O-Nb(W) Systems That Exhibit Nonlinear Optical Properties
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Temperature Field Analysis for Zno Thin-Film Pyroelectric Devices with Partially Covered Electrode
Sensors and Materials, Vol. 24, No. 8 (2012) 421–441 MYU Tokyo S & M 0896 Temperature Field Analysis for ZnO Thin-Film Pyroelectric Devices with Partially Covered Electrode Chun-Ching Hsiao1,*, Sheng-Wen Huang1 and Rwei-Ching Chang2 1Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, National Formosa University, No. 64, Wunhua Rd., Huwei Township, Yunlin County 632, Taiwan 2Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, St. John’s University, 499, Sec. 4, Tam King Road, Tamsui, Taipei 251, Taiwan (Received July 6, 2011; accepted February 3, 2012) Key words: zinc oxide, pyroelectricity, sensor, temperature variation rate In this study, a finite element modeling is applied to simulate the temperature field of multilayer ZnO pyroelectric devices. The results show that alterations to the electrode width to improve the temperature variation rate are more successful when the ZnO film thickness is reduced. The marked improvement in the temperature variation rate in the ZnO layer of 200 nm thickness indicates a saturation rate of about 27% when the electrode width is approximately 1 μm. Furthermore, the optimal electrode width is reduced when the ZnO film thickness is decreased. Decreasing the ZnO film thickness clearly increases the temperature variation rate and reduces the response time; an electrode with the optimal width further enhances the temperature variation rate. Moreover, the temperature variation rate significantly decreases for thinner ZnO films when the electrode width is smaller than the optimal value. In addition, an experimental result is successful to verify the simulation results, and the electrode width is a critical parameter for designing a pyroelectric sensor. 1. Introduction ZnO is a unique material because it possesses such properties as semiconductivity, piezoelectricity, and pyroelectricity. -
Influence of Drying on the Characteristics of Zinc Oxide
i “21” — 2009/5/13 — 10:15 — page 248 — #1 i i i 248 C.P. Rezende et al. Influence of Drying on the Characteristics of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles C.P. Rezende1, J.B. da Silva1;2, N.D.S. Mohallem1∗ 1Laboratorio´ de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Departamento de Qu´ımica, ICEx UFMG and 2Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear – CDTN/CNEN 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil (Received on 1 July, 2008) The recent growth in the field of porous and nanometric materials prepared by non-conventional processes has stimulated the search of new applications of ZnO nanoparticulate. Zinc oxide is an interesting semiconductor material due to its application on solar cells, gas sensors, ceramics, catalysts, cosmetics and varistors. In this work, the precipitation method was used followed by controlled and freezing drying processes. The materials obtained were thermally treated at various temperatures. The influence of temperature on structural, textural, and morphological properties of the materials was studied by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, and thermal analysis. The characteristics of both materials were compared. Keywords: zinc oxide, drying process, nanoparticle I. INTRODUCTION II. EXPERIMENTAL Zinc nitrate and sodium carbonate were used as precursors Zinc oxide is a versatile material due to properties such of the ZnO particles. In a typical synthesis, Zn(NO3)2.6H2O as: pyroelectricity, semiconducting, piezoelectricity, lumi- were dissolved in deionized water in the molar ratio of 1:5, nescence, and catalytic activity [1 − 2]. Its optical band gap, and mixed for homogenization during 1 h. Na2CO3 were also chemical and thermal stabilities are also very important char- dissolved in deionized water in the molar ratio of 7:10, and acteristic. -
Standard Reference Materials
MBS 0F STAND PUBLICATIONS iffiJIimTk & TECH IIIIIII A 11 10 7 E57&&y NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 260-97 /?e AU o* U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Materials: Summary of the Coal, Ore, Mineral, Rock, and Refractory Standards Issued by the National Bureau of Standards 100 Radu Mavrodineanu and Thomas E. Gills • U57 260-97 1985 c2 . Tm he National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The m Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering The National Measurement Laboratory 2 Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement; • Basic Standards coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and • Radiation Research furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and • Chemical Physics chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, in- • Analytical Chemistry dustry, and commerce; provides advisory -
Multi-Frequency Band Pyroelectric Sensors
Sensors 2014, 14, 22180-22198; doi:10.3390/s141222180 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Article Multi-Frequency Band Pyroelectric Sensors Chun-Ching Hsiao * and Sheng-Yi Liu Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, National Formosa University, No. 64, Wunhua Rd., Huwei Township, Yunlin County 632, Taiwan; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-5-6315-557; Fax: +886-5-6363-010. External Editor: Vittorio M.N. Passaro Received: 23 September 2014; in revised form: 6 November 2014 / Accepted: 20 November 2014 / Published: 25 November 2014 Abstract: A methodology is proposed for designing a multi-frequency band pyroelectric sensor which can detect subjects with various frequencies or velocities. A structure with dual pyroelectric layers, consisting of a thinner sputtered ZnO layer and a thicker aerosol ZnO layer, proved helpful in the development of the proposed sensor. The thinner sputtered ZnO layer with a small thermal capacity and a rapid response accomplishes a high-frequency sensing task, while the thicker aerosol ZnO layer with a large thermal capacity and a tardy response is responsible for low-frequency sensing tasks. A multi-frequency band pyroelectric sensor is successfully designed, analyzed and fabricated in the present study. The range of the multi-frequency sensing can be estimated by means of the proposed design and analysis to match the thicknesses of the sputtered and the aerosol ZnO layers. The fabricated multi-frequency band pyroelectric sensor with a 1 μm thick sputtered ZnO layer and a 20 μm thick aerosol ZnO layer can sense a frequency band from 4000 to 40,000 Hz without tardy response and low voltage responsivity. -
Magnetic Properties of Zno:Co Layers Obtained by Pulsed Laser Deposition Method
Materials Science-Poland, 36(3), 2018, pp. 439-444 http://www.materialsscience.pwr.wroc.pl/ DOI: 10.1515/msp-2017-0114 Magnetic properties of ZnO:Co layers obtained by pulsed laser deposition method IRENEUSZ STEFANIUK1,BOGUMIŁ CIENIEK1,∗,IWONA ROGALSKA1,IHOR S.VIRT2,1, AGNIESZKA KOSCIAK´ 1 1Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland 2The Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University in Drohobycz, Drohobycz, Ukraine We have studied magnetic properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) composite doped with Co ions. The samples were obtained by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. Electron magnetic resonance (EMR) measurements were carried out and temperature dependence of EMR spectra was obtained. Analysis of temperature dependence of the integral intensity of EMR spectra was carried out using Curie-Weiss law. Reciprocal of susceptibility of an antiferromagnetic (AFM) material shows a discontinuity at the Néel temperature and extrapolation of the linear portion to negative Curie temperature. The results of temperature depen- dence of EMR spectra for the ZnO:Co sample and linear extrapolation to the Curie-Weiss law indicated the AFM interaction between Co ions characterized by the Néel temperatures TN = 50 K and TN = 160 K for various samples. The obtained g-factor is similar to g-factors of nanocrystals presented in literature, and the results confirm that in the core of these nanocrystals Co was incorporated as Co2+, occupying Zn2+ sites in wurtzite structure of ZnO. Keywords: electron magnetic resonance; ZnO:Co; diluted magnetic semiconductor; Curie temperature 1. Introduction Antiferromagnetic (AFM) couplings are preferred between transition metal atoms in Co-doped ZnO, resulting in a spin-glass state. -
Power Maximization for Pyroelectric, Piezoelectric, and Hybrid Energy Harvesting
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2016 POWER MAXIMIZATION FOR PYROELECTRIC, PIEZOELECTRIC, AND HYBRID ENERGY HARVESTING Murtadha A. Shaheen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls Commons, Ceramic Materials Commons, Electro- Mechanical Systems Commons, Energy Systems Commons, and the Polymer and Organic Materials Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4462 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POWER MAXIMIZATION FOR PYROELECTRIC, PIEZOELECTRIC, AND HYBRID ENERGY HARVESTING A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University By Murtadha A. Shaheen Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq, 2004 Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq, 2000 Director: Karla Mossi, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering School of Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia August, 2016 Acknowledgement I would like to thank some people who have helped tremendously during this process, for all of whom I am deeply grateful. My loving parents, my wife Nahwa, and my kids, Narjis, Mohammed Baqir, Sumana, and Rayhana have been there to celebrate my establishments and to encourage me emotionally during difficult times. My advisor Dr. K. Mossi has made this big accomplishment possible with her generous and scientific support. -
Pyroelectric Fusion
Pyroelectric Fusion Tina Srivastava 22.012 Final Presentation Agenda • What is Pyroelectricity? • Pyroelectric Materials • Pyroelectric Fusion Today • Pyroelectric Fusion for the Future Agenda • What is Pyroelectricity? • Pyroelectric Materials • Pyroelectric Fusion Today • Pyroelectric Fusion for the Future Pyro / electricity Courtesy of the Building and Fire Research Laboratory. Courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Agenda • What is Pyroelectricity? • Pyroelectric Materials • Pyroelectric Fusion Today • Pyroelectric Fusion for the Future Pyroelectric Materials Natural: •Quartz, tourmaline, and other ionic crystals •Bone and tendon Courtesy of the Department of Conservation. Artificial: •Gallium Nitride (GaN) •Cesium Nitrate (CsNO3) ** Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO3) crystal Æ used in fusion ** Agenda • What is Pyroelectricity? • Pyroelectric Materials • Pyroelectric Fusion Today • Pyroelectric Fusion for the Future Courtesy of the UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy. Used with permission. Courtesy of the UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy. Used with permission. 3 d + d + Ekin,rel Æ He (0.8 MeV) + n (2.45 MeV) (Figure removed for copyright reasons.) Courtesy of the UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy. Used with permission. Courtesy of the UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy. Used with permission. Timeline 2002 – Idea Proposed (Naranjo and Putterman) 2004 – more in depth discussion (Brownridge and Shafroth) 2004 – use in neutron production (Geuther and Danon) 2005 – key ingredient Æ tungsten needle -
University of São Paulo Sâopaulo - Bha7il Isrp-4 São Paulo 1988
& 20 ISRP-4 SÃO PAULO 1988 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS OCTOBER 3 - 7,1988 UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO SÂOPAULO - BHA7IL ISRP-4 SÃO PAULO 1988 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO OCTOBER 3-7,1988 4th International Symposium on Radiation Physics BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Universidade de São Paulo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Secretaria de Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de São Paulo Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear ill Centro Latino-Americano de Física FAPESP Fundação de Amparo ã Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo FOREWORD The 4th International Symposium on Radiation Physics - ISRP-4 was organized with the objective of gathering the physics radiation community in a meeting where the nost recent advances in this broad interdisciplinary area of science could be discussed. A big effort was made announcing the Symposium through mailing lists and journals. The response of the community was very good. A large number of abstracts were submitted and 212 papers were accepted. The Organizing Committee made a big effort to raise funds to subsidize the Conference, and the Brazilian funding institutions were very receptive in supporting the event. We are very grateful to all of them wich on, listed in the front page. unfortunately, the cost of travel represented a big obstacle for the participation of many scientists in the meeting, in particular for those from developing countries. Contrary to our expectations we had to retype all abstracts received. This was done in a very short time and so we apologize for any mistakes that could have remained. The Organizing Committee wants to thank the Secretaries that participated in the making of this book and in the other activities of the Symposium. -
Integration of Functional Oxides with the Semiconductor Zinc Oxide
Integration of Functional Oxides With The Semiconductor Zinc Oxide by Emine Cagin A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Jamie D. Phillips, Chair Professor Pallab K. Bhattacharya Professor Amir Mortazawi Associate Professor Joanna Mirecki-Millunchick TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................ ix ABSTRACT ................................... x CHAPTER I. Introduction .............................. 1 1.1 Ferroelectric Materials . 3 1.2 Zinc Oxide Semiconductor . 7 1.3 Ferroelectric/Semiconductor Heterostructures . 10 1.4 Investigating Students’ Learning of Semiconductor Device Fun- damentals............................. 17 1.5 Overview ............................. 18 II. Modeling of Ferroelectric/Semiconductor Heterostructures . 21 2.1 Ferroelectric Polarization . 21 2.2 Ferroelectric/Semiconductor Heterostructures . 24 III. Ferroelectric Materials ........................ 29 3.1 Ferroelectric Thin Films . 30 3.1.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition . 32 3.1.2 Sol-Gel Deposition . 42 3.1.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy . 47 3.2 Bulk Ferroelectric Lithium Niobate . 53 IV. Zinc Oxide Thin Films ........................ 56 4.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition of ZnO Thin Films . 60 4.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy of ZnO Thin Films . 67 ii V. Pb(Zr,Ti)O3/ZnO Heterostructures ................ 74 5.1 Band Diagrams in Depletion and Accumulation . 75 5.2 Capacitance-Voltage Behavior . 78 5.3 HystereticACConductance. 80 5.4 PZT/ZnO Heterostructures in a Series RLC Circuit . 81 5.5 Conclusions............................ 83 VI. LiNbO3/ZnO Heterostructures ................... 85 6.1 Hall EffectMeasurements .................... 87 6.2 Pyroelectric Effect........................ 89 VII. Inquiry Based Teaching in an Introductory Semiconductor Device Course ............................. 92 7.1 Inquiry Based Learning . -
Exploratory Synthesis of Plyanion-Based Open-Framework Solids As Potential Candidates for Cathode Material Applications" (2008)
Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2008 Exploratory Synthesis of Plyanion-Based Open- Framework Solids As Potential Candidates For Cathode Material Applications Adam Siegfried Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Inorganic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Siegfried, Adam, "Exploratory Synthesis of Plyanion-Based Open-Framework Solids As Potential Candidates For Cathode Material Applications" (2008). All Theses. 367. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/367 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXPLORATORY SYNTHESIS OF POLYANION-BASED OPEN-FRAMEWORK SOLIDS AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR CATHODE MATERIAL APPLICATIONS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Chemistry by Adam Siegfried May 2008 Accepted by: Shiou-Jyh Hwu, Committee Chair William T. Pennington Rhett C. Smith ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with exploratory synthesis of polyanion based open- framework solids that can potentially be used as cathode materials in lithium batteries. Two silver manganese vanadates were discovered, Ag 3Mn(VO 4)2 and AgMn 2V3O10 , which show different possibilities as cathode materials for primary battery applications; the former contains a higher (Ag+Mn)/V ratio, which is sought for extended capacity cathodes, while the latter may prove better for lower power devices. The structures of the two materials differ in that Ag 3Mn(VO 4)2 is a layered material where as AgMn 2V3O10 possesses a one-dimensional channel along the c axis. -
Response to Referee Comments on the Manuscript “Pycham (V1.3.4): a Python Box Model for Simulating Aerosol Chambers”
Response to referee comments on the manuscript “PyCHAM (v1.3.4): a Python box model for simulating aerosol chambers” The authors thank the referees for their thoughtful and helpful comments. In response we have improved the manuscript and PyCHAM programme. The changes have resulted in an updated PyCHAM programme, for which we have updated the version number to v2.0.4, which is reflected in the new manuscript title. Another author – Yunqi Shao – has been added to the author list and acknowledgement section for her contribution to the improved nucleation section of the paper. In the table below we address each referee comment. In the response column references to lines pertain to the revised paper and line numbers are inclusive. We provide a modification in the revised paper that addresses the natural tendency for readers to compare outputs in this description paper against observations from experiments. Lines 68-71 emphasis the purpose and limits of the presented results: “Comparison of some results presented below with experimental observations is possible, however it is beyond the scope of this paper to investigate the accuracy of chemical mechanisms or estimation methods that PyCHAM can use, rather the examples below illustrate the utility of PyCHAM to test the sensitivity of such techniques”. Referee Comment Response Referee # 1 1. I could not find any clear description of This information was very briefly how the gas-particle partitioning of mentioned in the original draft and we multiple condensable organic and agree that further detail is beneficial. inorganic vapors are treated in PyCHAM. Do you consider the Kelvin Lines 302-316 now provide an effect and Raoult’s law for ideal explanation. -
A New PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) Piezoelectric Transducer Performances Analysis
International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology Volume 1, Issue 6, September 2014, PP 1-7 ISSN 2349-4751 (Print) & ISSN 2349-476X (Online) A new PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) Piezoelectric Transducer Performances Analysis Pande A.S1, Prof (Dr.) Kushare B.E.2, Prof. A.K.Pathak3 1Electrical Engineering Dept. K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research, Nashik (MS), India. (Research Schola) 2Professor & H.O.D., Electrical Engineering Dept, K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research, Nashik (MS), India 3Electrical Engineering Dept. AVCOE, Sanagamner, Ahmednagar (MS), India Abstract: Presently there is number of Current measuring devices/ instrument are widely use for measurement of low and high current measurement. In the past decades there was surprisingly low attention of Electrical sensor, this sensor are very useful for replacing some kind of equipment in our existing power system. These measuring requirements are fulfill by using conventional sources out of which Piezoelectric Transducer is having major contribution in future. Considering the rate at which conventional sources are being consumed more power, cost, size and their life into control of power system, it is necessary to adopt alternate current measure ring technology for sustainable development. Out of various current measuring systems, Piezoelectric Transducer is most cost effective in addition to its various advantages. Considering the increasing share of Piezoelectric Transducer interfaced into the system it is necessary to study the power quality and current quality and stability issues. In case of conventional type CT use of copper is cost effective way is essential. This paper presents the operating principle, the performance MATLAB/SIMULATION, and the design of a piezoelectric transducer for measuring high currents.