1 Introduction 1

Notes

1 Introduction 1. Following the convention, throughout the text, the study of international relations as an academic endeavor will be referred to as IR, in capitals, while the object under study is named either international relations, international affairs, international politics, or world politics, in small letters. International relations theory is sometimes abbreviated as IR theory. 2. See for an overview Zacher, Mark W., and Richard A. Matthew. “Liberal International Theory: Common Threads, Divergent Strands.” In Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge. Edited by C.W. Kegley Jr. New York: St. Martin’s. 1995. pp. 107–150. 3. Manent, Pierre. An Intellectual History of Liberalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1995. p. xv. 4. Minogue, Kenneth. “Theorising Liberalism and Liberalising Theory.” In Traditions of Liberalism. Edited by K. Haakonssen. St. Leonards: Centre for Independent Studies. 1988. pp. 185–198. 5. Gray, John. Liberalism. Buckingham: Open University Press. 1995. pp. xi–xiii. 6. Long, David. Towards a New Liberal Internationalism: The International Theory of J.A. Hobson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. p. 176; also Walker, Thomas C. “Two Faces of Liberalism: Kant, Paine, and the Question of Intervention.” International Studies Quarterly 52 (3):449–468. 2008. pp. 449–451. 7. Sally, Razeen. Classical Liberalism and International Economic Order: Studies in Theory and Intellectual History. London: Routledge. 1998. pp. 4, 35–63; for example Barry, Norman P. On Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism. New York: St. Martin’s. 1987. 8. N.J. Rengger. “Political Theory and International Relations: Promised Land or Exit from Eden? International Affairs 76 (4):755–770. 2000. pp. 757–758. 9. Clark, Ian, and Iver B. Neumann. “Conclusion.” In Classical Theories of International Relations. Edited by I. Clark and I.B. Neumann. Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. 1996. pp. 258–259. 160 ● Notes

10. Brown, Chris, Terry Nardin, and N.J. Rengger, eds. International Relations in Political Thought. Texts from the Ancient Greeks to the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. pp. 1–15. 11. Ibid., p. 1. 12. Jackson, Robert H. “Is There a Classical International Theory?” In International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Edited by S. Smith, K. Booth and M. Zalewski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp. 203–204. 13. Broadie, A. “Introduction.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. Edited by A. Broadie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 6. 14. Barry. Classical Liberalism. pp. 22–35; Gray. Liberalism. pp. 4–25. 15. Keene, Edward. International Political Thought: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity. 2005. pp. 135–137. 16. Ashworth, Lucian M. Creating International Studies: Angell, Mitrany and the Liberal Tradition. Aldershot: Ashgate. 1999. p. 4. 17. Van de Haar, Edwin R. “David Hume and International Political Theory: A Reappraisal.” Review of International Studies 34 (2):225–242. 2008. 18. For an introduction, see Callahan, Gene. Economics for Real People: An Introduction to the Austrian School. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2004. 19. Cited in Ebenstein, Alan. Friedrich Hayek: A Biography. New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave. 2001. p. 267. 20. Feser, Edward. “Introduction.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hayek. Edited by E. Feser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 2. 21. Ashworth. Creating International Studies. pp. 2–3. 22. See for example, Hammarlund, Per A. Liberal Internationalism and the Decline of the State: The Thought of Richard Cobden, David Mitrany and Kenichi Ohmae. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005; Clinton, David. Tocqueville, Lieber, and Bagehot: Liberalism Confronts the World. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave. 2003. 23. Cited in Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. p. 267. 24. Buchanan, James. Why, I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar. 2005. p. 91. 25. For good overviews, see Linklater, Andrew, and Hidemi Suganami. The English School of International Relations: A Contemporary Reassessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006; Ian Hall. The International Thought of Martin Wight. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006; Tim Dunne. “The English School.” In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. Edited by T. Dunne, M. Kurki, and S. Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. pp. 127–147; Buzan, Barry. “The English School: An Underexploited Resource in IR.” Review of International Studies 27:471–488. 2001; Buzan, Barry. From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation. Notes ● 161

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004; Bellamy, Alex J. “Introduction.” In International Society and Its Critics. Edited by A.J. Bellamy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. pp. 1–26; Linklater, Andrew. “The English School.” In Theories of International Relations. Edited by S. Burchill, A. Linklater, R. Devetak, J. Donnelly, M. Paterson, C. Reus-Smit, and J. True. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. pp. 84–109; Roberson, B.A., ed. International Society and the Development of International Relations Theory. London and New York: Continuum. 2002. 26. Dunne. The English School. p. 145. 27. Porter, Brian. “Patterns of Thought and Practice: Martin Wight’s ‘Inter- national Theory.’ ” In The Reason of States: A Study in International Political Theory. Edited by M. Donelan. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1978. p. 68. 28. Hall. Martin Wight. pp. 142–144. 29. Wight, Martin. Systems of States. Leicester: Leicester University Press. 1977. pp. 38–39. 30. Wight, Martin. International Theory: The Three Traditions. London: Leicester University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1991. p. 260. 31. Knutsen, T.L. A History of International Relations Theory. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. 1997. pp. 11–12. 32. Cited in Boucher, David. Texts in Context: Revisionist Methods for Studying the History of Ideas. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. 1985. pp. 114–119. 33. Jeffery, Renée. “Tradition as Invention: The ‘Traditions Tradition’ and the History of Ideas in International Relations.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 34 (1):57–84. 2005; also Dunne, Tim. “Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory.” Review of International Studies 19: 305–318. 1993. 34. For example, Jefferey, Renée. Hugo Grotius in International Thought. New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. pp. 51–138; Keene. International Political Thought. p. 6. 35. Bartelson, Jens. “Short Circuits: Society and Traditions in International Relations Theory.” Review of International Studies 22:339–360. 1996. 36. Williams, Michael C. “The Hobbesian Theory of International Relations: Three Traditions.” In Classical Theory in International Relations. Edited by B. Jahn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 253–276; Vincent, R.J. “The Hobbesian Tradition in Twentieth Century International Thought.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10 (2):91–101. 1981. 37. Cutler, Claire A. “The ‘Grotian Tradition’ in International Relations.” Review of International Studies 17:41–65. 1991; Jeffery, Grotius; Keene, Edward. “Images of Grotius.” In Classical Theory in International Relations. Edited by B. Jahn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 233–252. 162 ● Notes

38. Hurrell, Andrew. “Kant and the Kantian Paradigm in International Relations.” Review of International Studies 16:183–205. 1990; Franceschet, Antonio. “ ‘One Powerful and Enlightened Nation’: Kant and the Quest for a Global Rule of Law.” In Classical Theory in International Relations. Edited by B. Jahn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 74–95. 39. Buzan. From International. pp. 6–26. 40. Der Derian, James. “Introduction: Critical Investigations.” In International Theory. Critical Investigations. Edited by J. Der Derian. Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. 1995. pp. 3–6. 41. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 15–17, 25, 55–56; also see Wight, Martin. Power Politics. London: Leicester University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1995. 42. Butterfield, Herbert. Christianity and History. London: G. Bell. 1950. pp. 38–47. 43. Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Third edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1960. pp. 27–28. 44. Howard, Michael. “Temperamenta Belli: Can War Be Controlled?” In Just War Theory. Edited by J.B. Elshtain. New York and London: New York University Press. 1992. pp. 24–25. 45. Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. 1995. p. 122. 46. Bull, Hedley. “Society and Anarchy in International Relations.” In Diplo- matic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics. Edited by H. Butterfield and M. Wight. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1966. pp. 35–42. 47. Donnelly, Jack. “Twentieth-Century Realism.” In Traditions of International Ethics. Edited by T. Nardin and D.R. Mapel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992. pp. 86–88. 48. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 8–12, 47. 49. Hall. Martin Wight. p. 145. 50. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 27, 40–42, 105, 114, 173, 221, 238. 51. Bull. Anarchical Society. pp. 24–25. 52. Dunne. The English School. pp. 140–144. 53. Dunne, Tim. Inventing International Society: A History of the English School. Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. 1998. pp. 1–12. 54. Wight. Three Traditions. pp.164–168; Little, Richard. “The Balance of Power and Great Power Management.” In The Anarchical Society in a Globalized World. Edited by R. Little and J. Williams. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. pp. 97–120; Bull. Anarchical Society, pp. 97–121. 55. Kingsbury, Benedict, and Adam Roberts. “Introduction: Grotian Thought in International Relations.” In Hugo Grotius and International Relations. Edited by H. Bull, B. Kingsbury, and A. Roberts. Oxford: Clarendon. 1990. pp. 6–12. Notes ● 163

56. Bull. Anarchical Society. p. 13. 57. Linklater. The English School. pp. 84–86. 58. Jeffery. Grotius. pp. 113–138. 59. Hinsley. F.H. Power and the Pursuit of Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1963. p. 165. 60. Cutler. Grotius. pp. 44–49. 61. Wight. Three Traditions. p. 238. 62. Stanlis, Peter, J. Edmund Burke & The Natural Law. New Brunswick and London: Transaction. 2003. pp. 85–89. 63. See, for example, Simmons, Beth A., and Richard H. Steinberg, eds. International Law and International Relations. Cambridge: IO Foundation/ Cambridge University Press. 2006. 64. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 233–234, 242. 65. See Rengger, N.J. “On the Just War Tradition in the Twenty-First Century.” International Affairs 78 (2):353–363. 2002; Rengger, N.J. “Just a War against Terror? Jean Bethke Elshtain’s Burden and American Power.” International Affairs 80 (1):107–116. 2004; Elshtain, Jean Bethke, ed. Just War Theory. New York and London: New York University Press. 1992; Reed, Charles, and David Ryall, eds. The Price of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. 66. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 180–188; Hall, Ian. “Diplomacy, Anti-Diplomacy and International Society.” In The Anarchical Society in a Globalized World. Edited by R. Little and J. Williams. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. pp. 141–161. 67. Jackson, R.H. Classical and Modern Thought on International Relations: From Anarchy to Cosmopolis. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. p. 51. 68. Hurrell, A. On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. pp. 1–94. 69. Hurrell, A. “Society and Anarchy in International Relations.” In International Society and the Development of International Relations Theory. Edited by B.A. Roberson. London and New York: Continuum. 2002. pp. 25–27. 70. Bellamy. Introduction. pp. 9–11. 71. Alderson, Kai, and Andrew Hurrell, eds. Hedley Bull on International Society. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2000. pp. 67–68; Linklater and Suganami. The English School. p. 175; Buzan, Barry. “International Political Economy and Globalization.” In International Society and Its Critics. Edited by A.J. Bellamy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. pp. 115–133. 72. Rengger, N.J. “Serpents and Doves in Classical International Theory.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17 (2):215–225. 1988. 73. Hurrell, A. “Keeping History, Law, and Political Philosophy Firmly within the English School.” Review of International Studies 27:489–494. 2001. p. 493. 164 ● Notes

74. Buzan. The English School. pp. 485–488. 75. Jahn, Beate. “Classical Theory and International Relations in Context.” In Classical Theory in International Relations. Edited by B. Jahn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 1–24; Holden, Gerard. “Who Contextualizes the Contextualizers? Disciplinary History and the Discourse about IR Discourse.” Review of International Studies 28:253–270. 2002; Hollis, Martin. “Say It with Flowers.” In Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics. Edited by J. Tully. Cambridge: Polity. 1988. pp. 135–146; Keane, John. “More Theses on the Philosophy of History.” In Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics. Edited by J. Tully. Cambridge: Polity. 1988. pp. 204–217; Skinner, Quentin. Visions of Politics. Volume I: Regarding Method. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002; Pocock, J.G.A. Politics, Language, and Time. Essays on Political Thought and History. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 1989; Boucher. Texts in Context. pp 212–220. 76. Hammarlund. Liberal Internationalism. pp. 6–9. 77. Rengger. Serpents and Doves. pp. 218–220. 78. Jackson. Classical and Modern Thought. pp. 6–15. 79. Halliday, Fred. Rethinking International Relations. Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. 1994. pp. 4–8.

2 What Is Classical Liberalism? 1. Sally. Classical Liberalism. pp. 4–8. 2. Smith, Craig. Adam Smith’s Political Philosophy: The Invisible Hand and Spontaneous Order. London and New York: Routledge. 2006. p. 5. 3. See, for example, Powell, Jim. The Triumph of Liberty. New York: Free Press. 2000; Gray, John. Liberalism. Buckingham: Open University Press. 1995. pp. 3–41; Bramsted, E.K., and K.J. Melhuish, eds. Western Liberalism: A History in Documents from Locke to Groce. London and New York: Longman. 1978; Machlup, F. “Liberalism and the Choice of Freedoms.” In Roads to Freedom: Essays in Honour of Friedrich A. von Hayek. Edited by E. Streissler. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1969. pp. 117–146; Zuckert, Michael P. Launching Liberalism: On Lockean Political Philosophy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 2002; Raico, Ralph. Classical Liberalism in the Twentieth Century. Fairfaix: Institute for Humane Studies. 1989; Arblaster, Anthony. The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1984. 4. Willgerodt, H, and A. Peacock. “German Liberalism and Economic Revival.” In Germany’s Social Market Economy: Origins and Evolution. Edited by H. Willgerodt and A. Peacock. London: Macmillan for the Trade Policy Research Centre. 1989. pp.1–14; Zmirak, J. Wilhelm Röpke: Swiss Localist, Global Economist. Wilmington: ISI Books. 2001; Peacock, A, and H. Willgerodt. “Overall View of the German Liberal Movement.” In German Neo-Liberals and the Social Market Notes ● 165

Economy. Edited by A. Peacock and H. Willgerodt. London: Macmillan for the Trade Policy Research Centre. 1989. pp. 1–15; Nicholls, A.J. Freedom with Responsibility: The Social Market Economy in Germany, 1918–1963. Oxford: Clarendon. 1994. 5. Vincent, Andrew. “Classical Liberalism and Its Crisis of Identity.” History of Political Thought XI (1):143–161. 1990. 6. Roche, George. “The Relevance of Friedrich A. Hayek.” In Essays on Hayek. Edited by F. Machlup. New York: New York University Press. 1976. p. 8. 7. See Conway, David. In Defence of the Realm: The Place of Nations in Classical Liberalism. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2004. pp. 10–75. 8. Friedman, Milton. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2002. pp. 7–21. 9. De Jasay, Anthony. Liberalism, Loose or Strict. Brussels: Centre for the New Europe. 2003. 10. West, Edwin G. Adam Smith into the Twenty-First Century. Edited by C.K. Rowley. Cheltenham and Brookfield: Edward Elgar. 1996. pp. 38–39; Harvey, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. 11. Gissurarson, Hannes H. Hayek’s Conservative Liberalism. New York and London: Garland. 1987. 12. Cliteur, Paul B. Natuurrecht, Cultuurrecht, Conservatisme. Grondslag van de Democratische Rechtsstaat. Leeuwarden: Universitaire Pers Fryslân. 2005. pp. 249–286. 13. See Kelly, Paul. Liberalism. Cambridge: Polity. 2005. 14. See, for example, Gray. Liberalism. pp. 45–77; Barry, Norman. On Classical Liberalism. pp. 1–43; Higgs, Robert, and Carl P. Close. The Challenge of Liberty: Classical Liberalism Today. Oakland: Independent Institute. 2006. pp. xii–xxii; Gissurarson. Hayek’s Conservative Liberalism. pp 10–41; Conway, David. Classical Liberalism, the Unvanquished Ideal. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1995. pp. 1–24. 15. Following the convention in the literature, I will not use “Von” in the main text. 16. Sally. Classical Liberalism. pp. 18–19. 17. Von Mises, Ludwig. Liberalism: The Classical Tradition. Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education. 1996. pp. 5–7. 18. Kinneging, A.M.M. Liberalisme. Een Speurtocht naar de Grondslagen. Den Haag: Prof. Mr. B.M. Teldersstichting. 1988. pp. 17–21. 19. Merikoski, Ingrid A. “Introduction.” In Well Temper’d Eloquence. Edited by I.A. Merikoski. Edinburgh: David Hume Institute. 1996. pp. 1–3. 20. Danford, J.D. “Hume’s History and the Parameters of Economic Deve- lopment.” In Liberty in Hume’s History of England. Edited by N. Capaldi and D.W. Livingston. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990. pp. 195–196. 166 ● Notes

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87. Cliteur, Paul B. “Spontaneous Order, Natural Law, and Legal Positivism in the Work of F.A. Hayek.” In Hayek Revisited. Edited by B. Bouckaert and A. Godart-van der Kroon. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar. 2000. pp. 14–31. 88. Walker, Graham. The Ethics of F.A. Hayek. Lanham and London: University Press of America. 1986. p. 35. 89. Hayek. CL. pp. 150–159. 90. Dietze, Gottfried. “Hayek and the Rule of Law.” In Essays on Hayek. Edited by F. Machlup. Hillsdale: Hillsdale College Press. 1976. pp. 107–115. 91. Hayek, Friedrich A. Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1967. pp. 96–101. 92. De Jasay, Anthony. Choice, Contract, Consent: A Restatement of Liberalism. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. 1991. pp. 80–91. 93. Gray. Liberalism. p. 82. 94. Gray, John. Hayek on Liberty. London and New York: Routledge. 1998. pp. 27–55. 95. Hayek, Friedrich A. Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy. London: Routledge. 1998. Parts I & III. 96. Smith. WN. p. 25. 97. Ibid., pp. 26–27; Smith. LJA. pp. 347–349. 98. Rothschild, Emma. Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet and the Enlightenment. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press. 2001. p. 223. 99. Rotwein, Eugene, ed. David Hume: Writings on Economics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1970. pp. xvi and further. 100. Skinner, Andrew S. “David Hume: Principles of Political Economy.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hume. Edited by D.F. Norton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993. pp. 222, 230. 101. Hardin, Russell. David Hume: Moral and Political Theorist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 226. 102. Von Mises, Ludwig. Critique of Interventionism. Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education. 1996. p. 76. 103. Younkins, Edward W. “Misesian Praxeology as the Path to Progress.” In Philosophers of Capitalism: Menger, Mises, Rand and Beyond. Edited by E.W. Younkins. Lanham and Oxford: Lexington Books. 2005. p. 49. 104. Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. La Salle: Open Court. 1992. pp. 229–237. 105. Von Mises, Ludwig. The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality. Grove City: Libertarian. 1994; Von Mises, Ludwig. Bureaucracy. Grove City: Libertarian. 1996. p. 23. 106. Mises. HA. p. 731. 107. Manning, D.J. Liberalism. London: J.M. Dent. 1976. p. 15. 108. Vile, M.J.C. Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1998. 170 ● Notes

109. Hume, David. An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 87. 110. Hume. E. pp. 37–40, 94. 111. Smith. TMS. p. 88. 112. Otteson, James R. Adam Smith’s Marketplace of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 259. 113. Evensky, Jerry. “The Role of Law in Adam Smith’s Moral Philosophy.” In Adam Smith and the Philosophy of Law and Economics. Edited by R.P. Malloy and J. Evensky. Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1995. pp. 206–213. 114. Smith. TMS. p. 341. 115. Mises. OG. pp. 46–53. 116. Dunleavy, Patrick, and Brendan O’Leary. Theories of the State: The Politics of Liberal Democracy. Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. 1987. pp. 1–2. 117. Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell. 1983. p. 7. 118. Guibernau, Montserat. Nationalisms: The Nation-State and Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Polity. 1996. pp. 47–48. 119. Gray. Liberalism. pp. 70–71. 120. Minogue, Kenneth. The Liberal Mind. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1963. pp. 159–161. 121. Hume. THN. pp. 347–354. 122. Hume. EPM. p. 99; THN. pp. 346–347. 123. Hume. H (V). p. 96; E. pp. 277–278, 403. 124. Smith. WN. pp. 687–688, 724–731. 125. Fleischacker, Samuel. A Third Concept of Liberty: Judgment and Freedom in Kant and Adam Smith. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1999. p. 182. 126. Griswold, Charles L. Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999. p. 301. 127. Smith. TMS. p. 234. 128. Smith. LJA. p. 333. 129. Von Mises, Ludwig. Two Essays by Ludwig von Mises: Liberty and Property and Middle-of-the-Road Policy Leads to Socialism. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute. 1991. p. 32. 130. Mises. OG. p. 50. 131. Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 742–745. 132. Mises. Two Essays. p. 33. 133. Von Mises, Ludwig. Selected Writings, volume 2: Between the Two World Wars: Monetary Disorder, Interventionism, Socialism and the Great Depression. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 2002. pp. 96–99; L. pp. 111–118. 134. Hayek, Friedrich A. New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1978. pp. 111–112. 135. See Hayek. CL. pp. 253–394. 136. Roos, N.H.M. “Hayek’s Kantian Heritage and Natural Law.” In Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution: His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and Notes ● 171

the History of Ideas. Edited by J. Birner and R. Van Zijp. London and New York: Routledge. 1994. p. 290. 137. Von Mises, Ludwig. The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute of Auburn University. 1984. p. 20; Von Mises, Ludwig. Epistemological Problems of Economics. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2003. pp. 3–4. 138. Greaves. Mises Made Easier. pp. 115–117. 139. Von Mises, Ludwig. The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science: An Essay on Method. Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education. 2002. p. 183. 140. Mises. Critique of Interventionism. p. 34 ; L. p. 194. 141. Kukathas, Chandran. “Hayek and Liberalism.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hayek. Edited by E. Feser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 192. 142. Hayek. New Studies. pp. 249–266; Hayek, Friedrich A. Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1994. p. 140. 143. Ebenstein, Alan. Hayek’s Journey: The Mind of Friedrich Hayek. New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. p. 100; Hayek, Friedrich A. The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1979. p. 1; Studies. pp. 106–121; New Studies. pp. 267–269; Smith, Graig. Adam Smith. pp. 97–135. 144. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. p. 187. 145. Rapaczynski, Andrzej. Nature and Politics: Liberalism in the Philosophies of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 1987. pp. 61–65. 146. Berns, Laurence. “Thomas Hobbes.” In History of Political Philosophy. Edited by L. Strauss and J. Crospey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1987. pp. 396–401. 147. Ryan, Alan. “Hobbes’s Political Philosophy.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes. Edited by T. Sorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp. 225–237. 148. Van Dun. Human Dignity. p. 15. 149. Gray. Liberalism. pp. 9–10. 150. See also Strauss, Leo. Natural Right and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1950. pp. 192–196. 151. Tuck, Richard. “Introduction.” In Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. p. xxxiv; Skinner, Quentin. Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. pp. 8–10. 152. Harrison, Ross. Hobbes, Locke, and Confusion’s Masterpiece: An Examination of Seventeenth-Century Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 107; Goldsmith, M.M. Hobbes’s Science of Politics. New York and London: Columbia University Press. 1966. pp. 200–201. 153. Brown, Nardin, Rengger. International Relations in Political Thought. pp. 379–381. 172 ● Notes

154. Knutsen. History. p. 141. 155. See, for example, Scruton, Roger. Kant. Rotterdam: Lemniscaat. 2000; Guyer, Paul, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992. 156. Franceschet, Antonio. Kant and Liberal Internationalism: Sover eignty, Justice and Global Reform. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2002. pp. 10–53, 67–68; Williams, Howard, and Ken Booth. “Kant: Theorist beyond Limits.” In Classical Theories of International Relations. Edited by I. Clark and I.B. Neumann. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1996. p. 78. 157. Reiss, Hans. “Introduction.” In Kant: Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. pp. 1–33. 158. Williams, Howard. Kant’s Political Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1983. pp. 125–160. 159. Shilliam, Robert. “The ‘Other’ in Classical Political Theory: Re-contextualizing the Cosmopolitan/Communitarian Debate.” In Classical Theory in International Relations. Edited by B. Jahn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 215; Covell, Charles. Kant and the Law of Peace: A Study in the Philosophy of International Law and International Relations. Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. 1998. pp. 20–21. 160. Kinneging. Liberalisme. p. 16. 161. Kersting, Wolfgang. “Politics, Freedom, and Order: Kant’s Political Philosophy.” In The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Edited by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992. pp. 348–353; Feser, Edward. Locke. Oxford: Oneworld. 2007. 162. Gray. Liberalism. p. 28. 163. Barry. Classical Liberalism. p. 19. 164. Ryan, Alan. “Introduction.” In John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarianism and Other Essays. London: Penguin Books. 1987. pp. 25–31. 165. Gray. Liberalism. pp. 28–29; Fuller, Timothy. “Jeremy Bentham and James Mill.” In History of Political Philosophy. Edited by L. Strauss and J. Crospey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1987. pp. 710–731. 166. Thomas, William. The Philosophical Radicals: Nine Studies in Theory and Practice 1817–1841. Oxford: Clarendon. 1979. 167. Ten, C.L. “Mill’s Defence of Liberty.” In Traditions of Liberalism. Edited by K. Haakonssen. St. Leonard’s: Centre for Independent Studies Limited. 1988. p. 145. 168. Crisp, Roger. Mill on Utilitarianism. London: Routledge. 1997. pp. 195–199. 169. Magid, Henry M. “John Stuart Mill.” In History of Political Philosophy. Edited by L. Strauss and J. Crospey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1987. pp. 784–790. 170. West. Adam Smith. pp. 38–50. 171. Himmelfarb, Gertrude. On Liberty and Liberalism: The Case of John Stuart Mill. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1974. Notes ● 173

172. Van Dun. Natural Law and Liberalism. p. 12. 173. Cowling, Maurice. Mill and Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990. pp. 104–105. 174. Mises. L. p. 195. 175. Ebenstein. Hayek’s Journey. pp. 157–162; Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. pp 184– 192; Hayek. IEO. pp. 28, 110. 176. Hayek, Friedrich A. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor: Their Friendship and Subsequent Marriage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1969. 177. Gray. Hayek on Liberty. pp. 95–103. 178. Himmelfarb, Gertrude. Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1952. pp. viii–ix.

3 David Hume and International Society 1. Schlereth, T.J. The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought: Its Form and Function in the Ideas of Franklin, Hume and Voltaire, 1694–1790. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press. 1977. p. 108. 2. Forbes, Duncan. Hume’s Philosophical Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1975. p. 140. 3. Klibansky, Raymond, and Ernest C. Mossner. “Introduction.” In New Letters of David Hume. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1954. p. xxvii. 4. For more details and a positive opinion on his diplomatic efforts, see Mossner, Ernest C. The Life of David Hume. Oxford: Clarendon. 1980. pp. 489, 533–556. 5. Bongie, Laurence L. David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-Revolution. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 2000. 6. Hume. THN. pp. 188–189. 7. Ibid., p. 200. 8. Hume. E. p. 288. 9. Hume. THN. p. 5. 10. Ibid., p. 183. 11. Ibid., p. 79. 12. Hume, David. The Letters of David Hume. Oxford: Clarendon. 1932. number 69a. 13. Hume. THN. p. 218. 14. Ibid., p. 371. 15. Ainslie, D.C. “The Problem of the National Self in Hume’s Theory of Justice.” Hume Studies XXI (2):289–313. 1995. p. 306. 16. Hume. E. p. 85. 17. Ibid., p. 198. 18. Hayman, J.G. “Notions on National Characters in the Eighteenth Century.” Huntington Library Quarterly 35 (1):1–17. 1971. pp. 13–14. 19. Ainslie. Problem of National Self. pp. 295–296. 20. Whelan. Order and Artifice. 1985. p. 293. 21. Hume. E. pp. 197–215. 174 ● Notes

22. Stewart, J.B. Opinion and Reform in Hume’s Political Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1992. p. 311. 23. Ainslie. Problem of National Self. pp. 303–305. 24. Hume. H (I). pp. 103, 161. 25. Hume. THN. p. 362. 26. Hume. E. p. 255. 27. King, James T. “The Virtue of Political Skepticism.” Reason Papers 15:24–46. 1990. pp. 24–25, 44. 28. Pocock, J.G.A. Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985. p. 138. 29. Norton. Introduction to Hume’s Thought. pp. 24–25. 30. Hume. EPM. p. 99. 31. Hume. H (IV). p. 159. 32. Hume. THN. p. 328. 33. Whelan. Hume and Machiavelli. pp. 224–225. 34. Hume. THN. p. 362. 35. Glossop, R.J. “Hume and the Future of the Society of Nations.” Hume Studies X (1):46–58. 1984. p. 51. 36. Hume. EPM. p. 99. 37. Hume. THN. pp. 362–364. 38. Hume. EPM. p. 100. 39. Harding. David Hume. pp. 130–131. 40. Mossner. Life. pp. 41–42. 41. Oz-Salzberger, Fania. “The Political Theory of the Scottish Enlightenment.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. Edited by A. Broadie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 169. 42. Klibansky and Mossner. Introduction. pp. xxvii–xxviii. 43. Beauchamp. “Editor’s Introduction.” pp. 18–19. 44. Glossop. Future of Society. pp. 46–53. 45. Hume. E . p. 337. 46. Ibid., pp. 323–339. 47. Ibid., p. 93. 48. Hume. H (I). p. 296. 49. Hume. H (III). pp. 25, 88. 50. Hume. E. p. 337. 51. Ibid., p. 507. 52. Black, Jeremy. “The Theory of Balance of Power in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century: A Note on Resources.” Review of International Studies 9 (1):55–61. 1983. pp. 55–61; Sofka, James R. “The Eighteenth Century International System: Parity or Primacy?” Review of International Studies 27 (2):147–163. 2001. pp. 147–153. 53. Schlereth. Cosmopolitan Ideal. pp. 113. 54. Linares, F. Das Politischen Denken von David Hume. Hildesheim: Georg Olms. 1984. pp. 81–82. Notes ● 175

55. Whelan, F.G. “Robertson, Hume and the Balance of Power.” Hume Studies XXI (2):315–332. 1995. pp. 316–317. 56. Whelan. Hume and Machiavelli. pp. 210–211. 57. Whelan. Balance of Power. p. 318. 58. Hume. E. p. 337. 59. Ainslie. Problem of National Self. pp. 289–294. 60. Glossop. Future of Society. p. 54. 61. Whelan. Hume and Machiavelli. p. 211. 62. Hume. L. p. 453. 63. Hume, David. New Letters of David Hume. Oxford: Clarendon. 1954. number 127. 64. Hume. EPM. p. 86. 65. Stewart, J.B. The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume. New York and London: Columbia University Press. 1963. p. 194. 66. Hume. E. pp. 257–262. 67. Ibid., p. 259. 68. Danford, J.D. “Hume’s History and the Parameters of Economic Develop- ment.” In Liberty in Hume’s History of England. Edited by N. Capaldi and D.W. Livingston. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990. pp. 161–168. 69. Hume. H (V). p. 39. 70. Hume. H (III). pp. 80–81. 71. Haakonssen. “Introduction.” p. xxv. 72. Stewart. Opinion and Reform. p. 308; Letwin, Shirley Robin. The Pursuit of Certainty: David Hume, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Beatrice Webb. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1998. p. 116. 73. Hume. L. number 510. 74. Ibid., number 514. 75. Ibid., numbers 511, 512. 76. Pocock. Virtue, Commerce, History. pp. 137–139. 77. Werner, J.M. “David Hume and America.” Journal of the History of Ideas 33 (3):439–456. 1972. pp. 439–456. 78. Rotwein. Writings on Economics. pp. ix–xxxi; lxxii–lxxxi. 79. Haakonssen. “Introduction.” pp. xxi–xxiii; Hume. E. pp. 89, 92. 80. Hume. E. p. 255. 81. Ibid., p. 263. 82. Robbins, Lionel. A History of Economic Thought: The LSE Lectures. Edited by Steven G. Medema and Warren J. Samuels. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 2000. p. 151; Fieser, James, ed. Early Responses to Hume’s Moral, Literary and Political Writings. Bristol: Thoemmes. 2005. pp. xii–xiii. 83. Skinner, Andrew S. “David Hume: Principles of Political Economy.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hume. Edited by D.F. Norton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993. pp. 239–245. 84. Hume. E. pp. 308–309. 85. Ibid., pp. 328–330. 176 ● Notes

86. McGee, R.W. “The Economic Thought of David Hume.” Hume Studies XV (1):185–205. 1989. pp. 197–199. 87. Miller, D. Philosophy and Ideology in Hume’s Political Thought. Oxford: Clarendon. 1981. p. 125. 88. Soule, E. “Hume on Economic Policy and Human Nature.” Hume Studies XXVI (1):143–157. 2000. p. 146; Hume. E. p. 262. 89. Hume. E. pp. 272–273. 90. Manzer, R.A. “The Promise of Peace? Hume and Smith on the Effects of Commerce on War and Peace.” Hume Studies XXII (2):369–382. 1996. pp. 369–382. 91. Irwin, Douglas A. Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1996. p. 76; Sally. Classical Liberalism. p. 57. 92. Hardin. David Hume. p. 129. 93. Oz-Salzberger. Political Theory. pp. 157–177. 94. Muller, Jerry Z. The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Modern European Thought. New York: Anchor Books. 2002. p. 54. 95. Cohen, M. “Moral Skepticism and International Relations.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 13 (4):299–346. 1984. p. 301. 96. For example, Linares. Politische Denken; Nye Jr., Joseph N. “The Changing Nature of World Power.” Political Science Quarterly 105 (2):177–192. 1990; Brown, Chris. Understanding International Relations. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave. 2001. p. 107; Jervis, R. “A Political Science Perspective on the Balance of Power and the Concert.” American Historical Review 97 (3):716–724. 1992. p. 718; Knutsen. History. p. 122; Waltz, Kenneth N. “Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power.” In Neorealism and Its Critics. Edited by R.O. Keohane. New York: Columbia University Press. 1986. p. 119; Sofka. Eighteenth Century. p. 154; Vasquez, J.A. Classics of International Relations. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 1990. pp. 273–276; Haas, E.B. “The Balance of Power: Prescription, Concept or Propaganda.” World Politics 5 (4):442–477. 1953. p. 456. 97. Boucher, David. Political Theories of International Relations: From Thucydides to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 145. 98. Walzer. M. Just and Unjust Wars. New York: Basic Books. 1992. p. 76. 99. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 17, 247, 267; Wight. Power Politics. pp. 168–169. 100. Whelan. Hume and Machiavelli. pp. 209–217, 227–229. 101. Ibid., p. 315. 102. Ibid., pp. 292, 297. 103. Hume. H (VI). p. 153; EPM. pp. 87–88. 104. Brown, Chris. Sovereignty, Rights and Justice: International Political Theory Today. Cambridge: Polity. 2002. pp. 40–41, 47–48. 105. Hume. E. p. 119. 106. Whelan. Hume and Machiavelli. pp. 222–223, 297. 107. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 206, 39, 165–166. Notes ● 177

108. See Van de Haar. David Hume. 109. Brown, Nardin, Rengger. International Relations in Political Thought. p. 383. 110. Bull. Anarchical Society. pp. 5, 101. 111. Alderson, Kai, and Andrew Hurrell, eds. Hedley Bull on International Society. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2000. pp. 139–169. 112. Vincent, R.J. “Order in International Politics.” In Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations. Edited by J.D.B. Miller and R.J. Vincent. Oxford: Clarendon. 1988. pp. 43–45. 113. Niebuhr, Reinhold. Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics. New York: Charles Scribner’s. 1960. pp. xi–xv. 114. Rengger, N.J. “Tragedy or Scepticism? Defending the Anti-Pelagian Mind in World Politics.” International Relations 19 (3):321–328. 2005. pp. 323–325. 115. Morgenthau. Politics among Nations. pp. 32–33, 231.

4 Adam Smith, War, and Commerce 1. Haakonssen, Knud. Coherence. pp. 6, 383. 2. Smith. TMS. pp. 227–228. 3. Ibid., pp. 231–232. 4. Long, Douglas. “Adam Smith’s Politics.” In The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith. Edited by K. Haakonssen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 294–296. 5. Smith. TMS. pp. 204, 208–209. 6. Skinner, Andrew S. A System of Social Science: Papers Relating to Adam Smith. Oxford: Clarendon. 1979. p. 75. 7. Smith. WN. p. 668. 8. Smith, Adam. The Correspondence of Adam Smith. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1987. p. 108. 9. Smith. TMS. p. 229. 10. Smith, Graig. Adam Smith. p. 38. 11. Smith. TMS. pp. 235–237. 12. Smith. LJA. p. 7. 13. Smith. TMS. p. 155; LJA. p. 200. 14. Smith. TMS. pp. 341–342. 15. Smith. LJB. pp. 399, 545. 16. Smith. TMS. pp. 154, 228. 17. Fleischacker, Samuel. On Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 2004. pp. 250–252. 18. Smith. WN. pp. 731–733. 19. Smith. LJB. pp. 551–553. 20. Smith. LJA. pp. 307–309. 21. Smith. LJB. p. 550. 22. Haakonssen, Knud. Science of a Legislator. p. 179. 178 ● Notes

23. Smith. LJB. pp. 552–553. 24. Smith. TMS. pp. 230–231. 25. Smith. WN. pp. 135–159. 26. Ibid., p. 591. 27. Ibid., pp. 529–539. 28. Smith. TMS. p. 36. 29. Ibid., p. 229. 30. Smith. WN. pp. 494–496. 31. Smith. TMS. pp. 229–230. 32. Winch, Donald. Adam Smith’s Politics: An Essay in Historiographic Revision. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978. p. 105. 33. Haakonssen. Coherence. p. 6. 34. Smith. LJB. pp. 545–547. 35. Ibid., p. 407. 36. Smith. LJA. p. 326. 37. Smith. LJB. pp. 547–548. 38. Haakonssen. Coherence. pp. 13–14. 39. Smith. LJB. pp. 548–550. 40. Smith. WN. pp. 821, 345. 41. Ibid., pp. 909–910, 920, 926. 42. Ibid., p. 406. 43. Smith. LJA. pp. 238–239; LJB. p. 411. 44. West, Edwin. Adam Smith into the Twenty-First Century. Cheltenham and Brookfield: Edward Elgar. 1996. pp. 26–27. 45. Smith. WN. p. 697. 46. Smith. TMS. pp. 55, 65. 47. Ibid., pp. 191–192, 239. 48. Winch. Adam Smith’s Politics. pp. 103–120. 49. Smith, Graig. Adam Smith. pp. 94–96. 50. Winch, Donald. Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp. 117–119. 51. Hoogensen, Gunhild. International Relations, Security and Jeremy Bentham. London and New York: Routledge. 2005. p. 109. 52. Fitzgibbons, Athol. Adam Smith’s System of Liberty, Wealth and Virtue: The Moral and Political Foundations of the Wealth of Nations. Oxford: Clarendon. 1995. p. 122. 53. Also Skinner. System of Social Science. p. 213. 54. Letwin, William. “Was Adam Smith a Liberal?” In Traditions of Liberalism: Essays on John Locke, Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill. Edited by K. Haakonssen. St. Leonards: Centre for Independent Studies. 1988. pp. 63–80. 55. Smith. WN. pp. 689–708. 56. Neimanis, George J. “Militia vs. the Standing Army in the History of Economic Thought from Adam Smith to Friedrich Engels.” Military Affairs 44 (1):28–32. 1980. p. 29. Notes ● 179

57. Smith. WN. pp. 440–445. 58. Margerum Harlen, Christine. “A Reappraisal of Classical Economic Nationalism and Economic Liberalism.” International Studies Quarterly 43:733–744. 1999. pp. 735–736. 59. Hont, Istvan. Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective. Cambridge and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2005. pp. 6, 383. 60. Manzer. The Promise of Peace. 61. Fleming, J. Marcus. “Mercantilism and Free Trade Today.” In The Market and the State: Essays in Honour of Adam Smith. Edited by T. Wilson and A.S. Skinner. Oxford: Clarendon. 1976. pp. 164–165. 62. Sowell, Thomas. “Adam Smith in Theory and Practice.” In Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations. 1776–1976 Bicentennial Essays. Edited by F.R. Glahe. Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press. 1978. pp. 152–154. 63. Teichgraeber, Richard F. “Free Trade” and Moral Philosophy: Rethinking the Sources of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. Durham: Duke University Press. 1986. pp. 18–19. 64. Smith. WN. pp. 457–459. 65. Ibid., p. 434; LJA. p. 392. 66. Smith. WN. pp. 488–489. 67. Smith. C. pp. 240–244, 271. 68. Smith. WN. p. 493. 69. Haakonssen. Science of a Legislator. pp. 179–180. 70. Smith. WN. pp. 463–496. 71. Billet, Leonard. “Justice, Liberty and Economy.” In Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations: 1776–1976 Bicentennial Essays. Edited by F.R. Glahe. Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press. 1978. pp. 103–107. 72. Pitts. Turn to Empire. pp. 25–58. 73. Coats, A.W. “Adam Smith and the Mercantile System.” In Essays on Adam Smith. Edited by A.S. Skinner and T. Wilson. Oxford: Clarendon. 1975. p. 232. 74. Smith. WN. pp. 448–449, 558, 567, 570, 572, 589–590. 75. Ibid., pp. 581–609, 448–449. 76. Ibid., pp. 573, 628. 77. Ibid., pp. 616–625; C. pp. 380–385. 78. Stevens, David. “Smith’s Thoughts on the State of the Contest with America, February 1778.” In Correspondence of Adam Smith. Edited by E.C. Mossner and I.S. Ross. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1987. pp. 377–385. 79. Jackson, Robert H. The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. pp. vii–182. 80. For example, Kauppi, Mark V., and Paul R. Viotti. The Global Philosophers: World Politics in Western Thought. New York and Toronto: Lexington Books. 1992. p. 204. 81. Smith, Michael Joseph. “Liberalism and International Reform.” In Traditions of International Ethics. Edited by T. Nardin and D.R. Mapel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992. pp. 201–224. 180 ● Notes

82. Burchill, Scott. “Liberalism.” In Theories of International Relations. Edited by S. Burchill, A. Linklater, R. Devetak, J. Donnelly, M. Paterson, C. Reus-Smit and J. True. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave. 2005.pp. 55–83. 83. See, for example, Northedge, F.S., and M.J. Grieve. A Hundred Years of Inter- national Relations. London: Gerald Duckworth. 1971. pp. 49, 244; Waltz, Kenneth N. Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press. 1954. pp. 86, 89, 94, 195; Holbraad, Carsten. Inter nationalism and Nationalism in European Political Thought. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. pp. 40, 187; Baldwin, David A. “Neoliberalism, Neorealism, and World Politics.” In Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate. Edited by D.A. Baldwin. New York: Columbia University Press. 1993. pp. 21–22; Richardson, James L. Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology & Power. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner. 2001. pp. 32, 35, 42, 124; Keohane, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1989. pp. 19, 51, 52, 211; Walker, R.B.J. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993. p. 94; Brown. Sovereignty, Rights and Justice. p. 52; Brown. Understanding International Relations. p. 153; Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 114, 263; Michael Smith. Liberalism. p. 204. 84. Doyle, Michael W. Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism and Socialism. New York and London: W.W. Norton. 1997. pp. 231–241. 85. Howard, Michael. War and the Liberal Conscience. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 2004. p. 25. 86. Oneal, John R., and Bruce Russett. “The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985.” International Studies Quarterly 41(2):267–294. 1997. 87. Panke, Diana, and Thomas Risse. “Liberalism.” In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. Edited by T. Dunne, M. Kurki, and S. Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 97. 88. Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Hill. 1957. pp. 212, 137–140. 89. Carr, E.H. The Twenty Years’ Crisis 1919–1939. London: Papermac. 1995. pp. 42–49. 90. Hammarlund. Liberal Internationalism. pp. 3, 13, 33, 87. 91. Brown, Nardin, and Rengger. International Relations in Political Thought. p. 521. 92. Hurrell. On Global Order. pp. 214–215. 93. Walter, Andrew Wyatt. “Adam Smith and the Liberal Tradition in Inter- national Relations.” In Classical Theories of International Relations. Edited by I. Clark and I.B. Neumann. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1996. pp. 142–167. 94. Ibid., pp. 144, 159. 95. Long. Adam Smith’s Politics. p. 306. 96. Fleischacker. Adam Smith. pp. 250–257. 97. Oncken, August. Adam Smith und Immanuel Kant. Der Einklang und das Wechselverhältniss ihrer Lehren über Sitte, Staat und Wirtschaft. Leipzig: Von Dunecker & Humblot. 1877. pp. 140–146. Notes ● 181

98. Haakonssen. Science of a Legislator. pp. 91–95. 99. Also Margerum Harlen. Reappraisal. 100. Knutsen. History. pp. 149, 225. 101. Teichgraeber. Free Trade. 102. Cairns, John W. “Legal Theory.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. Edited by A. Broadie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 227. 103. Ross. Life of Adam Smith. pp. 72, 120; Irwin. Against the Tide. p. 69; Rashid, Salim. “The Intellectual Standards of Adam Smith’s Day.” Journal of Libertarian Studies 11(Fall):107–116. 1994. 104. Lieberman, David. “Adam Smith on Justice, Rights, and Law.” In The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith. Edited by K. Haakonssen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 218–219. 105. Mizuta, Hiroshi. Adam Smith’s Library: A Catalogue. Oxford: Clarendon. 2000. pp. xvii, 108–110, 207. 106. Jeffery. Hugo Grotius. p. 71. 107. Long. Adam Smith’s Politics. p. 315. 108. Ebeling, Richard M. “Classical Liberalism in the Twenty-First Century: War and Peace.” In Liberty, Security, and the War on Terrorism. Edited by R.M. Ebeling and J.G. Hornberger. Fairfax: Future of Freedom Foundation. 2003. p. 174.

5 Ludwig von Mises, Capitalism, and Peace 1. For more on Mises’ life, see Hülsmann. Mises; Ritter von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik. The Cultural Background of Ludwig von Mises. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute. 1999; Ebeling, Richard M. Austrian Economics and the Political Economy of Freedom. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar. 2003. pp. 61–100; Butler. Mises; Von Mises, Margit. My Years with Ludwig von Mises. Cedar Falls: Center for Futures Education. 1984; Von Mises, Ludwig. Notes and Recollections. Spring Mills: Libertarian. 1978; Kirzner, Israel M. Ludwig von Mises: The Man and His Economics. Wilmington: ISI Books. 2001. 2. Von Mises, Ludwig. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute. 1990. 3. Boettke, Peter J., ed. The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics. Aldershot: Edward Elgar. 1994. Kirzner, Israel M. The Meaning of Market Process: Essays in the Development of Modern Austrian Economics. London: Routledge. 1992. 4. Mises. Notes and Recollections. pp. 93–100. 5. Delgaudio, Julian J. Refugee Economist in America: Ludwig von Mises and American Social and Political Thought 1940–1986. University of California: Irvine. 1987. 6. The Mont Pelerin Society. Tribute to Mises, 1881–1973: The Session of the Mont Pelerin Society at Brussels on 13th September 1974, Devoted to the Memory of Ludwig von Mises. Chislehurst: Quadrangle Publications 182 ● Notes

and the Mont Pelerin Society. 1974; Andrews, John K., ed. Homage to Mises: The First Hundred Years. Hillsdale: Hillsdale College Press. 1981. pp. 10–13, 19–27. 7. See, for example, Rothbard, Murray N. The Essential Von Mises. Grove City: Libertarian. 1980; Kirzner, Israel M. ed. Method, Process, and Austrian Economics: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises. Lexington and Toronto: Lexington Books. 1982; Steele. From Marx to Mises. pp. 95–122; Moss, Laurence S., ed. The Economics of Ludwig von Mises: Toward a Critical Appraisal. Kansas City: Sheed and Ward. 1976. 8. Harper, F.A., ed. Toward Liberty: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises on Occasion of His 90th Birthday, September 29, 1971. Menlo Park: Institute for Humane Studies. 1971. 9. Ebeling, Richard M, ed. Human Action: A 50-Year Tribute. Hillsdale: Hillsdale College Press. 2000. 10. Sennholz, Mary, ed. On Freedom and Free Enterprise: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises. Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education. 1994. 11. Mises. HA. p. 43. 12. Von Mises, Ludwig. Nation, State, and Economy: Contributions to the Politics and History of Our Time. New York and London: Institute for Humane Studies & New York University Press. 1983. pp. 39–40. 13. Butler. Mises. p. 17; Hülsmann. Mises. p. 317. 14. Mises. NSE. pp. 9–14. 15. Ibid., pp. 16–21. 16. Mises. OG. pp. 82–85. 17. Ibid., pp. 241–243. 18. Smith, Anthony D. Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pp. 97–123. 19. Von Mises, Ludwig. Money, Method, and the Market Process. Norwell & Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic & Praxeology Press of the Ludwig von Mises Institute. 1990. pp. 156–157. 20. Gellner. Nationalism. pp. 50–58. 21. Mises. OG. p. 85. 22. Mises. NSE. pp. 31–56. 23. Gordon, David. “Ludwig von Mises and the Philosophy of History.” In The Meaning of Ludwig von Mises: Contributions in Economics, Epistemology, Sociology, and Political Philosophy. Edited by J.M. Herbener. Norwell and Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers & Praxeology Press of the Ludwig von Mises Institute. 1993. p. 133; Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 316–324. 24. Mises. OG. pp. 93–94; NSE. p. 39. 25. Ebeling, Richard M. “Introduction.” In Selected Writings of Ludwig von Mises, volume 3: The Political Economy of International Reform and Reconstruction. Indianapolis: Liberty. 2000. p. xxxv. 26. Mises. NSE. p. 82. Notes ● 183

27. Baumgarth, William. “Ludwig von Mises and the Justification of the Liberal Order.” In The Economics of Ludwig von Mises: Toward a Critical Appraisal. Edited by L.S. Moss. Kansas City: Sheed and Ward. 1976. pp. 79–99. p. 93. 28. Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 1026–1029. 29. Raico, Ralph. “Mises on Fascism, Democracy and Other Questions.” Journal of Libertarian Studies 12 (1):1–27. 1996. pp. 24–25. 30. Mises. MMM. pp. 151–152. 31. Mises. HA. p. 686. 32. Mises. NSE. p. 38. 33. Bien Greaves, Bettina. Interview with Doctor Frederick Engel-Janosi. Washington (?), March 8, 1958; also Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 257–298. 34. Bien Greaves, Bettina. Interview with Professor F.A. Hayek. Chicago, January 25. 1958. 35. Bien Greaves, Bettina. An interview with Mrs. Ludwig von Mises. New York, March 21, 1977. 36. Von Mises, Ludwig. Economic Freedom and Interventionism: An Anthology of Articles and Essays. Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education. 1990. p. 136. 37. Rappard, William E. “On Reading von Mises.” In On Freedom and Free Enterprise: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises. Edited by M. Sennholz. Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education. 1994. p. 23. 38. Mises. NSE. pp. 213–214. 39. Mises. HA. p. 650; Critique of Interventionism. p. 77. 40. Mises. NSE. pp.152–158; OG. p. 109; HA. p. 179; Von Mises, Ludwig. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1981. p. 109. 41. Mises. S. pp. 287, 311–313. 42. Mises. MMM. pp. 158–159. 43. Mises. L. pp. 106–107. 44. Ibid., pp. 23–25. 45. Mises. HA. pp. 684–687; S. p. 109; Von Mises, Ludwig. Marxism Unmasked: From Delusion to Destruction. Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation For Economic Education. 2006. pp. 44–45. 46. Ebeling. “Introduction.” p. xvii. 47. Mises. NSE. p. 86. 48. Mises. S. p. 62; HA. pp. 822–823; L. p. 108. 49. Mises. Notes and Recollections. p. 115. 50. Herbener, Jeffrey M. Mises on War and Peace in Human Action. Available from www.mises.org. 1999. (Access date: November 28, 2006) 51. Von Mises, Ludwig. “Autarkie Bedeutet Untergang der Kultur!” Berliner Tageblatt, March 31, 1932. 52. Mises. HA. pp. 825–828. 53. Mises. L. p. 111. 54. Mises. NSE. pp. 85–90. 184 ● Notes

55. Mises. OG. p. 108. 56. Mises. HA. p. 832; S. p. 207. 57. Mises. Bureaucracy. pp. 27–28. 58. Kirzner. Mises. pp. 167, 183. 59. Quoted in Hülsmann. Mises. p. 810; Mises. L. pp. 24–25. 60. Mises. S. pp. 58–59. 61. Mises. HA. p. 149; EF. p. 57. 62. Mises. HA. pp. 169–170. 63. Mises. OG. pp. 248–249. 64. Mises. L. p. 148; NSE. p. 90; S. p. 36. 65. Mises. NSE. pp. 32, 80–85. 66. Mises. Selected Writings 3. p. 19. 67. Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 805, 908. 68. Mises. L. pp. 151–154. 69. Mises. MMM. pp. 153–154. 70. Mises. L. pp. 130–136. 71. Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 525–526; Mises. S. p. 268; Von Mises, Ludwig. “Vom Ziel der Handelspolitik.” Archiv fur Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 42: 561–585. 1916; Von Mises, Ludwig. “Die Theorieen der Handelspolitik und die Handelspolitische Krisis.” Prager Breffe, November 17, 1925. 72. Conway. Defence of the Realm. pp. 87–94. 73. Also Hülsmann. Mises. p. 642. 74. Mises. NSE. pp. 90–91; Notes and Recollections. p. 137. 75. Von Mises, Ludwig. “The Freedom to Move as an International Problem.” In The Clash of Group Interests and Other Essays. Edited by R.M. Ebeling. New York: Center for Libertarian Studies. 1978. pp. 19–22. 76. Mises. L. pp. 147–151. 77. Von Mises, Ludwig. “Amerika und der Wiederaufbau der europäischen Wirtschaft.” Neue Freie Presse, December 18, 1926. 78. Von Mises, Ludwig. Selected Writings, volume 2: Between the Two World Wars: Monetary Disorder, Interventionism, Socialism and the Great Depression. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 2002. pp. 309–313. 79. Mises. OG. pp. 292–294; HA. pp. 687–688. 80. Mises. HA. p. 825. 81. Mises. MMM. pp. 161–162. 82. Mises. OG. pp. 250–253. 83. Mises. L. pp. 104–154. 84. Ibid., pp. 142–147. 85. Mises. OG. pp. 278–282. 86. Mises. MMM. pp. 162–163. 87. Mises. Historical Setting. pp. 54–55, 84–85. 88. Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard. Letter to Ludwig von Mises. Greenwood. May 2, 1944. 89. Mises. OG. pp. 276–278. 90. Mises. Selected Writings 3. pp. 43–49. Notes ● 185

91. Von Mises, Ludwig. Letter to F.A. Hayek. New York City. July 18, 1943 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 38, folder 24). 92. Mises. Selected Writings 3. pp. 15–19, 29. 93. Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 877–878; Mises. EF. p. 64. 94. See, for example, Dinan, Desmond. Ever Closer Union? An Introduction to the European Community. Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. 1994. pp. 16–21. 95. Mises. EF. pp. 145–146. 96. Gillingham, John. European Integration, 1950–2003: Superstate or New Market Economy? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 18. 97. Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 869–881. 98. Ibid., pp. 723–725, 804–805, 816–821; Ebeling, Richard M. “Introduction.” In Mises. Selected Writings 2. pp. viii–lii. 99. Mises. Selected Writings 2. p. 316. 100. Mises. OG. pp. 282–290. 101. Mises. Selected Writings 3. pp. 169–201. 102. Simons, Henry C. “Review of Ludwig von Mises, Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 26:192–193. 1944. 103. Mises. Selected Writings 3. p. 171. 104. Mises. S. p. 207. 105. Mises. OG. p. 102. 106. Mises. NSE. pp. 77–78. 107. Mises. OG. pp. 100–101. 108. Mises. L. pp. 121–130. 109. Mises. HA. pp. 670–672. 110. Mises. OG. p. 256. 111. Mises. EF. pp. 34, 242–243. 112. Mises. MMM. pp. 166–173; OG. pp. 290–292. 113. Raico. Mises on Fascism. p. 27. 114. Also Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 303–304. 115. Mises. NSE. p. 3. 116. Mises. OG. pp. 147, 295. 117. Winch. Adam Smith’s Politics. p. 104. 118. Hoogensen. Bentham and International Relations. pp. 8–9, 40–54. 119. Howard. War and Liberal Conscience. p. 35. 120. Mises. NSE. p. 86. 121. Hoogensen. Bentham and International Relations. pp. 12, 86–89, 194–195. 122. Pitts. Turn to Empire. pp. 103–122. 123. Winch. Riches and Poverty. pp. 409–416. 124. Taylor, Overton H. A History of Economic Thought. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1960. pp. 172–186. 125. Cited in Zacher and Matthew. Liberal International Theory. p. 114. 126. Irwin. Against the Tide. pp. 93–94. 127. Hülsmann. Mises. p. 737. 186 ● Notes

128. Mises. OG. p. 10. 129. Grammp, William D. The Manchester School of Economics. Stanford and London: Stanford University Press & Oxford University Press. 1960. pp. 1–6, 16–38, 46–47, 114. 130. Spall, Richard F. Reform Ideas of the Anti-Corn Leaguers. PhD thesis, University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign. 1985. pp. 237–251. 131. For more details, see Howe, Anthony. “Introduction.” In Rethinking Nineteenth-Century Liberalism: Richard Cobden Bicentenary Essays. Edited by A. Howe and S. Morgan. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2006. pp. 1–19. 132. Dawson, William Hartbutt. Richard Cobden and Foreign Policy: A Critical Exposition, with Special Reference to Our Day and Its Problems. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1926. pp. 80–82. 133. Cobden, Richard. “International Arbitration.” In Western Liberalism: A History in Documents from Locke to Groce. Edited by E.K. Bramsted and K.J. Melhuish. London and New York: Longman. 1978. pp. 374–378; Cobden, Richard. The Political Writings of Richard Cobden. London: William Ridgway. 1878. 134. Rogers, James E.T. Cobden and Modern Political Opinion. London: Macmillan. 1873. pp. 109–110; Hirst, Francis W., ed. Free Trade and Other Fundamental Doctrines of the Manchester School. New York: Augustus M. Kelley. 1968. pp. ix–xix. 135. Mises. S. p. 207. 136. Cobden, Richard. “Commerce Is the Grand Panacea.” In Western Liberalism: A History in Documents from Locke to Groce. Edited by E.K. Bramsted and K.J. Melhuish. London and New York: Longman. 1978. pp. 354–357. 137. Cobden. International Arbitration. pp. 374–375; also Howard. War and Liberal Conscience. p. 42. 138. Caedel, Martin. “Cobden and Peace.” In Rethinking Nineteenth-Century Liberalism: Richard Cobden Bicentenary Essays. Edited by A. Howe and S. Morgan. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2006. pp. 189–207. 139. Morley, John. The Life of Richard Cobden. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 1903. pp. 309–311. 140. Russell, Dean. Frederic Bastiat: Ideas and Influence. Irvington-on-Hudson: Foundation for Economic Education. 1969. pp. 17–29, 42, 73, 114. 141. Bastiat, Frédéric. The Bastiat Collection. Volume II. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2007. pp. 523–529. 142. Cited in Grammp. Manchester School. pp. 100–105. 143. Von Mises, Ludwig. The Causes of the Economic Crisis: And Other Essays before and after the Great Depression. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2006. p. 34. 144. Grammp. Manchester School. p. 24. 145. Hammarlund. Liberal Internationalism. p. 91. 146. Magnusson, Lars. The Tradition of Free Trade. London and New York: Routledge. 2004. pp. 4, 46–69; Ashworth. Creating International Studies. pp. 27–30. Notes ● 187

147. Trentmann, Frank. “The Resurrection and Decomposition of Cobden in Britain and the West: An Essay in the Politics of Reputation.” In Rethinking Nineteenth-Century Liberalism: Richard Cobden Bicentenary Essays. Edited by A. Howe and S. Morgan. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2006. pp. 272–276. 148. Mises. Selected Writings 3. pp. 4–5. 149. Mayall, James. Nationalism and International Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990. p. 159. 150. Jackson, Robert H. Sovereignty: Evolution of an Idea. Cambridge: Polity. 2007. pp. 63–64. 151. Mises. MMM. p. 158. 152. Von Mises. Marxism Unmasked. p. 32. 153. Hülsmann. Mises. p. 42. 154. Mises. S. pp. 388–389. 155. Von Mises, Ludwig. The Theory of Money and Credit. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1981. p. 433. 156. Mises. OG. pp. 5–6. 157. Miller, J.D.B. “Norman Angell and Rationality in International Relations.” In Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis: Inter-War Idealism Reassessed. Edited by D. Long and P. Wilson. Oxford: Clarendon. 1995. p. 101. 158. Mises. MMM. p. 160. 159. Miller. Angell. pp. 103–121. 160. Mises. HA. pp. 821–822. 161. Mises. Selected Writings 3. p. 183. 162. Buzan, Barry. “International Political Economy and Globalization.” In International Society and Its Critics. Edited by A.J. Bellamy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. pp. 115–133.

6 Friedrich Hayek, International Order, and Federalism 1. Cubitt, C.E. A Life of Friedrich August von Hayek. Gamlingay: Authors Online. 2006. pp. 47–48. 2. Hayek, Friedrich A. Denationalisation of Money—The Argument Refined: An Analysis of the Theory and Practice of Concurrent Currencies. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. 1990. p. 17. 3. See for more biographical details, Leube, Kurt R. “Friedrich August von Hayek: A Biographical Introduction.” In The Essence of Hayek. Edited by K.R. Leube and C. Nishiyama. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 1984. pp. xvii–xxxvi; Cubitt. A Life; Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek; Caldwell. Hayek’s Challenge; Ebenstein. Hayek’s Journey; Butler, Eamonn. Hayek: His Contribution to the Political and Economic Thought of Our Time. New York: Universe Books. 1985; Nishiyama, Chiaki. “Introduction.” In The Essence of Hayek. Edited by K.R. Leube and C. Nishiyama. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 1984. pp. xxxvii–lxviii. 4. Margit von Mises. My Years. p. 41. 188 ● Notes

5. Hayek. Hayek on Hayek. p. 68. 6. Hülsmann. Mises. pp. 700–701, 707. 7. Skousen, Mark. Vienna & Chicago, Friends of Foes? A Tale of Two Schools of Free- Market Economics. Washington DC: Regnery. 2005. 8. Hayek. Hayek on Hayek. p. 48. 9. Hayek. LLL (III). p. 149; Hayek, Friedrich A. The Fortunes of Liberalism: Essays on Austrian Economics and the Ideal of Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1992. p. 239. 10. Feulner, Edwin J. Intellectual Pilgrims: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Mont Pelerin Society. Washington: Edwin J. Feulner. 1999; Hartwell, R.M. A History of the Mont Pelerin Society. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1995. 11. See Gellner. Nationalism. p. 1. 12. Hayek. IEO. p. 264. 13. Hayek. CL. p. 84. 14. Hayek. LLL (II). p. 12. 15. Caldwell, Bruce. “Introduction.” In The Road to Serfdom: Texts and Documents—The Definitive Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2007. pp. 9–15. 16. Hayek, Friedrich A. The Road to Serfdom. London: Routledge. 1997. pp. 5, 9–10. 17. Hayek. Fortunes of Liberalism. pp. 219–236. 18. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. pp. 294, 390. 19. Cubitt. A Life. pp. 23–24. 20. Hayek. Studies. p. 143. 21. Hayek. IEO. p. 28; CL. pp. 14–15. 22. Hayek. IEO. p. 270, especially note 9; LLL. II. p. 134. 23. Hayek, Friedrich A. Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1997. p. 218. 24. Hayek. RS. pp. 106–107. 25. Hayek. CL. pp. 405–406. 26. Ibid., p. 105. 27. Curzon Price, Victoria. “What Do Liberals Have to Say about the Future of International and Inter-Ethnic Relations?” In Libertarians and Liberalism: Essays in Honour of Gerard Radnitzky. Edited by H. Bouillon. Aldershot: Ashgate. 1996. p. 315. 28. Hayek. RS. p. 9. 29. Hayek. IEO. p. 270. 30. Ibid., pp. 270–272; CL. p. 217; LLL (III). p. 124. 31. Butler. Hayek. p. 107. 32. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. p. 225. 33. Hayek. SW. p. 161. 34. Hayek. LLL (III). p. 132. 35. Hayek. SW. pp. 151–160, 164–172; RS. pp. 153, 155. 36. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. pp. 300–301. Notes ● 189

37. Hennecke, Hans Jörg. Friedrich August von Hayek. Die Tradition der Freiheit. Düsseldorf: Wirtschaft und Finanzen. 2000. p. 350. 38. Quoted in Ibid., p. 342. 39. Quoted in Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. p. 300. 40. Cubitt. A Life. pp. 47, 204. 41. Hennecke. Tradition. p. 347. 42. Shenfield, Arthur A. “Law.” In Agenda for a Free Society: Essays on Hayek’s “The Constitution of Liberty.” Edited by A. Seldon. London: Institute of Economic Affairs and Hutchinson. 1961. p. 54. 43. Hayek. RS. p. 163. 44. Hayek. SW. pp. 161–164. 45. Hayek. RS. p. 176. 46. Hayek. IEO. pp. 269–271, 255. 47. Ibid., pp. 256–268. 48. Hayek. RS. pp. 164–167. 49. Ibid., pp. 172, 173. 50. Jennings, Ivor W. A Federation for Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1940. 51. Hennecke. Tradition. p. 346. 52. Hayek, Friedrich A. Letter to Menachem Begin. January 18, 1980 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 11, folder 45). 1978; Hayek, Friedrich A. Letter to Menachem Begin. May 2, 1980 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 11, folder 45). 53. Hayek, Friedrich A. Letter to Teddy Kolek. Undated, most likely June or July, 1982 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 31, folder 16). 54. Hayek, Friedrich A. Letter to Moshe Dayan. October 11, 1981 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 16, folder 59). 55. Hayek, Friedrich A. Letter to the editor of The Times. April 21, 1985 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 111, folder 13). 56. Hayek. IEO. pp. 269–271. 57. Shearmur, Jeremy. Hayek and After: Hayekian Liberalism as a Research Programme. London and New York: Routledge. 1996. pp. 53–60. 58. Hayek. RS. pp. 174–175. 59. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. p. 391, note 16. 60. Hayek. RS. pp. 166, note 2, 172–173. 61. Skidelsky, Robert. “Hayek versus Keynes.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hayek. Edited by E. Feser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 100. 62. Hayek. RS. p. 176. 63. Hayek, Friedrich A. “A Self-Generating Order for Society.” In Towards World Community. Edited by J. Nef. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk N.V. 1968. pp. 41–42. 64. Hayek. LLL (II). pp. 104–106. 65. Hayek, Friedrich A. “The Misconception of Human Rights as Positive Claims.” Farmand II (12):32–35 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 108, 190 ● Notes

folder 12). 1966; Hoy, Calvin M. A Philosophy of Individual Freedom: The Political Thought of F.A. Hayek. Westport and London: Greenwood. 1984. p. 49. 66. Hayek. LLL (II). p. 105. 67. Hall. Martin Wight. pp. 127–129. 68. Hayek. Misconception of Human Rights. 69. Hayek. LLL (III). p. 149. 70. Hayek. LLL (II). p. 61. 71. Hayek. CL. pp. 262–263. 72. Hayek, Friedrich A. Letter to President Reagan. Freiburg. February 11, 1981 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 45, folder 15). 73. Ebeling, Richard M. 1977. “Interview with F.A. Hayek.” Libertarian Review. September 1977 (Hoover Institution Archives. Hayek Papers, box 109, folder 14). p. 12. 74. Hayek, Friedrich A. “Internationaler Rufmord. Eine persönliche Stellungnahme.” Politische Studien:42–43 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 109, folder 18). 1977. 75. Hayek, Friedrich A. “Schärfster Protest.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. January 6, 1982 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 63, folder 8). 76. Cubitt. A Life. p. 19. 77. Hayek, Friedrich A. 1978. “Letter to the Editor.” The Times, July 27, 1978 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 109, folder 24). 78. Also Hennecke. Tradition. pp. 348–351. 79. Cubitt. A Life. pp. 19, 200. 80. Hayek. IEO. p. 269; RS. p. 166, note 1. 81. See, for example, Bauer, Peter T., and B.S. Yamey. The Economics of Under- Developed Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1957. 82. Bauer, Peter T. Dissent on Development: Studies and Debates in Development Economics. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1971. pp. 17, 31–146. 83. Blundell, John. A Tribute to Peter Bauer. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. 2002. pp. 27–29. 84. Hayek. CL. pp. 3, 48–53, 322, 366–367. 85. Curzon Price. What Do Liberals. p. 304. 86. Hayek. LLL (III). p. 133. 87. Hayek, Friedrich A. 1981. “The Flaws of the Brandt Report.” The Times. January 9, 1981 (Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, box 110, folder 3). 88. Baron, Stefan. 1981. “Ungleichheit ist Nötig. Interview mit F.A. Hayek”. Wirtschaftswoche. March 6, 1981 (Hoover Institution Archives. Hayek Papers, box 109, folder 46). 89. Ebenstein. Hayek’s Journey. p. 221. 90. Hayek, Friedrich A. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1991. pp. 120–134. 91. Simon, Julian L. The Ultimate Resource 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1996. pp. 614–615. 92. Curzon Price. What Do Liberals. pp. 308–311. Notes ● 191

93. See Bauer, Peter T. The Development Frontier: Essays in Applied Economics. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1991. pp. 38–55; Lal, Deepak. The Poverty of “Development Economics.” London: Institute of Economic Affairs. 2002. 94. Hayek. Hayek on Hayek. p. 115. 95. Hayek. Fatal Conceit. pp. 38–47. 96. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. p. 98. 97. Hayek. New Studies. pp. 106, 131; Kotterman-van de Vosse, Inez. De Visie van Hayek. Een Pleidooi voor Persoonlijke Vrijheid. Zwolle: W.E.J. Tjeenk Willink. 1994. p. 94. 98. Hayek. RS. pp. 163–167. 99. Hayek. IEO. p. 257; LLL (II). p. 90. 100. Hayek, Friedrich A. Good Money, Part II: The Standard. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1999. pp. 37–105. 101. Desai, Meghnad. “Hayek and Marx.” In The Cambridge Companion to Hayek. Edited by E. Feser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 72. 102. Hayek. New Studies. p. 225. 103. Hayek. Denationalisation of Money. pp. 23–24. 104. Thatcher, Margaret. The Downing Street Years. London: HarperCollins. 1993. p. 716. 105. Hayek. Hayek on Hayek. p. 151. 106. Hayek. Denationalisation of Money. p. 24. 107. Hayek. “Letter to the Editor.” The Times. February 11, 1978. 108. Hayek, Friedrich A. 1978. “Origins of Racialism.” The Times. March 1, 1978. 109. Hayek, Friedrich A. 1978. “Integrating Immigrants.” The Times. March 9, 1978. 110. Butler. Hayek. p. 97. 111. Gissurarson, Hannes H. “The Only Truly Progressive Policy. . . .” In Hayek’s Serfdom Revisited. Edited by N.P. Barry. St. Leonards: Centre for Independent Studies. 1985. p. 12. 112. Hayek. Studies. p. 168. 113. Ibid., pp. 163–165. 114. Hayek. LLL (II). p. 3. 115. Smith, Graig. Adam Smith. p. 132. 116. Hayek. LLL (II). pp. 90–91, 148, 151–152. 117. Hayek. LLL (III). pp. 130–131. 118. See, for example, Williams, Andrew. Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished. London and New York: Routledge. 2006. pp. 58, 118. 119. Easley, Eric S. The War over Perpetual Peace: An Exploration into the History of a Foundational International Relations Text. New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. p. 136. 120. Young, Oran R. International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 1989. pp. 84–85. 192 ● Notes

121. Richardson. Contending Liberalisms. pp. 43–44, 82–83, 155, 161. 122. Ashworth. Creating International Studies. pp. 86–88. 123. Curzon Price. What Do Liberals. pp. 299, 308. 124. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. pp. 300–305. 125. Hennecke. Tradition. pp. 341–359. 126. Hayek. New Studies. p. 129. 127. Hayek. IEO. p. 28. 128. Hill, Roland. Lord Acton. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2000. p. 415; Acton, J.E.E. Essays in Religion, Politics, and Morality: Selected Writings of Lord Acton. Volume III. Edited by J. Rufus Fears. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1985. p. 559. 129. Hayek. RS. p. 163. 130. Acton, J.E.E. Essays in the History of Liberty: Selected Writings of Lord Acton. Volume I. Edited by J. Rufus Fears. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 1985. p. 431. 131. Kukathas. Hayek and Liberalism. p. 198. 132. Acton. Selected Writings III. p. 560. 133. De Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. London: David Campbell. 1994. p. 264. 134. Clinton. Tocqueville. p. 17. 135. Lively, Jack. The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville. Oxford: Clarendon. 1962. pp. 156–157. 136. Boesche, Roger. The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 1987. pp. 216–218. 137. Clinton. Tocqueville. pp. 22–33. 138. Hayek. RS. p. 174. 139. Hayek. Fatal Conceit. p. 12. 140. Gamble, Andrew. Hayek: The Iron Cage of Liberty. Cambridge: Polity. 1996. pp. 90–91. 141. Hayek. RS. pp. 138–141. 142. Hayek. SW. pp. 251–253. 143. See Gray. Hayek on Liberty; Shearmur. Hayek and After. 144. Kukathas, Chandran. Hayek and Modern Liberalism. Oxford: Clarendon. 1989. pp. 20–45; Roos. Hayek’s Kantian Heritage. 145. Hayek. Hayek on Hayek. pp. 139–140. 146. Gissurarson. Hayek’s Conservative Liberalism. pp. 13–14. 147. Kotterman-van de Vosse. Visie van Hayek. pp. 87–88. 148. Hayek. RS. p. 169. 149. Hayek. SW. p. 211. 150. Hayek. Self Generating Order. p. 42. 151. Ibid. 152. Hayek. Fatal Conceit. p. 37. 153. Hayek, Friedrich A. “An International Newspaper Page.” Vienna. (Hoover Institution Archives. Hayek Papers, box 104, folder 28). Undated. Notes ● 193

154. Hayek. RS. p. 166; LLL (II). p. 134. 155. Compare Hayek. LLL (I). p. 21 and LLL (II). p. 53. 156. Hayek. RS. p. 176. 157. Ibid., p. 175. 158. Hayek. Fortunes of Liberalism. p. 260. 159. Hennecke. Tradition. pp. 342, 345. 160. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek. pp. 319–320. 161. Ibid., p. 393, note 2.

7 Liberalism and International Relations Theory 1. Tooby, John, and Leda Cosmides. “The Psychological Foundations of Culture.” In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Edited by J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby. New York: Oxford University Press. 1992. pp. 19–139. 2. Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Penguin Books. 2002. pp. 56–58, 428–431. 3. Thayer, Bradley A. Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2004. pp. 263–270. 4. Rosen, Stephen Peter. War and Human Nature. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 2005. p. 2. 5. Conway. Defense of Realm. pp. 1–2. 6. See Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Verso. 1996. 7. Jahn, Beate. “Classical Smoke, Classical Mirror: Kant and Mill in Liberal International Relations Theory.” In Classical Theory in International Relations. Edited by B. Jahn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp. 178–203. 8. Wolfe, Christopher. Natural Law Liberalism. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 255. 9. Also see Lomasky, Loren E. “Liberalism beyond Borders.” Social Philosophy & Policy 24 (1):206–233. 2007. 10. See Fisher, David. “Humanitarian Intervention.” In The Price of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-First Century. Edited by C. Reed and D. Ryall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. pp. 101–117; Rengger, N.J. “The Greatest Treason? On the Subtle Temptations of Preventive War.” International Affairs 84 (5):949–961. 2008; Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Just War against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World. New York: Basic Books. 2003; Elshtain. Just War Theory; Rengger. On the Just War Tradition. 11. Higgs, Robert. Against Leviathan: Government Power and a Free Society. Oakland: Independent Institute. 2004; Higgs, Robert. Depression, War, and Cold War: Studies in Political Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. 194 ● Notes

12. Jackson. Global Covenant. p. vii. 13. Hume. E. pp. 512–529. 14. Smith. WN. pp. 529–539. 15. Robbins, Lionel. Money, Trade and International Relations. London and Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1971. pp. 267–272; Robbins, Lionel. Economic Planning and International Order. London: Macmillan. 1937. pp. 242–268. 16. Bull. Anarchical Society. pp. 156–177. 17. Hill, Christopher. The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. pp. 138–143. 18. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 180–205. 19. Also Röpke, Wilhelm. International Order and Economic Integration. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 1959. pp. 43–56. 20. Bull. Anarchical Society. pp. 125–134. 21. Wight. Three Traditions. pp. 233–258. 22. Röpke. International Order. pp. 12–20. 23. See Little, Richard. The Balance of Power in International Relations: Metaphors, Myths and Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. 24. Butterfield, Herbert. “The Balance of Power.” In Diplomatic Investigations. Essays in the Theory of International Politics. Edited by H. Butterfield and M. Wight. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1966. pp. 132–148. 25. Wight. Power Politics. pp. 175–177, 184–185. 26. Hume. E. p. 337. 27. Little. Balance of Power. p. 9. 28. Friedman. Capitalism and Freedom. pp. 7–21. 29. See Trebilcock, Michael J., and Robert Howse. The Regulation of International Trade. London and New York: Routledge. 2005. 30. Lal, Deepak. Reviving the Invisible Hand: The Case for Classical Liberalism in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 2006. 31. Bull. Anarchical Society. p. 25. 32. Sally, Razeen. Whither the WTO? A Progress Report on the Doha Round. Washington: Cato Institute. 2003; Sally, Razeen. Trade Policy, New Century: The WTO, FTAs and Asia Rising. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. 2008. 33. Röpke. International Order. p. 20. 34. Howard. War and Liberal Conscience. pp. 13–51. 35. Gillingham. European Integration. pp. 22–23. 36. Barbieri, Katherine. The Liberal Illusion: Does Trade Promote Peace? Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2005. pp. 121–137. 37. Also see Margerum Harlen. A Reappraisal; Hont. Jealousy of Trade. pp. 6, 383; Sally. Classical Liberalism. p. 57; Irwin Against the Tide. p. 76; Whelan. Hume and Machiavelli. p. 231; Manzer. Promise of Peace. 38. Linklater and Suganami. English School. pp. 223–258. 39. Also Sen, Amartya. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. Notes ● 195

40. Lomasky. Liberalism beyond Borders. pp. 221–222. 41. Jeffery. Hugo Grotius. p. 67. 42. Rengger. Political Theory and International Relations. pp. 769–770. 43. Rengger, N.J. “Seeing (Double) in the Darkness: The Moral Vision of the Anarchical Society.” In The Anarchical Society in a Globalized World. Edited by R. Little and J. Williams. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. pp. 39, 45–49; Rengger. Tragedy or Scepticism. 44. Smith, Steve. “Introduction: Diversity and Disciplinarity in International Relations Theory.” In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. Edited by T. Dunne, M. Kurki, and S. Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 4. 45. Zacher and Matthew. Liberal International Theory. pp. 109–110. 46. Doyle. Ways. pp. 205–212. 47. Dunne. Liberalism. 48. Burchill. Liberalism. 49. See, for example, Brown. Understanding International Relations. pp. 22–30, 153–157; Koch, K., R.B. Soetendorp, and A. Van Staden. Internationale Betrekkingen. Theorieën en Benaderingen. Utrecht: Aula/Het Spectrum. 1994; Viotti and Kauppi. Global Philosophers; Jackson, Robert H. and Georg Sørensen. Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. 50. Smith, Michael Joseph. Liberalism and International Reform. 51. See, for example, Freedman, Lawrence. “The Age of Liberal Wars.” Review of International Studies 31:93–108. 2005; Panke and Risse. Liberalism; Williams. Liberalism and War. 52. Williams. Liberalism and War. p. 21. 53. Dunne. Liberalism. p. 195. 54. Ashworth. Creating International Studies. pp. 4, 22–42. 55. Long, David. “Conclusion: Inter-War Idealism, Liberal Internationalism, and Contemporary International Theory.” In Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis: Inter-War Idealism Reassessed, Edited by D. Long and P. Wilson. Oxford: Clarendon. 1995. pp. 302–328. 56. Wilson, Woodrow. Speech to Congress, 8 January, 1918. Available from www.lib. byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918/14points.html. (Access date: June 18, 2007) 57. Hill, Christopher. “1939: The Origins of Liberal Realism.” Review of Inter- national Studies 15:319–328. 1989. 58. Clark, Ian. The Hierarchy of States: Reform and Resistance in the International Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989. pp. 212–214. 59. Burchill. Liberalism. pp. 55–64. 60. See Waltz. Man, the State, and War. pp. 97–123. 61. Martin, Lisa L. “Neoliberalism.” In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. Edited by T. Dunne, M. Kurki, and S. Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. pp. 109–126. 62. Grieco, Joseph M. “Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism.” In Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The 196 ● Notes

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Act of Union, 44 Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 18, 22, 75 Acton, Lord John, 120 Boucher, David, 52 Africa, 59, 92, 114 Bowring, John, 94 Algeria, 112 Brandt Report, 114 America see United States of America Bretton Woods system, 143 Amnesty International, 112 Bright, John, 71, 96 Angell, Norman, 99, 106, 147 Britain see Great Britain Anti-Corn Law League see Manchester British Broadcasting Corporation School (BBC), 103 Arafat, Yasser, 108 Brown, Chris, 71 Ashworth, Lucian, 120 Buccleuch, Henry Campbell Scot, Asia, 57, 59, 86, 92 Third Duke of, 57 Australia, 89 Buchanan, James, 5 Austria, 4, 75–7, 87, 90, 101, 157 Bull, Hedley, 6–13, 54–6, 135, 137, Austrian School, 4, 18, 75–7, 140, 147 101–02, 128 Burchill, Scott, 71 Burke, Edmund, 39 Bagehot, Walter, 71 Butterfield, Herbert, 8 balance of power, 9–13, 46–7, 52–6, 62, Buzan, Barry, 100 67, 72, 85–6, 98–100, 106, 119, 121–4, 136–7, 143, 146, 152–7 Canada, 41, 77, 89 Bartelson, Jens, 8 capitalism, 19, 29–30, 75–100, 107, Bartley, William, 114 113–6, 131, 138–9, 142, Bastiat, Frédéric, 17, 71, 93, 96, 97 145–6, 157 Bauer, Peter, 113 Carnegie, Andrew, 10 Begin, Menachem, 108 Carr, Edward Hallett, 8, 71–2, 110, Belgium, 77 121, 143 Bentham, Jeremy, 25–8, 35, 37, 38, 71, Carter, Jimmy, 106 93–4, 97, 143, 148, 151, 155 Chicago School, 18, 102 Berlin, Isaiah, 23–4 Chile, 112 Bodin, Jean, 99 China, 43, 59, 96, 112 Böhm, Franz, 18 Churchill, Winston, 106 226 ● Index classical liberalism, 1–6, 17–40, 73, Ebenstein, Alan, 39, 104–5, 114, 76–7, 81, 87, 156–7 120, 123 as IR theory, 44–56, 103, 124, Edinburgh University, 46 125–157 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 24 as tradition, 35, 124, 151–3 empire see imperialism core elements of, 19–40, 126–41, Engel-Janosi, F., 80 151–7 Engels, Friedrich, 39 fringe classical liberals, 36–40, 151 England, 43, 62, 96, 106, 121 Clausewitz, Carl von, 8 see also Great Britain Club of Rome, 114–15 English School, 3, 6–15, 53–6, 72–4, Cobden, Richard, 2, 71, 81, 93–8, 137, 98–100, 121–4, 126, 129–41, 147, 138, 143, 147, 155 150, 153 –7 collectivism, 33, 79–100, 113 Enlightenment, 4, 35, 37, 53, 58, colonies, 69, 91 83, 152 see also USA independence Scottish, 4, 17, 35, 51, 68, 140, 156 colonialism see imperialism Erhard, Ludwig, 18 commerce see trade Eucken, Walter, 18 communism, 10, 88 Europe, 49–50, 57, 62, 68, 78, 85–93, Congo, 91 98–9, 104, 154 consequentialism, 25 European Economic Communities conservatism, 19 (EEC) see European Union Constant, Benjamin, 17 European integration, 62, 88–91, Constantinople, 61 106–9, 116, 132–5, 138–9, 144–5, constructivism, 34, 90, 109–10, 122, 154 –7 129, 130, 134–5, 145, 150, 155 European Union (EU), 62, 89, 107, 115, see also rationalism 133–5, 138–9, 145, 156 cosmopolitanism, 4, 12, 51, 59–60, 72, 81, 129–30, 150, 154 fabianism, 92 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Count, 89 Falkland Islands, 48, 106, 130 Cubitt, Charlotte, 106 federation, 104–9, 119, 120, 132–4, Curzon-Price, Victoria, 120 153 – 4 Czechoslovakia, 77 see also European integration Ferguson, Adam, 23, 99 Danford, John, 48 Fitzgibbons, Athol, 65 Dayan, Moshe, 108 Fleischacker, Samuel, 72 Denmark, 44, 77, 89 Foreign aid see development aid development aid, 91–3, 113–5, 119, 123, Founding Fathers (of the USA), 139, 152, 154, 155 17, 39, 147 diplomacy, 9, 12–3, 45, 61–2, 66, 67, France, 41, 47–8, 57, 59, 63–4, 68–9, 73, 102, 132–3, 140, 141, 143, 154 77–8, 89, 103, 106, 138 Doyle, Michael, 71–2, 141–2, 146, 148–9 Franceschet, Antonio, 149 Dunne, Tim, 142 Franklin, Benjamin, 50, 70 Freedom, 19–40, 47, 58, 60, 62, 72, 80, Easley, Eric, 119 92, 104, 111, 126–7, 132–3, 136–7, Ebeling, Richard, 74 141, 143, 145, 150–7 Index ● 227

Free trade see trade Hobhouse, Leonard, 37 Friedman, Milton, 5, 101–2, 112 Hobson, John, 97 functionalism, 144–5, 148 Holland see The Netherlands Hoppe, Hans, 19 Gellner, Ernest, 78 Howard, Michael, 71, 72, 141 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Hülsmann, Jörg Guido, 76 (GATT), 115, 137 human nature, 10, 20–40, 58, 73, 80, Geneva, 57, 75 83–4, 102–4, 118, 121–4, 126–7, Germany, 77–8, 82, 90, 98, 102–3, 106, 143, 151–7 109, 138 human rights, 25–8, 110–1, Gillingham, John, 138 128–30, 142 Gilpin, Robert, 72 Humboldt, Alexander von, 37 Gissurarson, Hannes, 117 Hume, David, 2–6, 14, 41–57, 74–6, Gonce, Richard, 27 79, 80, 85–6, 91–3, 96, 99, 117, Gray, John, 1 120–1, 123 Great Britain, 48–50, 59, 63, 68, 71, and IR theory, 7, 13, 52–6 77–8, 89, 91, 103, 107, 113 and nation, 42–4, 128 See also England as classical liberal, 17–40 Greaves, Bettina Bien, 76 ideas on international relations, Green, Thomas Hill, 37, 71 41–56, 129–41, 151–7 Greenleaf, William Howard, 7 Hurrell, Andrew, 13, 72 Grotian tradition, 6–15, 53–6, 72–4, Hutcheson, Francis, 64 98–100, 121–4, 126, 129–57 Grotius, Hugo, 8, 27, 46, 54, 60–1, 63, impartial spectator, 31, 58 73, 99, 123–4, 140, 152 imperialism, 9, 11, 49–50, 68–71, 80, 91–3, 98–100, 104, 113–5, Haberler, Gottfried, 76 127–8, 154 Hamilton, Alexander, 50 India, 91, 103 Hammarlund, Per, 71 individualism, 19–23, 92, 120, 121, 151, Hall, Ian, 10 155, 157 Hayek, Friedrich, 2–6, 14, 74–100 institutions (international), 11–4, 54, and IR theory, 7, 13, 119–24 61, 70, 73, 99, 122, 125–50 and nation, 102–4, 128 international governmental as classical liberal, 17–40 organization, 11, 87–91, 109–12, ideas on international relations, 122, 145–6, 150, 154, 156 101–24, 129–41, 151–7 International Labor Organization Hennecke, Hans, 111, 120, 123 (ILO), 110, 135 Higgs, Robert, 131 international law, 9, 15, 45–6, 60–1, 72, Hill, Christopher, 133 84–5, 95–6, 99, 107, 109–12, 118, Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 40 122–3, 135–7, 141–2, 145, Hirst, Francis, 97 154 –5 Hitler, Adolf, 82 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Hobbes, Thomas, 8, 36–7, 54, 136, 145 72, 121, 151 International Political Theory (IPT), Hobbesian tradition see Realist tradition 3–4, 151–3 228 ● Index

International Relations (IR) Theory, League of Nations, 8, 87–8, 90–1, 94, 1–5, 18, 52–6, 93–100, 119–27 99, 109 international society, 11, 44–6, 60–2, Lebanon, 108, 111 67, 73, 119, 132–3, 137, 143 Leiden University, 73 International society tradition see Lenin, Vladimir, 99 Grotian tradition Levellers, 27 international system tradition see Realist Liberal internationalism, 72–4, 99, tradition 142–5, 148 interventionism, 11, 38, 85–6, 89, 130, liberalism, 1–4, 17–40, 55–6 141–6, 156 embedded, 145–6 Iran, 105–6, 111, 130 in IR, 1–4, 53, 141–57 Ireland, 67, 70 invented, 147–9 Israel, 108, 111 social, 17–40, 97, 107, 125, Italy, 64, 90 147, 155 libertarianism, 18–20, 79, 156–7 Jackson, Robert, 70, 98 liberty see freedom Japan, 83, 103 Libya, 106, 112 Jasay, Anthony de, 18 Lilburne, John, 17 Jennings, Ivor, 108 Lisbon Treaty, 134 just war tradition, 12–3, 47–9, 53, Locke, John, 2, 28, 38, 148 63–6, 72, 73, 84–5, 99, 128, London School of Economics and 130 –1, 140, 154, 156 Political Science (LSE), 6, 101, 104, 106 Kames, Lord (Henry Home), 70 Kant, Immanuel, 2–4, 8, 10, 36–8, 71, Machiavelli, Niccolò, 8, 45, 48, 52–4, 98–100, 121, 123, 143, 146–8, 78, 148 151–2, 155 Machlup, Fritz, 76 Kantian tradition, 6–15, 54–6, 72–4, MacMillan, John, 147 98–100, 107, 109, 121–4, Madison, James, 30, 50 129–57 Malthus, Thomas, 96 Kennan, George, 8 Manchester School, 17, 35, 51, 82, Keohane, Robert, 148 93–8, 120–1, 138 Kinneging, Andreas, 37 Mandeville, Bernard, 17, 30, 35 Kirzner, Israel, 76 Marshall Plan, 89–90, 138 Kissinger, Henry, 8 Marx, Karl, 39, 99 Knutsen, Torbjørn, 7, 73 marxism, 10, 33, 71, 92, 110 Kollek, Teddy, 108 Matthew, Richard, 141, 149 Mayall, James, 98 Laski, Harold, 110 Menger, Carl, 18, 22, 75 Lassalle,Ferdinand, 39 mercantilism, 50–2, 66–8, 133, 155 Law of Nations see international law migration, 79, 86–7, 115–7, 140–1 law, positive, 28, 30, 31, 38, 60–1, 93, Mill, James, 36, 38, 71, 94 110–11, 135–6, 145, 154–5 Mill, John Stuart, 2, 3, 18, 21, 26, law, rule of, 20, 28, 30–40, 111, 118, 36–40, 43, 68, 71, 94, 104, 128, 122, 123, 127, 135–6, 151 151, 155 Index ● 229

Mises, Ludwig von, 3–6, 14, 74, 101–24 Oneal, John, 71, 47 and IR theory, 7, 13, 93–100 Ordo-liberalism, 18 and nation, 77–9, 93–128 Owen, John, 147 as classical liberal, 17–40 ideas on international relations, pacifism, 4, 6, 55, 62–3, 73, 78, 80–5, 75–100, 129–41, 151–7 93–9, 104, 107, 119, 141–2, 146–9 Mitrany, David, 122, 144–5 see also trade and peace Molinari, Gustave de, 18 Paine, Thomas, 50, 147 Monnet, Jean, 106 Palmerston, Lord Henry, 96 Montesquieu, Charles, 43, 147 Pan-Europe see European integration Mont Pelerin Society (MPS), Panke, Diana, 71 18, 90, 101–2 patriotism, 104, 128 Moravcsik, Andrew, 149 Peace Society, 95–6 Morgenstern, Oskar, 76 Physiocrats, 17 Morgenthau, Hans, 8, 53, Pitt, William (the younger), 70 55–6, 143 pluralism, 11–5, 54, 73–4, 100, 123–4, Müller-Armack, Alfred, 18 136, 139, 140, 145, 150, 153, 155– 6 Nardin, Terry, 71 Pocock, John, 49 nationalism, 31, 32, 39, 42–4, 58–61, Poker Club, 65 72, 77–9, 81–2, 87, 89–91, 93, 99, Poland, 75, 112 102–4, 107, 108, 116, 120, 121, Polanyi, Karl, 71 127–9, 133, 155 Popper, Karl, 111, 118 national character, 42–4, 48, 54, 58–9, Portugal, 68, 89 77–8, 103, 120 Pownall, Governor Thomas, 70 natural law, 12–3, 17, 19–40, 45–6, praxeology, 35 48, 55, 60, 72, 73, 84, 109, 123, property rights, 12, 46, 87 128–30, 135–7, 140, 151–2, Pufendorf, Samuel, 27, 46, 54, 73 154, 156 natural rights see natural law Quakers, 95 Nazism, 10, 75–8, 85, 98, 121 Nef, John, 122 Raico, Ralph, 79, 92 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 10 Rand, Ayn, 18 Neimanis, G., 66 rationalism, 8, 10, 20–3, 26, 28, 30, neoliberalism, 19, 144, 149 37–8, 51, 55, 70, 103, 109, 126–7, neoliberal institutionalism, 144–5, 148 141, 144, 147, 151 Netherlands, The, 33, 47, 50, 59, 68, 69, Rawls, John, 2, 18 89, 107, 111 Reagan, Ronald, 101, 105, 111 New York City, 75–6, 122 realism see Realist tradition New Zealand, 89 Realist tradition, 6–14, 52–6, 72–4, Niebuhr, Reinhold, 8, 55–6 98–100, 120–4, 129–57 North Atlantic Treaty Organization reason (human) see rationalism (NATO), 105, 139 regimes, 145–6 Norway, 77, 89 Rengger, Nicholas, 13, 54, 71, 140 Nozick, Robert, 2 revolutionism, 6, 8, 10, 72–3 230 ● Index

Ricardo, David, 17, 27, 35, 93–4 sovereignty, 12, 44, 63, 73, 78–9, 88, Richardson, James, 120, 149 89, 90, 98, 99, 104, 107, 108, 110, Risse, Thomas, 71 113, 116, 130, 144, 145, 154 Robbins, Lionel, 106 Soviet Union see Russia Rockwell, Lew, 27 Spain, 48, 68–9 Romania, 90 Spencer, Herbert, 2, 37 Roosevelt, Franklin, 10 Spontaneous order, 17, 19–40, 60, Röpke, Wilhelm, 18 62, 115, 118–9, 122–3, 126–7, Rothbard, Murray, 19, 27, 76 136–41, 143, 144, 151, 154, 155 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 4, 26, 152 St. Clair, General James, 41 Ruggie, John, 145–6 Stoics, 17, 22, 55, 59 Russett, Bruce, 71, 147 Strauss, Franz Josef, 101 Russia, 61, 85–6, 90, 96, 105, Streit, Clarence, 89, 106 110, 114, 138 Sumner, William, 18 Rüstow, Alexander, 18 Switzerland, 33, 77

Sally, Razeen, 146 Teichgraeber, Richard, 73 Say, Jean Baptiste, 17 Thatcher, Margaret, 101, 112, 116–7 Schmitt, Carl, 121 Thucydides, 8 Scholastics (Spanish), 17 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 17, 39, 120 Schumpeter, Joseph, 147–8 Tories, 50 Scotland, 62, 65, 157 totalitarianism, 35, 121 Sennholz, Hans, 76, 89–90 trade, 50–2, 62, 66–8, 86–7, 92, 115–9, Shearmur, Jeremy, 108 145–6, 150 Simon, Julian, 115 and peace, 51, 66, 71–4, 87, 95–8, Simons, Henry, 90 117–9, 126, 137–9, 142–3, 148, Singapore, 112 150, 154 Skidelsky, Robert, 109 traditions, 3, 6–15, 28, 35, 98–100, 104, slavery, 24, 25, 33, 68, 91 121–4, 127, 132, 148, 155–7 Smith, Adam, 2–6, 14, 51, 75–6, transnationalism, 145, 155 79–80, 84–6, 91–4, 96–7, Tucker, Jeffrey, 27 99, 103, 105, 117–18, 120, Turgot, Anne, 50, 147 123, 147–8 and IR theory, 7, 13, 70–4 Uganda, 112 and nation, 58–60, 128 United Kingdom see Great Britain as classical liberal, 17–40 United Nations, 88, 110, 112, 129, ideas on international relations, 135–6, 143, 145 57–74, 129–41, 151–7 United States of America, 4, 57, 62, 67, Smith, Craig, 17 75, 77, 86–8, 90, 92, 98, 105–24, Smith, Michael, 70–1, 142 138–9, 145–6 socialism, 33, 35, 39, 75, 76, 88, 92, 99, independence of, 49–50, 68–70, 128 101–2, 104, 134 utilitarianism, 17, 26–8, 37–40, 95 solidarism, 10–15, 73–4, 88, 100, 119, utopianism, 8, 68, 71–4, 83, 121–2, 123–4, 139, 155, 156 140, 150, 154 South Africa, 111–2 Utrecht, 64, 73 Index ● 231

Vattel, Emmerich de, 73 Wilson, Peter, 119 Vaugh, Karen, 4 Wilson, Woodrow, 10, 56, 87, 97–9, Vienna, 4, 18, 41, 75–7, 106, 116 130, 143, 155 Virginia School, 18 Wolfe, Christopher, 130 World Bank, 136, 145 Walter, Andrew, 57, 72–4, 123 world government, 10, 88, 107, 109, Waltz, Kenneth, 8, 72, 142 118, 123, 132, 136, Walzer, Michael, 52 142, 155 war, 9–15, 47–9, 62–6, 72, 75, 80–4, world society tradition see Kantian 88, 93, 95, 98–100, 102, 104–7, tradition 118, 122–3, 125–6, 131, 138, World Trade Organization (WTO), 141–3, 146–7 137–8 Webb, Beatrice and Sydney, 104 Whelan, Frederick, 52–4, 123 Yeager, Leland, 27 Whigs, 47, 50 Young, Oran, 119 Wieser, Friedrich von, 18, 101 Yugoslavia, 77 Wight, Martin, 6–13, 52, 72, 110 Williams, Andrew, 149 Zacher, Mark, 141, 149