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Louxor Vue Du Ciel ! Le magazine de l’Égypte éternelle N°14 LOUXOR vue du ciel ! Contre-enquête Vraie science contre sciences occultes Archéologie Découverte € Le sauvetage de Nabta Playa Les catacombes sacrées du dieu Thot - RD 6,95 - Suisse 12 CHF - Suisse € People F: Qui était Senenmout ? 7,50 - 14 Sacré ux l : 12 $ CAD - Port.Cont. 7,90 - Port.Cont. : 12 $ CAD Archéoastronomie et n Exposition A Bel/ L 18776 Août - Septembre - Octobre / 2013 - Octobre Août - Septembre orientation des temples Le scribe des contours C COMPLÉTEZ VOTRE COLLECTION les derniers numéros de Pharaon Magazine encore disponibles N°8 N°10 DÉSTOCKAGE ! N°12 N°13 Mlle £ Mme £ M. £ Dr £ £ Pharaon N°8 .............................................. Nom ..................................................................................................... £ Pharaon N°10 ........................................... Prénom ................................................................................................. £ Pharaon N°12 ............................................ Adresse ................................................................................................. £ Pharaon N°13 ............................................ Code postal ........................ Ville ......................................................... Pays .................................... Téléphone : ............................................. Total ............................................................... Commandez sur www.pharaon-magazine.fr Ou coupon(ou photocopie) à joindre à votre chèque Tarifs 1 numéro = 5 euros port compris 3 numéros = 9 euros port compris 2 numéros = 8 euros port compris 4 numéros = 10 euros port compris Coupon(ou photocopie) à joindre à votre chèque ou mandat libellé à l’ordre des Editions Neptune Diffusion à : E.N.D - Service abonnement Pharaon magazine - 74 rue du Gros Chêne - 54410 Laneuveville En vertu de la loi Informatique et Libertés du 6 janvier 1978, vous disposez d’un droit d’accès et de rectification aux données vous concernant. Portfolio Hémou &hémouou art, artistes et scribes des contours dans l’ancienne egypte Alors que la très belle exposition temples. Le mot « hémou » désigne un spécialiste (ex. : spécialiste des « l’art du contour » ferme ses portes l’art, le concept de l’art et ceux qui meubles, des objets en or, etc.). au musée du Louvre, Pharaon font l’art. L’art se définit aussi par On découvre aussi une profession, Magazine poursuit la découverte de des traités théoriques et pratiques qui un métier hiérarchisé, comme tous l’art égyptien dans ce numéro d’été. ne semblent pas exister en ancienne les métiers dans l’Egypte ancienne. Egypte. En ancienne Egypte, on dit souvent Nous avons les fameux scribes des que l’art pour l’art n’existait Les aTeLiers d’arTisTes contours, ceux qui dessinent les décors et forment les objets. Nous pas, qu’il s’agissait d’une œuvre L’art égyptien est-il un art anonyme trouvons aussi les directeurs des collective et anonyme. Nous savons où l’artiste n’existe pas ? Dimitri scribes des contours (ainsi que des aujourd’hui que l’art tel que nous Laboury, dans le remarquable inspecteurs surveillant et supervisant le définissons et l’apprécions de catalogue de l’exposition du Louvre, leur travail). nos jours était connu des anciens corrige cette vision traditionnelle Egyptiens ; l’art joue même un rôle (photo1). Il faudrait utiliser le mot Nous avons le maître et l’apprenti, très particulier dans les tombes et les hémouou pour désigner un artiste, souvent le père et le fils, les métiers Photo 1 © F. Tonic © F. Ouvriers et artisans fabriquent divers objets. Tombe de Rekhmirê. Pharaon N°14 3 Portfolio Scribe des contours. Tombe de El-Kab se transmettant souvent de père en fils. Point d’écoles, mais un apprentissage avec un maître et un perfectionnement dans une Photo 2 communauté d’ouvriers ou dans un atelier. L’atelier est un lieu important dans la production artistique. Il regroupe un certain nombre de scribes du contour mais aussi d’autres hémouou comme des ébénistes, menuisiers, maçons, bijoutiers, métallurgistes, vanneurs, etc. Ces ateliers produisent aussi bien des meubles que des statues, peut être des tombes entières (du creusement au mobilier funéraire). Ils possèdent un administrateur, un directeur. Ces ateliers peuvent être royaux dépendants de l’Etat ou provinciaux, voire, peut être privés, appartenant à un artiste, comme ce fut peut être le cas du fameux atelier de Thoutmosis à Amarna. Mais les artistes et artisans travaillant dans des ateliers royaux ou à Deir el-Médineh (le village des ouvriers à Louxor) peuvent aussi travailler sur des chantiers non royaux comme par exemple pour un prêtre, un temple, un haut fonctionnaire. Les artisans travaillent aussi pour d’autres artisans : l’un fait le décor d’une tombe de Deir el-Médineh en échange d’un meuble, etc… des arTisTes reCOnnus ! L’ancienne Egypte avait ses Picasso, David, Michel Ange. Bien que l’artiste égyptien signe rarement ses œuvres, certains n’ont pas hésité à se faire représenter, à marquer leur nom sur une œuvre. Citons : Pahéry : scribe des contours, dans la tombe de Iahmès fils d’Abana à El- Kab. (photo 2) Thoutmosis : artiste d’Amarna sous le règne d’Akhenaton Irtisen : artiste Ankhenptah : chef sculpteur, peut- être responsable de la décoration du mastaba de Ptahhotep (Saqqarah) Thoutmès : directeur des peintres © F. Tonic © F. (Memphis) 4 Pharaon N°14 Portfolio Photo 3 © F. Tonic © F. Préparation de la paroi, quadrillage et mise en place du décor. Tombe de Meir. du simPLe femmes, enfants, paysages, et surtout il permet de respecter COntour au déCOr Terminé animaux…) est défini par le les proportions des personnages (L’exemPLe de La tombe) directeur des scribes des contours, et animaux. C’est un travail Comment les scribes des contours des scribes et/ou des prêtres. Pour crucial pour la suite. Sans doute et les autres artisans travaillaient ? chaque période, nous retrouvons que le directeur du chantier vérifie Comment les Egyptiens concevaient toujours les mêmes thèmes attentivement la mise en place du les décors ? Nous avons la chance décoratifs et textuels (chasse, quadrillage. (photo 3) de posséder de nombreuses tombes pêche, divertissement, offrandes, dont le décor est inachevé. Ces liste des titres officiels, etc.) 3 - Les scribes des contours, suivant monuments montrent les différentes le programme iconographique étapes de fabrication d’un décor. 2 - les parois de la tombe sont préalablement défini, mettent en préparées afin de recevoir le décor. place le décor. Cette ébauche est 1 - Avant toute chose, le programme Les scribes des contours tracent à tracée à l’encre rouge. C’est à cette iconographique (= décor), l’encre rouge un quadrillage. C’est étape du chantier que les scribes comprenant les textes et les la grille de proportion. Cette grille voient si le décor rentre bien dans représentations (hommes, permet de placer textes et décors l’espace attribué. Si l’espace est sCribe des fOrmes Ou sCribe des COntours Un débat existe sur le sens à donner au mot égyptien sesh kedout. Aujourd’hui, les égyptologues utilisent la traduction « scribe des contours ». Car ils considèrent que l’art égyptien est un art du contour (1). Mais certains utilisent « scribe des formes », car finalement l’art égyptien est aussi (et surtout ?) un art des formes, tout autant que de contours… 1 Catalogue exposition « l’art du contour », introduction de G. Andreu-Lanoë Pharaon N°14 5 Portfolio Ébauche de décor. Tombe Sud d’Amarna. Photo 4 © F. Tonic © F. trop petit ou trop grand, il faudra Les sculpteurs dégrossissent tout la maîtrise des peintres et bien reprendre le décor et l’adapter. d’abord les contours et les volumes entendu de la qualité de la (photo 5). Puis, des sculpteurs gravure. 4 - L’esquisse en rouge est vérifiée. Les plus expérimentés, voire, le chef, scribes des contours tracent plus sculptent les moindres détails. Dans un prochain numéro, nous expliquerons pourquoi les Egyptiens finement le décor, et au besoin le C’est à ce moment là que le décor représentent les personnages et corrigent, à l’encre noire (photo prendra sa forme définitive. 4). On considère alors le décor animaux de profils et nous verrons que la réalité est représentée selon comme définitif. 6 - L’ultime étape est la mise en couleurs du décor. Les sculpteurs des règles très précises. 5 - Les scribes des contours laissent la laissent la place aux peintres. Ce Mais nous verrons aussi que l’artiste place au chef sculpteur et à son sont eux qui vont « colorier » le égyptien avait une certaine liberté et équipe de sculpteurs. Le décor sera moindre recoin de décor. Travail qu’il savait en profiter… alors sculpté en relief, en suivant lent et minutieux. La qualité scrupuleusement le tracé noir. de la peinture va dépendre de Photo 5 © F. Tonic © F. Exemple d’un décor en cours d’exécution mais resté inachevé. Tombe aux oiseaux. Saqqarah. 6 Pharaon N°14 Portfolio Photo 6 © F. Tonic © F. Parfois, le décor est simplement peint. Tombe de Dra Abu el-Naga, Louxor. Tablette d'apprentissage avec grille de proportions d'une statue royale. Dra Abou el-Naga. Musée de Louxor. Objet découvert en 2007. bibLiOgraPhie Collectif, l’art du contour - le dessin dans l’Egypte ancienne, Somogy Editions, 2013 © imaginegypt DVD, Le scribe qui dessine, Musée du Louvre, 2013 Pharaon N°14 7 Actualité Amarna appel à l’aide pour sauver le Grand Temple d’Aton ! Bab al-wazir, dans Le Caire historique, a été purement et Le grand temple d’Amarna. Etat en novembre 2012. simplement détruite au bulldozer ! PrOjeT KarnaK : un siTe inTerneT dOCumenTaire sur Les TemPLes de KarnaK ! Annoncé par le centre franco-égyptien d’étude des temples de Karnak, le projet Karnak est ambitieux et indispensable. «Ce travail est fondé sur un dépouillement exhaustif des documents et inscriptions de Karnak collationnées sur l’original. Toutes les informations relatives à un document © F. Tonic © F. seront accessibles à partir d’une notice unique. Cet outil en ligne autorise des recherches directes dans le contenu des L’équipe archéologique de Barry Kemp appelle à l’aide pour notices et dans les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques par le biais sauver le grand temple d’Aton au centre ville d’Amarna. Cet de la translittération.
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