HORTSCIENCE 28(6):674-676. 1993. Revising the Classification of

Cultivated Centrosema and Clitoris 2a. Bracteoles broad, obscuring calyx, 6-9 mm wide, 13–17 mm long; calyx teeth in the United States obscure; fruit 8– 12 mm wide; flowers 3.5–5 cm long; liana... C. plumieri 1 Paul R. Fantz 2b. Bracteoles narrow, not hiding calyx, 3–7 Department of Horticultural Science, Box 7609, North Carolina State mm wide, 7–10 mm long; calyx teeth University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 prominent; fruit 4-8 mm wide; flowers 2–3.5 cm long; perennial scandent herbs. Additional index words. Leguminosae, Fabaceae, taxonomy, systematic, ornamentals 3a. Leaflets 1, sagittate... C. sagittatum Abstract. Revised treatments of the genera Centrosema (DC.) Benth. (Leguminosae: 3b. Leaflets 3, ovate to elliptic to lanceo- Fabaceae) and Clitoris L. follow the style used in Hortus Third. Inventory of species, late. nomenclature, authorities, morphological descriptions, and distributions have been up- 4a. Upper and lateral calyx teeth 2-4 mm dated. long, much shorter than the ventral tooth, 5–8 mm long; inflorescence 2– The American Society for Horticultural misidentifications on herbarium vouchers re- 9 cm long; bracteoles 7–10 mm long; Science (199 1) published guidelines for citing sult from confusion by many in segregating fruit 6-7 mm wide... C. pubescens correct scientific names, with Hortus Third Centrosema species from those of the genus (Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, 1976) as the Clitoria. Hence, a similarity in American and 4b. Upper and lateral calyx teeth subequal recommended reference. Hortus Third cited Spanish vernacular names are reported for to ventral tooth, 6-10 mm long; inflo- one species of Centrosema (p. 245) and four both genera based on vernacular names asso- rescence to 2 cm long; bracteoles 5–8 species of Clitoris (p. 287) in cultivation in the ciated with these misidentified vouchers. mm long; fruit 4-5 mm wide... C. United States. The most recent revisions avail- Hortus Third cited the vernacular names “but- virginianum able on Centrosema (Bentham, 1837) and terfly pea,“ “conchita,” and “pigeon-wings.” 1. Calyx narrow funnelform, rarely tubular– Clitoris (Bentham, 1858) to the authors of The name “butterfly pea” has been applied to campanulate; standard spurless; wings lack- Hortus Third were more than a century old, both genera, with “spurred butterfly pea” used ing auricle; staminal sheath and style and there were some inaccuracies in the treat- for segregating Centrosema from Clitoria. geniculate; fruit stipitate, flat and ecostate, ments. The objective of this paper is to provide Several Clitoria and misidentified Centrosema or turgid to convex, ecostate or costate with a more complete inventory of species known species bear the term “conchita” in Spanish one rib medially.. .CLITORIA to have been cultivated in the United States, to vernacular names. The American Joint Com- 5a. Leaflets 5–7; flowers blue (rarely white); provide more accurate descriptions, and to mittee on Horticultural Nomenclature pro- fruit flat, narrow (4-1 1 mm wide). correct the nomenclature. posed standardized vernacular names, coining Historically, Linnaeus (1753) described the name “pigeon-wings” for Clitoria (Kelsey 6a. Flowers “double,” actinomorphic, pet- four species of Clitoria, two that currently are and Dayton, 1942). The artificial name als all standard-like . . . C. ternatea var. assigned to Centrosema. Bentham (1837) seg- “pigeon-wings” has not been accepted, as evi- pleniflora regated Centrosema from Clitoria and recog- denced by its omission in botanical and horti- 6b. Flowers zygomorphic, petals papiliona- nized it as a separate genus. Bentham (1837) cultural publications in the 50 years since the ceous. was the authoritative source for the genus name’s origin. 7a. Flowers 2–3.5 cm long, blue; calyx Centrosema until Barbosa-Fevereiro (1977) Species of these genera are desired orna- tube 4-8 mm long, lobes 4-8 mm provided a treatment for species in Brazil and mentals because of their enlarged, resupinate long; fruit 30-50 mm long. Fantz ( 1979a) provided a key to those in Cen- papilionaceous flowers (2 to 8 cm) of various 8a. Erect herb; bracteoles 6-11 mm tral America. Bentham (1858) published a colors and growth forms or unusual morphol- long; fruit 6-8 mm wide; leaflets 5, revision of Clitoria that served as the authori- ogy, as in the dimorphic leaves of “kilelo.” 1.5–3 cm wide... C. annua tative treatment before those of Fantz (1979b, Flowers commonly have a yellowish to white 1980, 1988, 1990). Economic uses of Clitoria medial eyespot on the banner with prominate, 8b. Vine; bracteoles 2–3 mm long; fruit worldwide are documented by Fantz (1991). dark veins radiating outward as nectar guides. 45 mm wide; leaflets 5–7, dimor- There is no vernacular name associated Some species have azure or blue pigmentation phic, to 1 cm wide... C. heterophylla with either genus worldwide. Frequent in the petals, a color lacking in most ornamen- 7b. Flowers 3.5–5 cm long, blue or white; tals. Most species are associated with sandy calyx tube 8–14 mm long, lobes 7–12 soils in tropical environments (i.e., wet to dry mm long; fruit 70-110 mm long... C. Received for publication 6 Nov. 1992. Accepted for tropical rain forests, savannas, and coastal ternatea publication 21 Jan. 1993. Research Project NCO dunes), although there are a few temperate 5b. Leaflets 3; flowers lilaceous to purple; 6104 funded by the North Carolina Agricultural perennials whose aerial stems die back to the Research Service, Raleigh. I thank the curators of fruit turgid, or flat and broad (12–35 mm the herbaria (A, ARIZ, ASC, ASU, BA, BM, BR, ground during winter. Tropical members are wide). cultivated under glass, grown outdoors in U.S. CIAT, CGE, CR, DUKE, E, ENCB, F, FLAS, G, 9a. Inflorescence multiflowered; fruit flat, GH, HAL, IJ, LL, K, LA, M, MICH, MO, MPU, Dept. of Agriculture zone 10, or treated as 120-280 mm long; cleistogamy lack- MU, NCSC, NCU, NY, P, PENN, PH, PR, RB, S, annuals in colder climates. Fantz (1991) docu- SI, TENN, TEX, U, UC, UMO, US, VEN, VSC, W, ments medicinal uses reported for some of the ing; tall shrub or tree. WIS) who provided loans of herbarium specimens species found in cultivation in the United 10a. Flowers rose-purplish; bracteoles that provided a database from which this article was States. broad, obscuring calyx, 7–11 mm written. The cost of publishing this paper was de- Centrosema and Clitoria are distinguished wide, 17–23 mm long; inflorescence frayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under easily from other cultivated legumes by their terminal or axillary after leaves postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this large (>2 cm long), resupinate, papilionaceous borne; calyx tubular–funnelform, fact. flowers. The following key segregates taxa lobes 46 mm long; fruit 22–33 mm lProfessor. cultivated in the United States. wide... C. fairchildiana

674 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 28(6), JUNE 1993 10b. Flowers white: bracteoles narrow plumieri (Turp. ex Pers.) Benth. [Clitoria primarily used for identifying species. and not hiding calyx, 1–1.5 mm plumieri Turp. ex Pers., Bradburya plumieri annua Grab. [ C. biflora Dalz.]. Erect per. wide, 2–3 mm long; inflorescence (Turp. ex Pers.) Kuntze]. GALLITO, GALLITANITA herb 70 cm ht, subhispid; lfts. 5, linear-lan- cauliflorous before leaves appear; BLANCA. Liana; lfts. ovate to rhombic-ovate, ceolate to ovate–lanceolate, acute, 3–9 cm calyx tubular-campanulate, lobes 6-19 cm long, 3–12 cm wide; infl. several long, 1.5–3 cm wide; infl. axillary, biflwd., to 1–2 mm long; fruit 12–17 mm flwd., 6-10 cm long; fls. white with purplish 0.5 cm long; fls. blue, 2.5–3.5 cm long; br. 6- wide... C. bractystegia center and veins, 3.5–5 cm long; br. hide 11 mm long calyx tube 5–8 mm long, lobes 4- 9b. Inflorescence 1–2 (4) flowered; fruit calyx, 13–17 mm long, 6-9 mm wide; calyx 8 mm long fr. subsessile, flat, ecostate, 30-50 turgid, 25–70 mm long; cleistogamy tube 4-5 mm long, teeth obscure; fr. 80-130 mm long, 6-8 mm wide; stipe to 2 mm long. present; small shrubs to perennial mm long, 8–12 mm wide. Mex. to Braz., W. Zone 10b. W. India. Cult. Fairchild Trop. herbs. Indies, introduced trop. Afr. Zone 10b. Com- Gard. Fla. 1970s as C. biflora, no longer known monly cult. ornamental worldwide, rarely in in cult. 11a. Fruit costate, 8–11 mm wide, stipe Fla. or under glass. 9–1 1 mm long; style 19–23 mm long; brachystegia Benth. FLOR DE LA REINA. staminal sheath 28–34 mm long, leaf- pubescens Benth. BUTTERFLY PEA, SPURRED Shrub or tree to 8 m; lfts. ovate-elliptic to lets oblong; sparsely branched shrub BUTTERFLY PEA, GALLINITA, PATILLO, FRIJOL elliptic to ovate to rarely obovate, acuminate, to 2 m tall... C. laurifolia CUCHILLO . Per. scandent herb; lfts. variable, 7–15 cm long, 4-8 cm wide; infl. cauliflorous often ovate to elliptic to oblong, pilose to before lvs. or axillary and terminal, multiflwd., 1 lb. Fruit ecostate, 4-8 mm wide, stipe glabrate below, 3–8 cm long, 2-5 cm wide; 12–21 mm long; style 13–20 mm to 22 cm long fls. white tinged rose to pale infl. 2–9 cm long, few flwd.; fls. white with purple with darker veins, 4-6 cm long; br. 2– long; staminal sheath 17–30 mm yellow medially and purple veins or tinged long; leaflets ovate to lanceolate to 3 mm long calyx tubular- campanulate, tube purplish, 2.5–3.5 cm long; br. 7–10 mm long, 9–13 mm long, lobes 1–2 mm long; fr. stipi- linean erect perennial herbs 0.1-0.6 4-5 mm wide; calyx tube 3-4 mm long, upper m tall with older apices twining. tate, flat, ecostate, 150-240 mm long, 12–17 and lateral teeth 24 mm long with ventral mm wide; stipe 24-29 mm long. Zone 10b. 12a. Calyx tube 7–10 mm long; stipules tooth 5–8 mm long; fr. 70-150 mm long, 6-7 Ecuador. Cult. Fla. in 1950s as C. arborescens 24 mm long; leaflets narrow, 0.5– mm wide. Mex. to Argen. to Braz., W. Indies, Ait. (a misidentification), no longer known in 1 cm wide; stipe 15–21 mm long; introduced Afr. and Asia. Zone 10b. Com- cult. cleistogamous flowers with brac- monly cultivated worldwide ornamentally or teoles 2–3 mm long and calyx tube forage, rarely in Fla. or Tex. or under glass. fairchildiana Howard. [ C. racemosa 3-4 mm long... C. fragrans Benth.]. Tree 3–8 m; lfts. 3, lanceolate-ellip- sagittatum (HBK. ex Willd.) Brandeg. ex tic to oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, 6-18 cm 12b. Calyx tube 10-14 mm long; stipules Riley. SAGITTATE BUTTERFLY PEA, GALLINITAS, long, 3–7 cm wide; infl. axillary or terminal, 3-8 mm long; leaflets broad, l– FRIJOILLO . Per. scandent herb; lfts. 1, sagittate, multiflwd., 842 cm long; fls. purplish to rose, 6.5 cm wide; stipe 5–17 mm long; 7–17 cm long, 3–9 cm wide, petiole winged; 4-6 cm; br. obscure calyx, 17–23 mm long, 7– cleistogamous flowers with brac- infl. 1.5-6 cm long, few flwd.; br. 7–9 mm 11 mm wide; calyx tube 1 l–16mm long, lobes teoles 3–5 mm long and calyx tube long, 5–7 mm wide; fls. white with purple 4-6 mm long; fr. stipitate, flat, ecostate, 120- 4-5 mm long... C. mariana veins, 2.5-4 cm long; calyx tube 5-6 mm long, 280 mm long, 22–33 mm wide; stipe 13–22 The revised treatments of these genera upper and lateral teeth 4-6 mm with ventral mm long. Zone 10b. N.E. Brazil, cult. Brazil, tooth 7–9 mm long; fr. 110-180 mm long, 7– cited below follow the style used in Hortus Colombia, India, Phillipines. Cult. Fla. and 8 mm wide. Mex. to Argen. Zone 10b. Rarely Third. Literature research plus data from ex- under glass. cult. in Fla. amining >11,000 herbarium specimens of these amazonum Mart. ex Benth. cited in Hortus genera provide the foundation for these virginianum (L.) Benth. SPURRED BUTTER- Third, but no evidence found cult. in U.S. changes. Vernacular names reflect names on FLY PEA, BUTTERFLY PEA, FRIJOLILLO. Per. scan- Name historically misapplied to several spe- herbarium specimen labels and in literature. dent herb; lfts. variable, ovate to elliptic to cies including C. fairchildiana. Shrub to tree Inventory of species, nomenclature, authori- linear-lanceolate, 2–7 cm long, 1–3 cm wide; to 8 m, sometimes apically scandent; lfts. 3, ties, morphological descriptions (habit, race- infl. to 2 cm., 14 flwd.; fls. purplish to white, ovate to ovate-elliptic to ovate–lanceolate to mose flowers, standard, wings, stamens, style, 2.5%4 cm long; br. 5–8 mm long, 3–5 mm sometimes orbicular, acuminate, to 15 cm fruit), and distributions have been corrected. wide; calyx tube 3-4 mm long, teeth longer long to 8.5 cm wide; infl. terminal or axillary, Measurements are in metric units, unlike those than tube,6-10 mm long; fr.80-130 mm long, multiflwd., 4-16 cm long; fls. pale purple to in Hortus Third. Comments follow some en- 4-5 mm wide. U.S. to Peru to Braz., W. Indies. rose or white with dark violet veins, 6-8 cm tries for clarification. Zone 6-9. S.E. U. S., cult. orn. long; br. obscure calyx, 20-28 mm long, 9–16 mm wide; calyx tube 16-25 mm long, lobes 5– CENTROSEMA (DC.) Benth. [Bradburya CLITORIA L. BUTTERFLY PEA, CONCHITA. 7 mm long; fr. stipitate, flat, ecostate, 100-270 Rafin.]. SPURRED BUTTERFLY PEA. Leguminosae Leguminosae (subfamily Faboideae). 60 spp. cm long, 13–19 mm wide; stipe 24-51 mm (subfamily Faboideae). About 35 spp. of of trees, shrubs, lianas, or suffruticose peren- long. N.E. Braz. shrubs, lianas, or suffruticose perennial herbs nial herbs with annual aerial stems from sub- with annual aerial stems from subterranean terranean xylopodia erect, trailing, or climb- fragrans Small. Erect per. herb to 50 cm xylopodia climbing or trailing, W. Hemisphere; ing; mostly pantropical, few temperate; lvs. becoming twining vine; lfts. 3, linear-lanceo- lvs. alt., pinnate, lfts. 3 or occasionally 1, alt., pimate or unifoliolate, lfts. 1–1 1, usually late to oblong–lanceolate, obtuse, 2-4.5 cm stipulate and stipellate; infl. pseudoracemose, 3, stipulate and stipellate; infl. pseudoracemose, long, 0.5–l.5 cm wide; infl. axillary, l–2 flwd., axillary, one to several flwd.; fls. papiliona- terminal, axillary or cauliflorous; fls. papil- to 4 cm long; fls. lilaceous, 3.5-4.5 cm, br. 4- ceous, resupinate, showy, purplish to pink or ionaceous, resupinate, showy, purplish to pink 5 mm long; calyx tube purplish, 7–10 mm white, calyx short-campanulate, bracteolate, or white, calyx narrow funnelform, rarely tu- long, lobes 5–7 mm long; fr. stipitate, turgid standard orbicular, emarginate, spurred or gib- bular-campanulate, bracteolate, standard or- around seeds, ecostate, 30-55 mm long, 6-8 bous near base, wings auricled near base, bicular, emarginate, spurless, wings lacking mm wide; stipe 15–21 mm. Zone 10b. S. Fla. adherent and subequal to the broad U-shaped, auricles, adherent and longer than the incurved Endangered native sp. rarely cult. in Fla., aerial incurved keel, stamens 10, united (9 + 1 ), style keel, stamens 10, united (9+ 1) or 1 free, style stems in wild erect, a twining vine in second . broad U-shaped, barbellate basally; fruit ses- geniculate, barbate apically; fruit stipitate or season under glass; cleistogamous fls. corn- sile, linear, flat, costate with 1 rib near each subsessile, linear, flat or turgid to convex, men, often producing fruit. margin. Characteristics of calyx, bracteoles ecostate or occasionally costate with 1 rib heterophylla Lam. [ C. pedunculata Boj. and flower size are those primarily used for medially. Characteristics of calyx, bracteoles, ex Benth.]. KILELO. Per. herb vine to 2 m; lfts. identifying species. flower size, fruit, and inflorescences are those 5–9 (11 ), dimorphic, (I) oval to suborbicular,

HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 28(6), JUNE 1993 675 elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, 0.5–2 cm long, long; fls. lilaceous, 4-6 cm; br. 4-9 mm long Barbosa-Fevereiro, V.P. 1977. Centrosema (A.P. 0.4-1.1 cm wide, or (II) narrowly linear to calyx tube 10-14 mm long, lobes 6-8 mm De Candolle) Bentham do Brasil—Legumi- oblong, 1-4 cm long,0.1-0.5 cm wide; infl. long; fr. stipitate, turgid around seeds to con- nosae—Faboideae. Rodriguesia 29:159–219. axillary, l–2 flwd.,0.3-l cm long; fls. blue, vex, ecostate, 25–70 mm long, 4-6 mm wide; Bentham, G. 1837. Commentationes de legumino- 2.5–3 cm; br. 2–3 mm long; calyx tube 4-7 stipe 12–17 mm long. Zone 6-9. E. and S.E. sarum generibus. Annalen des Weiner Muse- mm long, lobes 2–3 mm long; fr. subsessile, U.S. ums des Natugeschichte 2:111–120. Bentham, G. 1858. Synopsis of the genus Clitoria. flat, ecostate, 20-40 mm long, 4-5 mm wide. ternatea L. BUTTERFLY PEA, BLUE PEA, J. Linnean Soc. 2:33-44. Madagascar and Mauritius. Zone 10b. Cult. ZAPOTILLO , ZAPATICO DE LA REINA, CONCHITAS , Fantz, P.R. 1979a. A new species of Centrosema Fla. in 1930s, no longer known in cult, PAPITO. Per. twining herb climbing 5 m; lfts. 5– (Leguminosae) from Nicaragua and a key to laurifolia Poir. [ C. cajanifolia Presl.]. 7, ovate, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 1–5 cm species in Central America. Sida 8:152–1 56. CHOCALHO, TIMBO, GENERALA. Subshrub to long, 1–3 cm wide; infl. axillary, uniflwd., to Fantz, P.R. 1979b. Taxonomic notes and new sec- shrub to 2 m; lfts. 3, oblong to elliptic-oblong, 1.5 cm long; fls. pale to dark blue, 3.5–5.5 cm; tions of Clitoria subgenus Bractearia (Legumi- 4-10 cm long, 1.3–3 cm wide; infl. axillary, l– br. subobscure calyx, 615 cm diam.; calyx nosae). Sida 8:90-94. Fantz, P.R. 1980. Clitoris, p. 582-593. In: J.D. 2 flwd., 1.5–7 cm long; fls. pale purplish to tube 8–14 mm long, lobes 7–12 mm long; fr. Dwyer (ed.). Flora of Panama. part V. white, 4-5.5 cm; br. 6-9 mm long; calyx tube subsessile, flat, ecostate, 70-110 mm long, 8– Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae. Annu. 11–16 mm long, lobes 6-9 mm long; fr. stipi- 11 mm wide. f. albiflora (Voigt) Fantz. Fls. Mo. Bet. Garden 67. tate, convex, costate, 37-65 mm long, 8–11 white with greenish medially and purplish Fantz, P.R. 1988. A new section of Clitoris subge- mm wide; stipe 9-11 mm long. Zone 10b. S. veins. Var. pleniflora Fantz. Fls. actinomor- nus Neurocarpum (Leguminosae). Madroño America, W. Indies, introd. S.E. Asia as em., phic, blue; petals all standard-like (“double”); 35:23-31. cover crop, and green manure (Fantz, 1991). stamens free or united in bundles. E. Afr., cult. Fantz, P.R. 1990. Clitoris (Leguminosae) Cult. in Fla. and N.C. in 1930s-50s, respec- pantrop. orn., medicinal, dyes and forage crop Antillarum. Mocosoa 6:152-166. tively, no longer known in cult. The name (Fantz, 1991), and naturalized pantrop. Zone Fantz, P.R. 1991. Ethnobotany of Clitoria “generala” more commonly applied to C. 10b. Cult. Fla. and Tex. and under glass or (Leguminosae). Econ. Bet. 45:511-520. guianensis (Aubl.) Benth. with which this U.S. as an annual. Kelsey, H.P. and W.A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized species frequently is confused. plant names McFarland Co., New York, Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: mariana L. BUTTERFLY PEA. Per. herb, erect Literature Cited A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the to 60 cm, or trailing or twining; lfts. 3, ovate to United States and Canada. 3rd ed. Macmillan, oblong-ovate to elliptic-oblong to lanceolate American Society for Horticultural Science. 1991. New York. p. 287. to ovate–lanceolate, 2–9 cm long, 1-4 cm ASHS publications manual. Amer. Soc. Hort. Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum. Holmiae, wide; infl. axillary, 1–2 flwd., 0.5-4,5 cm Sci., Alexandria, Va. p. 19-20. Stockholm. 2:753.

676 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 28(6), JUNE 1993