Mass Distribution in Galaxy Clusters

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Mass Distribution in Galaxy Clusters Pontificia Universidad Cat´olicade Chile Facultad de F´ısica Instituto de Astrof´ısica The Blue Straggler Star Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters by Mirko Simunovic Mu~noz Thesis presented to the Instituto de Astrof´ısica, Facultad de F´ısica, Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile to obtain the degree of Doctor in Astrophysics Thesis presented to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany to obtain the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Supervisors : Prof. Dr. Thomas H. Puzia Prof. Dr. Eva K. Grebel Correctors : Prof. Dr. Marcio Catel´an Prof. Dr. Dante Minnitti Prof. Dr. Jorge Alfaro Santiago − Heidelberg 2016 Dissertation submitted to the Instituto de Astrof´ısica,Facultad de F´ısica Pontificia Universidad Cat´olicade Chile, Chile for the degree of Doctor in Astrophysics submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Put forward by Mirko Simunovic Mu~noz born in: Antofagasta, Chile Oral examination: October 19, 2016 The Blue Straggler Star Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters Mirko Simunovic Mu~noz Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Referees: Prof. Dr. Eva K. Grebel Prof. Dr. Thomas H. Puzia vi Abstract The puzzling existence of Blue Straggler Stars (BSSs) implies that they must form in relatively recent events, after the majority of the constituent globular cluster (GC) stellar population was formed. In this thesis we compile a large set of independent work to help understand the formation of BSSs. In Chapter2 we present new proper-motion cleaned BSS catalogs in 38 Milky Way GCs based on multi-passband and multi-epoch treasury survey data from the Hubble Space Telescope. We study the accuracy of our proper motion measurements using estimates of central velocity dispersions and find very good agreement with previous studies in the literature. Finally, we present a homogeneous BSS selection method, that expands the classic BSS selection parameter space to more evolved BSS evolutionary stages. In Chapter3 we present the largest ever data set of velocity dispersion profiles of BSSs, which confirm that BSSs are populations that have been greatly affected by two-body relaxation, as it has been previously expected based on basic equipartition principles. In addition, we show from photometric BSS mass estimates that there is a striking correlation between the average BSS mass and the cluster dynamical age. We relate the measured proper-motion velocity dispersions with the photometric BSS mass estimates and use them to propose a novel interpretation of BSS CMDs and its relationship with the binary-evolution and dynamical formation channels. In Chapter4 we present the first dynamical study of BSSs in three galactic GCs: NGC 3201, NGC 5139 (!Cen), and NGC 6218. We measure the v sin(i) values of the sample BSSs and find their distribution functions peaked at slow velocities with a long tail towards fast velocities in each globular cluster. We find that the BSSs in each of the GC sample which show v sin(i)>70 km s−1 are all found in the central cluster regions. In all globular clusters we find rapidly rotating BSSs that have relatively high differential radial velocities which likely put them on hyperbolic orbits, suggestive of strong dynamical interactions in the past. In Chapter5 we present a multi-passband photometric study of the BSS population in NGC 1261. The inner BSS population is found to have two distinct sequences in the color-magnitude diagram, similar to double BSS sequences detected in other GCs. These well defined sequences are presumably linked to single short-lived events such as core collapse, which are expected to boost the formation of BSSs. In agreement with this, we find a BSS sequence in NGC 1261 which can be well reproduced individually by a theoretical model prediction of a 2 Gyr old population of stellar collision products, which are expected to form in the denser inner regions during short-lived core contraction phases. We argue that NGC 1261 can be considered a candidate for the post-core-collapse bounce state seen in dynamical simulations of old GCs. vii Zusammenfassung Die gegenw¨artignoch unverstandene Bildung von Blue Straggler Sternen (BSS) in Kugel- sternhaufen impliziert, dass sie sich in relativ jungen Ereignissen bilden m¨ussen,nach- dem die Kugelhaufen-Sternpopulation gebildet wurde. In dieser Arbeit pr¨asentieren wir eine große Menge unabh¨angigerund neuer Beobachtungen, um die Bildung von BSS besser zu verstehen. In Kapitel 2 stellen wir neue Eigenbewegungssternkataloge von BSS in 38 Milchstraßenkugelsternhaufen vor, die auf Multi-Filterbeobachtung basieren und mit dem Hubble-Weltraumteleskop in einer Zeitspanne von 7 Jahren aufgenommen wur- den. Wir untersuchen die Pr¨azisionund Genauigkeit unserer Eigenbewegungsmessungen der zentralen Geschwindigkeitsdispersionen und finden eine sehr gute ¨ubereinstimmung mit fr¨uheren Studien in der Literatur. Schließlich pr¨asentieren wir eine homogene BSS- Selektionsmethode, die den klassischen BSS-Parameterbereich erweitert, um zus¨atzliche, weiter entwickelte BSS Entwicklungsstadien zu ber¨ucksichtigen. In Kapitel 3 stellen wir den gr¨oßtenjemals zusammengetragenen Datensatz von Geschwindigkeitsdispersion- spofilen von BSS Populationen in Kugelsternhaufen zusammen. Diese Daten best¨atigen, dass die BSS-Populationen stark durch Zweik¨orperinteraktionsprozesse beeinflusst wer- den, was zuvor durch theoretische Studien anhand der Prinzipien der Energieequipar- tition grundlegend erwartet wurde. Wir zeigen eine auff¨alligeKorrelation zwischen der photometrisch bestimmten durchschnittlichen BSS Masse und dem dynamischen Alter des Kugelsternhaufens. Wir korrelieren die gemessenen Eigenbewegungsgeschwindigkeits- dispersionen mit den photometrischen BSS Massenabsch¨atzungenund nutzen sie f¨ureine neuartige Interpretation von BSS in Farbhelligkeitsdiagrammen sowie zu der Er¨orterung ihrer Beziehung zu den durch dynamische Entwicklung der Kugelsternhaufen und der Bin¨arstern-Entwicklung bestimmten Bildungsmechanismen. In Kapitel 4 stellen wir die erste dynamische Studie von BSS in drei galaktischen Kugelsternhaufen vor: NGC 3201, NGC 5139 (!Cen) und NGC 6218. Wir messen die Rotationsgeschwindigkeiten (v sin(i)) von BSS und finden, dass ihre Verteilungsfunktionen bei langsamen v sin(i) Werten kul- miniert, die wiederum in jedem Kugelsternhaufen durch eine ausgepr¨agteVerteilung zu schnelleren Geschwindigkeiten charakterisiert ist. Wir beobachten, dass diejenigen BSS, welche v sin(i)>70 km s−1 zeigen, alle in den zentralen Haufenbereichen zu finden sind. In allen Kugelsternhaufen finden wir schnell rotierende BSS, die relativ hohe Dif- ferenzradialgeschwindigkeiten aufweisen und sich wahrscheinlich auf nicht gebundenen Hyperbelbahnen befinden, was auf starke dynamische Wechselwirkungen in der Vergan- genheit hindeutet. In Kapitel 5 pr¨asentieren wir eine photometrische Multifiterunter- suchung der BSS Population in NGC 1261. Die inneren BSS zeigen zwei unterschiedliche Sequenzen im Farbhelligkeit-Diagramm auf, was ¨ahnlich zu anderen Doppel-Sequenzen, die in anderen Kugelsternhaufen gefunden wurden. Diese gut definierten Sequenzen viii sind vermutlich auf einzelne kurzlebigen Ereignisse, wie z.B. der sogenannte Kernkol- laps, zur¨uckzuf¨uhrenund die Bildungsraten von BSS steigern. In ¨ubereinstimmung mit diesem Resultat finden wir eine BSS-Sequenz in NGC 1261, die auch durch ein theoretis- ches Modell vorhergesagt ist. Dieses Model ist in ¨ubereinstimmung mit den Daten bei einer BSS Population, bei der es sich um 2-Gyr-alte Kollisionsprodukte handelt, die sich in den dichteren Innenbereichen der Kugelsternhaufen bilden. Dies geschieht bevorzugt, w¨ahrendder kurzlebigen Kontraktionsphasen des Kugelsternhaufenkerns. Wir argumen- tieren, dass NGC 1261 ein Kandidat f¨ureinen sogenannten post-kernkollaps Kugelstern- haufen ist, die auch in numerischen Simulationen von alten Kugelsternhaufen beobachtet werden. ix Resumen La desconcertante existencia de las Estrellas Rezagadas Azules (ERAs) implica que deben formarse en acontecimientos relativamente recientes, despu´esde que se form´ola mayor parte de la poblaci´onestelar del c´umulo globular (CG) constituyente. En esta tesis se compila un conjunto grande de trabajo y m´etodos independientes para ayudar a comprender la formaci´onde las ERAs. En el cap´ıtulo2 se presentan nuevos cat´alogos,descontaminados con movimientos propios, de ERAs en 38 CGs gal´acticos basados en datos multi-banda y multi-´epoca del telescopio espacial Hubble. Estudiamos la exactitud de las mediciones de movimiento propio utilizando estimaciones de dispersiones de velocidad central y encontramos una muy buena concordancia con estudios previos en la literatura. Por ´ultimo,se presenta un nuevo m´etodo de selecci´onhomog´eneade ERAs, que expande el espacio de par´ametrosde selecci´oncl´asico de ERAs hacia etapas evolutivas m´asavanzadas en el diagrama color-magnitud. En el cap´ıtulo3 se presenta el mayor conjunto de datos hasta la fecha de perfiles de dispersi´onde velocidades de ERAs, que confirman que las ERAs son poblaciones que han sido afectadas en gran medida por la relajaci´ondin´amicade dos cuerpos, tal como se ha previsto anteriormente basado en principios b´asicosde equipartici´on.Adem´as,usando estimaciones fotom´etricasde masa de ERAs mostramos que existe una correlaci´onsorprendente entre la masa promedio de las ERAs y la edad din´amicadel
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