sold a number of slaves within that time period. Four appeared to remain within the family’s ownership; however, one of these four 32 (a twenty-one-year-old mulatto) was listed as a fugitive in 1860. While Sarah Figure 11. Captain John D. Brinker, August 12, 1863. managed the family’s plantation, she also actively participated in the family’s dry Source: W.C. Quantrill and the Missouri Guerrillas, goods business in Warrensburg. The 1860 census listed Sarah’s occupation as Cantey Myers Collection, canteymyerscollection.com. merchandizing and valued her real estate at $2,000 and her personal estate at th $9,000, a significant increase from the 1850 census.33 Her eldest son, John, and served as a captain in Company A of the 10 a man named David M. Greenlee, who resided with the family, were both listed as Regiment of the Missouri Cavalry and fought merchants in the census, as well. with notorious Confederate guerilla leader William Clark Quantrill. Sarah’s daughter During the Civil War, the Brinker family were staunch supporters of the Martha and another son were arrested for providing intelligence to Confederate Confederacy. On March 19, 1862, fifteen men under the direction of Missouri State 35 Militia Lieutenant A.W. Christian seized 125 kegs of gun powder that were buried “bushwhackers,” such as Quantrill’s men. on Sarah’s plantation.34 The family may have been tipped off about Christian’s arrival and made some attempts to destroy the gun powder so it would not end up The Civil War took a toll on Sarah’s financial in Union hands, as a number of the kegs were reportedly damaged. Hoarding gun wealth and brought many changes to her powder was not the only way the family aided the Confederacy. Sarah’s son, John, way of life. While the value of her real estate increased by $3,500 between 1860 and 1870, the value of her personal estate
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 11
decreased more than $8,800.36 The staggering loss can likely be attributed to the emancipation of her slaves, whose value would have made up a large amount of her former personal estate. Sarah’s occupation changed over the decade, as well. Instead of working as a merchandizer as she had before the Civil War began, Sarah listed her occupation as “keeping house” in the 1870 census, a task that was no longer aided with the assistance of slaves. By 1880, Sarah had moved to De Soto, Missouri, to live with her daughter Fannie Rankin. Seventeen years later, Sarah died in Saint Louis at the age of 83.37
THE SNELSON-BRINKER HOUSE, 1852–PRESENT
Horace Burton Houston, a native of Tennessee, became the third owner of the Snelson-Brinker house when he purchased it from John B. Brinker in 1852, beginning an eighty-five-year ownership of the property by the Houston family (see Figure 12). Similar to Brinker, Horace was a farmer and a slave owner. By 1860, the Houston household consisted of Horace and his wife Nancy Louisa, their nine children (James, Robert, William, Margaret, Mary, John, Rutelia, Drury, and Thomas Horace), and a fourteen-year-old female slave (see Figures 38 13-14). Here in Crawford County, Horace Figure 13. Nancy Louisa (Howard) Houston. farmed the land with his three eldest sons: Source: Missouri University Archives, Columbia James, Robert, and William. University, presented by ancestry.com.
Sometime in the 1860s, Horace and Nancy Tarrelton. Census records for 1870, 1880, and 1900 indicate that Robert continued to Louisa, along with a number of their 39 children, moved to Rolla, Missouri. The farm the family’s land (see Figure 15). In couple’s second eldest son, Robert, addition to farming, the Houston family Figure 12. Horace Burton Houston. remained in Crawford County with his wife, reportedly operated the Snelson-Brinker Source: ancestry.com home as a tavern and café for many years.40 Missouri Ophelia, and their children, Ophelia Nevada, Emma, and Esco
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 12
Figure 14. Rutelia (Houston) Edgar, daughter of Horace B. and Nancy Louisa Houston, stands in front of the Snelson-Brinker Cabin, 1942. Source: ancestry.com
By 1910, Robert was living in his son Esco’s household, which also included Figure 15. Robert H. Houston. Source: ancestry.com. Esco’s wife Gynnetha, daughter Calleta, and step-daughters Eva and Henrieta Parker.41 It is unknown whether the family was living in the Snelson-Brinker house Houstons made the most of the property, at this time or another home on one of the family’s nearby properties. Towards the though, by renting it out. The John William end of their lives, though, Robert and his wife Missouri resided in nearby Steelville Jones family (reportedly good friends of the with their only surviving daughter, Ophelia, who worked at a general store and as Houstons) were at least one family that a milliner over the years.42 rented the Snelson-Brinker house from the Houstons and resided there. Family Following the deaths of Missouri and Robert in 1920 and 1921 respectively, the photographs from ca. 1915 and 1926 depict Snelson-Brinker property remained in the hands of the couple’s children Esco and the family on the property and in front of the Ophelia. While a ca. 1930 plat map confirms that Esco and Ophelia owned the home (see Figures 18-19). It is unknown if property, the 1930 census reveals that Ophelia was living in her house in Steelville, any other families rented the house from the while her brother and his family were living in Saint Francois County, where Esco Houstons over the years. Although Ophelia had traded his life in farming for one in dentistry (see Figures 16-17).43 The and Esco no longer resided on the Snelson- Brinker property, they still retained close ties
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 13
Figure 17. Esco Tarrelton Houston. Source: ancestry.com
to it, as both siblings were buried in the family cemetery on the property.
After Esco’s death in 1936, the old Snelson- Brinker property was purchased by neighbor Waldridge Powell, who already owned thousands of acres of land in the area. The
Figure 16. W.W. Hixson and Company, Plat Book of Crawford County, Missouri, ca. 1930. house reportedly sat vacant for years and Source: Ellis Library Special Collections, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, presented by deteriorated before Powell and his wife Missouri Digital Heritage. deeded the house and 1.7 acres of land to
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 14
the Phelps County Historical Society in about 1959.44 Faced with the daunting task of preserving and maintaining the deteriorated property, on March 21, 1960, historical society president Albert A. McDonald contacted Robert L. Elgin, Director of the James Foundation, offering to deed the Snelson-Brinker property to their foundation.45 This charitable foundation was authorized in the will of Lucy Wortham James, great- granddaughter of Meremac Iron Works Founder Thomas James. The foundation is responsible for funding and managing today’s Saint James City Park, the James Memorial Library, and Maramec Spring Park (the site of the Figure 19. John William Jones and his wife Tempa Meremac Iron Works). The James Rosa Anna (Brand) Jones pose with their children Carl McDonald, Oleva Belle, Doy Esten, and William Figure 18. (L-R) John William Jones, his wife Foundation would have had the funding, Sherman at the Snelson-Brinker property, ca 1915. Tempa Rosa (Brand) Jones, and children Doy resources, and experience needed to Source: Hildred Marie Jones, Esten, William Sherman, and John Elmer in ensure the survival of the Snelson- http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mocrawfo/cralbu front of the Snelson-Brinker House, ca. 1926. m/jones.htm Source: Hildred Marie Jones, Brinker property. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mocrawfo /cralbum/jones.htm. Ralph Hayes, Chairman of the James a general clean-up of the area at a cost of Foundation, agreed to consider $5,320. The proposals offer insight into the McDonald’s proposal but had a series of concerns, including the feasibility and condition of the Snelson-Brinker House at expense of supervising the property and the the costs of restoring and maintaining the time, noting that the log rooms were in the site. To gain a better understanding of the property’s condition and needs, “fair to poor condition and the lean-to Hayes sent Elgin to visit the Snelson-Brinker House and report back. Elgin drew a addition in poor to very bad repair,” the detailed floor plan of the house, took photos, and measured and recorded the foundations and fireplace were in need of home’s fireplace and mantels.46 In addition, two proposed plans with estimated repair and repointing, and wall logs needed costs were drafted for the property.47 Proposal “A” called for a complete restoration to be replaced. The proposal also indicated of the buildings on the property and a new entryway with a parking lot and picnic that the interior was an “unsightly mess filled tables at an estimated cost of $19,220 (see Figure 20). Proposal “B” called for the with the cast off belongings of the last stabilization and weatherproofing of the Snelson-Brinker House, along with a resident.” On the positive side, “the original floor, ceiling (both wide pine boards), mantles, fireplaces (one with cast iron hearth
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 15
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THE JAMES FOUNDATION ST. JAMES. MO. Pc,oeoeeo DevelepklENT ,2F TnE Sxt eUSo ^J CaE;x.,t 7aac:' 5wb S €eS.7e-i'/.Esw, 2, E t+t-t 29 A e2 t; .:s42 l4xl - t t_.* Figure 20. Robert L. Elgin, Proposed Development of the Snelson Cabin Tract, The James Foundation, Saint James, Missouri. Source: The Robert L. Elgin, 1914-2007, Photograph Collection, R1015, Folder 4, The State Historical Society of Missouri.
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 16 CRAWFORD COUNTY SURVEY
REPORT NO. /35'
l / / e: Maramec on Interpretation or at the Library on the ‘Old Album’ or the ‘Ozark Collection,’ all very high value historical projects of regional scope.49
While Elgin was aware that former Maramec Iron Works employees were buried in the Snelson-Brinker property’s cemetery, he may not have been aware of any other significant connections between the history of the Snelson-Brinker House and the James Foundation’s Maramec Iron Works. The history of the two properties remain intertwined, as the home’s original occupant, Levi Lane Snelson, worked for Maramec, a fact that might be enough for
Figure 21. Snelson-Brinker House, 1986. Source: Barbara S. Black, Crawford County Survey Report the current foundation to reconsider its initial No. 135: Brinker Log Cabin, State Historic Preservation Office, Missouri Department of Natural judgment of the property’s historic value. Resources. Regardless, the James Foundation declined the proposed deed transfer of the Snelson- back), three interior doors, part of the window and door trim [were] in place and 48 Brinker House, and the property remained in usable.” the hands of the Phelps County Historical Society. On May 12, 1960, Elgin bluntly summarized his thoughts to Hayes on the acquisition of the property: In 1986, Barbara S. Black, Assistant Historic Preservation Coordinator for the Meremec The restoration ofBRINKER an isolated building LOG CABIN in the rural Ozarks is a doubtful Regional Planning Commission, completed undertaking due to the high exposure to vandalism. This, coupled with what a survey form for the Snelson-Brinker appears to be low community interest, makes this project a very dubious House (see Appendix B). By the late 1980s, operation…. T37N. RSW. SS. the house had fallen into deeper disrepair It is my opinion that it would be absurd for any one to spend $20,000 on this and the home’s exterior log walls, including restoration. The historicalMeramec value isTownship just not there. I would not object too many of the windows and doors, had been strenuously to a low cost stabilization program with the Foundation acting covered with vertical board siding, perhaps as temporary caretaker(Rural) until someSteelville, group can Mo.be found to take over the cabin in an effort to weatherproof the building (see and its restoration or put it to some use…. Figures 21-26). Two years later, the It is my feeling that our money available for history is better spent at
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 17
Figure 24. Chimney, Snelson-Brinker House, January 30, 1988. Source: Phelps County Historical Society (Facebook page).
Figures 22-23. (top) Facade, Snelson-Brinker House, January 30, 1988; (bottom) North and west elevations, Snelson-Brinker House, January 30, 1988. Source: Phelps County Historical Society (Facebook page).
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 18
property was sold to the St. James Historic Preservation Society. Around this time, the James K. Woods Foundation of Saint Louis provided a grant to fund the restoration of the Snelson-Brinker House and grounds. The house underwent significant alterations during this time, including a complete rebuild of the home’s east pen, replacement of windows and doors, a new roof, and reproduction mantels, among other changes (see Figures 27-28). The frame smokehouse was rebuilt at this time, a privy was added, the grounds were cleared, and a new sign was erected as well.
In the last twenty years, the St. James Historic Preservation Society became
Figure 25. Interior, Snelson-Brinker House, January 30, 1988. inactive and lost its legal status. As a result, Source: Phelps County Historical Society (Facebook page). the house and grounds have fallen victim to deferred maintenance and vandalism and are in severe disrepair again. In 2011, an
Figure 27. Snelson-Brinker House undergoing renovation, May 13, 1989. Source: Phelps County Figures 25-26. Interior, Snelson-Brinker House, January 30, 1988. Historical Society (Facebook page). Source: Phelps County Historical Society (Facebook page).
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 19
Figure 28. Snelson-Brinker House undergoing renovation, May 13, 1989. Source: Phelps County Historical Society (Facebook page). error with the property’s deed was discovered. When the Phelps County Historical Society sold the property to the St. James Historic Preservation Society in 1988, the deed was erroneously recorded in Phelps County. On May 7, 2011, the deed was rerecorded in Crawford County, legally transferring the property to the defunct 50 St. James Historic Preservation Society. Thus, the Snelson-Brinker property remains owned by an organization that no longer exists. A July 19, 2016, article in the Rolla Daily News, reported that St. James city officials are considering giving the house back to the Brinker family, which had contacted the mayor requesting 51 ownership of the house and its 1.7 acre lot. Unfortunately, the future of this National Register-listed property steeped in both local and national history remains uncertain.
Historical Background & Context Snelson-Brinker House HSR 20
SNELSON-BRINKER HOUSE ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION
The Snelson-Brinker House is a one-story, saddlebag log dwelling with a continuous stone foundation, central stone chimney, and a gable roof with wood shingles. Saddlebag plans consist of a central, shared chimney flanked by a single pen on each side (see Figure 30). Like other multi-pen plans, it is not uncommon for saddlebag houses to have been built originally as single-pen homes with an exterior-end chimney and later expanded with an additional pen constructed on the opposite side of the chimney. Historic photos of the Snelson-Brinker House Figure 30. South and east elevations of the Snelson- depict an uneven roofline resulting from what appears to be separate roof Brinker House, 2016. structures for each pen (see Figures 29 and 31). This could be an indication that the house began as a single-pen plan, but due to extensive rebuilding of the home in the late 1980s it is unclear.
The Snelson-Brinker House’s west pen is original and square, measuring approximately 16’ 5” on all sides. It is constructed of hand-hewn logs with “V”
Figure 31. Photograph of the original east pen of the Snelson-Brinker House, 1926. Note the uneven Figure 29. The Snelson-Brinker House’s original east pen (right) can be seen in this photograph roofline. Source: Hildred Marie Jones, taken in 1961. Note the uneven roofline. Courtesy of Ancestry.com. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mocrawfo/cralbu m/jones.htm.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 21
notches (see Figures 32-33). The home’s original east pen deteriorated over the years. As a result, it was removed in the late 1980s, and a pen was reconstructed in its place.52 This replacement pen is constructed of unhewn or round logs with saddle notches (see Figure 34). Similar to the west pen, the east pen is nearly a perfect square but is slightly larger (as it was originally), measuring approximately 18’ 9” on all sides (see Figure 35 for a floor plan of the home).
Figure 33. Detail of V notches in the northwest corner of the Snelson-Brinker House’s west pen.
Figure 34. Detail of the saddle notches in the northeast Figure 32. Detail of V notches on the west pen and saddle notches on the east pen. corner of the Snelson-Brinker House’s east pen.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 22
17’
N Door Measurements:
D-A: 3’ 10” x 6’ 7” D-B: 3’ 7” x 6’ 3” D-C: 3’ 3” x 6’ 3” 7 ’
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Figure 35. Snelson-Brinker House floor plan.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 23
SOUTH ELEVATION (FAÇADE)
The Snelson-Brinker House’s south elevation faces Missouri State Highway 8 (see Figure 36). On the west pen, a stone step leads to a ca. 1988 central board-and- batten door, measuring approximately 3’10”w x 6’7”h. Another stone step on the east pen leads to a ca. 1988 central board-and-batten door, measuring approximately 3’7”w x 6’3”h, and is flanked by ca. 2005 two-over-two, double-hung windows, measuring approximately 3’w x 4’6”h. Both windows have functioning ca. 1988 board-and-batten shutters. An additional stone step leads to a recessed entryway between the two pens where the stone chimney is exposed, measuring 4’5”w x 5’5”d (see Figure 37). This recessed entryway has stone floors and steps leading to an additional door on the west pen’s east wall and the east pen’s west wall. These ca. 1988 doors measure approximately 3’3”w x 6’3”h. Images of the house before its ca.1988 restoration indicate that the recessed entryway was once constructed of wood rather than stone (see Figures 24 and 31). Imbedded within the stone floor of today’s recessed entryway is a brick from the Parker Russell Mining & Manufacturing Company in Saint Louis, Missouri (see Figure 38). The company was established in 1861 and incorporated in 1871.53
Figure 37. Recessed entryway, south elevation.
Figure 38. Brick from the Parker-Russell Mining & Manufacturing Company in Saint Louis imbedded in Figure 36. South elevation, Snelson-Brinker House. the stone floor of the recessed entryway.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 24
WEST ELEVATION
The west elevation of the Snelson-Brinker House measures approximately 16’5” and is constructed of hand-hewn logs with Portland cement for the chinking and daubing (see Figure 39). Vertical board siding is located on the gable end. There are no doors or windows on the west elevation.
NORTH ELEVATION
The eastern pen’s north elevation wall measures approximately 18’9” and is constructed of round logs with Portland cement for the chinking and daubing (see Figure 40). It has a slightly off-center ca. 1988 board-and-batten door, measuring approximately 3’8”w x 6’4”h. To the east of the door there is a ca. 2005 two-over- two, double-hung window, measuring approximately 3’w x 4’6”h. The window has functioning ca. 1988 board-and-batten shutters. A window once existed to the west of the door, but it has been sealed with logs (see Figure 41).
The western pen’s north elevation wall measures approximately 16’5” and is constructed of hand-hewn logs with Portland cement for the chinking and daubing (see Figure 42). The pen’s only window, a six-over-six, double-hung window constructed ca. 1988, is located on this elevation and measures 3’w x 4’6”h. Figure 39. West elevation, Snelson-Brinker House.
Similar to the south elevation, there is a recessed entryway between the two pens, measuring 3’5” x 4’4” x 5’9”. This recessed entryway contains a number of loose bricks and has an additional door on the west pen’s east wall and the east pen’s west wall (see Figure 43). These ca. 1988 doors measure approximately 3’3”w x 6’3”h.
According to a 1960 floor plan, an addition once extended from the Snelson- Brinker House’s north elevation (see Figures 35, 44-45). This addition included three rooms and was presumably torn down in the 1980s when other alterations to the house were made. Today, a stone-lined patio extends from the north elevation and measures 13’ x 17’ x 7’3”. Stones from the former addition’s foundation may have been used to construct the patio. Figure 40. North elevation, Snelson-Brinker House.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 25
Figure 42. West pen, north elevation.
Figure 41. Evidence of a former window can be seen on the east pen’s north elevation. Figure 43. Detail of the recessed entryway’s floor between the two pens.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 26
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Figure 44. Snelson-Brinker House Floor Plan, April 30, 1960, Robert Elgin, The James Foundation, Saint James, Missouri. Source: The Robert L. Elgin, 1914-2007, Photograph Collection, R1015, Folder 4, The State Historical Society of Missouri.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 27
Figure 45. Snelson-Brinker House, April 28, 1960. Source: The Robert L. Elgin, 1914-2007, Photograph Collection, R1015, Folder 4, The State Historical Society of Missouri.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 28
EAST ELEVATION INTERIOR
The east elevation of the Snelson-Brinker House measures approximately 18’9” The interior of both pens of the Snelson- and was constructed in the late-1980s of round logs with Portland cement for the Brinker House consist of exposed log walls chinking and daubing (see Figure 46). Similar to the west elevation, vertical board with Portland cement chinking and daubing siding is located on the gable end, and there are no doors or windows. and wood plank floors and ceilings. Windows and doors in both pens have ca. 1988 3.5” flat wood casing. Each pen also has a fireplace with a stone hearth and a ca. 1988 reproduction wood mantel.
As mentioned earlier, the west pen has three entrances: one on the south wall and two on the east wall. The south wall door is sealed by wood boards nailed to the door casing, as is the door on the east wall’s north end. The only window is centered on the north wall (see Figure 47). The walls have plain baseboard and a patchwork of various-sized wood boards to cover the gap where the wall meets the ceiling. The west pen’s fireplace is located on its eastern wall. The stone fire box measures approximately 3’2”h x 4’w x 1’4.5”d. The stone hearth measures approximately 6’8”w x 3’3”d. The ca. 1988 reproduction wood mantel measures 5’4”h x 6’11”w (see Figures 48-50).
The east pen has four entrances: one on the south wall, two on the west wall, and one on the north wall. The doors on the south and north walls are sealed by wood boards nailed to the door casing, just as those in the east pen (see Figures 51-52). Two windows are Figure 46. East elevation, Snelson-Brinker House. located on the south wall and one window is
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 29
located on the north wall. Unlike the east pen, the west pen is wired for electricity with outlets on all of the walls. The west pen walls do not have baseboards but do have flat wood boards to cover the gap where the wall meets the ceiling. The east pen’s fireplace is located on its western wall. The stone fire box measures approximately 3’3.5”h x 3’10”w x 1’6”d. The stone hearth in the west pen is slightly smaller than the east pen and measures approximately 5’9.5”w x 2’9”d. The ca. 1988 reproduction wood mantel measures 5’5”h x 6’5”w (see Figure 53).
Figure 48. West pen’s original mantel. Source: The Robert L. Elgin, 1914-2007, Photograph Collection, R1015, Folder 4, State Historical Society of Missouri.
Figure 47. North and east interior walls, west pen.
Figure 49. ca. 1988 reproduction mantel in the west pen.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 30
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Figure 50. ca. 1960 drawing of the Snelson-Brinker House’s fireplace and mantel. Source: The Robert L. Elgin, 1914-2007, Photograph Collection, R1015, Folder 4, State Historical Society of Missouri. Figure 53. ca. 1988 reproduction mantel in the east pen.
Snelson-Brinker House Architectural Description Snelson-Brinker House HSR 31
PRESERVATION NEEDS & RECOMMENDATIONS Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Preservation FOR THE SNELSON-BRINKER HOUSE 1. A property will be used as it was historically, or be given a new use that maximizes the retention of With the Snelson-Brinker House’s ownership in question and a lack of regular distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial maintenance in recent years, the building continues to actively deteriorate at an relationships. Where a treatment and use have not alarming rate and faces a number of preservation needs. When addressing been identified, a property will be protected and, if necessary, stabilized until additional work may be preservation concerns, it is always advisable to contact experienced professionals undertaken. and to follow the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Preservation. 2. The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved. The replacement of intact or • Inspect, stabilize, and repoint the foundation. Addressing issues with repairable historic materials or alteration of the foundation should be the starting point for any preservation project, features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize a property will be avoided. because problems found there will affect the entire structure. The foundation is starting to settle and fail, particularly in the building’s 3. Each property will be recognized as a physical southwest corner (see Figure 54). Under the direction of an experienced record of its time, place, and use. Work needed to stabilize, consolidate, and conserve existing professional and with safety protocols in place, reset and stabilize the historic materials and features will be physically and foundation. visually compatible, identifiable upon close inspection, and properly documented for future research. The historic mortar of the Snelson-Brinker House’s continuous stone foundation was also repaired over the years with Portland cement (see 4. Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in their own right will be retained and Figures 55-56). When repairing or repointing the historic stone foundation, preserved. the mortar should be “softer” than the stone and as “soft” as the existing historic mortar. Mortar that is “harder” than the stone will lead to stress 5. Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of fissures and cracks, such as those seen on the Snelson-Brinker House’s craftsmanship that characterize a property will be southwest corner. Do not use a mortar with a high percentage of Portland preserved.
cement to repoint the foundation. Use a softer lime-based mortar instead. 6. The existing condition of historic features will be Portland cement may be used in the lime composition, to make the material evaluated to determine the appropriate level of easier to work with, but should never exceed more than one part Portland intervention needed. Where the severity of deterioration requires repair or limited replacement cement to two parts lime. Remove any loose mortar and repoint any voids of a distinctive feature, the new material will match with a weaker, lime-based mortar. the old in composition, design, color, and texture.
7. Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will • Install foundation vents. The Snelson-Brinker House has a continuous be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. stone foundation. Log buildings with continuous foundations are more Treatments that cause damage to historic materials will not be used. susceptible to moisture issues than those with pier foundations. Pier foundations allow air to better circulate underneath the building, thus 8. Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.
Preservation Needs & Recommendations Snelson-Brinker House HSR 32
Figure 55. West elevation foundation, Snelson-Brinker House, 2016.
Figure 56. Detail of cracks in the Portland cement on the west elevation foundation, 2016.
Figure 57. Vents, such as the ones in the foundation of the ca. 1785 George Adair House in Georgia, increase air flow underneath the building and prevent rot of the building’s sills and floor joists. Cover the vents Figure 54. Cracks in the southwest corner of the foundation, 2014. with wire mesh to keep animals out.
Preservation Needs & Recommendations Snelson-Brinker House HSR 33
helping to keep sills and joists from rotting. Continuous foundations trap moisture underneath the building. Install foundation vents to reduce moisture under the building and prevent the sills and floor joists from rotting (see Figure 57).
• Soil grading. As a result of poor soil grading, water does not properly drain away from the building during rainstorms and is a contributing factor to the ongoing deterioration of the Snelson-Brinker House. Grade the soil in order to divert water away from the building. A qualified archaeologist should be on site to monitor the surface disturbance during the soil grading process. Figure 58. Steps leading to the west pen’s front door.
• Remove or reset the non-historic stone steps. In addition to poor soil grading, the steps to the exterior doors on the building’s façade are contributing to the moisture issues near the building’s foundation (see Figure 58). The steps are slightly sloped towards the building, and during rainstorms, water is pooling on the steps and flowing towards the building instead of away from it. This has caused significant deterioration of the sills (see Figure 59). Remove the steps to reduce moisture issues, or reset them so they are sloped slightly away from the building. Figure 59. Detail of rotted sills near the stone/concrete steps on the west pen’s south elevation.
Preservation Needs & Recommendations Snelson-Brinker House HSR 34
Figure 61. Rotted sill on the west pen’s south elevation.
Figure 60. The ca. 1988 stone patio on the north elevation of the Snelson-Brinker House.
Figure 62. Rotted sill on the east pen’s north elevation. • Remove the stone patio. A stone patio was added to the rear of the Snelson-Brinker House in the late 1980s and is contributing to the buildup of moisture near the foundation and sill (see Figure 60). Remove the stone patio (including the access soil deposits used to create it) and grade the soil so water flows away from the building’s foundation.
• Repair or replace rotted sills. Sills rest on top of the foundation, supporting not just the floor joists, but the entire structure. The Snelson- Brinker House’s sills are showing signs of rot (see Figures 62-63). Inspect the rotted sills to determine if all or part of the sill needs replacing. If the sill is no longer able to bear its load, it should be replaced with one of the same size and wood species by an experienced professional. Figure 63. Rotted sill on the west pen’s south elevation.
Preservation Needs & Recommendations Snelson-Brinker House HSR 35
• Inspect and repair floor joists. While the majority of the flooring in both the west and east pens feels stable underfoot, the west pen’s southwest corner is spongy. Although it was not possible to access and inspect the floor joists during our visit, the spongy floor is likely due to the failing foundation and rotted floor joists in this area. Repairs in the flooring suggest that attempts have been made in the past to correct this issue but have failed (see Figure 64). After stabilizing the foundation, contact an experienced professional to inspect and repair any rotted floor joists.
• Stabilize west pen walls. The heavy weight of the Portland cement daubing combined with a foundation that is settling and failing has caused the west pen’s western wall to bow significantly (see Figure 65). The west pen’s south wall has also shifted (see Figure 66). Contact an architect or contractor who has expertise in repairing historic buildings to stabilize the wall.
Figure 65. Curvature on the west pen’s west elevation Figure 64. Detail of the flooring in the west pen’s southwest corner that has been cut and wall. replaced.
Preservation Needs & Recommendations Snelson-Brinker House HSR 36
Figure 67. South elevation, west pen.
Figure 66. The west pen’s south wall has also shifted, as evident in this interior photo.
Figure 68. North elevation, west pen. • Rotted wall logs. Some of the wall logs of the Snelson-Brinker House are showing signs of rot (see Figures 67-69). It is always preferable, and less costly, to repair a partially deteriorated log rather than replacing it, but if the log is completely rotted through, then the log should be replaced with one of the same size and wood species. Repairs should be made by an experienced restoration specialist. “Preservation Brief 26: The Preservation and Repair of Historic Log Buildings,” by Bruce D. Bomberger, offers some excellent information on various techniques to repair rotted
logs: Figure 69. Rotted sill and wall log on the east pen, north elevation.
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Wood Splicing members, and to reconstitute the shape of Wood splicing can involve several types of techniques. Also decayed log ends. Epoxies resist decay and referred to as "piecing-in" or "Dutchman" repair, it involves treating insects, and while epoxy itself is resistant to a localized area of deterioration by cutting out the decayed area of moisture, epoxy tends to cause adjacent the log, and carefully carving and installing a matching, seasoned wood to retain moisture rather than dry out, wood replacement plug or splice. The wood species, if available, and if not used in the right location, can and the direction and pattern of the grain should match that of actually further a continuing cycle of wood adjacent original wood. The location and depth of decay should decay. Hence, epoxy repairs are most determine the splicing technique to be used. In a case where decay successful in areas where they are protected runs deep within a log, a full-depth segment containing the affected from moisture. Epoxies, of which there are a area can be cut out, severing the log completely, and a new variety of commercially-available products segment of log spliced in, using angled "scarf" joints or square-cut on the market, are prepared in essentially "half-lap" joints. The splice is secured to the severed log by angling two forms: a liquid consolidant and a flexible lag screws or bolts through the upper and lower surfaces that will putty filler. Each consists of a resin and a be concealed by daubing. hardener which must be mixed prior to use.
Splicing can also be performed using epoxy as an adhesive. A log The technique of treating, for an example, a with shallow decay on its outer face can be cut back to sound depth, decayed log crown with epoxies is begun by and a half-log face spliced on, adhered with epoxy, screws or bolts. removing loose decayed wood, and drying A technique for the repair of badly deteriorated log crowns involves the area if necessary. The rot-affected cavity cutting them back to sound wood, and into the notching joint if and surface of the log end is then saturated necessary, and installing new crowns cut to match. Fiberglass or with liquid epoxy by repeated brushing, or by aluminum reinforcement rods are inserted into holes drilled into the soaking it in a plastic bag filled with epoxy new crowns, and into corresponding holes drilled in the ends of the that is attached to the log. The porous original cutoff logs. Epoxy is used as an adhesive to attach and hold condition of the rot-damaged wood will draw the new crowns in place. Long lag screws can be angled up through up the epoxy like a lamp wick. Once the liquid the underside of the crown into the log above to provide additional epoxy has saturated the log end and cured, support for the repair. the log end has been consolidated, and is ready for the application of an epoxy putty Epoxy Consolidation and Repair filler. The filler resin and hardener must also In some instances, epoxies may be used by themselves to be mixed, pigments must be mixed with the consolidate and fill the voids left by deteriorated wood. Epoxies are filler epoxy to color the patch, and more versatile in performance, relatively easy to use by experts, and, importantly to protect it from ultraviolet after curing, may be shaped with woodworking tools. Their use sunlight. The filler can be applied with a putty requires that sufficient sound wood survives for the epoxy to knife, pressing it into the irregularities of the adhere. But they can be used to stabilize rotted wood, return full or cavity. The cured patch can be worked like greater than original strength to decayed structure-bearing
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wood and painted with an opaque stain or a dull finish paint to help interior finishes which may have settled it blend with surrounding wood, although epoxy repairs can be slowly into non-original positions that cannot difficult to disguise on natural, unpainted wood. withstand jacking.
Epoxies can be used to consolidate and repair other areas of a log, To begin the process of log replacement, the including rotted internal areas which have not yet progressed to entire length of the log must be inspected damage the log's outer surface. Saturation of small internal areas from the exterior and the interior of the can be accomplished by drilling several random holes into the log structure to determine whether it supports through an area that will be concealed by daubing, and then pouring any structural members or features, and how in liquid epoxy. If a pure resin is used, it should be a casting resin their load can be taken up by bracing during to minimize shrinkage, and it is best to fill voids with a resin that jacking and removal. On the exterior, contains aggregates such as sand, or micro-balloons. Epoxy is sheathing such as weatherboard, and frequently used by architectural conservators to strengthen adjacent chinking, must be removed along deteriorated structural members. The damaged log can be the length of the log to perform this strengthened by removing the deteriorated wood, and filling the void inspection. Likewise, on the interior, abutting by imbedding a reinforcing bar in epoxy filler, making sure the void partition walls and plaster may also need to is properly sealed to contain the epoxy before using it. Sometimes be removed around the log to determine larger decayed internal areas of a log can be more easily accessed what, if any, features are supported by or tied and repaired from the interior of a structure. This may be a useful into the log to be removed. technique if it can be accomplished without causing undue damage to the interior finishes in the log building. However, despite its many A replacement log should be obtained to advantages, epoxy may not be an appropriate treatment for all log match the wood species of the original being repairs, and it should not be used in an attempt to conceal chinking, removed. If it is a hewn log, then the or extensive log surface patching that is exposed to view, or logs replacement must be hewn to replicate the that are substantially decayed or collapsed. dimensions and tool marks of the original. If the same wood species cannot be obtained Log Replacement in the original dimensions, a substitute Repairing or replacing only a segment of a log is not always species may have to be used, and may even possible. Replacement of an entire log may be the only solution if it be preferable in some instances if a more has been substantially lost to decay and collapsed under the weight durable wood can be found than the original of logs above it. Log replacement, which should be carried out only wood species. It should, however, be chosen by experienced craftspersons, is begun by temporarily supporting to match the visual characteristics of the the logs above, and then jacking them up just enough to insert the original species as closely as possible.54 new log. Potential danger to the structure may include creating inadequate temporary bearing points, and crushing chinking and
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• Apply a wood preservative. It is recommended that a borate wood preservative be applied to the surface of the Snelson-Brinker House’s log walls by spray or brush. Borate solutions help prevent and kill wood boring beetles, carpenter ants, termites, and wood rot.
• Replace existing Portland cement daubing. Daubing consisting entirely of Portland cement is never appropriate to use on a historic log building and can cause irreparable damage (see Figures 70-76). As noted in Preservation Brief 26: The Preservation and Repair of Historic Log Buildings, “Portland cement tends to shrink and develop hairline cracks, and retain moisture, all of which can be potentially damaging to the logs.”55
It does not allow the wood to expand or contract either, because the cement Figure 71. Missing daubing on the west pen’s west is too hard. Remove the current daubing and replace with a daubing elevation. mixture consisting of one part Portland cement, four-to-eight-parts lime, and seven-to-ten-parts sand.
Figure 72. Cracked daubing on the west pen’s north Figure 70. Daubing that has cracked and fallen off on the west pen’s south elevation. elevation.
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Figure 75. Cracked daubing on the west pen’s south elevation.
Figure 73. East pen interior wall.
Figure 76. Daubing is falling off on the east pen’s north Figure 74. Crack in east pen’s interior wall daubing. elevation.
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• Trim Trees. Tree branches extending over the Snelson-Brinker house are blocking sunlight from reaching the roof’s surface and keeping it dry. As a result, moisture, moss, and mold are actively deteriorating and damaging the roof. Overhanging tree limbs can also fall and damage the roof. Trim any branches extending over the roof of the Snelson-Brinker house in order to prevent additional damage.
• Replace Roof. The roof’s wood shingles are badly deteriorated. In some places, shingles are missing and the sheathing boards are exposed (see Figures 77-78). The roof fascia board is also missing or damaged in various Figure 78. Detail of rotted shingles. locations (see Figures 79-80). Inspect the sheathing for rot. Rotted sheathing boards should be replaced, and new shingles and fascia board should be installed. If moss and mold continue to accumulate on the roof, then spray the shingles with a weak solution of bleach and water.
Figure 79. Missing/damaged roof fascia board.
Figure 80. Missing roof fascia board. Figure 77. Detail of rotted sheathing boards and shingles.
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Figure 82. Chimney, south elevation.
Figure 81. Detail of the south side of the chimney.
• Inspect and repoint the chimney. Similar to the foundation, the chimney was repointed using Portland cement (see Figures 81-83). Contact a professional stonemason to carefully remove the existing Portland cement from the chimney and repoint with a softer, lime-based mortar. The fireplace also appears to be in use, despite a “no fire” sign on the house’s exterior door. Contact a professional chimney cleaning service to inspect and clean the chimney in order to prevent a fire hazard.
• Electrical hazards. Electricity should not be supplied to the house until a licensed electrician examines the wiring and it is up to code. The current Figure 83. Chimney, north elevation. electrical wiring is a fire hazard (see Figures 84-86).
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Figure 85. The Snelson-Brinker House’s east pen has numerous exposed electrical outlets.
Figure 84. Electrical wiring on the north elevation.
• Repair broken window. A window pane is broken on the west pen’s north elevation. Replace the window pane in order to keep insects, animals, and rain from entering and damaging the interior of the house. Consider replacing the windows in the east pen with more historically appropriate 6- over-6 double-hung windows.
• Fungus/Mold. An orange fungus or mold is growing on the interior walls of the east pen of the Sneslon-Brinker house (see Figure 87). Contact a mold Figure 86. Exterior electrical box and outlet on the remediation specialist to remove the fungus/mold. north elevation.
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Figure 88. Detail of writing carved into the mantel on the east pen.
Figure 87. Orange fungus/mold on the east pen’s interior walls.
• Wasp infestation. A large number of wasps were seen flying along the exterior walls of the Snelson-Brinker house. Contact a licensed pest control specialist to remediate the infestation.
• Vandalism. The Snelson-Brinker House is abandoned and largely neglected, making it susceptible to vandalism. The doors remain unlocked and open to any visitors who wish to explore the house. With so much unmonitored public access to the site, vandals have left their mark on the Figure 89. Burn mark on the east pen floor. house (see Figures 88-90). Most notably, the fire place has been used and burn marks are evident on the floor, therefore, loss of the building via fire is a real threat.
Vandalism is a difficult preservation issue to address since the house’s ownership is in question and the property is not monitored regularly. Simply locking the doors and boarding up the windows may deter some, but may also rouse curiosity in others who may cause further damage to the building by breaking locks to see the interior. Installing Plexiglas over the doors and windows might be one temporary solution to keep people out yet allow curiosity seekers to view the interior without damaging the building. Unfortunately, nothing can be done until ownership issues are resolved. If ownership is resolved and time is needed to develop a plan for Figure 90. Garbage left on the west pen’s mantel.
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the building’s future, consider temporarily mothballing the home. the location and condition of the property or “Preservation Brief 31: Mothballing Historic Buildings,” by Sharon C. Park, the funding available, the following 9 steps offers some excellent guidelines to follow: are involved in properly mothballing a building: When all means of finding a productive use for a historic building have been exhausted or when funds are not currently available to Documentation put a deteriorating structure into a useable condition, it may be 1. Document the architectural and historical necessary to close up the building temporarily to protect it from the significance of the building. weather as well as to secure it from vandalism. This process, known 2. Prepare a condition assessment of the as mothballing, can be a necessary and effective means of building. protecting the building while planning the property's future, or raising money for a preservation, rehabilitation or restoration Stabilization project. If a vacant property has been declared unsafe by building 3. Structurally stabilize the building, based officials, stabilization and mothballing may be the only way to on a professional condition assessment. protect it from demolition… 4. Exterminate or control pests, including termites and rodents. A vacant historic building cannot survive indefinitely in a boarded- up condition, and so even marginal interim uses where there is 5. Protect the exterior from moisture regular activity and monitoring, such as a caretaker residence or penetration. non-flammable storage, are generally preferable to mothballing. In Mothballing a few limited cases when the vacant building is in good condition 6. Secure the building and its component and in a location where it can be watched and checked regularly, features to reduce vandalism or break- closing and locking the door, setting heat levels at just above ins. freezing, and securing the windows may provide sufficient protection for a period of a few years. 7. Provide adequate ventilation to the interior. But if long-term mothballing is the only remaining option, it must be 8. Secure or modify utilities and mechanical done properly. This will require stabilization of the exterior, properly systems. designed security protection, generally some form of interior ventilation—either through mechanical or natural air exchange 9. Develop and implement a maintenance systems—and continued maintenance and surveillance monitoring. and monitoring plan for protection.
Comprehensive mothballing programs are generally expensive and Documentation and stabilization are may cost 10% or more of a modest rehabilitation budget. However, critical components of the process and the money spent on well-planned protective measures will seem should not be skipped over. Mothballing small when amortized over the life of the resource. Regardless of measures should not result in permanent
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damage, and so each treatment should be weighed in terms of its place. If plywood panels are installed over reversibility and its overall benefit… door openings, they should be screwed in place, as opposed to nailed, to avoid crowbar The actual mothballing effort involves controlling the long-term damage each time the panel is removed. deterioration of the building while it is unoccupied as well as finding This also reduces pounding vibrations from methods to protect it from sudden loss by fire or vandalism. This hammers and eliminates new nail holes each requires securing the building from unwanted entry, providing time the panel is replaced. adequate ventilation to the interior, and shutting down or modifying existing utilities. Once the building is de-activated or secured, the For windows, the most common security long-term success will depend on periodic maintenance and feature is the closure of the openings; this surveillance monitoring. may be achieved with wooden or pre-formed panels or, as needed, with metal sheets or Securing the Building from Vandals, Break-ins, and Natural concrete blocks. Plywood panels, properly Disasters installed to protect wooden frames and Securing the building from sudden loss is a critical aspect of properly ventilated, are the preferred mothballing. Because historic buildings are irreplaceable, it is vital treatment from a preservation standpoint. that vulnerable entry points are sealed. If the building is located where fire and security service is available, then it is highly There are a number of ways to set insert recommended that some form of monitoring or alarm devices be plywood panels into windows openings to used… avoid damage to frame and sash. One common method is to bring the upper and Mothballed buildings are usually boarded up, particularly on the first lower sash of a double hung unit to the mid- floor and basement, to protect fragile glass windows from breaking point of the opening and then to install pre- and to reinforce entry points. Infill materials for closing door and cut plywood panels using long carriage bolts window openings include plywood, corrugated panels, metal anchored into horizontal wooden bracing, or grates, chain fencing, metal grills, and cinder or cement blocks. The strong backs, on the inside face of the method of installation should not result in the destruction of the window. Another means is to build new opening and all associated sash, doors, and frames should be wooden blocking frames set into deeply protected or stored for future reuse. recessed openings, for example in an industrial mill or warehouse, and then to affix Generally exterior doors are reinforced and provided with strong the plywood panel to the blocking frame. If locks, but if weak historic doors would be damaged or disfigured by sash must be removed prior to installing adding reinforcement or new locks, they may be removed panels, they should be labeled and stored temporarily and replaced with secure modern doors. Alternatively, safely within the building. security gates in a new metal frame can be installed within existing door openings, much like a storm door, leaving the historic door in
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Plywood panels are usually 1/2"-3/4" (1.25-1.875 cm.) thick and some devices available using battery packs, made of exterior grade stock, such as CDX, or marine grade such as intrusion alarms, security lighting, plywood. They should be painted to protect them from delamination and smoke detectors which through audible and to provide a neater appearance. These panels may be painted horn alarms can alert nearby neighbors. to resemble operable windows or treated decoratively. With extra These battery packs must be replaced every attention to detail, the plywood panels can be trimmed out with 3 months to 2 years, depending on type and muntin strips to give a shadow line simulating multi-lite windows. use. In combination with a cellular phone, This level of detail is a good indication that the building is protected they can also provide some level of direct and valued by the community. communication with police and fire departments... If the building has shutters simply close the shutters and secure them from the interior. If the building had shutters historically, but Providing Adequate Ventilation to the they are missing, it may be appropriate to install new shutters, even Interior in a modern material, and secure them in the closed position. Once the exterior has been made Louvered shutters will help with interior ventilation if the sash are weathertight and secure, it is essential to propped open behind the shutters. provide adequate air exchange throughout the building. Without adequate air exchange, There is some benefit from keeping windows unboarded if security humidity may rise to unsafe levels, and mold, is not a problem. The building will appear to be occupied, and the rot, and insect infestation are likely to thrive. natural air leakage around the windows will assist in ventilating the The needs of each historic resource must be interior. The presence of natural light will also help when periodic individually evaluated because there are so inspections are made. Rigid polycarbonate clear storm glazing many variables that affect the performance panels may be placed on the window exterior to protect against of each interior space once the building has glass breakage. Because the sun's ultraviolet rays can cause fading been secured… of floor finishes and wall surfaces, filtering pull shades or inexpensive curtains may be options for reducing this type of Many old buildings are inherently leaky due deterioration for significant interiors. Some acrylic sheeting comes to loose-fitting windows and floorboards and with built-in ultraviolet filters. the lack of insulation. The level of air exchange needed for each building, Securing the building from catastrophic destruction from fire, however, will vary according to geographic lightning, or arson will require additional security devices. Lightning location, the building's construction, and its rods properly grounded should be a first consideration if the building general size and configuration. is in an area susceptible to lightning storms. A high security fence should also be installed if the property cannot be monitored closely. There are four critical climate zones when These interventions do not require a power source for operation. looking at the type and amount of interior Since many buildings will not maintain electrical power, there are ventilation needed for a closed up building:
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hot and dry (southwestern states); cold and damp (Pacific Developing a Maintenance and northwest and northeastern states); temperate and humid (Mid- Monitoring Plan Atlantic states, coastal areas); and hot and humid (southern states While every effort may have been made to and the tropics). stabilize the property and to slow the deterioration of materials, natural disasters, Once closed up, a building interior will still be affected by the storms, undetected leaks, and unwanted temperature and humidity of the exterior. Without proper ventilation, intrusion can still occur. A regular schedule moisture from condensation may occur and cause damage by for surveillance, maintenance, and wetting plaster, peeling paint, staining woodwork, warping floors, monitoring should be established. The fire and in some cases even causing freeze thaw damage to plaster. If and police departments should be notified moist conditions persist in a property, structural damage can result that the property will be vacant. A walk- from rot or returning insects attracted to moist conditions. Poorly through visit to familiarize these officials with mothballed masonry buildings, particularly in damp and humid the building's location, construction zones have been so damaged on the interior with just one year of materials, and overall plan may be invaluable unventilated closure that none of the interior finishes were if they are called on in the future. salvageable when the buildings were rehabilitated. The optimum schedule for surveillance visits The absolute minimum air exchange for most mothballed buildings to the property will depend on the location of consists of one to four air exchanges every hour; one or two air the property and the number of people who exchanges per hour in winter and twice that amount in summer. can assist with these activities. The more Even this minimal exchange may foster mold and mildew in damp frequent the visits to check the property, the climates, and so monitoring the property during the stabilization sooner that water leaks or break-ins will be period and after the building has been secured will provide useful noticed. Also, the more frequently the information on the effectiveness of the ventilation solution… building is entered, the better the air exchange. By keeping the site clear and the Securing Mechanical Systems and Utilities building in good repair, the community will At the outset, it is important to determine which utilities and know that the building has not been services, such as electrical or telephone lines, are kept and which abandoned. The involvement of neighbors are cut off. As long as these services will not constitute a fire hazard, and community groups in caring for the it is advisable to retain those which will help protect the property. property can ensure its protection from a Since the electrical needs will be limited in a vacant building, it is variety of catastrophic circumstances. best to install a new temporary electric line and panel (100 amp) so that all the wiring is new and exposed. This will be much safer for The owner may utilize volunteers and service the building, and allows easy access for reading the meter… companies to undertake the work outlined in the maintenance chart. Service companies on a maintenance contract can provide yard,
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maintenance, and inspection services, and their reports or itemized bills reflecting work undertaken should be added to update the building file (see Appendix C for a Mothballing Checklist and see Appendix D for a Maintenance Chart).56
• Perform annual inspections. Remember to inspect the Snelson- Brinker house on a regular basis for new damage or deterioration. Check the foundation for stability, the logs for rot, and make sure that there are no leaks in the roof.
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ADDITIONAL 1830s RESOURCES AT THE SNELSON-BRINKER HOUSE
BRINKER-HOUSTON CEMETERY
The Brinker-Houston Cemetery, also known as the Houston Cemetery, was established in 1837 and is located approximately 350’ east of the Snelson-Brinker House along a historic roadbed (see Figures 91-92). The cemetery is approximately 150’ x 150’ and derives its name from John B. Brinker, who acquired Figure 91. The entrance to the Brinker-Houston the land and property from Levi Snelson, and from the Houston family, who Cemetery on the north side of the historic roadbed. purchased the land from the Brinkers in 1852. The cemetery remains the final resting place for members of the Adair, Brinker, Cook, Houston, Jones, Richart, Snoddy, and Tweedy families, among others.
Just over twenty marked burials were identified in the cemetery during this study, but a more thorough investigation with the assistance of ground penetrating radar may reveal additional graves (see Figure 93-94). When Robert Elgin, director of the James Foundation, visited the site in 1960, he noted, “Many head stones are overturned, or broken, and the ground is rough and pitted by disinterments. At least forty graves remain.”57 If Elgin’s estimate is correct, the cemetery contains nearly double the number of graves identifiable by markers today.
Figure 92. A wooden sign marks the entrance to the While a number of the burials in the cemetery are denoted with fieldstones, others Brinker-Houston Cemetery. are marked with more stylized headstones inscribed with names and dates. The earliest known grave is of Vienna Brinker, who was murdered in May 1837 by her family’s slave Mary. Mary is reportedly buried on the property, but it is unknown if she is buried in the Brinker-Houston Cemetery. The most recent known burial is of Dr. Esco Tarrelton Houston, who was buried in January 1936.
A portion of the graves was recorded by Clair V. Mann in the 1940s, and those records are available at the State Historical Society of Missouri.58 Other information about the cemetery has been collected by genealogists Margaret Baker and Janet Ward and is available on the “Brinker-Houston Cemetery” page of FindAGrave.com. See Table 1 for full list of known interred persons and their birth 59 Figure 93. Last row of graves in the cemetery. and death dates.
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MAP KEY
1. Esco T. Houston 2. Ophelia N. Houston 3. Missouri O. Houston 4. Robert H. Houston 5. Emma T. Houston 6. William Cook (broken stone) 7. Rachel (Heath) Cook 8. Unknown 9. Unknown 10. Unknown 11. Unknown 12. Unknown 13. Jacob Richart 14. Unknown 15. Anna Houston 16. James D. Houston 17. Unknown (possibly broken) 18. Unknown (possible footstone) 19. Unknown 20. Unknown (possibly broken) 21. Vienna Brinker 22. Sarah Brinker
Figure 94. Houston-Brinker Cemetery Map.
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Table 1. List of Known Interred Persons at Brinker-Houston Cemetery
Name Birth Death
Adair, Mary Ann (Harper) May 12, 1828 Nov. 29, 1899 Adair, Susan Aug. 18, 1849 Dec. 14, 1877 Brinker, Sarah Apr. 25, 1837 Feb. 18 1846 Brinker, Vienna Jane May 25, 1835 May 14, 1837 Cook, Rachel (Heath) Mar. 10, 1816 Oct. 25, 1882 Cook, William Jul. 23, 1811 Dec. 27, 1861 Houston, Anna A. 1842 unknown Houston, Emma T. Jan. 25, 1864 Apr. 27, 1871 Houston, Esco Tarrelton Dec. 10, 1875 Jan. 6, 1936 Houston, James D. Jan. 15, 1810 Mar. 2, 1876 Houston, Missouri O. Mar. 10, 1839 Mar. 2, 1875 Houston, Ophelia N. Aug. 16, 1861 Nov. 23, 1930 Houston, Robert H. Nov. 26, 1834 Sep. 5, 1921 Houston, Robert Jr. unknown 1901 Jones, Elizabeth (Haley) 1808 Aug. 21, 1870 Richart, Jacob 1840 1862 Snoddy, Evaline (Mizell) unknown 1875 Snoddy, William unknown Sep. 25, 1895 Tweedy, Laura Foss unknown 1903
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BRINKER FAMILY
Though the Brinker family owned the property until 1852, the only known Brinker burials at the cemetery are John Brinker’s daughters: Sarah Brinker (1837-1846) and Vienna Jane Brinker (1835-1837). The burials of the Brinker family slaves are unknown, but many believe they are buried in the family cemetery in unmarked graves. Clair V. Mann’s transcriptions of Vienna Jane’s and Sarah’s tombstones are as follows:
Sacred to memory of Vienna Jane Brinker Born May the 25, 1825 Died May the 14 1837
Sacred to the memory of Sarah Brinker Born Ap’ the 25, 1837 Died Feb the 18, 184660
Figure 96. Detail of Vienna Jane Brinker’s tombstone.
Figure 97. Detail of the inscription on Sarah Brinker’s Figure 95. The box tombs of Vienna (foreground) and Sarah Brinker (background). tombstone.
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HOUSTON FAMILY
In 1852, Horace Burton Houston acquired John B. Brinker’s property and farmed the land with his son James. By 1860, the property was home to eleven members of the Houston family, including Horace Burton (age 62), Nancy Louise (age 42), James (age 28), Robert (age 26), William (age 24), Margaret (age 19), Mary (age 19), John (age 17), Rutelia (age 12), Drury (age 10), and Thomas Horace (age 5).61
Horace Burton Houston passed away on December 16, 1870. He is buried at the Rolla Cemetery in Phelps County, Missouri, along with his wife Nancy Louise (Howard) Houston (June 20, 1812-February 6, 1898) and his daughter Rutelia (August 3, 1849-March 6, 1944). After Horace had moved to Rolla in the 1860s, his second son Robert Howard Houston continued to live at his father’s home with his wife Missouri Ophelia, daughters Ophelia Nevada and Emma T., and son Esco Tarrelton (see Figure 98). The entire family is buried at the Brinker-Houston Cemetery (see Figures 99-103).
Another member of the Houston family buried in the cemetery is James D. Houston (1810-1875). James was Horace Burton Houston’s brother. Between 1860 and 1870, James moved from Polk County, Missouri, to Crawford County. According to Findagrave.com, James’s daughter Anna A. (b. 1842) is buried next to her father (see Figures 104-105). Her gravesite is marked by “a small rock with the initials Figure 98. Robert “Bobby” Houston, in the front yard of A.A. scratched on it.”62 the Snelson-Brinker House. Source: Margaret Baker, findgrave.com.
Figure 100. Robert Houston’s headstone. Figure 99. Missouri Ophelia Houston’s headstone.
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Figure 101. Ophelia Houston’s headstone.
Figure 103. Inscription on Emma Houston’s Figure 102. Esco T. Houston’s headstone. headstone reads: Emma T./ Daughter of/ R.H. & M.O. Houston/ Born/ Jan. 25, 1864/ Died/ April 27, 1871
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Figure 104. Anna A. Houston’s headstone
JACOB RICHART
Jacob Richart was born in Indiana in about 1840. By 1860, he was living in Crawford County, Missouri, with Delafayette Smith and Rozanna Smith.63 During the American Civil War, he served in Bowen’s Cavalry Battalion (formally designated as the 9th Missouri Cavalry), the predecessor to the 10th Regiment of the Missouri Cavalry.64 Like many Civil War soldiers, he died of disease, specifically, “camp dysentery” at the hospital in Rolla, Missouri, on January 16, 1862 (see Figure 106).65
COOK FAMILY
William Levi Cook and his wife Rachel (Heath) Cook are also interred in the Brinker-Houston Cemetery (see Figures 107-108). Rachel Heath was born March 10, 1816, and passed away at the age of 66 on October 25, 1882. Her husband, Figure 105. Inscription on James D. Houston’s headstone reads: James D./ husb. of/ E.A. Houston/ William was born July 23, 1811, and died on December 27, 1861. Died/ Mar 2, 1876/ Aged/ 66 y 1 m 16d
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Figure 107. William Levi Cook’s broken headstone. His grave was included in the 1940’s transcription from Clair V. Mann.
Figure 108. The inscription on Rachel Cook’s headstone reads: Rachel/ Wife of./ Wm. Cook/ Born/ Figure 106. Jacob Richart’s headstone. Mar. 10, 1816/ Died/ Oct. 25, 1882
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OTHER INDIVIDUALS INTERRED IN THE BRINKER-HOUSTON CEMETERY IN UNIDENTIFIABLE LOCATIONS
As mentioned previously, the Brinker-Houston Cemetery contains a number of graves marked with uninscribed fieldstones (see Figures 109-111) and likely even more without any kind of marker. Clair V. Mann’s documentation and inscriptions of the cemetery in the 1940s shed some light on other individuals buried in the cemetery that are not identifiable with inscribed headstones today. These include members of the Adair, Jones, Snoddy, and Tweedy families.
ADAIR AND JONES FAMILIES
In 1860, John and Elizabeth (Haley) Jones were living in Meramec, Crawford County, Missouri with their eight children.66 Elizabeth (1808-1870) and her daughter Susan (Jones) Adair (1849-1877) are buried in the Houston-Brinker Cemetery. Susan married Charles Dunlap “C.D.” Adair in 1867.67 Charles’s mother, Mary Ann (Harper) Adair (1828-1899), is also buried in the cemetery. Although the exact location of the graves and their markers are not identifiable today, transcriptions of Elizabeth’s and Susan’s headstones from Mann in the 1940s state the following:
Elizabeth Jones/ Wife of J.E.S. Jones/ Aug. 21, 1870/ 62 yrs Figure 109. The north section of the cemetery includes several fieldstone grave markers. Susan Adair/ Wife of C.D. Adair/ Dec 14, 1887/ 38 hrs 3 months, 12 days [note: iron encl.]
SNODDY FAMILY
According to William Snoddy’s obituary, he and his wife Evaline (Mizell) Snoddy are buried in the Brinker-Houston Cemetery. William and Evaline are the parents to Thomas Snoddy, who married Margaret Houston (1849-1938), daughter of James D. Houston (1810-1875). The obituary states, “William Snoddy brother of Judge Sam Snoddy died September 25, 1895 at his home four miles southwest of Steelville. He was about 70 years old. His wife died nearly 20 years ago, he left 68 two sons. Burial was at the Houston graveyard.” According to findagrave.com, Figure 110. Broken headstone in northern section of cemetery.
Brinker-Houston Cemetery Snelson-Brinker House HSR 59
one of the stones in the cemetery is inscribed with “Mrs. William Snoddy.”69 The CEMETERY RECOMMENDATIONS stone was not identified during fieldwork for this study, though. AND PRESERVATION RESOURCES
LAURA A. (FOSS) TWEEDY When addressing cemetery preservation concerns, it is always advisable to contact Laura Tweedy is also buried in the Brinker-Houston Cemetery. Her obituary, dated experienced professionals. September 3, 1903, states, “Laura A. Tweedy, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Frank Foss near Steelville died last Friday at her home in Raymondville. Married Walter 70 Vandalism. The Brinker-Houston Cemetery Tweedy August 22, 1897. One child died in infancy. Burial in Houston Cemetery.” has suffered some damage from vandalism Laura Tweedy’s grave location within the cemetery is unknown. over the years. According to the newspaper
article “Stolen tombstones are recovered,” by Willard Rand, headstones were taken from the cemetery and sold to an antique store. E. Margaret Baker, a descendant of the Houston family, distributed flyers with photographs of the missing headstones in an attempt to locate them. They were eventually retrieved and placed back in the cemetery.
To deter vandalism in a historic cemetery, bringing awareness and respect to the site is crucial. Engage the community with the cemetery and the history of the people interred there. If vandalism occurs, report the vandalism to local law enforcement. Be sure to cover up any vandalism, such as graffiti, to deter vandals from repeating the behavior. If vandalism continues on a regular basis, request additional police patrol of the site.
Landscape Maintenance. Maintaining and caring for a cemetery can be overwhelming. Consulting with a cemetery preservationist Figure 111. A triangular fieldstone marks a burial near Jacob Richart’s grave in the northern and landscape professional is advised. One section of the Brinker-Houston Cemetery.
Brinker-Houston Cemetery Snelson-Brinker House HSR 60
1. The maintenance crew must be carefully trained and closely supervised. They must understand that historic markers are very fragile and that the activities used on residential or commercial grounds are unacceptable for historic cemeteries.
2. Only walk behind mowers should be used – riding mowers offer too little control and operators are too inclined to take chances in an effort to speed the mowing up and get on to another job.
3. All mowers–even when used no closer than 12 inches–must have bumper guards installed to offer additional protection. This can be achieved by using cable ties to attach closed cell foam, such as Figure 112. Snelson-Brinker Cemetery. that used for the insulation of
pipes, to the sides, front, and of the most basic cemetery needs is maintenance of the landscape. The first step rear of all mowers. in landscape care is identifying all grave markers (headstones, footstones, fieldstones, etc.) The second step is removing any unwanted debris, such as fallen 4. The nylon string in the trimmers tree branches, trash, and old flowers. It should be noted that many historic must be lightest gauge possible– cemeteries have plants and flowers that were purposely planted by families. Some no heavier than 0.09 inch. of these include Yucca, Vinca, Yew, and Cedar. Being aware of these flowers and plants is important, because they can be the only remaining item identifying a gravesite. Once grave markers and plants have been identified and debris and Gravestone Cleaning and Repairing. trash have been removed, lawn care is the next step. The Chicora Foundation Maintaining and caring for graves should be offers some general advice about cemetery lawn care:71 done with the help of a professional conservationist with experience working in
Brinker-Houston Cemetery Snelson-Brinker House HSR 61
cemeteries. Some general “do not’s” of cemetery conservation are as follows:
• Do not use Portland Cement/Epoxy to repair stones. • Do not use bleach/ammonia/acid to clean the stones • Do not sandblast or power wash markers. • Do not fill in grave depressions. • Do not allow rubbings of stones.
Further Research. The Brinker-Houston Cemetery likely contains a number of unmarked graves. Conducting oral histories of local residents and descendants of the families that lived nearby, along with using of ground-penetrating radar in the cemetery and in the field to the east of the Snelson-Brinker House, and performing additional archival research may be beneficial to find these unmarked graves.
REFERENCES FOR CEMETERY CARE, CONSERVATION, AND DOCUMENTATION
CHICORA FOUNDATION, INC. • Lawn Maintenance: http://www.chicora.org/lawn-maintenance.html Figure 113. Broken corner of Vienna Brinker’s • Cleaning: http://www.chicora.org/cleaning.html tombstone. • Resetting Markers: http://www.chicora.org/resetting.html • Documentation Forms: http://www.chicora.org/cemetery-forms.html
NATIONAL CENTER FOR PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY AND TRAINING • Basics of Cemetery Documentation: https://www.ncptt.nps.gov/blog/documentation/
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries and Burial bulletin: https://www.nps.gov/Nr/publications/bulletins/nrb41/
Figure 114. Attempted repair on the corner of Vienna Brinker’s grave.
Brinker-Houston Cemetery Snelson-Brinker House HSR 62
HISTORIC ROAD
On July 4, 1836, Steelville commissioner Simeon Frost petitioned the county court for the construction of a public road from Steelville to Maramec Iron Works, passing in front of John B. Brinker’s property.72 David H. Burr’s 1839 Map of Illinois & Missouri: Exhibiting the Post Offices, Post Roads, Canals, Rail Roads, &c. illustrates the twelve-mile, one-horse mail or sulkey road petitioned by Frost in 1836 (see Figure 115). A segment of that original road extends in front of the Snelson-Brinker House to the east and west, paralleling the north side of Missouri State Route 8. From 1837-1839, eleven detachments of Cherokee traveled on this road en route to Indian Territory. Today, its surface consists mainly of dirt and Figure 116. View looking east down the historic road in front gravel with remnants of pavement (see Figures 116-117). of the Snelson-Brinker House.
Figure 115. Detail of Map of Illinois & Missouri: Exhibiting the Post Offices, Post Roads, Canals, Figure 117. Detail of the historic road surface with remnants Rail Roads, &c. by David H. Burr, 1839. Courtesy of David Rumsey Map Collection. of pavement.
Historic Road Snelson-Brinker House HSR 63
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES AT THE SNELSON-BRINKER HOUSE
ROOT CELLAR/SMOKEHOUSE
A stone-lined root cellar with a log and frame smokehouse above, constructed ca. 1880 and rebuilt ca. 1988, is located to the northeast of the Snelson-Brinker House and measures approximately 8’ 1” by 13’ 4” (see Figures 118 and 123-125). Concrete stairs built into the ground and framed by brick retaining walls on the building’s south elevation lead to an open doorway to the root cellar’s interior (see Figure 118. West and south elevations of the root Figure 119). The root cellar once had a board-and-batten door in its entryway. This cellar/smokehouse. door was leaning against the cellar’s west interior wall in 2014 and is no longer extant (see Figure 120). The cellar’s west, north, and east elevations have wood- frame ventilation or window openings. Log and wood plank shelves are resting against the cellar’s north elevation (see Figure 121). Hand-hewn log sills measuring approximately 7.5” to 8” square are located on the west and east elevations, and hand-hewn floor joists measuring between 8” and 10” in width rest of the sills.
A stone and a wood step on the south elevation lead to the above-ground smokehouse. A board-and-batten door with a metal handle and a cabin hook lead to the interior of the smokehouse. The smokehouse has vertical board siding and wood-plank floors. A stationary window with three vertical panes of glass is located Figure 119. Entryway to the root cellar. in the center of the north elevation. The interior is currently used for storage (see Figure 122). A projecting front-gable roof with wood shingles shelter the smokehouse and the entryway.
The root cellar/smokehouse faces some of the same preservation needs as the Snelson-Brinker House. Most importantly, the foundation needs to be stabilized and repointed, the rotted sills need to be repaired or replaced, the roof’s sheathing should be inspected and shingles replaced, and nearby trees should be trimmed.
Figure 120. Root cellar’s door leaning against the western wall, 2014.
Root Cellar/Smokehouse Snelson-Brinker House HSR 64
Figure 123. North and west elevations of the smokehouse.
Figure 121. Root cellar interior.
Figure 124. North and east elevations of the smokehouse.
Figure 122. Smokehouse interior. Figure 125. East elevation of the smokehouse.
Root Cellar/Smokehouse Snelson-Brinker House HSR 65
PRIVY
A hexagonal frame privy, built ca. 1988, is located to the northeast of the Snelson- Brinker House (see Figure 126). All six sides of the privy measure approximately 3’ 3.5” and are constructed with vertical board. A stone step leads to a vertical board door with metal hinges, handle, and cabin hook. Several sides have ventilation windows covered with lattice that are located near the roofline. The hexagonal roof is covered with badly deteriorated wood shingles with a wooden spire in the center.
WATER PUMP SITE
A ca. 1910 cast iron water pump was once located to the northeast of the Snelson- Brinker House. The pump is no longer extant, but the pump’s concrete block base still remains (see Figure 127).
Figure 126. Privy.
Figure 127. Water pump base.
Privy/Water Pump Site Snelson-Brinker House HSR 66
APPENDIX A: NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES NOMINATION FORM
NPS Form 10-900 OMB NO. 10024-0018 (Oct. 1990) Snelson-Brinker House Crawford Countv. Missouri United States Department of the Interior Name of Property County and State National Park Service 5. Classification National Register of Historic Places Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within PI-operty (Check as ~nanyboxes as (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in count) Registration Form apply)
This form IS for use in nominattng or requesting determinations for rndividual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or [E3 private building(s) Contributing Noncor~tributing by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "NIA" for "not applicable." For functions, publlc-local district architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional [I entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. [I] public-State ISI site 0 3-- buildings [] public-Federal structure 1 0 sites 1. Name of Pro~ertv -- object 0 1 structures
historic name Snelson-Brinker House 0 0-- objects other nameslsite number NIA 1 4 Total Name of related multiple property listing Number of Contributing resources previously listed 2. Location (Enter "NIA" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) in the National Register Historic and Historic Archaeological 0 street & number State Highway 8 NIAI not for publication Resources of the Cherokee Trail of city or town Steelville (XI vicinity Tears, 1837-1839 state -Missouri code MO county Crawford code 055 zipcode 65565 6. Function or Use
3. StatelFederal Aaencv Certification Historic Functions Current Functions (Enter categories from ~nstructions) (Enter categories from instructions)
As the designated authority under the National Historic Prese~ationAct, as amended, I hereby certify that this [XI DOMESTIC - Single Dwelling CULTURE - Museum nomination 11 request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties ir~the FUNERARY-Cemetery National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set for in 36 CFR Part 60. In FUNERARY-Cemetery my opinion, the property (XI meets does not meet the National Reqbter criteria. I recommend that this properl:y. . be &nsidered signifm [j nationally [7 statewide locally. (See coGnuation sheet for additional comments.) 7-a- Signature of certifying officialmitle Mark A. Miles/Deputy SHPO Date ' Missouri De~artmentof Natural Resources State or Federal agency and bureau
In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register uiteria. (0 See ~onhnuationsheet for additional comments.) - - 7. Description
r-Signature of certifying officiallTitle Date Architectural Classification Materials (Enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from instructions) OTHER - Double-Pen Log Dwelling foundation Stone State or Federal agency and bureau I walls Wood
4. National Park Service Certification roof Wood Signature of the Keeper Date of Action I hereby certify that the property is: other Stone entered in the National Register. See continuation sheet [7 determined eligible for the National Register. See continuation sheet Narrative Description determined not eligible for the (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) National ~e~ister removed from the National Register. other, (explain:)
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 67
Snelson-Brinker House Crawford Countv, Missouri Snelson-Brinker House Crawford Countv, Missouri Name of Property Count) and State Name of Property County and State
8. Statement of Significance 10. Geographical Data Applicable National Register Criteria Areas of Significance (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property (Enter categories from instructions) Acreage of Property 1.7 acres for National Register l~sting) UTM References (XI A Property IS associated with events that have made ETHNIC HERlTAGElNative American (place additional lJTM references on a cont~nuationsheet) a significant contribution to the broad patterns of 1 15 631685 4200995 3 - -- our history. Zone Easting Northing Zone Eastillg Northing
2 ------4 B Property IS associated with the lives of persons See continuation sheet significant in our past. Verbal Boundary Description C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet ) of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses Boundary Justification high artistic values, or represents a significant and (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a cont~nuationsheet.) Distinguishable entity who's components lack Period of Significance individual distinction. 1837-1839 11. Form Prepared By namettitle Philip Thomasonfreresa Douglass [XI D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. organization Thomason and Associates date July 28, 21003 street & number P.O. Box 121225 telephone 61 5-385-4960 Criteria Considerations NIA Significant Dates (Mark "x" in all boxes that apply.) 1837-1839 city or town Nashville state TN zip code 37212 Property is: Additional Documentation A owned by a religious institution or used for submit the following items with the completed form: religious purposes. Significant Person Continuation Sheets B removed from its original location. (complete if Criterion B is marked) . NIA Maps C moved from its original location. A USGS map (7.5 Or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location Cultural Affiliation D a cemetery. Cherokee A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources.
E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. Photographs
F a commemorative property Representative black and white photographs of the property. -- ArchitectlBuilder G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance Unknown Additional items within the past 50 years. (Check with the SHPO) or FPO for any additional items
Narrative Statement of Significance Property Owner (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) (Complete this item at the request of SHPO or FPO.) 9. Major Bibliographical References name -St. James Historical Preservation Society, c/o Pete Vannatta Bibliography street & number 16950 County Road 2350 Telephone 573-265-5508 (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) city or town St. James state MO Zip code 65559 Previous documentation on file (NPS): NIA Primary location of additional data: preliminary determination of individual listing (36 State Historic Preservation Office Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate CFR 67) has been requested Other State Agency properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listing. Response to this request is required to obtain previously listed in the National Register Federal Agency a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.) Previously determined eligible by the National Local Government Register University Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing designated a National Historic Landmark Other instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P. 0.BOX 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey Name of repository: Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Projects (1024-0018). Washington, DC 20303. # National Park Service, Long Distance Trails Ofice recorded by Historic American Engineering Sante Fe, New Mexico Record # -
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 68
NPS FORM lI>WO-A (686)
United States Department of the Interior United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Park Service National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Continuation Sheet
Snelson-Brinker House Snelson-Brinker House number Section riumber 7 Page I Crawford County, Missouri Section 8 Page 2 Crawford County, Missouri Historic and ~rchaeologicalResources ~f the Cherokee Trail of T~~~~ Historic and Archaeological Resources of th.c Cherokee Trail of Tears
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE - SUMMARY DESCRIPTION The Snelson-Brinker House is significant under National Register criteria A and D for its association with the The Snelson-Brinker House is a one-story, double-pen log dwelling built in 1834 and extensively rebuilt in the late Cherokee Trail of Tears of 1837-1839. The dwelling was constructed in 1834 and faced a roadbed which was used 1980s. The dwelling faces State Highway 8 and is located approximately nine miles west of Steelville, the county by thousands of Cherokee as they emigrated to the Indian Territory. It is known that at least orie detachment camped seat of Crawford County. The property consists of the dwelling, a ca. 1880 log and frame smokehouse/root cellar, a on the grounds of the house and four Cherokee died and are buried on the property. The site is one of only a few in ca. 1910 cast iron pump, and a ca. 1988 frame privy. To the east of the dwelling is an open field and beyond the Missouri that have been identified as a campsite and gravesite. Although largely rebuilt, the Sn~elson-BrinkerHouse field is a cemetery with graves dating back to the 1830s. In front of the house is a wooden fence which extends remains at its original site and the setting of the property has not been extensively altered since the 19" century. along the faint traces of the original road which ran in front of the house. The dwelling is presently owned by the St. James Historical Preservation Society which operates the property as a house museum. The Snelson-Brinker House is significant as a campsite and gravesite during the period of the l'rail of Tears. Under criterion A, the identification and location of campsites is important to understanding the exact routes taken by the The dwelling consists of two log pens which share a central stone chimney (Photos 1-4). The west pen is original Cherokee and to better understand the progression of their journey. Identification of campsites can help clarify the and the east pen was rebuilt ca. 1988 with materials and features to match the original. The dwelling has a stone actual routes taken by the detachments, typical mileage completed each day, and the types of roads and road foundation, a gable roof of wooden shingles, and a central stone chimney. The dwelling was built in a saddlebag conditions which hindered or assisted their journey. Campsites also have the possibility of being significant under plan with the two pens sharing a central chimney. The west pen has an exterior of saddle notched, unhewn logs with criterion D. At least one detachment of Cherokee and possibly others camped around the Snelson-Brinker House in concrete chinking. The main entrance has a vertical board door which was added ca. 1988 and the pen's six-over- 1838 and 1839. There may be artifacts at the site from this period. six double hung wood sash windows were also added at this time. The original east pen was in deteriorated - .. condition in the late 1980s and it was removed and the existing pen rebuilt in its place. This pen has a vertical board As a gravesite, the Snelson-Brinker House is significant under Criteria A as reflecting the suffering and hardships door, hewn logs with "V" notching, and concrete chinking. On the rear (North) faqade of this pen is a six-over-six endured by the Cherokee people. This event was pivotal in the history of the Cherokee Nation, and the graves at wood sash window and a vertical board door. In the gable fields on the east and west facades i:; vertical board this site are illustrative of the tragedy of this event. The vast majority of Cherokee graves along the Trail of Tears siding. The interior of both pens consist of wood floors, exposed log walls, and plank ceilings. Both pens have stone are undocumented and their locations unknown. The Snelson-Brinker House is one of only a few welldocumented hearths at the fireplace openings and reproduction wood mantels added ca. 1988 (Photos 5 and 6).At the rear of the locations of Cherokee graves along the entire Trail of Tears route which stretches over nine states. The Snelson- building is a stone patio which was also added ca. 1988. Brinker House meets registration requirements for the property types of "Campsites." and "Gravesites" as outlined in the Multiple Property Documentation Form "The Historic and Historic.Archaeologica1 Resources of the To the north of the house is a log and frame smokehouse/root cellar builf'ca. 1880 and rebuilt ca. 1988 (Photo 7). Cherokee Trail of Tears, 1837-1839." This nomination only addresses the Snelson-Brinker House within the context The building has a gable roof of wood shingles, vertical board siding, and a log and stone foundation. On the south of the Cherokee Trail of Tears. Additional research may also identify the property as eligible under additional state facade is a vertical board door which leads to the above-ground smokehouse section and a vertical board door which and local contexts. leads to the stone-lined root cellar. To the northeast of this building is a ca. 1910 cast iron water pump. Also north of the house is a hexagonal frame privy built ca. 1988. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
To the east of the house is an open field and beyond the field is the Brinker Cemetery which contains approximately The Snelson-Brinker House was built in 1834 for Levi Lane Snelson, and it served as the meeting place for the thirty visible headstones (Photos 8 and 9). The oldest grave is that of Vienna Jane Brinker, daughter of John Crawford County Circuit Court during 1835 and 1836. John B. Brinker purchased the house artd land on February Brinker, who was killed in 1837. Other graves in the cemetery include that of John Brinker ancl other members of 21, 1837.~On May 14, 1837, Brinker's daughter, two-year old Vienna Jane Brinker was drowned in the spring his family. The cemetery may also contain the graves of the four Cherokee who were buried at the house but oral branch below the hill and a 16 year old slave later confessed to the murder. Brinker buried his daughter in the field tradition handed down from the Brinker family places these graves in the north section of the field between the east of the house and this continued to be utilized as the Brinker family cemetery. house and cemetery. The Treaty of New Echota signed in December of 1835, led to the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation in 1838 The Snelson-Brinker House and its related outbuildings are included as non-contributing buildings and structures to and 1839. Several groups of Cherokee left voluntarily in 1837 including the party of Cherokee led by Lt. B.B. the property. The dwelling was extensively remodeled in the late 1980s which included the corr~pletereconstruction Cannon. This group contained some 365 Cherokee and they began their journey west from Tennessee in October of of the east pen, and replacement of original doors, windows, and fireplace mantels. The building no longer retains 1837. The decision of the Cannon party to take a route northwest through Nashville, Kentucky, and on into Illinois integrity of its original construction. The contributing features of this property are the cemetery and fields to the east and central Missouri was an effort to bypass the poor roads and swamps of Arkansas and southeast Missouri. of the house. These areas encompass campsites and a gravesite associated with the period of the: Trail of Tears. Cannon's party of Cherokee crossed the Mississippi River into Missouri at Bainbridge and traveled through the state The property is now maintained by the St. James Historical Preservation Society and it is open to the public on a in November and December. Missouri was not admitted to the Union until 1821 and the road system in the central daily basis. I Barbara Black, "Crawford County Survey Report No. 135, Brinker Log Cabin, Meiamec Regional Planning Commission. Rolla, Missouri, 1986. ' Pete Vannatta, St. James Historical Preservation Society, Telephone Interview, 22 July, 2003
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 69
NPS FORM 10--A NPS FORM 10-001-A (a) (-)
United States Department of the Interior United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Park Service National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Continuation Sheet
Snelson-Brinker House Snelson-Brinker House Section number 8 Page -, Crawford County, Missourl Section number 8 Page 4 Crawford County, Missouri
section of the state remained primitive for many years. The 1836 Henry Tanner Map of Misscluri shows no major was a daughter of Archibald Fields, by the name of Mary. "'Butrick does not mention the Mills family; however, system of roads in the vicinity of any of the Snelson-Brinker House (Map However, the 1840 Jeremiah his entry for March 1 notes that two children had died in the camp the previous evening. These are perhaps the two Greenleaf Map does show the road taken by the Cannon party from Caledonia to Meramec Spring and the iron members of the Mills family that Morrow refers to.9 works (Itlap 2).4 On December 5, 1837, Cannon's party camped at the Meramec River in the general vicinity of the Snelson-Brinker House, however, there is no specific mention of the dwelling.' Oral tradition in the Brinker family has these burials located in the north section of the field belween the house and cemetery rather than in the cemetery itself." However, these burials may possibly also be within the family The majority of the Cherokee were rounded up by US soldiers and state militia in May of 1838, and during the cemetery. The cemetery contains the grave of Vienna Jane Brinker, who was buried east of the house in 1837 and summer the Cherokee were concentrated at three emigration depots in Tennessee and Alabama. Here the Cherokee several dozen other family members were buried in this cemetery in the 19h and 20'" centuries. were divided into various detachments of 800 to 1,900 persons each for the journey west. After delays due to drought conditions, the Cherokee detachments began their overland march to the Indian Territory in early October. After 1839, the dwelling remained in the possession of the Brinker family for much of the rest of the 19" century. The majority of the detachments utilized the "Northern Route" and passed through Nashville, Hopkinsville, During the 1930s the property was purchased by Waldridge Powell and his family owned the house until the Kentucky and crossed the Ohio River at Berry's Ferry at Golconda, Illinois. After crossing the Mississippi River at 1950s.'' A photograph taken of the house ca. 1940 shows a family group in front of the dwelling but it is not clear if and near Bainbridge, most Cherokee detachments followed the route previously used by Cannon. the house was occupied at this time (Figure 1). The dwelling was then vacant and deteriorated for several decades until it was willed by the Powell family to the Phelps County Historical Society. The dwelling and 1.7 acres were Ten of the detachments, containing some 10,000 Cherokee, traveled along the Northern Route through Missouri. sold to the St. James Historical Preservation Society in 1988. Following its sale a grant was provided by the James One of the roadbeds used by the Cherokee was the road from Steelville to St. James which led directly past the H. Woods Foundation of St. Louis to restore the house. This restoration included the rebuilding of the east pen, and Snelson-Brinker House. The detachment led by Richard Taylor, camped on the Snelson-Brinker property on its replacement of windows and door;. Coins found during the restoration process include copper pennies with dates of journey west. Given the location of the dwelling it is probable that other detachments in addition to the Taylor group 18 13, 1832, and 1834. The dwelling now serves as a house museum. stopped or camped on the property. The Snelson-Brinker House meets the registration requirements for the property types of "Campsites" and Taylor's detachment was the eleventh group to embark on the Trail of Tears and left from a camp on the Vann "Gravesites" as outlined in the Multiple Property Documentation Form, "The Historic and Historic Archaeological plantation near Chattannooga, Tennessee on November 1, 1838. Over a thousand Cherokee in this detachment left Resources of the Cherokee Trail of Tears, 1837-1839." These registration requirements outlining integrity are as Tennessee but several dozen had already died by the time they reached central Miss~uri.~Taylor's group stopped at follows: the Brinker residence in late February 1839. W.I.I. Morrow, a physician, was among those whio traveled with the Taylor detachment. Morrow noted in his diary that the group camped on the Brinker property: Location: The Snelson-Brinker House's location as a campsite and as the site of Cherokee burials has been well documented since the 19" century. The Morrow and Butrick accounts of their 26th Feby. Cloudy & cool. Traveled to Davis near Steelville 10 miles - clear - 27th clear and cold, journey clearly identify the Brinker dwelling as a campsite and as the location fix four traveled 10 miles to Brinker near Massy Iron Works - snowed some during the day a v~:ry cold night Cherokee burials. Oral histories from the 19" century also support the tradition that the - four Indians died, and were buried viz - 2 of Mills family, Old Byrd, and Mary ~ield:;' Brinker Cemetery is the likely location of the Cherokee graves.
The Reverend Daniel S. Butrick, a missionary who accompanied the Taylor detachment, also noted the deaths in his Design/ journal. His entry for February 27, 1839 states that after the detachment had stopped to camp h.e was informed that Materials1 two people, an elderly man and a child had died on the way. "The old man was by the name of Bird, and the child Workmanship: Campsites along the Trail of Tears were temporary accommodations for the Cherokee. They required enough space to accommodate large groups, and were primarily open :Fields, pasture, church yards or wooded areas. 'No design, materials, or workmanship elements are applicable to this property type. No grave markers associated with the Cherokee from this time p'zriod are known to 3 Henry Tanner, "Map ofMissouri, 1836," David Rumsey Map Collection, davidrumsey.com. exist and integrity of design, materials, and workmanship are not applicable for this property type.
Jeremiah Greenleaf, "Map ofMissouri, 1840," David Rumsey Map Collection, davidrum:sey.com.
Vicki Rozema, "Voicesfrom the Trail of Tears," (Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John I:. Blair Publisher, 2003), 88.
6Duane H. King, "Report on the Cherokee Trail of Tears: Updating and Correcting the 1992 Map Supplement" 10 (April 10, 1999), 13-15. Vannatta, Telephone Interview, 22 July, 2003.
'I Black, "Crawford County Survey Report No. 135."
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 70
NPS FORM I&%€-A NPS FORM 1&90l&A (bW) (b8.3)
United States Department of the Interior United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Park Service National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Continuation Sheet
Snelson-Brinker House Snelson-Brinker House Section number 8 Page 5 Crawford County, Missouri Section number 9 Page 6 Crawford County, Missouri Historic and Archaeoloeical Resources of tE!e Cherokee Trail of Tears
Feeling1 BIBLIOGRAPHY Setting/ Association: 'The feeling, setting, and association of a Cherokee Trail of Tears campsite is largely conveyed Black, Barbara. "Crawford County Survey Report No. 135, Brinker Log Cabin. " Meramec Regional Planning through its surroundings and its ability to evoke a sense of time and place of the period of Commission, Rolla, Missouri, 1986. significance. The campsite must retain sufficient physical characteristics of its 1837-1839 appearance to convey the sense of an early 19th century camp. The campsite must closely resemble Ehle, John. The Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Anchor Books, 1988. its early 19th century physical characteristics, such as pasture or woodlands, when it was used by the Cherokee, and post-1839 buildings and structures in the immediate vicinity must be limited in Foreman, Grant. 77le Five Civilized Tribes. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1934. number and scale. The Snelson-Brinker House is located in a rural section of Crawford County and there are no modem buildings or structures in the immediate vicinity. The field to the east of the -- Indian Removal. Norman OK: University of Oklahoma press, 1956. dwelling remains open and the rest of the property to the north is composed of llvoodlands. For gravesites, integrity of feeling, setting, and association is conveyed through a property's ability Gilbert, Joan. The Trail of Tears Across Missouri, Colu~nbia,MO: University of Missouri Press, 1996. to evoke a sense of time and place of its period of significance. This can includt: no markers at all, the nearby presence of memorials or markers related to the Trail of Tears, or it:; presence within a Greenleaf, Jeremiah. Map of Missouri, 1840. David Rumsey Map Collection, davidrumsey.corn. larger cemetery. The Cherokee graves at this site are not marked and only their general location is known. The immediate vicinity of the Snelson-Brinker House retains integrity as an early 19" Hoig, Stanley. Night of the Cruel Moon: Cherokee Removal and the Trail of Tears. New York: Facts on File, 1996. century farmstead and much of the original setting of the property remains intact. Jahoda, Gloria. The Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removals, 1813-1855. New York: Holt, The Snelson-Brinker House possesses sufficient integrity and significance to meet National Register criteria for its Rinehart and Winston, 1975. association with the Cherokee Trail of Tears. The location of known campsites and gravesites along the Trail of Tears is limited and this site retains much of its sense of time and place from the period of the Trail of Tears of The Journal of Rev. Daniel S. Butrick, May 19, 1838 -April 1, 1839, Cherokee Removal. Park Hill, Oklahoma: The 1837 to 1839. Trail of Tears Association, Oklahoma Chapter, 1998.
King, Duane H. "Repoll on the Cherokee Trail of Tears: Correcting and Upakting the 1992 Mcp Supplement, " unpublished manuscript, National Park Service, 1999.
Perdue, Theda. The Trail of Tears, The American Indian Experience: A Profile 1524 to the Present. Philip Weeks, ed. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Forum Press, 1988.
Rozema, Vicki. Voices From the Trail of Tears. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, Publisher, 2003.
United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. "Trail of Tears (The Cherokee Removal Route/I838-39) National Historic Trail Study and Environmental Assessment. " June, 1'386.
Tanner, Henry. Map of Missouri, 1836. David Rumsey Map Collection, davidrumsey.com.
Vannatta, Pete. St. James Historical Preservation Society, Telephone Interview, 22 July, 2003.
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 71
NPS FORM IC-WO-A (CW PS FORM 1GWO.A OM0 Aumval No. la244f~l.3 I-) United States Department of the Interior United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Park Service National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Continuation Sheet Snelson-Brinker House Snelson-Brinker House Section number Photos Page 8 Crawford County, Missouri 7 Historic and Archaeological Resources of the Cherokee Trail of Tears Section number -- 10 Page Crawford County, Missouri Historic and Archaeological Resources of th.e Cherokee Trail of Tears
Photo by: Thomason and Associates Verbal I3oundary Description Date: April, 2002 Location of Negatives: Thomason and Associates, Nashville, TN The boundary of the Snelson-Brinker House is shown as parcel 3 on Crawford County tax map 72-13-3 which is drawn at a scale of 1" = 400. The parcel includes 1.7 acres and contains the house, outbuildir~gsand cemetery. The Photo No. 1: Primary (south) fagade of the Snelson-Brinker House, view to the northeast. map was created in 1981 and still shows the property as owned by the Phelps County Historical Society. Ownership is presently by the St. James Historical Preservation Society. The property is located in the SW corner of Section 5 Photo No. 2: South and east facades of the Snelson-Brinker House, view to the northwest. of Township 37N, Range 5W. The property is bounded on the south by the right-of-way of Stale Route 8, on the west by an imaginary line following the property boundary, and on the east and north by fence lines. Photo No. 3: North facade of the Snelson-Brinker House, view to the south.
Verbal Boundary Justification Photo No. 4: North and west fa~adesof the Snelson-Brinker House, view to the southeast.
The boundary of the Snelson-Brinker House includes all of the remaining buildings and structures which are Photo No. 5: Interior view of the east pen of the Snelson-Brinker House. historically associated with the property. The boundary also includes the Brinker Cemetery which is historically associated with the site. To the north, east and west of the property boundary are open fields and woodlands which Photo No. 6: Interior view of the west pen of the Snelson-Brinker House. are owned by the Missouri Conservation Commission. To the south the property is bounded by the State Route 8 right-of-way. No other properties associated with the Snelson-Brinker House are known to be in the general Photo No. 7: Outbuildings of the Snelson-Brinker House, view to the north. vicinity. Photo No. 8: General view of the Brinker Cemetery, view to the north.
Photo No, 9: General view of the field between the house and cemetery. The north section of the field is the traditional location for the four Cherokee burials.
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 72
NPS FORM 1&WA OHB Approval No. 1024-0018 (a-en OMB Appmval No. 1024-0018 NPS FORM 1bK13-k (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Snelson-Brinker House Section number Figures Page 9 Crawford County, Missouri Snelson-Brinker House Section number Maps Page 10 Crawford County, Missouri
Figure 1: Ca. 1940 photo of the Snelson-Brinker House (Photo courtesy of the St. James Historical Preservation Society).
Map 1 : The 1836 Henry Tanner Map of Missouri does not show any established roads leading from Caledonia to the Meramec Iron Works and Spring.
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 73
NPS FORM 1COOOA OM6 Appmval NO. 1024-0018 we) OM0 Appmval No 30244018
United Stam Department of the Interior UnilW Stabm Oyrartment of the Interior Nafional Park Service N-nal Pa& Sewice National Register of Historic Places National Fhgister of Historic Places Continuation Sheet ContinwWm Sheet
Snelson-Brinker House Snelson-Brinker House Section number Maps Page 11 Crawford County, Missouri Section number Maps Page 12 Crawford County, Missouri
Map 3: The Snelson-Brinker House is shown as parcel 3 on Crawford County, c is so^ Tax Map 72-13-3, (1" = 400'). Map 2: The 1840 Jeremiah Greenleaf Map of Missouri shows the road from Caledonia to the Meramec Iron Works and Spring.
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 74
NPS FORM 1C-PWA OM6 Approval No. 1024-0018 (688)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Snelson-Brinker House Section number Maps Page 13 Crawford County, Missouri
Fence line I - - + Possible I Cherokee I Grave I \'t: ~ocation I f- / I Fence L-d I Line Pump I I Fence Snelson- ~~cemete'yg_------It- I' Line Brinker House Smokehouse I I I I UIt@ I - ...... ---,--A State Route 8
Map 4: Site Plan and Photo Key for the Snelson Brinker House (not to scale).
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 75
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 76
- I!!
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR 77
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Snelson-Brinker House HSR
APPENDIX B: CRAWFORD COUNTY SURVEY REPORT NO. 135
Source: Missouri State Historic Preservation Office, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, MO.
MISSOURI OFFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION I INVENTORY SURVEY FORM
CRAWFORD COUNTY SURVEY 1. NAME Brinker Log Cabin REPORT NO. /35' HISTORIC Crawford County Courthouse AND I OR COMMON
2. LOCATION T37N. RSW. SS.
STREET & NUMBER Hwy 19
CITY, TOWN Steelville VICINITY OF Meramec Township
STATE Missouri CODE 29 COUNTY Crawford CODE 055 3. CLASSIFICATION CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENT USE l district X public _occupied __agriculture Xmuseum / / X building(s) _private X unoccupied commercial _park structure both _work In progress educational private residence e: site PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE entertainment religious _object _in process __ yes: restricted _government scientific _being considered yes: unrestricted industrial _transportation NIA no __military other:
4. OWNER OF PROPERTY
NAME Phelp's County Historical Society
STREET & NUMBER
CITY, TOWN VICINITY OF STATE Missouri 5. LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION Assessor's Office Phelps County Courthouse Rolla, Missouri 65401
6. REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS
TITLE (None) Determined Eligible? Yes No Federal State County Local
7. DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE excellent deteriorated X unaltered X original site ruins altered moved date March 1986 BRINKER LOG CABIN _good Xra1r _unexposed
T37N. RSW. SS. DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Meramec Township The Brinker log cabin has a stone foundation, oak siding, and cedar shake shingles. It is a two room cabin. There is (Rural) Steelville, Mo. a large stone chimney which rests in the center of the building. This cabin (at that time owned by Snelson) served as the Crawford County Circuit Court's meeting place in 1835 and 1836. It was then sold to Brinker and was the unfortunate scene of the murder of the Brinker's youngest child by their Negress maid, Mary.
Appendix B: Crawford County Survey Report No. 135 Snelson-Brinker House HSR 79
8. SIGNIFICANCE - Crawford County Survey - Brinker Log Cabin II PERIOD AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE - CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW _prehistoric _archeology - prehistoric _ comnrunity planning _landscape architecture _religion 1400-1499 _archeology - historic conservation law science 1500-1599 _agriculture economics literature _sculpture II ·.:.. 1600-1699 _architecture education _military social I humanitarian . .; _::-·"' .. ..,.. . .. :. :._ 1700-1799 art _engineering nrusic theater ·<-\. 1800-1899 Xcommerce _exploration I settlement _philosophy _transportation . . . . . x 1900- communications _industry X politics I government _other (specify) __ invention
SPECIFIC DATES BUILDER I ARCIIlTECT
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (IN ONE PARAGRAPH)
-·
Politics/Commerce - This cabin (at that time owned by Snelson) served as the Crawford County Circuit Court's meeing place in 1835 and 1836. It was then sold to the Brinker family and was the unfortunate scene of the murder of the Brinker's youngest child by their Negro maid, Mary. Mary's court trial lasted for two years and, upon being found guilty of murder, she was hanged. Both she and the Brinker child are buried on the 1.7 acre lot that the Brinker cabin rests upon. This cabin was also used as a cafe and hotel for another sixty years. Waldridge Powell and family 1 . purchased this cabin in the 1930s and then deeded the cabin and 1.7 acres of land to the Phelps County Historical Society.
9. MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
The History of Crawford County and Cuba, Mo. by James Ira Breuer
10. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
ACREAGE OF PROPERTY 1 7 acres QUADRANGLE NAME Maramec Spring Quad SCALE 1 ·24000 UTM REFERENCES
BRINKER LOG CABIN ZONE EASTING NORTHING ZONE EASTING NORTHING (Rural) Steelville, Mo . .
D w I I I I I L---1 L..-.L--1 .L...... JIL.--....L...-.L.....-.1 (Crawford County Survey)
VERBAL BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION The Brinker log cabin is located in Meramec township at the U. S. G. S. 7.5 Minute Topographic Map above referenced UTM coordiantes. This location recognizes the building and the parameter of the Maramec Spring Quadrangle property upon which it rests. Scale: 1 :24,000
UTM REFERENCES 11. FORM PREPARED BY Zone: 15 NAME I TITLE Barbara S. Black - Assistant Historic Preservation Coordinator Easting: 631580 Northing: 4201020 ORGANIZATION Meramec Regional Planning Commission
ADDRESS 101 West Tenth Street, Rolla, Missouri 65401 DATE 1986
Appendix B: Crawford County Survey Report No. 135 Snelson-Brinker House HSR 80
APPENDIX C: MOTHBALLING CHECKLIST Source: Sharon C. Park, “Preservation Brief 31: Mothballing Historic Buildings,” https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/31- mothballing.htm (accessed August 25, 2016).
MOISTURE • Is the roof watertight? detached from the building been labeled and stored in a • Do the gutters retain their proper pitch and are they clean? safe place? • Are downspout joints intact? • Is there a building file? • Are drains unobstructed? • Are windows and doors and their frames in good condition? SECURITY • Are masonry walls in good condition to seal out moisture? • Have fire and police departments been notified that the • Is wood siding in good condition? building will be mothballed? • Is site properly graded for water run-off? • Are smoke and fire detectors in working order? • Is vegetation cleared from around the building foundation to • Are the exterior doors and windows securely fastened? avoid trapping moisture? • Are plans in place to monitor the building on a regular basis? PESTS • Are the keys to the building in a secure but accessible • Have nests/pests been removed from the building's interior location? and eaves? • Are the grounds being kept from becoming overgrown? • Are adequate screens in place to guard against pests? UTILITIES • Has the building been inspected and treated for termites, carpenter ants, rodents, etc.? • Have utility companies disconnected/shut off or fully inspected water, gas, and electric lines? • If toxic droppings from bats and pigeons are present, has a • If the building will not remain heated, have water pipes been special company been brought in for its disposal? drained and glycol added? HOUSEKEEPING • If the electricity is to be left on, is the wiring in safe • Have the following been removed from the interior: trash, condition? hazardous materials such as inflammable liquids, poisons, VENTILATION and paints and canned goods that could freeze and burst? • Have steps been taken to ensure proper ventilation of the Is the interior broom-clean? • building? • Have furnishings been removed to a safe location? • Have interior doors been left open for ventilation purposes? • If furnishings are remaining in the building, are they properly • Has the secured building been checked within the last 3 protected from dust, pests, ultraviolet light, and other months for interior dampness or excessive humidity? potentially harmful problems? • Have significant architectural elements that have become
Appendix C: Mothballing Checklist Snelson-Brinker House HSR 81
APPENDIX D: MAINTENANCE CHART Source: Sharon C. Park, “Preservation Brief 31: Mothballing Historic Buildings,” https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/31- mothballing.htm (accessed August 25, 2016).
1-3 months; periodic Every 6 months; spring and fall • regular drive by surveillance • site clean-up; pruning and trimming • check attic during storms if possible • gutter and downspout check • monthly walk arounds • check crawlspace for pests • check entrances • clean out storm drains • check window panes for breakage • mowing as required Every 12 months • check for graffiti or vandalism • maintenance contract inspections for equipment/utilities • enter every 3 months to air out • check roof for loose or missing shingles • check for musty air • termite and pest inspection/treatment • check for moisture damage exterior materials spot repair and touch up painting • check battery packs and monitoring equipment • • check light bulbs • remove bird droppings or other stains from exterior • check for evidence of pest intrusion • check and update building file
Appendix D: Maintenance Chart Snelson-Brinker House HSR 82
ENDNOTES
1 Philip Thomason and Teresa Douglass, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Snelson-Brinker House,” Crawford County, Missouri, listed June 21, 2007, sec. 7, pg.1.
2 Ancestry.com, 1850 U.S. Federal Census: L L Snelson, [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.
3 Ancestry.com, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800-1900 – Thomas Snelson [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010; R.D. Hohenfeldt, “Family, Sons of American Revolution memorialize original patriot buried here,” Rolla Daily News, October 21, 2014, 3, http://www.therolladailynews.com/article/20141021/NEWS/141029741/?Start=1 (accessed July 19, 2016).
4 Hohenfeldt, 3.
5 Adrian John Snelson, “A Snelson Family History: Exploring a Cheshire branch of the Snelson diaspora,” http://snelson.org/g0/p375.htm (accessed July 19, 2016); Teresa Kisko, “Teresa Kisko’s Families: Notes – Levi Lane Snelson,” http://www.angelfire.com/pa4/kisko/Teresa/thomas,sn/pafn98.htm (accessed July 19, 2016).
6 James D. Norris, Frontier Iron: The Maramec Iron Works, 1826-1876 (Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1964), 18.
7 Wilber Stout, “Early Forges in Ohio,” Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 46 (1937): 27, 31.
8 Ancestry.com, 1900 U.S. Federal Census: Mary A. Beasley [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2004; Ancestry.com, “M A Snelson Death Certificate,” uploaded by user oceanwve.
9 Adrian John Snelson, “A Snelson Family History: Exploring a Cheshire branch of the Snelson diaspora,” http://snelson.org/g0/p375.htm (accessed July 19, 2016); Teresa Kisko, “Teresa Kisko’s Families: Notes – Levi Lane Snelson,” http://www.angelfire.com/pa4/kisko/Teresa/thomas,sn/pafn98.htm (accessed July 19, 2016).
10 Ancestry.com, U.S. General Land Office Records, 1796-1907: Levi Lane Snelson [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2008.
11 Goodspeed Publishing, History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford & Gasconade Counties, Missouri (Cape Girardeau, MO: Ramfre Press, University of Illinois, Champaign, 1958), 556.
12 Ibid., 550.
13 Thomason and Douglass, sec. 8, pg. 2.
14 Ancestry.com, U.S. General Land Office Records, 1796-1907: Levi L. Snelson [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2008.
15 Ancestry.com, 1840 U.S. Federal Census: Levi L. Snelson [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010.
16 “Brinker Family History: Washington & Crawford Counties, Missouri – Abraham Brinker,” http://www.carrollscorner.net/BrinkerFamilyHistory.htm (accessed July 19, 2016).
17 Meaghan Good, “1838: The slave Mary, the youngest executed by Missouri,” Executed Today, August 11, 2014, http://www.executedtoday.com/2014/08/11/1838-the-slave-mary-the-youngest-executed-by-missouri/ (accessed July 19, 2016).
Endnotes Snelson-Brinker House HSR 83
18 Mary, A Slave (Appellant), State of Missouri (Respondent), Box 67, Folder 12, Missouri Supreme Court Historical Database, Missouri Digital Heritage, http://www.sos.mo.gov/Images/Archives/SupremeCourt/B067F12.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016).
19 G.S. Townsend to C.A. Harris, Cherokee Agency East, January 25, 1838, in Voices from the Trail of Tears, edited by Vicki Rozema (Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 2003), 96.
20 B.B. Cannon, Journal of Occurrences with a Party of Cherokee Emigrants. October 1837, edited by Sequoyah National Research Center, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, http://ualrexhibits.org/trailoftears/eyewitness-accounts/journal-of-bb-cannon-cherokee-removal-1837/ (accessed July 19, 2016).
21 Daniel S. Butrick, The Journal of Rev. Daniel S. Butrick, May 19, 1838-April 1, 1839: Cherokee Removal, Monograph One, edited by The Trail of Tears Association, Oklahoma Chapter (Park Hill, OK: The Trail of Tears Association, Oklahoma Chapter, 1998), 59.
22 Ibid., 60.
23 “W.I.I. Morrow Diary,” transcribed by W.R. Higginbotham, W.I.I. Morrow Papers (1802-1876), 1839, 1852, Collection 2051, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
24 Thomason and Douglass, sec. 7, pg.1.
25 Ancestry.com, U.S. General Land Office Records, 1796-1907: John B. Brinker, Sarah Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2008.
26 Ancestry.com, 1850 U.S. Federal Census: J B Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009.
27 Ancestry.com, 1850 U.S. Federal Census – Slave Schedules: JB Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2004.
28 Findagrave.com, “James D. Houston,” record added September 13, 2011, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi- bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=2226671&GRid=76445617& (accessed July 19, 2016); The History of Johnson County, Missouri Including a Reliable History of the Townships, Cities, and Towns, Together with a Map of the County, etc. (Clinton, MO: The Printery, 1870; reprint ed., 1891), 690.
29 The History of Johnson County, Missouri, 690.
30 Ancestry.com, Missouri, Wills and Probate Records, 1766-1988: John B Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2015.
31 “An Act to authorize the Sale of a certain Slave in Johnson County,” in Laws of the State of Missouri, Passed at the Adjourned Session of the Twentieth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, on Monday, the 28th Day of November, 1859 (Jefferson City, MO: W.G. Cheeney, 1860), 683; Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census – Slave Schedules: Sarah B. Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010.
32 Ancestry.com, 1850 U.S. Federal Census – Slave Schedules: JB Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2004; Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census – Slave Schedules: Sarah B. Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010.
33 Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census: Sarah B. Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009.
Endnotes Snelson-Brinker House HSR 84
34 “Report of Brigadier-General James Totten, U.S. Army, Jefferson City, Missouri, March 26, 1862,” in Congressional Series of United States Public Documents, vol. 2122 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1883), 344.
35 “Report of Maj. Emory S. Foster, Seventh Missouri Cavalry (Militia), Warrensburg, Missouri, June 18, 1862,” in Congressional Series of United States Public Documents, vol. 2408 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1885), 125; Paul R. Petersen, Quantrill at Lawrence: The Untold Story (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 2011), 192.
36 Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census: Sarah B. Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009; Ancestry.com, 1870 U.S. Federal Census: Sarah Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009.
37 Ancestry.com, 1880 U.S. Federal Census: Sarah Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010; Ancestry.com, Missouri, Death Records, 1834-1910: Sarah B Brinker [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2008.
38 Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census: H B Houston [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009; Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census – Slave Schedules: H B Houston [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010.
39 Ancestry.com, 1870 U.S. Federal Census: Robert Howton (Houston) [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009; Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1880 U.S. Federal Census: Robert H. Houston) [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010; Ancestry.com, 1900 U.S. Federal Census: Robt Houston) [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2004.
40 Barbara S. Black, “Crawford County Survey Report No. 135: Brinker Log Cabin,” State Historic Preservation Office, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, MO, 1986.
41 Ancestry.com, 1910 U.S. Federal Census: Esco T. Houston [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2006.
42 Ancestry.com, 1910 U.S. Federal Census: Ophelia Houston [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2006; Ancestry.com, 1920 U.S. Federal Census: Ophelia Houston [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010.
43 Ancestry.com, 1930 U.S. Federal Census: Ophelia Houston [database on-line] Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2002; Ancestry.com, 1930 U.S. Federal Census: Esco T. Houston [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2002.
44 Albert A. McDonald to Robert Elgin, March 21, 1960, and Record of Surveys, October 11, 1959, The Robert L. Elgin, 1914-2007, Photograph Collection, R1015, Folder 4, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (hereafter Elgin Collection, Folder 4, SHSM).
45 McDonald to Elgin, March 21, 1960, Elgin Collection, Folder 4, SHSM.
46 See Elgin Collection, Folder 4, SHSM.
47 Robert L. Elgin to Ralph Hayes, May 12, 1960, Elgin Collection, Folder 4, SHSM.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
Endnotes Snelson-Brinker House HSR 85
50 Aaron Hadlow, “Ownership of Snelson Brinker Cabin in Question,” Rolla Daily News, December 3, 2014, http://www.therolladailynews.com/article/20141203/NEWS/141209734/?Start=2 (accessed July 25, 2016). 51 Paul Hackbarth, “Historic cabin may be returned to family,” Rolla Daily News, July 19, 2016, http://www.therolladailynews.com/news/20160719/historic-cabin- may-be-returned-to-family (accessed July 25, 2016).
52 Thomason and Douglass, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Snelson-Brinker House,” sec. 7, pg.1.
53 Geo. J. M. Ashby, “A Great Fire Clay Plant: Methods of Manufacture and Products of the Parker-Russell Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Louis,” The Clay Worker, Vol. XLII, No. 5, Indianapolis, Ind., November, 1904.
54 Bruce D. Bomberger, “Preservation Brief 26: The Preservation and Repair of Historic Log Buildings,” National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services, September 1991, http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/26-log-buildings.htm#repair (accessed July 24, 2016).
55 Ibid.
56 Sharon C. Park, “Preservation Brief 31: Mothballing Historic Buildings,” National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services, September 1993, https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/31-mothballing.htm (accessed July 24, 2016).
57 Robert L. Elgin to Ralph Hayes, “Proposal ‘A,’’ May 12, 1960, Elgin Collection, Folder 4, SHSM.
58 Clair V. Mann, “Cemetery Records 1942-1949,” C2667, Folder 5, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
59 Margaret Baker and Janet Ward, “Brinker-Houston Cemetery,” Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi- bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&GSmid=47476030&CRid=2226671& (accessed June 14, 2016).
60 Clair V. Mann, “Cemetery Records 1942-1949,” C2667, Folder 5, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
61 Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census: H B Houston [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009.
62 Margaret Baker, “Anna A, Houston,” Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi- bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSfn=anna&GSiman=1&GScid=2226671&GRid=86744374& (accessed July 26, 2016).
63 Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census: Jacob Richhert [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009.
64 “Union Missouri Volunteers,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units-detail.htm?battleUnitCode=UMO0009RC (accessed June 13, 2016).
65 Jacob Richart, Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Missouri, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, 1762-1984, microfilm roll 0231, Record Group 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.
66 Ancestry.com, 1860 U.S. Federal Census: Elizabeth Jones [database on-line], Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009.
67 Familysearch.com, Missouri Marriages, 1750-1920: Charles Adair and Susan Jones, 21 Nov 1867 [database on- line], https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V28H-NPC (accessed May 3, 2016).
Endnotes Snelson-Brinker House HSR 86
68 Janet Ward, “William Snoddy,” Find a Grave, September 26, 2010, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=2226671&GRid=59226593& (accessed June 14, 2016).
69 Diana Berkel, “Evaline Mizell Snoddy,” Find a Grave, August 20, 2012, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=2226671&GRid=95657159& (accessed June 14, 2016).
70 Janet Ward, “Laura A. Foss Tweedy,” Find a Grave, September 26, 2010, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi- bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=2226671&GRid=59226860& (accessed June 14, 2016).
71 Chicora Foundation, Best Practices for Cemetery Lawn Maintenance (Columbia, SC: Chicora Foundation, n.d.), http://www.chicora.org/pdfs/Lawn%20Maintenance.pdf (accessed June 14, 2016).
72 Goodspeed’s History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford & Gasconade Counties, Missouri (Chicago: Goodspeed Publishing Company, 1888; reprint ed., Cape Girardeau, MO: Ramfree Press, 1970), 550.
Endnotes Snelson-Brinker House HSR 87