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A Phenomenological Study on Historically Black Colleges and Universities African American Male Presidents Using Student Affairs As A Career Pathway by Dakota Doman, B.S., M.B.A. A Dissertation In Higher Education Administration Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Approved Dave Louis, Ph.D. Chair of Committee Dimitra Jackson Smith, Ph.D. Jason Lambert, Ed.D. Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School December, 2016 Copyright 2016, Dakota Doman This dissertation is in memory of Dr. Oney D. Fitzpatrick, Jr. (1957 – 2015). You furnished the letter of recommendation that proved instrumental in me being accepted into the doctorate program at Texas Tech University. Prior to that, you inspired me as an African American male at a Predominantly White Institution, which is not always the easiest place to find inspiration. However, you exhibited great scholastic abilities, a genuine personality, Christian values, and personified all that is right with higher education. It would have been extremely difficult to complete this journey without your presence in my life. Texas Tech University, Dakota Doman, December 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For I know the plans I have for you," declares the LORD, "plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future (Jeremiah 29:11). Without my faith, this journey would have been impossible. I am so grateful that it was in His plans for me to pursue a doctorate degree at Texas Tech University. I would like to acknowledge the esteemed faculty of the Higher Education Administration Program, particularly Dr. Stephanie Jones, Dr. Dimitra Jackson Smith, and the chair of my dissertation committee, Dr. Dave Louis. Thank you for providing rigor and support throughout the doctoral program and dissertation journey. Dr. Lambert, thank you for serving on my committee. I consider you a mentor and a friend. I would also like to recognize the entire Cohort 5 for consistently engaging with me throughout my studies. I hope I have been as supportive of you as you were of me. To Kevin, Liza, and Tomikia (GFC), I especially appreciate your friendship and support. I would like to acknowledge the participants of my study. Without your input there is no data, which means there is no dissertation. Thank you for being generous with your time and transparent with your lives’ stories. You all are terrific student affair practitioners and college presidents. I will forever be grateful to you and will continue to track your careers expecting great things. Thank you to the entire HBCU environment. While I did not attend an HBCU for my undergraduate or graduate studies, I know I stand on the shoulders of HBCU giants (including two of my committee members). Thank you for educating my ancestors, my community, and providing me with a greater calling. Thank you to the students, staff, and faculty at Lamar University, University of Houston-Victoria, and West Virginia State University. The number of individuals who ii Texas Tech University, Dakota Doman, December 2016 positively influenced me is too great to enumerate; however, you know who you are and I truly appreciate your everlasting support and friendship. Thank you to Philander Smith College, particularly President Roderick Smothers for providing me with my first vice- presidency as I conclude my dissertation journey. I would like to acknowledge the ice cold brothers of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. As I attempt to always excel “Onward and Upward” I feel encouraged by a cohort of individuals I can call brothers and friends. To the brothers of the Epsilon Rho Chapter, thank you for assisting with my collegiate development and mentoring me. To the brothers of Alpha Iota Lambda Chapter, thank you for showing me the light. “As iron sharpens iron, so one person sharpens another” (Proverbs 27:17). To all of my friends who called me “Dr. D.” before it was academically appropriate to do so, thank you. Bobby and Laura Harrison, Obi Arisukwu, Travis King, Shawntel Shilo, Lauren Bennett, Michael Wilkinson, Lauren Rhodes, David and Tina Garrett, Jarvis and Ti Purnell, and my first Graduate Assistant who passed too soon, Nevil Meghani (RIP). Thank you James and Tracie Payne for always being an example of what to do. You inspire me in everyway a person can be inspired; I thank God for bringing you into my life. To Mary and Ophelia Lavalais and Lois and Joseph Smith, my maternal and paternal grandparents. Thank you for showing me what prayer can do. You gave me things that no institution in this world could ever give…unconditional love, a praying disposition, and the best childhood I could have ever asked for. Thank you. To my loving mother, as usual, you were right. You saw things in me that I never saw in myself. You challenged me, held me accountable, loved me, supported me, and iii Texas Tech University, Dakota Doman, December 2016 provided me with everything I could ever need…and you did so without a single complaint…unless I made less than an A on my report card. “Train up a child in the way he should go; and when he is old, he will not depart from it” (Proverbs 22:6). Thank you mom for training me up to be who I am today. When I get weak, tired, or feel defeated, I just remember that your life’s blood runs through me and because of the example you set, I know I can overcome any obstacle. Thank you, Mr. John for coming into my family and supporting my mom and I. To my dad, thank you for always being supportive and a constant presence in my life. I think fondly on the time we spent together as I was growing up. I can vividly recall movie nights, pizza nights, carnivals, and just hanging out. Black boys need their father, and I am very grateful I had mine. Thank you Ms. Pat for adding much value to the village that raised me and always being supportive. To my twin towers, Erica and Cassity. I cannot think of a single time in my life that you were not there for me. You both often tell me of times when you were responsible for getting me dressed for school. I, too, recall those instances. I also remember the both of you dropping me off at school, picking me up after basketball or track practice, making me dinner, cleaning my room, giving me money, taking me to see Jay, Courtney, and Desmond, and teaching me how to dance, protect myself, and be a well-rounded individual. Thank you for shaping my taste in fashion, music, food, and teaching me how to treat people with respect and dignity. Growing up with two of the best sisters in the world was something I did not ask for, but something I definitely benefitted from. Thank you for blessing me with Ashton, Alex, Emory, and Ariel. iv Texas Tech University, Dakota Doman, December 2016 To my other half, Ashly. Thank you for your support and understanding. You never complain and always encourage. “He who finds a wife finds what is good and receives favor from the Lord” (Proverbs 18:22). I feel certain that I found a good thing in you and I will always work hard towards providing a comfortable life filled with learning, laughter, and compassion. v Texas Tech University, Dakota Doman, December 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xi I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 5 Theoretical Perspective .............................................................................................. 7 Purpose of Study ...................................................................................................... 14 Significance of Study ............................................................................................... 15 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................. 16 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 21 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................... 21 University Presidential Position .............................................................................. 22 1636 – 1789: Presidential Leadership at Colonial Colleges ............................... 23 1790 – 1869: Presidential Leadership During the Emergent Nation Era ............ 24 1870 – 1944: Role of University President as the Nation Industrializes ............ 24 1945 – 1993: Higher Education Leadership Post World War II ......................... 26 1994 – 2015: Leading In an Era of Privatization and Accountability ................ 27 Responsibilities and Roles .................................................................................. 28 Evolution of the Presidency ................................................................................ 30 Search Process for Filling Presidential Position ...................................................... 32 Presidential Attrition ........................................................................................... 33 Presidential Search Firms ................................................................................... 34 Current Presidential Profile ....................................................................................