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Factors Influencing PVY Development and Disease Expression in Three Potato Cultivars

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Factors Influencing PVY Development and Disease Expression in Three Potato Cultivars Amer J of Potato Res (2002) 79:155-165 155 Factors Influencing PVY Development and Disease Expression in Three Potato Cultivars Martin D. Draper 1, Julie S. Pasche 2, and Neff C. Gudmestad 2. :Present address of first author. Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Box 2108, PSB 113, Brookings, SD 57007-1090. ~Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Walster Hall 306, Fargo, ND 58105. *Corresponding author: Tel: 701-231-7547; Fax: 701-231-7851; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT virus Y de la papa en tres cultivares, Russet Norkotah, Shepody y Red LaSoda. Los resultados del ensayo Studies were performed to investigate factors affect- inmunoabsorbente ligado a la enzima cuantitativa ing symptom expression of potato virus Y infection in three (ELISA) revelaron algunas diferencias en el t/tulo rela- potato cultivars, Russet Norkotah, Shepody, and Red cionado del virus entre los cultivares examinados. El LaSoda. Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titulo del virus Y de la papa (PVY) se desarroll6 rfipida- (ELISA) results revealed few differences in the relative mente tanto en el cv. Russet Norkotah como en los cvs. virus titer among cultivars tested. Potato virus Y (PVY) Shepody y Red LaSoda. Se reallzaron estudios adicionales titers developed as rapidly in Russet Norkotah as in Shep- para determinar los efectos de la intensidad de la luz y ody and Red LaSoda. Additional studies were performed de las infecciones de PVY y del virus X (PVX), solos yen to determine the effect of light intensity and infections of combinaci6n, sobre la expresi6n de los sintomas del PVY and potato virus X (PVX), alone and in combination, mosaico en esos tres cultivares. La baja intensidad de la on the expression of mosaic symptoms in these three cul- luz (270-330 uE/m2/sec) increment6 significativamente tivars. Low light intensity (270-330 uE/m2/sec) signifi- la altura de la planta y la severidad de la enfermedad del cantly increased plant heights and severity of mosaic mosaico entre los cultivares en comparaci6n con la alta disease among the cultivars compared to high light inten- intensidad de la luz (100-200 ~2/sec). La presencia de sity (100-200 uE/m2/sec). PVX and PVY, as well as the com- PVX y PVY asi como la combinaci6n de ambos en la misma bination of PVX and PVY in the same plant, decreased plant planta, redujo la altura de la planta en comparaci6n con height compared to the uninoculated (healthy) controls. los controles no inoculados (sanos). La baja intensidad Low light intensity and dual infections of PVX and PVY sig- de la luz y la infecci6n dual de PVX y PVY incrementaron nificantly increased mosaic disease severity in Shepody significativamente la severidad de la enfermedad del and Red LaSoda, but not in Russet Norkotah. Results of mosaico en los cvs. Shepody y Red LaSoda, pero no en el these studies refute the suggestion that Russet Norkotah cv. Russet Norkotah. Los resultados del estudio refutan is resistant to PVY infection since virus titers in this culti- la sugerencia de que Russet Norkotah es resistente a la var are similar to the known susceptible cultivars Shepody infecci6n del PVY, ya que el titulo del virus de este culti- and Red LaSoda. These results further suggest that while var es similar a los cultivares de Shepody y Red Lasoda de Russet Norkotah is fully susceptible to infection by PVY, susceptibilidad conocida. Estos resultados sugieren it resists symptom expression. ampliamente que mientras el cv. Russet Norkotah es alta- mente susceptible a la infecci6n por PVY, es resistente a RESUMEN la expresi6n de los sintomas. Este estudio se realiz6 con el fin de investigar los INTRODUCTION factores que afectan la expresi6n de los sintomas del Potato virus Y (PVY) infection in potatoes is typically expressed as a mosaic symptom (deBokx and Huttinga 1981). Accepted for publication November 29, 2001. The Red LaSoda cultivar expresses severe mosaic symptoms ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS: Potato virus u Solanum tuberosum, mosaic, latent carrier. when infected with PVY (BagnaU and Tai 1986), whereas potato 156 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH Vol. 79 cultivars Russet Norkotah (Johansen et al. 1988) and Shepody PVS occurred frequently in plants with apparent mosaic symp- do not typically express symptoms (Draper and Gudmestad, per- toms (Draper 1990; Gudmestad unpublished). sonal observation). Cultivars that do not express symptoms even Titers of some viruses in infected plants have been deter- though they are infected have been described by various authors mined (Banik and Zitter 1990; Hewings et al. 1990). Peter- as resistant, tolerant or symptomiess carriers (Cooper and Jones schmitt et al. (1992)used quantitative ELISA to monitor the titer 1983; Johansen et al. 1988; Whitehead 1937). Potato resistance to of maize streak virus in corn genotypes. They determined that, a plant virus is generally through inhibition of virus replication while the virus could be detected in the tolerant genotype, it or through restriction of virus transport or movement (Maule was present at lower levels, suggesting a resistant response 1991; White and Antoniw 1991), but resistance to symptom rather than one of true tolerance. The virus also appeared to expression has not been well characterized at the genetic or replicate at a slower rate in the tolerant genotype. When titers physiological level. Information regarding the "resistance" of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) were determined in dif- responses of Shepody and Russet Norkotah to PVY is frag- ferent wheat genotypes, the Triumph 64 cultivar, described as mented and incomplete. having a low-level resistance or tolerance, also had consistently The Shepody potato cultivar, released in 1983 by Ag- lower virus titers compared with the susceptible Centurk culti- Canada, New Brunswick, is described as susceptible to PVY var (Seifers and Martin 1988). The behavior of the virus in Tri- (Young et al. 1983). Apparently, Shepody develops typical symp- umph 64 suggests a host-resistant response based on reduced toms from PVY infections in the Atlantic seaboard and Maritime virus replication. Provinces of Canada. In the north central United States, Shep- Light intensity influences symptoms of several virus dis- ody develops typical mosaic symptoms early in the growing sea- eases. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) son, but not on later plant growth. The relationship between infected with subterranean clover red leaf virus produced more virus titer and the expression of symptoms has not been obvious red leaf symptoms under high light intensitythan under described in Shepody. Singh and Somerville (1987) suggested low light intensity (Helms et ai. 1987). Conversely, when cucum- that Shepody should be classified as a group A, or very suscep- ber mosaic virus was inoculated into plants of different cultivars tible, cultivar. of marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.) grown under different light inten- The Russet Norkotah cultivar does not display severe symp- sifies, symptoms were suppressed in plants grown at high light toms from PVY infection, even when the virus can be readily intensity, while virus expression in one cultivar, Goldrush, was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) unaffected by light intensity (Pink and Waikey 1985). Light inten- (Johansen et al. 1988). Because the mosaic symptomatology is sity also influenced systemic movement of cauliflower mosaic indistinct and may vary in intensity over the course of a growing virus (CaMV). Chimeric forms of CaMV were developed in the season, visual assessments for PVY in Russet Norkotah are unre- laboratory between a normal st-rain of the virus and a stxain that liable (Henn et'al. 1995). Russet Norkotah plants with up to 28~ lacked the ability to move systemically in any solanaceous host PVY infection showed no yield loss, perhaps because the infec- (Qiu and Schoelz 1992). Under low fight intensity, cool temper- tion was from a mild strain of the virus or because Russet atures and short days, systemic movement of chimeric farms of Norkotali was tolerant to PVY (Secor et al. 1983). When Hane CaMV in Nicotiana bigelovii S. Wats. and Datura stramonium and Hamm (1999) evaluated PVY-infected plants of Russet L. was prevented. Jensen et al. (1985) has shown that reduced Norkotah and Shepody, they concluded that both are fully sus- light intensity did not influence titer of maize dwarf mosaic virus ceptible from the substantial yield losses detected in both culti- in sorghum, but the reduced light affected the growth of the vats. sorghum. Characterization of a potato virus infection by symptoms The objective of this study was to categorize Shepody and alone is very difficult. Mehdizadegan and Bourgoin (1994) found Russet Norkotah as PVY-resistant or susceptible relative to Red that 50% of field-grown Shepody plants with severe mosaic LaSoda. Resistance was measured as the relative rate of repli- symptoms were infected with both PVY and PVX, 70~ of plants cation of PVY, as measured by quantitative ELISA, in the culti- expressing mild mosaic symptoms were infected with PVY and vars over time. The impact of the virus on these cultivars was PVX. In this study, all surveyed plants were infected by potato also determined by rating plants for growth after inoculation and virus M (PVM) and by potato virus S (PVS). In North Dakota, disease development using combinations of light intensity and mosaic symptoms in potato were not associated with PVM, but combinations of virus infection. 2002 DRAPER, et al.: PVY DEVELOPMENT 157 MATERIALS AND METHODS number of uninfected control plants were each exposed to five aphids, which had been starved but not allowed to acquire PVY. Standard Curve for PVY in ELISA Aphids in all treatments were killed by spraying the plants with Derivation of a standard curve from known virus concen- aerosol acephate (Orthene, Whitmire PT-1200) 12 h after being tratious is important to provide relative absorbance values that placed on the plants.
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